Journal articles on the topic 'Falconio'
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1
Gans, Jeremy. "The Peter Falconio Investigation: Needles, Hay and DNA." Current Issues in Criminal Justice 18, no. 3 (March 2007): 415–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2007.12036402.
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Melchor Fenollosa, Roser. "Hopera de citraria de falcone pellegrine et gentile d’Alfonso Caracciolo." SCRIPTA. Revista Internacional de Literatura i Cultura Medieval i Moderna 17 (May 31, 2021): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/scripta.17.20917.
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Resum: Editem un tractat de falconeria escrit en italià de Calàbria amb alguns trets catalans i amb vincles amb el grup d’obres de la biblioteca napolitana dels reis d’Aragó. El còdex factici de la Reial Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, amb signatura C-IV-6, conté set documents, un dels quals és l’Hopera de citraria de falcone pellegrine et gentile escrita per Alfonso Caracciolo, que ocupa una extensió de més de 40 fulls. Aquest text segueix la tradició dels tractat medievals i segurament està escrit a finals del segle XV. L’objectiu de l’autor és ensenyar bàsicament a ensinistrar falcons pelegrins i gentils, encara que presenta altres continguts de caràcter cinegètic i es basa, segons l’autor, en l’experiència pròpia.
Paraules clau: tractat de falconeria, Caracciolo, falcons pelegrins, falcons gentils
Abstract: We offer the critical edition of a treatise of falconry written in Italian from Calabria. It also has some Catalan features, and it is linked to a number of texts from the library of Naples belonging to the kings of Aragon. This codex from the Royal Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, being its identification C-IV-6, contains seven documents. One of these documents is Hopera de citraria de falcone pellegrine et gentile (Treatise of falconry of peregrine falcon and gentle hawk) written by Alfonso Caracciolo, having more than 40 pages. This text follows the tradition of medieval treatise, and it was probably written at the end of the 15th century. The aim of the author is to teach to train peregrine falcons and gentle hawks, even though it has other content related to hunting, and it is based on the author’s experience.
Key words: treatise on falconry, Caracciolo, peregrine falcon, gentle hawk
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Pappalardo, Lucia, Christu-Das Silvanose, Hugues Beaufrère, Ambilli Binoy, and Panagiotis Azmanis. "Reference intervals for Cu, Mg, and Zn in captive gyrfalcons and other falcon species in the United Arab Emirates." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 33, no. 4 (May 19, 2021): 797–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10406387211015655.
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Falconry is a long-standing tradition in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and in 2016, falconry was included by UNESCO in the list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity. The health and wellness of falconry raptors is a priority for the local culture; plasma chemistry analysis plays an important role in monitoring, assessing, and managing diseases in avian patients. Imbalances of Cu, Mg, and Zn have been linked to several diseases in avian species; therefore, determining the reference intervals (RIs) of these minerals has important implications in the clinical management of falcons. We determined the RIs in plasma for Cu, Mg, and Zn in captive (falconry-managed) falcons according to the Quality Assurance and Laboratory Standards Committee of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology, and the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Blood chemistry analyses were carried out on 252 clinically healthy falcons examined at the Dubai Falcon Hospital in the UAE: 124 gyrfalcons ( Falco rusticolus) and 128 falcons of other species. We observed no significant variation in RIs of Cu (1.5–7.0 µmol/L), Mg (0.49–0.78 mmol/L), or Zn (11.8–34.1 µmol/L) based on different species or sex.
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Wink, Michael. "Phylogeny of Falconidae and phylogeography of Peregrine Falcons." Ornis Hungarica 26, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/orhu-2018-0013.
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Abstract We first examine how falcons can be integrated into avian tree of life. Then we go one step further and investigate the position of Peregrine Falcons in a comprehensive phylogeny of the falcons (genus Falco), which was reconstructed on the basis of DNA sequences. Whether the 19 subspecies of the Peregrine Falcon can be identified genetically is examined in the next step. Recently, the question of Peregrine Falcon’s genetics in Central Europe has become of wider interest. Which subspecies was present before the collapse of populations and which currently after various reintroduction projects? Evidence is provided, that Central Europe constitutes a (natural) hybrid zone between F. p. brookei from the Mediterranean and F. p. peregrinus of northern Europe.
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Tucker, VA, TJ Cade, and AE Tucker. "Diving speeds and angles of a gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus)." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 13 (July 1, 1998): 2061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.13.2061.
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An optical tracking device recorded the three-dimensional paths of 11 dives by a 1.02 kg gyrfalcon, trained to dive to a falconer. The dives started at altitudes up to 500 m above the ground and were inclined at angles of 17-62 degrees from the horizontal. The falcon controlled its speed during the dives, rather than simply falling from the sky, and the dives had three phases. During the first (acceleration) phase, the falcon accelerated to speed limits between 52 and 58 m s-1 in the seven fastest dives, evidently with minimum drag, because its accelerations were close to those predicted from theory for minimum drag. The falcon then began a constant-speed phase by increasing drag by a factor of 1.3-4.8 while still 100-350 m above the ground in most dives. The constant-speed phase lasted no more than a few seconds, and the falcon then began a deceleration phase by increasing its drag further, this time by factors of 1.7-3. 2, and decelerating with a mean value of -0.95 times gravitational acceleration. During all three phases, the dive angle was nearly constant or increased during the deceleration phase, and the falcon made no changes in its body shape that were obvious through the tracking device telescope except to reduce its wing span as it accelerated. The falconer, however, was close to the falcon at the end of the dive and could see that, during the deceleration phase, the falcon held its wings in a cupped position, apparently with a high angle of attack and therefore high drag. At the end of the deceleration phase, the falcon dropped its legs, spread its toes and finally spread its wings as it approached the falconer. Although the speeds reported here are the fastest ever measured with known accuracy in animals, the falcon could theoretically have reached more than 70 m s-1 if it had continued to accelerate with minimum drag until close to the ground. Even at this speed, it would have had enough altitude to pull out of the dive before crashing into the ground. Several authors have estimated that diving falcons reach speeds of more than 70 m s-1, and wild falcons may reach such speeds when they make long, steep dives upon birds flying high in the air.
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JAVED, SÁLIM, DAVID C. DOUGLAS, SHAHID KHAN, JUNID NAZEER SHAH, and ABDULLAH ALI AL HAMMADI. "First description of autumn migration of Sooty Falcon Falco concolor from the United Arab Emirates to Madagascar using satellite telemetry." Bird Conservation International 22, no. 1 (July 26, 2011): 106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270911000189.
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SummaryThe movement and migration pattern of the ‘Near Threatened’ Sooty Falcon Falco concolor is poorly known. Sooty Falcons breed on the islands of the Arabian Gulf after arriving from their non-breeding areas that are mainly in Madagascar. In the first satellite tracking of the species we fitted a 9.5 g Argos solar powered transmitter on an adult breeding Sooty Falcon off the western coast of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates. The bird successfully undertook autumn migration to Madagascar, a known wintering area for the species. We document the Sooty Falcon’s autumn migration route and stop-over sites. The adult Sooty Falcon initiated its migration at night and with tailwinds, and travelled mainly during daytime hours for 13 days over an inland route of more than 5,656 km. The three stop-over sites in East Africa were characterised by moderate to sparse shrub cover associated with potential sources of water. We discuss the migration pattern of the tracked bird in relation to importance of non-breeding areas for Sooty Falcons and recent declines in numbers in their breeding range.
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Pomichal, Krisztián, Balázs Vági, and Tibor Csörgő. "A Case Study on the Phylogeny and Conservation of Saker Falcon." Ornis Hungarica 22, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2014-0007.
