Academic literature on the topic 'Fall-through trays'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fall-through trays"
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Loebach, Christopher A., and Roger C. Anderson. "Measuring short distance dispersal of Alliaria petiolata and determining potential long distance dispersal mechanisms." PeerJ 6 (March 15, 2018): e4477. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4477.
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Introduction Alliaria petiolata, an herbaceous plant, has invaded woodlands in North America. Its ecology has been thoroughly studied, but an overlooked aspect of its biology is seed dispersal distances and mechanisms. We measured seed dispersal distances in the field and tested if epizoochory is a potential mechanism for long-distance seed dispersal. Methods Dispersal distances were measured by placing seed traps in a sector design around three seed point sources, which consisted of 15 second-year plants transplanted within a 0.25 m radius circle. Traps were placed at intervals ranging from 0.25–3.25 m from the point source. Traps remained in the field until a majority of seeds were dispersed. Eight probability density functions were fitted to seed trap counts via maximum likelihood. Epizoochory was tested as a potential seed dispersal mechanism for A. petiolata through a combination of field and laboratory experiments. To test if small mammals transport A. petiolata seeds in their fur, experimental blocks were placed around dense A. petiolata patches. Each block contained a mammal inclusion treatment (MIT) and control. The MIT consisted of a wood-frame (31 × 61× 31 cm) covered in wire mesh, except for the two 31 × 31 cm ends, placed over a germination tray filled with potting soil. A pan filled with bait was placed in the center of the tray. The control frame (11 × 31 × 61 cm) was placed over a germination tray and completely covered in wire mesh to exclude animal activity. Treatments were in the field for peak seed dispersal. In March, trays were moved to a greenhouse and A. petiolata seedlings were counted and then compared between treatments. To determine if A. petiolata seeds attach to raccoon (Procyon lotor) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fur, wet and dry seeds were dropped onto wet and dry fur. Furs were rotated 180 degrees and the seeds that remained attached were counted. To measure seed retention, seeds were dropped on furs and rotated as before, then the furs were agitated for one hour. The seeds retained in the fur were counted. Results For the seed dispersal experiment, the 2Dt function provided the best fit and was the most biologically meaningful. It predicted that seed density rapidly declined with distance from the point source. Mean dispersal distance was 0.52 m and 95% of seeds dispersed within 1.14 m. The epizoochory field experiment showed increased mammal activity and A. petiolata seedlings in germination trays of the MIT compared to control. Laboratory studies showed 3–26% of seeds were attached and retained by raccoon and deer fur. Retention significantly increased if either seed or fur were wet (57–98%). Discussion Without animal seed vectors, most seeds fall within a short distance of the seed source; however, long distance dispersal may be accomplished by epizoochory. Our data are consistent with A. petiolata’s widespread distribution and development of dense clusters of the species in invaded areas.
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Zehnder, G. W., and J. T. Trumble. "Insect Control on Celery, Fall, 1983." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/10.1.89.
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Abstract Celery was transplanted on 10 Aug at the Univ. of Calif. South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, CA. The crop was sprinkle irrigated for 3 wk and drip irrigated thereafter. Experimental plots were 3 beds wide (40-inch centers) by 50 ft long with 1 untreated buffer row between plots. Each bed contained 2 rows of plants 6-8 inches apart. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied weekly with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer from 25 Aug through 10 Nov, except on 29 Sept when rain precluded treatment. As plant height and foliage density increased, nozzles varied from 1-3 per row and carrier (H2O) increased from 50-100 gal/acre. Hollow cone nozzles incorporated D3 orifice disks, #25 cores, and 50-mesh screens. All treatments except Avermectin included 0.04% spreader-sticker (Leaf Act 40). Evaluation of beet armyworm and black cutworm damage was based on the number of damaged plants found in 10 randomly selected plants/replicate (80/ treatment) from the center 2 rows of each replicate at harvest. When plants reached a suitable height, 4 inches X 8 inches pupal trays were inserted between rows and the no. of leafminer larvae, puparia, and pupae and leafminer parasites collected in trays were counted on 11, 18, 26 Oct and 1 and 8 Nov. Four trays were counted in each replicate.