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Abstract The Saker Falcon is a falconid raptor species with Palearctic distribution. It has never been a common bird in Hungary, now there are cc. 220-230 nesting pairs within the country borders. Currently total world population is cc. 19 000-34 000 individuals. Its taxonomic status is complicated. Two subspecies are distinguished (Falco c. cherrug and Falco c. milvipes); however, molecular data does not support this split. Phylogeny of the species is also not clarified, similarly to closely related raptors. There are many factors threatening the population of the Saker. One of these factors is the occurrence of the hybrid falcons. By molecular investigations more data can be gained, that could be useful in practical conservation, too.
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Vrettos, Michelle, Chevonne Reynolds, and Arjun Amar. "Malar stripe size and prominence in peregrine falcons vary positively with solar radiation: support for the solar glare hypothesis." Biology Letters 17, no. 6 (June 2021): 20210116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0116.
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Many falcons ( Falco spp.) exhibit a distinct dark plumage patch below the eye, termed the malar stripe. This stripe is hypothesized to reduce the amount of solar glare reflected into the eyes while foraging, thereby increasing hunting efficiency in bright conditions. Here, we use a novel, global-scale correlative approach to test this ‘solar glare hypothesis' in peregrine falcons ( Falco peregrinus ), the most widespread falcon species, using web-sourced photographs from across the species' global range. We found that the size and prominence of the malar stripe were positively associated with average annual solar radiation, but not with other environmental variables, such as temperature and rainfall. Our results provide the first published evidence for the hypothesis that this plumage feature functions to reduce the amount of solar glare reflected into the falcon's eyes, thereby improving the ability to pinpoint and target agile prey in bright conditions.
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Van Wettere, Arnaud J., Jaqueline P. Kurz, Amanda Wilhelm, and Jay Dee Ipsen. "Opisthotonos and unilateral internal hydrocephalus associated with aberrant migration of Serratospiculum sp. or Serratospiculoides sp. in a prairie falcon." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 30, no. 5 (May 23, 2018): 770–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638718777284.
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A juvenile, wild-caught prairie falcon ( Falco mexicanus) kept for falconry was presented to a veterinary hospital for intermittent opisthotonos and torticollis. Clinical examination, complete blood count, serum biochemistry panel, and fecal analysis were unremarkable. Clinical signs did not resolve, and the bird was euthanized 6 mo after the appearance of clinical signs. Autopsy revealed a mild, unilateral hydrocephalus and nematodes within the thoracic air sac. Histopathology demonstrated mild, unilateral hydrocephalus; scattered glial nodules; meningeal nematode sections; and meningeal and intraventricular embryonated eggs. Morphology and molecular characterization were consistent with the air sac nematode Serratospiculum or Serratospiculoides spp. Air sac nematode infection can be associated with air sacculitis or pneumonia in falcons. Aberrant migration of air sac filariid nematodes Serratospiculum or Serratospiculoides spp. into the nervous system resulting in clinical disease is rare, but should be included in the differential diagnosis of neurologic diseases in falcons.
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Franke, Alastair. "Population Estimates for Northern Juvenile Peregrine Falcons With Implications for Harvest Levels in North America." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/062015-jfwm-050.
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AbstractI used a Lincoln–Petersen model to estimate the population size of northern-reared hatch-year (the cohort of individuals known to have hatched during the calendar year in which they were banded) peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) based on mark and recapture data from northern North America (including Greenland) from 1970 through 2010. This analysis supported a previous finding that migratory populations in western and eastern North America tend to remain separate, and are best analyzed as two distinct populations. The annualized Lincoln–Petersen estimate for the western population was 16,035 ± 2,040 falcons, and 5,245 ± 500 falcons for the eastern population, or approximately 21,000 hatch-year falcons when summed. Using productivity of 1.4 young/occupied site resulted in an estimate of the northern breeding population of more than 15,000 pairs or 30,000 breeding adults. Assuming that the number of nonbreeding adults was equal to the number of breeding adults, the estimated total annualized adult breeding-aged population was in excess of 60,000 falcons, and the total combined population at the end of a breeding season was in the order of 80,000 falcons by the year 2000. The peregrine falcon is no longer legally threatened in Canada or the United States, and legal harvest of wild-caught migratory peregrine falcons is permitted for the practice of falconry. Using the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service harvest guideline, and the annualized estimate of hatch-year falcons reported here (after mortality), it appears that the combined annual harvest limit in Canada, the United States, and Mexico could be conservatively set at 840 hatch-year falcons without negative impact to the breeding population.
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Noriega, Jorge I., Juan I. Areta, Sergio F. Vizcaíno, and M. Susana Bargo. "Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Patagonian Miocene falcon Thegornis musculosus Ameghino, 1895 (Aves: Falconidae)." Journal of Paleontology 85, no. 6 (November 2011): 1089–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/10-122.1.
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The fossil record of the family Falconidae is poor and fragmentary. Extinct representatives from South America include the late early Miocene (Santacrucian) Thegornis musculosus and Thegornis debilis. Both species were originally described as Falconidae and afterwards moved to Accipitridae Circinae or Buteoninae. The analysis of a very well preserved and complete specimen of T. musculosus with similar stratigraphic and geographic provenances of the type material (lower levels of Santa Cruz Formation, coast of Patagonia, Argentina) corroborates the validity of the genus and its falconid affinities. The skull and postcranial morphology exhibit strong resemblances with the open-savannah inhabiting Herpetotheres and the forest-dwelling Micrastur (Herpetotherinae) but differ substantially from Falconinae (Falconini plus Caracarini). Detailed comparisons with a broad arrange of falconiform taxa in a cladistic framework, confirm its phylogenetic placement within the Herpetotherinae and sister to H. cachinnans. The ecotonal margins produced by the vanishing of humid forests that developed during changes in Patagonian plant communities throughout early Neogene times are hypothesized as a plausible scenario to understand the evolution of this basal clade of falcons.
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Schrenzel, Mark, Eric Snook, and Pascal Gagneux. "Molecular Assays for Detection of Falcon Adenovirus." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 19, no. 5 (September 2007): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870701900504.
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Falcon adenovirus is a newly recognized member of the family Aviadenoviridae and includes 2 closely related strains that are pathogenic to several species of falcons. Peregrine falcons appear to be one of the primary reservoirs, but recent outbreaks suggest that other carrier species probably exist. To allow screening of captive birds for virus shedding and investigations of disease outbreaks, conventional and realtime, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and an in situ hybridization technique were developed. The diagnostic protocols were used on tissue and fecal samples from 7 species or subspecies of falcons infected with adenovirus as well as adenoviruses from other birds and mammals. The assays were specific for falcon adenovirus and detected both strains of virus in fecal samples from living animals or frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffinized tissues. Together with established serologic tests for falcon adenovirus, these molecular assays are valuable tools for management and conservation of falcons in captivity and the wild.
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Vukasinovic, Vladan, Sladjana Mijatovic, and Sonja Kocic. "Falcons' patriotism: 'One state, one nation, falconry'." Fizicka kultura 68, no. 2 (2014): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fizkul1402163v.
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Eberl, Anna Lena. "Die Bedeutung der Falken(-jagd) für das Hofleben im Mittelalter." historia.scribere, no. 7 (May 19, 2015): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.7.401.
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This paper deals with the significance of falcons at medieval courts using the example of Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg. In a letter to his son-in-law Eberhard II, Duke of Württemberg, he has to deny the delivery of some falcons as Albrecht himself has no appropriate ones at his court. This paper examines, why Falcons were important as valuable objects and gifts. It is discussed how falconry could influence prestige and politics in the Middle Ages.
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Petrov, R., Y. Andonova, D. Yarkov, and A. Dicheva. "Diets for captive breeding and hacking of saker falcons (Falco cherrug) in Bulgaria." Agricultural Science and Technology 14, no. 4 (December 2022): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2022.04.045.
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Abstract. With saker falcon populations on the mend globally, and in Bulgaria, special caution is taken to ensure the best possible care of the birds in their breeding programmes. Diets play a particularly important role as they affect the health of not only the breeding pairs, but also the young birds. With the ultimate goal for the captive-bred sakers being to reestablish viable saker falcon populations, releasing healthy falcons is paramount. As part of the ongoing saker falcon reintroduction efforts in Bulgaria, special emphasis was placed on well-rounded diets carefully tailored to the species, and the accompanying proper sanitation procedures. Outlined are best practices concerning the variety of dietary regimes for saker falcons in captivity and for released falcons based on their biology and behaviour. In captivity the meals were different for non-breeding birds, breeding birds, for nesting birds, and for birds with chicks in the nest. The hacked juvenile saker falcons had a change in diet every two weeks – starting with food similar to the one in the breeding facilities, to the more natural for the species meals. The different techniques aimed at replicating wild conditions resulted in a natural breeding behaviour for the saker falcons kept in captivity, and successful adaptation for the released juveniles. The meal preparation methods kept the risk of food-transmitted diseases to a minimum.
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Joseph, Sunitha, Rebecca O’Connor, Abdullah Al Mutery, Mick Watson, Denis Larkin, and Darren Griffin. "Chromosome Level Genome Assembly and Comparative Genomics between Three Falcon Species Reveals an Unusual Pattern of Genome Organisation." Diversity 10, no. 4 (October 18, 2018): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d10040113.
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Whole genome assemblies are crucial for understanding a wide range of aspects of falcon biology, including morphology, ecology, and physiology, and are thus essential for their care and conservation. A key aspect of the genome of any species is its karyotype, which can then be linked to the whole genome sequence to generate a so-called chromosome-level assembly. Chromosome-level assemblies are essential for marker assisted selection and genotype-phenotype correlations in breeding regimes, as well as determining patterns of gross genomic evolution. To date, only two falcon species have been sequenced and neither initially were assembled to the chromosome level. Falcons have atypical avian karyotypes with fewer chromosomes than other birds, presumably brought about by wholesale fusion. To date, however, published chromosome preparations are of poor quality, few chromosomes have been distinguished and standard ideograms have not been made. The purposes of this study were to generate analyzable karyotypes and ideograms of peregrine, saker, and gyr falcons, report on our recent generation of chromosome level sequence assemblies of peregrine and saker falcons, and for the first time, sequence the gyr falcon genome. Finally, we aimed to generate comparative genomic data between all three species and the reference chicken genome. Results revealed a diploid number of 2n = 50 for peregrine falcon and 2n = 52 for saker and gyr through high quality banded chromosomes. Standard ideograms that are generated here helped to map predicted chromosomal fragments (PCFs) from the genome sequences directly to chromosomes and thus generate chromosome level sequence assemblies for peregrine and saker falcons. Whole genome sequencing was successful in gyr falcon, but read depth and coverage was not sufficient to generate a chromosome level assembly. Nonetheless, comparative genomics revealed no differences in genome organization between gyr and saker falcons. When compared to peregrine falcon, saker/gyr differed by one interchromosomal and seven intrachromosomal rearrangements (a fusion plus seven inversions), whereas peregrine and saker/gyr differ from the reference chicken genome by 14/13 fusions (11 microchromosomal) and six fissions. The chromosomal differences between the species could potentially provide the basis of a screening test for hybrid animals.
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Classen, Albrecht. "Falconry in the Mediterranean Context During the Pre-Modern Era, ed. Charles Burnett and Baudouin Van den Abele. Bibliotheca Cynegetica, 9. Geneva: Droz, 2021, 352, 17 color and 14 b/w ill." Mediaevistik 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2021.01.31.
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Curiously, while many historians are looking for new ways of identifying medieval globalism, focusing on trade, slavery, medicine, political contacts, and travel, the international interest in falconry during the pre-modern period has not yet attracted the same interest, at least in that context. However, hunting with falcons and other birds of prey has always been one of the major pleasure activities for the nobility both in the Middle East and in Europe. In fact, that sport probably originated from Persia, if not India or Mongolia, and became, very similar to playing chess, one of the central cultural modalities for the aristocracy to seek entertainment and to represent their own social class in a most impressive fashion. Falconry was the type of hunting exclusively for kings and other rulers, which explains why the trade of various types of falcons from northern Europe – especially the gyrfalcon – to the far south and east, even to the Arabic world (Mamluk Egypt), was quite common. The high cost for those precious birds of prey did not matter in those social circles. Falconry has already been studied numerous times, especially with regard to the famous book on the art of hunting with birds by Emperor Frederick II, and to the many references to falcons in medieval literature. The global perspective, however, has not yet been taken into consideration carefully enough.
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Tucker, VA. "Gliding flight: speed and acceleration of ideal falcons during diving and pull out." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 3 (February 1, 1998): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.3.403.
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Some falcons, such as peregrines (Falco peregrinus), attack their prey in the air at the end of high-speed dives and are thought to be the fastest of animals. Estimates of their top speed in a dive range up to 157 m s-1, although speeds this high have never been accurately measured. This study investigates the aerodynamic and gravitational forces on 'ideal falcons' and uses a mathematical model to calculate speed and acceleration during diving. Ideal falcons have body masses of 0.5-2.0 kg and morphological and aerodynamic properties based on those measured for real falcons. The top speeds reached during a dive depend on the mass of the bird and the angle and duration of the dive. Given enough time, ideal falcons can reach top speeds of 89-112 m s-1 in a vertical dive, the higher speed for the heaviest bird, when the parasite drag coefficient has a value of 0.18. This value was measured for low-speed flight, and it could plausibly decline to 0.07 at high speeds. Top speeds then would be 138-174 m s-1. An ideal falcon diving at angles between 15 and 90 degrees with a mass of 1 kg reaches 95 % of top speed after travelling approximately 1200 m. The time and altitude loss to reach 95 % of top speed range from 38 s and 322 m at 15 degrees to 16 s and 1140 m at 90 degrees, respectively. During pull out at top speed from a vertical dive, the 1 kg ideal falcon can generate a lift force 18 times its own weight by reducing its wing span, compared with a lift force of 1.7 times its weight at full wing span. The falcon loses 60 m of altitude while pulling out of the dive, and lift and loss of altitude both decrease as the angle of the dive decreases. The 1 kg falcon can slow down in a dive by increasing its parasite drag and the angle of attack of its wings. Both lift and drag increase with angle of attack, but the falcon can cancel the increased lift by holding its wings in a cupped position so that part of the lift is directed laterally. The increased drag of wings producing maximum lift is great enough to decelerate the falcon at -1.5 times the acceleration of gravity at a dive angle of 45 degrees and a speed of 41 m s-1 (0.5 times top speed). Real falcons can control their speeds in a dive by changing their drag and by choosing the length of the dive. They would encounter both advantages and disadvantages by diving at the top speeds of ideal falcons, and whether they achieve those speeds remains to be investigated.
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Muller, Margit Gabriele, Ancy Rajeev George, and Julia Walochnik. "Acinetobacter baumanniiin Localised Cutaneous Mycobacteriosis in Falcons." Veterinary Medicine International 2010 (2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/321797.
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Between May 2007 and April 2009, 29 falcons with identically localized, yellowish discolored cutaneous lesions in the thigh and lateral body wall region were presented at Abu Dhabi Falcon Hospital. Out of 18 falcons integrated in this study, 16 tested positive toMycobacterium. aviumcomplex. The 2 negative falcons tested positive in theMycobacteriumgenus PCR. Moreover, 1 falcon tested positive toM. avium. paratuberculosisin tissue samples by PCR. In all cases, blood and fecal samples tested negative. In the acid-fast stain, all samples showed the for mycobacteriosis typical rods. Moreover, in 13 samplesAcinetobacter baumanniiwas detected by PCR and proven by DNA sequencing. Clinical features included highly elevated WBCs, heterophilia, lymphocytopenia, monocytosis, severe anemia and weight loss.A. baumannii, a gram-negative bacillus with the ability to integrate foreign DNA, has emerged as one of the major multidrug resistant bacteria. In veterinary medicine, it has so far been detected in dogs, cats, horses and wild birds. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of anA. baumanniiinfection in falcons and of a veterinaryMycobacterium-Acinetobactercoinfection.