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Wang, Xiaoshuai, Jiangong Li, Jiegang Wu, Qianying Yi, Xinlei Wang, and Kaiying Wang. "Numerical Simulation of the Placement of Exhaust Fans in a Tunnel-Ventilated Layer House During the Fall." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 6 (2021): 1955–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14657.
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HighlightsThe placement and operation of exhaust fans was assessed using CFD simulation.The effective temperature was used to evaluate the indoor thermal environment.The placement and operation of the exhaust fans mainly affected the airflow patterns in the part of the layer house closest to the fans.Abstract. The thermal environment inside a layer house significantly affects the growth, production, and health of the hens. Tunnel ventilation systems have been widely applied to control the indoor climate and air quality for large-scale poultry facilities around the world. Generally, only a few of the exhaust fans operate during mild seasons (spring and fall) in a tunnel-ventilated layer house depending on the outside air temperature. The decision about which exhaust fans to turn on affects the indoor airflow pattern and temperature distribution. However, little research has been reported that investigated the effects of the locations of exhaust fans on ventilation performance. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was built and validated using field-measured data. The CFD model was then used to evaluate different ventilation strategies (combinations of exhaust fans) in a typical tunnel-ventilated layer house during the fall. The effective temperature was used to assess the performance of different ventilation strategies. Results showed that the locations of the exhaust fans significantly affected the indoor thermal environment, especially in the part of the house closest to the fans, because different locations of operating fans can generate different airflow patterns and affect the airflow through the animal-occupied zone. Based on the simulations, we conclude that the placement and operation of the exhaust fans can be optimized. Turning on the fans that are lower to the ground or near the sidewalls will result in more air bypassing the animal-occupied zones. Our results can help select the best ventilation strategy during the spring and fall in layer houses with tunnel ventilation systems. Keywords: Airflow distribution, Effective temperature distribution, Indoor thermal environments, Ventilation strategy.
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Simpkins, Robert J. "The Cadences of Rails." Transfers 10, no. 2-3 (December 1, 2020): 212–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2020.1002315.
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Abstract This article explores how urban space produced by the Japanese railway system is appropriated by people for common use in Tōkyō. Drawing from ethnographic research among musicians at a central train station, I explore how individuals enmeshed within the schedules of the commuter network negotiate mobilities that fall outside the purview of railway urbanism. Station tsūro are passageways monitored by rail staff and local authorities, protected by traffic and railway commerce laws, and influenced by competing pressures from the overburdened network and local neighborhoods. Musicians sensitive to these shifting relationships identify leeway within, performing in ways that open tsūro up, producing temporary, finely balanced spaces of encounter and connection. Through these processes, the commuter system creates rail-specific forms of human relationships.
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White, Douglas W., and Edmund W. Stiles. "Bird dispersal of fruits of species introduced into eastern North America." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 1689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-208.
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We compared bird use of fruits of introduced and native plant species to explore the roles of coevolution, ecological fitting, and chance in shaping seed dispersal interactions. Of 45 bird-dispersed species recorded at three sites in central New Jersey, 15 (33%) were nonnative. In fall samples from seed traps and fecal droppings, introduced species accounted for 0.4–14% of fruit biomass overall and 3 – 30% of the biomass of low-quality fruits. Although absolute fruit use declined from fall to winter, relative use of introduced species increased seasonally to as high as half of winter fruit biomass. Heavy use of non-native fruits appears recent; introductions accounted for only 2% of plant species occurrences in fall and winter records of stomach contents for nine passerine species in New England and mid-Atlantic states between 1881 and 1950. Introduced fruits with fall maturation, low-quality pulp, and high durability now rival native species in fruit diets of birds in late fall and winter. The success of introductions demonstrates coadaptation through ecological fitting of preadapted partners; nevertheless, the predominant use of introduced fruits after peak bird migration suggests that introduced fruits may be less well matched to local dispersal opportunities than native ones. Key words: birds, coevolution, fruits, introductions.