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Hadi, Afkar M., Hind D. Hadi, Suhad Y. Jassim, and Noor H. Yousif. "THE FALCONS (FALCONIFORMES, FALCONIDAE) VOUCHER COLLECTION IN THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY RESEARCH CENTER AND MUSEUM (INHM)." Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 16, no. 3 (June 20, 2021): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2021.16.3.0253.
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A total of 45 voucher specimens of falcons which are deposited in the bird's collection of the Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum (INHM) were reviewed. Mummified falcons were preserved as voucher study specimens and tagged with museum collection labels. In the current study, morphometrics of six species of the genus Falco Linnaeus, 1758: Lanner falcon F. biarmicus Temminck, 1825; Sacker Falcon F. cherrug Gray, 1834; Lesser Kestrel F. naumanni Fleischer, 1818; Peregrine Falcon F. peregrines Tunstall, 1771; Eurasian Hobby F. subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758 and Common Kestrel F. tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758 were documented. These species were recorded previously in the ornithological literatures by several authors and deposited in the museum collection; nevertheless, breeding and migrating of these birds are still occurring throughout Iraq. Furthermore, the current distribution ranges and conservation status of each of the mentioned species throughout Iraq were reviewed and comprehensively discussed.
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BEDNARZ, J. C. "Return of the Falcons: Peregrine Falcon Populations." Science 244, no. 4901 (April 14, 1989): 233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.244.4901.233.
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Gschweng, Marion, Elisabeth K. V. Kalko, Ulrich Querner, Wolfgang Fiedler, and Peter Berthold. "All across Africa: highly individual migration routes of Eleonora's falcon." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, no. 1653 (September 2, 2008): 2887–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0575.
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Eleonora's falcon ( Falco eleonorae ) is a rare raptor species that delays its breeding period until late summer to feed its young with passerines at the peak of autumn migration. Since the 1950s, this slender winged falcon has been believed to migrate along a historical route via the Red Sea to its main wintering area in Madagascar. In our study, we used satellite telemetry to investigate the real migration route of Eleonora's falcons and found that the species displayed a highly individual migration pattern. Furthermore, juvenile falcons migrated via West Africa to Madagascar and two juveniles could be tracked during spring migration and to their summering areas in East and West Africa. As juveniles migrated independently of adults, we discuss inherited navigation strategies forming part of a complex navigation system. We propose the idea of an orientation mechanism that naive falcons could apply during their long-distance migration towards their faraway wintering area located in the open ocean.
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Macías-Duarte, Alberto, Angel B. Montoya, W. Grainger Hunt, Alberto Lafón-Terrazas, and Robert Tafanelli. "Reproduction, Prey, and Habitat of the Aplomado Falcon (Falco Femoralis) in Desert Grasslands of Chihuahua, Mexico." Auk 121, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 1081–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/121.4.1081.
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Abstract A breeding population of Aplomado Falcons (Falco femoralis) remains in the desert grasslands of Chihuahua, Mexico, despite their extirpation in the nearby southwestern United States. We monitored falcon reproduction at 35 territories during 1996-2002, a period of severe drought in the region. To test the influence of prey abundance and vegetation on falcon reproduction, we surveyed avian prey abundance through plot counts in 1998-2002 and characterized vegetation at each plot. Aplomado Falcon productivity declined from 1.57 fledglings per occupied territory in 1997 to 0.63 in 2002 at the larger of two study areas, a trend consistent with cumulative effects of consecutive years of low rainfall. Reproduction in the smaller area remained low throughout the study. Both productivity and incubation start date were significantly associated with prey bird abundance. Summer rain most likely influenced falcon reproduction by affecting seed abundance and therefore abundance of granivorous prey birds the following winter and spring. Falcons nested in open grasslands with sparse woody vegetation, an adaptation likely related to higher prey vulnerability and fewer predators. However, important prey birds were positively correlated with woody-plant density, which suggests that proximity of shrublands increased nest-site suitability.
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Horikoshi, Chifuyu, Phil F. Battley, and Edward O. Minot. "Annual survival estimates and risk of fluoroacetate (1080) secondary poisoning for New Zealand falcons (Falco novaeseelandiae) in a managed exotic forest." Wildlife Research 45, no. 2 (2018): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17144.
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Context The risk of secondary poisoning to native fauna during pest control operations is an issue of global concern. In New Zealand, non-target impacts during sodium fluoroacetate (1080) operations are particularly contentious. 1080 is used extensively for pest control for conservation, bovine tuberculosis control, and in plantation forestry for seedling protection from herbivores. The endemic New Zealand falcon (Falco novaeseelandiae) breeds in Kaingaroa forest, an intensively managed pine plantation where regular 1080 poison operations are conducted; however, causes of mortality and risks of secondary poisoning by 1080 are not well documented. Aims We aimed to investigate mortality and survival of adult falcons with an emphasis on assessing the possible role of 1080 poisoning in annual mortality. Methods Using radio-telemetry and visual observations, we monitored 37 marked adult falcons before and after 1080 operations in 2013–14 (16 through carrot-bait and 21 through cereal-bait operations) and assessed mortality causes through post-mortem examinations. Using Program MARK, the annual survival rates for adults and independent juveniles were estimated from long-term banding data (2003–2014). Key results Survival of falcons was high through both cereal-bait (21/21) and carrot-bait (15/16) 1080 operations (overall 95% CI for survival = 84–100%). The exception was a radio-tagged male that died of unknown causes within a fortnight of an operation and tested negative for 1080 residues. Three falcons were depredated by introduced mammals. One falcon was found dead in an emaciated condition but evidently died from head injury through Australasian magpie (Cracticus tibicen) attack. The annual survival rate of falcons estimated from long-term banding was 80 ± 6.0% (mean ± s.e.) for adults and 29 ± 0.1% for juveniles. Conclusions No adult falcon death was attributable to 1080 poisoning in this study. Identifiable mortalities were attributable to depredation by introduced mammals and an injury from an Australasian magpie. The annual survival rate of Kaingaroa falcons was comparable to those of other raptor species worldwide. Implications The risk to adult falcons from 1080 secondary poisoning is likely low. Whether this is also true for juveniles requires further study.
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Quinn, J. L., and Y. Kokorev. "Direct and Indirect Estimates of Peregrine Falcon Population Size in Northern Eurasia." Auk 117, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 455–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/117.2.455.
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Abstract We used two different methods to estimate the density of nesting Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) across different parts of northern Eurasia. In the “territory-density” method, we extrapolated our density estimate of 406 km2 per territory (95% CI = 295 to 650 km2 per territory) in a high-density area, the Pyasina basin on the Taymyr Peninsula, to other similar areas across the range defined by published estimates. To estimate numbers in low-density areas, we used published data that suggested that Peregrine Falcon territories occur every 1,000 km2. Based on the nesting association between Peregrine Falcons and Red-breasted Geese (Branta ruficollis), we used a second, post hoc method to provide a comparative estimate where the ranges of the two species overlap. This model was based primarily on the population ecology of the Red-breasted Goose and included parameters such as the proportion of the goose population nesting with peregrines, the proportion of peregrine pairs associated with geese, goose population size, and three other variables. Some of these variables were already known, whereas others had been estimated as part of another study. The territory-density and nesting-association methods led to estimates of 1,586 (95% CI = 991 to 2,179) and 2,417 (95% CI = 1,306 to 3,528) falcon territories, respectively, across the common range of Peregrine Falcons and Red-breasted Geese; the first method suggested a population of 3,652 falcon territories (95% CI = 2,282 to 5,018) across the entire range F. p. calidus. Although both approaches entailed several major assumptions, together they provide the only quantitative estimate of this remote population of Peregrine Falcons.