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Chodor, Tom. "The rise and fall and rise of the trans-pacific partnership: 21st century trade politics through a new constitutionalist lens." Review of International Political Economy 26, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 232–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2018.1543720.
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Bhattarai, K. P., and T. N. Mandal. "Comparative study on litter production and nutrient return to soil in Tarai and Hill Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.) forests of eastern Nepal." Banko Janakari 28, no. 1 (October 26, 2018): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v28i1.21450.
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Litter production and nutrient return to soil through litter fall is important pathway for the regulation of nutrient cycling and primary production of the forest. Litter fall dynamics is generally influenced by phenology of tree species, seasons and altitude of the forest stand. As most of the information on litter production are from temperate and dry tropical region. A comparative study on litter production and nutrient return were conducted in Terai Sal forest (TSF) and Hill Sal forest (HSF) located in moist tropical region of eastern Nepal. Litter samples were collected from the litter traps (1m × 1m size) placed randomly in the forest. Collection was done at two months interval for one year. Annual litterfall in TSF (8.82 Mg ha-1y-1) was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than in HSF (7.18 Mg ha-1y-1).There was distinct seasonality in litter production. In TSF and HSF, litterfall was maximum in the summer (6.57 Mg ha-1 and 5.05 Mg ha-1, respectively) and minimum in winter season (0.86 Mg ha-1 and 0.72 Mg ha-1, respectively). Amount of nutrient return to forest soil through litter fall (kg ha-1 y-1) was higher in TSF (72.44 N, 6.80 P and 33.23 K) than HSF (54.31 N, 4.84 P and 22.23 K). The difference in litter production between these two forests was influenced by the phenology of dominant tree species, variation in altitude and seasons. Nutrient return through litter fall is a great input of nutrients in soil which is required for production process. Thus, litter constitutes a significant role in forest management.Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 28, No. 1, 2018, page: 11-19
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Úrbez-Torres, J. R., M. Battany, L. J. Bettiga, C. Gispert, G. McGourty, J. Roncoroni, R. J. Smith, P. Verdegaal, and W. D. Gubler. "Botryosphaeriaceae Species Spore-Trapping Studies in California Vineyards." Plant Disease 94, no. 6 (June 2010): 717–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-6-0717.
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The seasonal abundance of Botryosphaeriaceae spp. spores was studied in California vineyards by using glass microscope slides covered with petroleum jelly placed on grapevine cordons and Burkard volumetric spore traps at seven and two different locations, respectively. Correlation analysis was used to determine which meteorological variables (precipitation, relative humidity, temperature, and wind speed) influenced Botryosphaeriaceae spp. spore release. Among all variables, regression analysis resulted in a strong relationship between spore release and precipitation. Additionally, a positive relationship between irrigation and spore release was also observed in the Riverside County vineyard. During the study period, spore discharge of Botryosphaeriaceae spp. occurred from the first fall rain through the last spring rains, coinciding with September to April. However, based on the results obtained from the spore traps, most spores (over 60%) were trapped following rain events during the winter months of December, January, and February, which coincides with the grapevine pruning season. Botryosphaeriaceae spp. spore release was much lower in fall and early spring (22%) and very few or no spores were trapped in late spring and summer (3%). This work suggests that a delay of pruning time in California may be warranted to reduce grapevine infection because the current timing coincides with the greatest period of spore discharge.
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Arbour, Marie-Eve. "Volkswagen: Bugs and Outlooks in Car Industry Regulation, Governance and Liability." European Journal of Risk Regulation 7, no. 1 (March 2016): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00005316.
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The scandal involving the Volkswagen group broke out last Fall, at the dawn of the very delicate UN Conference on Climate Change (COP21) held in Paris, and the posting of an unofficial version of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). This so, just when a leaked version Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) ran through the veins of the Internet and the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) was just about to be signed in New Zealand, fostering market integration by pushing further national treatment and mutual recognition, against the backdrop -albeit one small step at a time- of an increasing demand for environmental protection through the setting, among other regulation tools, of emission thresholds.
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James, Trevor K., Michael R. Trolove, and Claire A. Dowsett. "Roadside mowing spreads yellow bristle grass (Setaria pumila) seeds further than by natural dispersal." New Zealand Plant Protection 72 (July 22, 2019): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2019.72.246.
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Yellow bristle grass is a highly invasive annual C4 pasture weed that has spread rapidly through many New Zealand dairying regions via seed dispersal. Seven trials were conducted on roadsides infested with yellow bristle grass to evaluate natural and mower-assisted dispersal. To trap seeds, yellow sticky traps were laid out at various intervals both perpendicular to and parallel to the road. Traps were in place for 24 h in the four natural dispersal trials but only for the event in the mowing trials. Seeds on the retrieved traps were counted and the seeds caught in the mower estimated. For natural dispersal, 90% of seeds fell within 0.5 m. When mown, 90% of the seeds fell within 2 metres in the direction of mowing and 80% within 20 cm in the perpendicular direction. More importantly, a small percentage of dispersed seeds were caught in the mower and presumably could subsequently fall off anywhere. Mowing mature yellow bristle grass on the roadside will result in accelerating seed dispersal along the roadside for many metres and potentially many kilometres.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fall-through trays"
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Tseitlin, Musii, and Valentina Raiko. "Ratio between heat and mass transfer when concentrating the solution in a cooling tower." Thesis, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 2019. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/42106.
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The ratio between the intensity of the mass transfer in gas and the heat transfer in liquid during the evaporative solution concentration has been studied. It was determined that the share of liquid resistance in the total resistance to enthalpy transfer increases in the temperature range from 30 to 50°C by almost 2 times, and reaches 40 %. The technique has been developed for the separate determination of the mass transfer coefficients in gas and heat transfer in liquid.Досліджено співвідношення між інтенсивністю масопереносу в газі та передачею тепла в рідині під час концентрації випарного розчину. Встановлено, що частка опору рідини в загальному опорі переносу ентальпії зростає в діапазоні температур від 30 до 50 ° С майже в 2 рази, досягає 40%. Розроблена методика для окремого визначення коефіцієнтів масопереносу в газі і теплопередачі в рідині.
Book chapters on the topic "Fall-through trays"
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Shortland, Neil D., Laurence J. Alison, and Joseph M. Moran. "Formulating Plans." In Conflict, 76–100. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623449.003.0005.
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Plan formulation concerns how decision-makers arrive at the means to achieve their objectives, and it involves setting out various plans or courses of action that are constrained by an individual’s perception of the perceived risk. This chapter focuses on how options are evaluated and what determines “desirability.” The centrality of values and goals, at both the individual and the organizational level, and how the goals that people set can guide their judgments under uncertainty are examined. In addition, the chapter highlights how the nature of the situation affects the process through which options are generated and compared. Finally, chapter discusses inertia traps that individuals can fall into when they fail to decide between equally adverse choices.
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Lally, Jagjeet. "Conclusion." In India and the Silk Roads, 257–68. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197581070.003.0010.
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The endurance of terrestrial forms of connectivity over the Eurasian continental interior lies at the heart of this book. By reviewing the life of such connections in the twentieth century, this chapter draws out this book’s four major interventions. The first concerns the value of examining long-term patterns of change and the virtue of thinking across such divides as Mughal and British, pre-colonial and colonial. The second relates to the way this book thinks about empires in novel ways, whether by taking a trans-imperial framework or by focussing on the ways non-political entities—such as merchant networks—persisted through periods of imperial flux and the rise and fall of empires. The third is the focus on space, particularly interior or inner-continental space, and its place within global history. The final contribution is to provide an impetus to scholars to think of the synchronicity of multiple forms of globalisation and their interrelation.
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Lee, Keun. "Thucydides Trap, Global Value Chain, and Future of China." In China's Technological Leapfrogging and Economic Catch-up, 218–38. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847560.003.0010.