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Schoenjahn, Jonny, Chris R. Pavey, and Gimme H. Walter. "Has the Australian Endemic Grey Falcon the Most Extreme Dietary Specialization among all Falco Species?" Animals 12, no. 12 (June 19, 2022): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12121582.
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A clear understanding of a species’ diet is crucial in understanding its spatio-temporal dynamics, and is, therefore, pertinent to conservation considerations. The diet of the Grey Falcon (Falco hypoleucos), a rare and threatened predator endemic to the Australian arid and semi-arid zone, is subject to diverging assertions; therefore, we studied its diet through direct observation of food ingestion during more than 17 years of fieldwork across the species’ distribution. We found that Grey Falcons of all ages fed almost exclusively on a single type of food, namely, birds, and non-avian food items never constituted a substantial portion of any individual’s diet. The extraordinary circumstances that were associated with the ingestion of non-avian food suggest strongly that, across its vast distribution, throughout the year, and throughout its life, the Grey Falcon feeds almost exclusively on birds. Further, we compared the diets of all Falco species and found that the dietary specialization is most extreme in the Grey Falcon, more so than even in the Taita (F. fasciinucha) and Peregrine Falcons (F. peregrinus). Based on aspects of the species’ environment and relative prey availability, we offer an evolutionary explanation of the apparently unique dietary specialization of the arid-adapted Grey Falcon.
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Azmanis, P., L. Pappalardo, Ziad A. J. Sara, C. Silvanose, and V. Naidoo. "Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after a single intramuscular injection in large falcons (Falco spp.)." Medical Mycology 58, no. 5 (October 14, 2019): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myz102.
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Abstract Voriconazole is one of the main azoles used to treat invasive aspergillosis in falconry raptors and birds. Despite the fact that there are studies for oral and intravenous use of voriconazole in birds, there are none for its effect after intramuscular use. Empirical use of intramuscular voriconazole in falcons, indicated quicker therapy response than the oral one. Aim of this study is to evaluate the in vivo pharmacokinetic disposition of injectable voriconazole after a single intramuscular injection in large falcons (i.e., Gyrfalcons, Saker falcons, Peregrine falcons). No clinical side effects were observed in the falcons. Absorption of voriconazole was rapid (0.5–2 hours) and reached a plasma level (>1 μg/ml) which is above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for all known Aspergillus strains. This level was maintained for 16 to 20 hours, thus indicating that a single injection of 12.5 mg/kg is not enough if T > MIC is taken into consideration. On a newer aspect, according to the AUC24 unbound: MIC parameter would be indicated that this dose would be rather sufficient for most Aspergillus strains.
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KASSARA, CHRISTINA, JAKOB FRIC, and SPYROS SFENTHOURAKIS. "Distribution modelling of Eleonora’s Falcon Falco eleonorae Géné, 1839 occurrence in its wintering grounds: a niche-based approach with satellite telemetry data." Bird Conservation International 24, no. 1 (August 12, 2013): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270913000361.
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SummaryEleonora’s Falcon is a long-distance migrant of the Palearctic region. In recent years, the advent of satellite telemetry has enabled a more detailed investigation of the species’s migratory and wintering periods. In this study, we model the distribution pattern of four Eleonora’s Falcons originating from Greece within their wintering grounds in Madagascar with the use of satellite telemetry data and a niche-based technique, Maxent. The model predicted few highly suitable areas for the occurrence of the species, restricted to elevated areas receiving large amounts of precipitation during the wintering period, containing patches of primary and degraded humid submontane forests as well as cultivation. Most of these areas occurred within the previously estimated home ranges of the four falcons, as well as of three falcons from another independent study. Taking into account the ongoing alterations in landscape structure that occur within the eastern rainforest region of Madagascar, we believe that it is imperative to better understand the ecological requirements of Eleonora’s Falcon. To this end, we recommend the application of Maxent in the study of habitat selection of the species that could be further refined with the inclusion of biotic interactions and seasonal resource availability.
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Thomas, Bindi, Edward O. Minot, and John D. Holland. "Home Range and Habitat Use of the New Zealand Falcon (Falco novaeseelandiae) within a Plantation Forest: A Satellite Tracking Study." International Journal of Ecology 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/829702.
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We tracked two adult and three juvenile New Zealand falcons (Falco novaeseelandiae) in Kaingaroa Forest pine plantation from 2002 to 2008 using Argos satellite technology. The home ranges for both adults and juveniles varied, ranging between 44 and 587 km2. The falcons occasionally utilised areas outside the forest and used stands of all ages within the forest, generally in proportion to their availability. For the most part, the juveniles remained within ca. 8 km of their nests and dispersed at 58, 69, and 68 days after fledging. Falcon movement information was obtained from an average of four location points per tracking day per falcon at a putative accuracy of 350 m. The transmitters, including their solar charge capability, performed well in the forest environment. The use of all stand ages highlights the importance of forestry practises that maintain a mosaic of different aged pine stands.
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IMAI, Soichi, Sei-ichi IKEDA, Toshio ISHII, and Kazuyoshi UEMATSU. "Diplotriaena falconis(connal, 1912)(filariidae, nematoda) from a red-legged falconet, Microhierax caerulescens." Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science 51, no. 1 (1989): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms1939.51.209.
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Mian, Afsar. "Ecological Impact of Arab Falconry on Houbara Bustard in Baluchistan." Environmental Conservation 13, no. 1 (1986): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900035852.
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The love for ancient desert sport, dwindling of the population of Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulata) in the traditional hunting grounds of the Gulf States, Middle East, and North Africa, and also in some accessible parts of Pakistan through hectic mechanized hunting, has attracted the now-rich Arab falconers to strike at the populations wintering in relatively inaccessible areas of Baluchistan during the last 5–10 years. The present paper is the first known attempt at analysing the multidirectional effects of falconry in that last area, and depends upon the information collected during the Author's tours of different areas of Baluchistan and through information collected from various agencies.The falconry that is now being done in the wintering grounds of the Houbara Bustard in Baluchistan is liable to have a very severe impact on the birds' population as the summering population is packed in some 1/8th of its summering grounds, thus yielding a very high density of birds. The falconry activities not only constitute a direct assault on the population of the Asian Race of Houbara, with a hunting toll of 4,955 during 1984–85 (a progressive increase from 418 during 1981–82 as reported but in reality expected to be much higher). There is also a significant effect on the population of falcons, some 300–400 being used every year, though the actual toll is probably much higher, as many are lost during trapping, training, transportation, and selling. The hunting parties are also responsible for direct and/or indirect killing of associated wildlife including hares, various deer, See-see Partridges, sandgrouses, Stone Curlew, and Cream-coloured Courser, while some 200 head of antelope were taken out of their ecosystems and sold to, or wasted in the hands of, falconry parties during the 1983–84 season.The hectic activity of the falconers in the area, and their associated men and materials, are responsible for disturbing the biological phenomena of the animal wildlife, including hormonal balance and feeding activities. The period of mating and reproduction of most of the desert animals coincides with the falconry in the area, and hence these activities result in the production of malnourished, biologically unbalanced individuals.The indiscriminate killing of Houbara and falcons may result in unbalanced ecosystem, with the massive elimination of Houbara resulting in increases in the populations of harmful organisms lying at lower trophic levels, and decreases in the populations of organisms lying at higher trophic levels. The elimination of raptorial falcons has probably resulted in increases in the populations of rodents in the northeastern part of Baluchistan and hence increased damage to agricultural crops or water channels. The falconry also has the potential of physically destroying the habitat through crushing of the slow-growing plants, denuding the camping sites through movement of men and materials, dumping of nondegradable wastes, and woodcutting for camp fires. The movement of heavy hunting vehicles sometimes causes severe damage to small earthfilled dams that are used for storing irrigation water, slowing rapid runoff, and recharging ground-water resources.
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Dean, Jason, Kenneth S. Latimer, J. Lindsay Oaks, Mark Schrenzel, Patrick T. Redig, and Arno Wünschmann. "Falcon Adenovirus Infection in Breeding Taita Falcons (Falco Fasciinucha)." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 18, no. 3 (May 2006): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870601800310.
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Granati, Giovanni, Francesca Cichella, and Pia Lucidi. "High-Tech Training for Birds of Prey." Animals 11, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020530.
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Raptors are some of the most at-risk groups of birds in the world and saving these top predators is essential for maintaining the health of many ecosystems. After hospitalization, raptors are often released when muscular recovery is still unfitting when they are unable to hunt efficiently and are at risk of dying from starvation within a few days. On the other hand, if a convalescent bird is trained with the only use of classic falconry techniques, it is likely to remain dependent on the caretaker/falconer even long after the release, so unable to hunt independently. To overcome these problems, a new training method was conceived, which could improve raptors’ muscular strength while limiting habituation to humans. This has been possible due to the combination of classic falconry techniques and modern technologies, such as the introduction of specific workouts with drones. Three falconry raptors and one wild Eurasian hobby were trained through high-tech falconry to develop the ability to catch, grasp, and airlift their prey at a different speed, altitude, and resistance. The main findings of this study were: (i) The rapid increase of the raptors’ speed; (ii) the muscular growth and endurance, and (iii) successful reintroduction of a wild bird.
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Watts, Bryan D., and Barry R. Truitt. "Influence of introduced peregrine falcons on the distribution of red knots within a spring staging site." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): e0244459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244459.
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Predator recovery driven by single-species management approaches may lead to conservation conflicts between recovered predators and prey species of conservation concern. As part of an aggressive recovery plan, the Eastern Peregrine Falcon Recovery Team released (1975–1985) 307 captive-reared peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) and successfully established a breeding population within the mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain, a physiographic region with no historic breeding population and a critical spring staging area for migratory shorebirds. We examined the influence of resident falcons on the distribution of foraging red knots during spring migration. We conducted weekly aerial surveys (2006–2009) along the Virginia barrier islands during the spring staging period (25 April– 6 June) to map foraging red knots (Calidris canutus) and evaluated the influence of proximity (0–3, 3–6, >6 km) of beaches to active peregrine falcon nests on knot density (birds/km). Accumulated use of beaches throughout the season by red knots was significantly influenced by proximity of beaches to active falcon nests such that mean density was more than 6 fold higher on beaches that were >6 km compared to beaches that were only 0–3 km from active eyries. Whether or not an eyrie was used in a given year had a significant influence on the use of associated close (0–3 km) beaches. From 6.5 to 64 fold more knots used beaches when associated eyries were not active compared to when they were active depending on the specific site. Historically, red knots and other migratory shorebirds would have enjoyed a peregrine-free zone within this critical staging site. The establishment of a dense breeding population of falcons within the area represents a new hazard for the knot population.
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Daugovish, Oleg, and Michi Yamomoto. "(112) Bird Control in Production Strawberries with Falconry." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1047C—1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1047c.
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California leads national strawberry fruit production with annual value in Ventura County alone near $300 million. Bird damage to fruit routinely accounts for 3–5% losses and may exceed 50% in some fields. Conventional bird control tools have limited or no effect on fruit damage and may contribute to noise pollution. A four-site study at Oxnard, Calif., from Jan. to Apr. 2005 (highest value fresh market season) showed that release of Peregrine, Saker, or Barbary falcons in combination with helium balloon launching (site 4) in response to fruit damage reduced fruit damage from 80–90% to 15–20% after 1 week. When fruit damage increased again (>20%) a repeated 1-week daily program completely reduced fruit damage during the rest of the season. Falconry alone at site 2 (near man-made structures) for two consecutive days reduced fruit damage from 70–80% to 10–20%, however, at site 3, near giant reed, three weeks of daily releases did not eliminate the damage, but confined it to the strawberry beds adjacent to reed shelter (reducing overall damage from 100% to 25–50%). High frequency of release is likely unfeasible and destruction of shelter habitat may be justified. Falconry alone before damage occurrence (site 1) seemed to prevent fruit damage; however, lack of birds and fruit damage before, during, and after releases made it difficult to draw conclusions about the success of the preventive program. In April, no fruit damage occurred even during bird presence suggesting the change in their diet. The study showed that seed-eating birds were the main pests at Oxnard, Calif., and that trained falcons can disperse them, thus, reducing fruit damage. The success of falconry was site-specific and depended on proximity of suitable habitat and availability of food sources for pest birds.
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DIXON, ANDREW, XINHAI LI, MD LUTFOR RAHMAN, NYAMBAYAR BATBAYAR, and XIANGJIANG ZHAN. "Characteristics of home range areas used by Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug) wintering on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau." Bird Conservation International 27, no. 4 (October 24, 2016): 525–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270916000319.
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SummaryBetween 1998 and 2011 we monitored the winter ranging behaviour of eight female Saker Falcons Falco cherrug fitted with satellite-received transmitters. Our tracking revealed that the winter home range area occupied by individual Saker Falcons varied greatly (median = 166 km2, range = 5-18,469 km2). A random forest model showed that Saker Falcons wintering on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau preferentially occupied areas with rich grassland (cover > 50%) on high altitude plateaus (4,000–5,000 m asl) with low levels of anthropogenic influence. Plant biomass in rich grasslands can support high winter densities of plateau pikas Ochotona curzoniae, which likely explains the preference exhibited by Saker Falcons for grassland cover > 50%. Factors influencing the abundance and distribution of this ‘keystone’ prey species are likely to have an effect on Saker Falcons and other predatory species. A key element of rangeland management on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau has been the establishment of extensive protected areas as part of a strategy to balance economic and social development with the requirement of sustainably managing water resources, maintaining rangelands for pastoralists and conserving biological diversity. Wide ranging predatory species, such as the Saker Falcon, can be useful indicators of biodiversity in protected areas and act as ‘sentinels’ for anthropogenic changes that may impact many different taxa.
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Krištín, Anton, Filip Tulis, Peter Klimant, Kristián Bacsa, and Michal Ambros. "Food supply (Orthoptera, Mantodea, Rodentia and Eulipotyphla) and food preferences of the red-footed falcon (Falco vespertinus) in Slovakia." Slovak Raptor Journal 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/srj-2017-0005.
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Abstract Food supply in the nesting territories of species has a key role to the species diet composition and their breeding success. Red-footed falcon (Falco vespertinus) preys predominantly on larger insect species with a supplementary portion of smaller vertebrates. In the breeding periods 2014 and 2016 their food supply, focusing on Orthoptera, Mantodea, Rodentia and Eulipotyphla, was analysed at five historical nesting sites of the species in Slovakia. Preference for these prey groups in the diet was also studied at the last active nesting site in this country. Overall we recorded 45 Orthoptera species (of which 23 species are known as the food of the red-footed falcon), one species of Mantodea, 10 species of Rodentia (of which 2 species are known as the food of the red-footed falcon) and 5 species of the Eulipotyphla order in the food supply. With regard to the availability of the falcons' preferred food, in both years the most suitable was the Tvrdošovce site, which continuously showed the greatest range and abundance of particular species. In the interannual comparison the insects showed lower variability in abundance than the small mammals. In 2014 the growth of the common vole (Microtus arvalis) population culminated and with the exception of a single site (Bodza) a slump in abundance was recorded in 2016. In comparing the diet composition with the food supply at the last Slovak breeding site Rusovce (Special Protection Area Sysľovské polia), we recorded significant preference for grasshopper Caliptamus italicus (in 2014), common vole (in 2016) and cricket Tettigonia viridissima (in both years) in the falcons' diet. They did not prey on the Apodemus sylvaticus species belonging among the abundant small mammal species in that locality. Conservation measures in the agricultural landscape are discussed in relation to homogeneous red-footed falcon breeding territories.