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Chapter 10 analyzes the issue of whether China would fall into the Thucydides trap, which is defined here as a situation where the US causes China to stop expanding as an economic power. Before the Trump administration, China was navigating steadily to grow beyond the middle-income trap (MIT), building its China-led global value chain (GVC) and localizing formerly imported goods into domestic production. However, it suddenly faced another trap, of Thucydides, because of the US measures for containing the further rise of China as a superpower. China will not collapse unless the US dares to wage an all-out war by taking drastic measures across various fronts of confrontation. The sudden emergence of this new trap disrupted the China-led GVC formed around Asia, which still relies on the West for key high-technology goods. Such disruption would have further repercussions on the prospect of China’s growth beyond the MIT because China must now reallocate resources away from economic competitiveness and “Made in China 2025” to socio-economic stabilization and job creation. China remains a developmental state. Its Asian neighbors have gone through their path of political democratization, but China now faces the challenge of crossing this unknown territory. This situation may be a more challenging trap compared with the MIT and the Thucydides trap. Thus, China now faces triple traps.
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Whitehead, Mark, Rhys Jones, and Martin Jones. "States and Natures: An Introduction." In The Nature of the State. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199271894.003.0008.
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Before continuing to read this book, stop, place this volume back on the shelf and take a moment to look through the pages of an illustrated atlas of the world. At least half of this atlas will probably be given over to illustrating one of the dominant political ordering principles around which our world continues to be constructed and conceived—the nation-state. If your atlas is similar to ours, however, you will also notice that nation-states are not only represented and recognized according to their territorial shape and official political nomenclature. Skimming through the glossy colour pages of our atlas, a continual cross-referencing appears between the political, ecological, and geological motifs of nation-states. The political map of the US, for example, is surrounded by images of the forests of New England in the fall and the spectacular geological strata of the Grand Canyon. Turning the page you find an immediate association being made between Iceland and the volcanically heated Blue Lagoon Lake, the Bahamas and its golden sandy beaches, Belize and banana trees, Peru and the cloud-laden Andes. Further into the atlas the fjords are deployed as an icon for the Norwegian state, barren deserts are used to denote Western Sahara and Mauritania, and a dramatic picture of Victoria Falls is carefully positioned below a map of Zambia. These images are, of course, as with so much of what is routinely produced within the visualizations of state and nationhood, crude stereotypes of complex geographical entities. However, we want to argue that this collection of ecological and geological imagery does reveal an interesting relationship, a relationship that is central to the ways in which our worlds are constructed, ordered, and reproduced—the relationships between states and natures. This book is premised upon the exploration of a paradox. While contemporary discussions of global environmental change, trans-boundary biological communities, and systemic ecological threats routinely emphasize the irrelevance of state systems and boundaries as means for understanding and addressing questions of nature, everywhere you look nature is continually being ordered and framed by nation-states.
Conference papers on the topic "Fall-through trays"
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Reynolds, John. "The Vital Role of the Corrosion/Materials Engineer in the Life Cycle Management of Pressure Equipment." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57012.
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In my 40 years of experience I’ve come to firmly believe that nearly every operating site processing hydrocarbons needs the services, to some extent, of a competent, experienced corrosion/materials (C/M) engineer in order to achieve excellence in pressure equipment integrity and reliability (PEI&R). Without such services there are many PEI traps to fall into caused by lack of knowledge of corrosion and materials degradation issues. This paper outlines those traps that can lead not only to avoidable cost issues, but unanticipated breaches of containment and the ensuing undesirable safety and environmental consequences. The most well rounded C/M engineer should be knowledgeable, not just in metallurgy and materials selection, but also in process chemistry, corrosion and degradation mechanisms, corrosion barriers, materials degradation prevention, repair and replacement decisions and cost-effective mitigation practices. In this paper, I will indicate how a competent C/M engineer could easily save the company the cost of his/her services ten times over while recognizing that not all small sites may need a full time C/M engineer on staff, but should at least have access to one through contractual agreements. I will show how proactive corrosion control activities in the top ten vital C/M engineering aspects are necessary to achieve excellence (and avoid pressure equipment failures) in PEI&R.