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Tarello, Walter. "Etiologic Agents and Diseases Found Associated with Clinical Aspergillosis in Falcons." International Journal of Microbiology 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/176963.
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The aim of this study was to describe parasitological, microbiological, and pathological findings associated with the isolation ofAspergillusspecies in 94 clinically diseased captive falcons from Dubai. Concomitant agents and/or diseases were identified in 64 cases, causing either single () or multiple coinfections (). Diagnoses found more often in association with aspergillosis were chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome (CFIDS) (),Caryosporasp. (),Serratospiculum seuratiinfestation (), cestodiasis (), bumblefoot (), trematodosis due toStrigea falconispalumbi(), trichomoniasis (),Babesia shortti(),Mannheimia (Pastorella) haemolytica(), interstitial hepatitis (),Escherichia coli(), andClostridium perfringensenterotoxemia (). Compared with a control group of 2000 diseased falcons without evidence of aspergillosis, the prevalence ofBabesia shortti, CFIDS,Mannheimia (Pastorella) haemolytica, Escherichia coli, and falcon herpes virus infection was conspicuously higher in association with aspergillosis. These entities may be considered suitable candidates as predisposing factors for the mycosis.
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Boev, Zlatozar. "New fossil record of the Late Pliocene kestrel (Falco bakalovi Boev, 1999) from the type locality in Bulgaria." Geologica Balcanica 40, no. 1-3 (December 2011): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.40.1-3.13.
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Twenty six new bone finds of 4 individuals (2 adult and 2 juvenile) have been described and referred to the Late Pliocene kestrel Falco bakalovi Boev, 1999. They came from the species type locality near the town of Varshets (northwest Bulgaria) and demonstrate specific distinguishing from all known falcons of the “tinnunculus” group. They enrich the bone morphology of that falcon covering a large variety of 16 different skeletal elements.
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Hedenstrom, A., M. Rosen, S. Akesson, and F. Spina. "Flight performance during hunting excursions in Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 15 (August 1, 1999): 2029–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.15.2029.
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Among birds, falcons are high-performance flyers, in many cases adapted for aerial hunting and hence suitable targets for investigating limits to flight performance. Using an optical range finder, we measured flight tracks of Eleonora's falcon (Falco eleonorae), a species breeding in the Mediterranean region and specialised for hunting autumn passage bird migrants, when commuting between their nesting colony and offshore hunting areas (straight transportation flight) and when searching for prey (transecting and searching flight). Airspeed during searching flight was significantly slower than during straight transportation and transecting flight, but there was no significant difference in airspeed between the latter two flight modes. Straight transportation flight was significantly faster than predicted minimum power speed. Also, during straight transportation flight, the falcons responded to head- and tailwinds by increasing their airspeed when flying into the wind. However, they did not show any significant airspeed adjustments with respect to the angle between the track and the heading, as would be expected in birds trying to maintain a constant track direction. Mean sustainable climb rate (during (greater than or equal to) 240 s) was 1.4+/−0.31 m s-1 (mean +/− s.d., N=13), which is rather a high rate for a bird the size of an Eleonora's falcon. The climb rate was used to calculate maximum load-carrying capacity and maximum sustained horizontal flapping flight speed. The mean wingbeat frequency during powered climbing flight was 4.68 Hz, which was used to estimate the mass-specific muscle work. When falcons were leaving the colony for offshore hunting, they gained altitude by slope-soaring when there was an onshore wind. We formulated a simple criterion for the required gliding-flight rate of climb during an initial slope-soaring episode when minimizing the energy cost of reaching a certain altitude far out over the sea (which is where the prey is to be found). This climb rate was 0.36 m s-1, and our observations indicated that the falcons experienced climb rates above this value when soaring in slope-lift.
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Giroux, Monique. "Singing For Frog Plain." Ethnologies 37, no. 1 (May 3, 2017): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1039655ar.
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Pierre Falcon is the earliest known Metis composer. Born in 1793 in Fort La Coude (Elbow Fort) in what is now west-central Manitoba, his adult life spanned the “Golden Years” (Shore 2001) of the western Metis nation. Known as the Bard of the Prairies, Falcon’s songs drew on events of local importance during this period, providing a means to remember and share Metis history, and to solidify a sense of Metis nationalism. Beginning in the late-1800s historians, novelists, folklorists, journalists, and musicians began turning their attention to Falcon, resulting in a strikingly large number of popular and academic references to his life and songs. While these references are varied, together they tell a story about the relationship between Canada and the Metis Nation. On the one hand, references to Falcon often draw from, and in fact help create, images of the Imaginary Indian (Francis 1992). Yet on the other hand, many references to Falcon erase his Indigeneity, or blend his Metis identity seamlessly into a Franco-Manitoban, or western Canadian identity. These seemingly contradictory representations, as I will argue in this paper, ultimately point to the ambiguous positioning of Metis people as Indigenous peoples, and speak to an obsession with mixed-ness that denies the Metis their full and authentic Indigeneity.
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Dekker, Dick, and Mark C. Drever. "Kleptoparasitism by Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) as a factor in reducing Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) predation on Dunlin (Calidris alpina) wintering in British Columbia." Canadian Field-Naturalist 129, no. 2 (August 4, 2015): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v129i2.1696.
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Kleptoparasitism, or food piracy, is common in a wide range of taxa, particularly among predators, with the larger species forcing smaller species to surrender their catch. The Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is known to rob Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) of just-caught prey. We present time series of kleptoparasitic interactions between eagles and peregrines hunting Dunlin (Calidris alpina) that were wintering at Boundary Bay in the Fraser River valley, British Columbia. In 1108 hours of observation during January, intermittently between 1994 and 2014, we recorded 667 sightings of Peregrine Falcons, including 817 attacks on Dunlin resulting in 120 captures. The population of wintering Bald Eagles in the study area increased from about 200 in 1994 to 1800 in 2014, while the rate of kleptoparasitism at the expense of peregrines increased from 0.05 to 0.20. The increase in the number of Bald Eagles coincided with a decline in January sightings of Peregrine Falcons, which suggests that some falcons may have left the study area because of interference from eagles. The decrease in Peregrine Falcon numbers can be expected to have led to reduced predation risk for Dunlins. Christmas Bird Counts conducted in the Fraser River Valley have underscored the fluctuation in eagle and peregrine numbers reported here.
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Shiralkar, G. S., R. E. Stephenson, Wayne Joubert, Olaf Lubeck, and Bart van Bloemen Waanders. "Falcon: A Production Quality Distributed Memory Reservoir Simulator." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 1, no. 05 (October 1, 1998): 400–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/51969-pa.
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This paper (SPE 51969) was revised for publication from paper SPE 37975, first presented at the 1997 SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, Dallas, 8-11 June. Original manuscript received for review 30 June 1997. Revised manuscript received 30 March 1998. Paper peer approved 6 July 1998. Summary We describe a new production model, Falcon, that has achieved speeds on parallel computers that are 100 times faster on real world problems than current production models on a vector computer. Falcon has been used to conduct the largest, geostatistical reservoir study ever conducted within Amoco. In this paper we discuss the following: Falcon's data parallel paradigm with FORTRAN 90 and high performance FORTRAN (HPF); its single program, multiple data (SPMD) paradigm with message passing; efficient memory management that enables simulation of enormous studies; a numerical formulation that reconciles the generalized compositional approach (based on component masses and pressure) with earlier approaches (based on pressures and saturations), in a more general and more efficient approach. We also discuss Falcon's scalability up to 512 processor nodes and performance (timings and memory) achieved on a number of parallel platforms, including Cray Research's T3D and T3E, SGI's Power Challenge and Origin 2000, Thinking Machines' CM5, and IBM's SP2. Falcon also runs on single processor computers such as PC's and IBM's RS6000. We discuss a new parallel linear solver technology based on a fully parallel scalable implementation of incomplete lower-upper (ILU) preconditioning coupled with a GMRES or Orthomin iteration process. This naturally ordered global ILU preconditioner is scalable to hundreds of processors, efficiently solving the matrix problems arising from large scale simulations. The use of the techniques described in this paper has enabled us to run problem sizes of up to 16.5 million gridblocks. Falcon was used to simulate fifty geostatistically derived realizations of a large, black oil waterflood system. The realizations, each with 2.3 million cells and 1,039 wells, took an average of 4.2 hours to execute on a 128-node CM5 computer, thus enabling the simulation study to finish in less than a month. In this field study, we bypassed upscaling through the use of fine vertical resolution gridding. Our focus has been on the applicability of Falcon to real world problems. Falcon can be used for modeling both small and very large reservoirs, including reservoirs characterized by geostatistics. It can be used to simulate black oil, gas/water, and dry gas reservoirs. And, a fully compositional feature is being developed. P. 400
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Oliveira, Andrea, Felisa Martínez, Lydia Gil, and Victoria Luño. "Morphological Characteristics of the Sperm of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) during the Reproductive Season." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 9 (August 24, 2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8090169.
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The morphological characteristics of different sperm cells (normal, abnormal, and immature) in the peregrine falcon during the reproductive season were analysed. We also classified the main sperm defects found in semen. Semen samples were collected from mature peregrine falcons via cloacal massage and stained with Diff-Quik stain. The percentages of normal, abnormal, and immature sperm cells were determined by bright-field optical microscopy. The number of normal spermatozoa were greater at the initial stage and subsequently decreased during the middle and later stages of the reproductive season (p < 0.01). In contrast, the percentage of abnormal spermatozoa increased significantly in the middle and end stages of the reproductive season (p < 0.05), whereas the proportion of immature spermatozoa remained stable during the study. Head defects represented the greatest proportion of morphological abnormalities, followed by the defects in the tail and midpiece regions. A small percentage of multiple defects and cytoplasmic droplets were also observed in the falcon spermatozoa. The findings of this study might be important for the development of future conservation protocols for falcon sperm.
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KROSS, SARA M., PAUL G. McDONALD, and XIMENA J. NELSON. "New Zealand Falcon nests suffer lower predation in agricultural habitat than in natural habitat." Bird Conservation International 23, no. 4 (April 10, 2013): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270913000130.
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SummaryIntroduced mammalian predators have been implicated in the majority of avian extinctions on oceanic islands around the globe. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the decimated New Zealand avifauna, where introduced predators remain the primary threat to virtually all surviving endemic species, including the threatened New Zealand Falcon Falco novaeseelandiae. We used remote videography at falcon nests and conducted an artificial nest experiment to compare the rates of predation and responsible predators of falcons nesting in hills against those nesting in nearby commercial vineyards. Overall, 63% of artificial nests in the hills were predated, compared with 38% in vineyards. Further, artificial eggs were predated faster in the hills than those placed in vineyards. Video footage revealed that the suite of predators visiting real falcon nests was similar to those identified attacking artificial nests. However, predators differed across habitats, with nests in vineyards being predated mainly by hedgehogs Erinaceus europaeus and Australasian Harriers Circus approximans, whereas nests in the hill environments were mainly attacked by stoats Mustela erminea. These results demonstrate the important implications of habitat type on predation pressure associated with introduced predators. These may well prove a fruitful avenue of management if breeding can be fostered in safer areas, as in the case of this threatened falcon.
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Chavko, Jozef, Ján Obuch, Ján Lipták, Roman Slobodník, and Michal Baláž. "Changes in nesting habitat of the saker falcon (Falco cherrug) influenced its diet composition and potentially threatened its population in Slovakia in the years 1976–2016." Raptor Journal 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 75–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/srj-2019-0009.
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Abstract In the period between the years 1976 to 2016 we monitored the nesting site distribution of two populations of saker falcon (Falco cherrug) concentrated in the highlands and adjacent lowlands of western and eastern Slovakia. In western Slovakia we recorded nesting by 56 pairs and 514 nestings, and in eastern Slovakia we observed nesting by 32 pairs and 245 nestings. There were similar nesting success rates in both regions, with pairs producing on average 3.2 young in every successful nest. During the monitored period as a whole a total of 1,788 young saker falcons were raised. At the same time all the pairs gradually resettled in the lowlands, and in the new environment the nesting success rate significantly improved (81.1% compared with 57.1 % in the highlands). This change of nesting biotopes was caused by the impacts of intensive exploitation and environmentally inappropriate forest management, with the accompanying excessive disturbance of nesting birds, but at the same time the disappearance of ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) colonies led to a change in the food spectrum for the observed saker falcon pairs. We evaluated the falcons’ feeding habits in western Slovakia between the years 1977 and 2016 (49 pairs; 1–17 pairs/year) and in eastern Slovakia between 2009 and 2016 (12 pairs; 1–3 pairs/year). Altogether 17,669 prey items were identified. From 1976 onwards mammals (Mammalia, 19.8%, 24 species) became gradually less represented as a component in the falcons’ diet compared with birds (Aves, 79.9%, 58 species). In areas of western Slovakia we found stable and predominant proportions of domestic pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica) ranging from 52% to 62%. The proportion of pigeons was distinctly lower in eastern Slovakia (31.5%), compensated for by larger shares of common vole (Microtus arvalis), common starling (Sturnus vulgaris), Eurasian magpie (Pica pica) and hooded crow (Corvus cornix). The common starling (9.5%) was a significant prey species in the lowlands of western and eastern Slovakia alike. Mammals were mostly represented by common voles (9.8%), European hamsters (Cricetus cricetus, 5.3%), ground squirrels (2.1%) and hares (Lepus europaeus, 1.6%). Changes over time in the composition of falcons’ prey were also evaluated over five periods in western Slovakia.
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Steenhof, Karen, Mark R. Fuller, Michael N. Kochert, and Kirk K. Bates. "Long-Range Movements and Breeding Dispersal of Prairie Falcons From Southwest Idaho." Condor 107, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 481–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/107.3.481.
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Abstract From 1999–2003, we tracked movements of adult female Prairie Falcons (Falco mexicanus) using satellite telemetry to characterize long-range movement patterns and breeding dispersal. We radio marked 40 falcons from April–May on their nesting grounds in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area in southwest Idaho. All falcons with functioning transmitters left the Snake River Canyon from late June through mid-July. Most headed northeast across the Continental Divide to summering areas in Montana, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and the Dakotas. Prairie Falcons stayed at their northern summer areas for 1–4 months before heading to the southern Great Plains or to southwest Idaho. The Great Plains was a key migration pathway. Important wintering areas included the Texas Panhandle and southwest Idaho. Most falcons completed their seasonal migrations within 2 weeks. Use of widely separated nesting, summering, and wintering areas appears to be a strategy to exploit seasonally abundant prey resources. Most falcons had three or fewer use areas during the nonbreeding season, and falcons showed a high degree of fidelity to their use areas during each season. At least 21 falcons returned to nest within 2.5 km of where they nested in the previous year, but one falcon moved to a new nesting area 124 km south of her previous breeding area. Prairie Falcon movements suggest large-scale connectivity of grassland and shrubsteppe landscapes throughout western North America. Conservation of Prairie Falcons must be an international effort that considers habitats used during both nesting and non-nesting seasons. Movimientos de Largo Alcance y Dispersión Reproductiva de Falco mexicanus del Sudoeste de Idaho Resumen. Entre los años 1999 y 2003, seguimos los movimientos de hembras adultas de Falco mexicanus utilizando telemetría satelital para caracterizar los patrones de movimiento de largo alcance y la dispersión reproductiva. Marcamos con radios a 40 halcones desde abril hasta mayo en sus sitios de nidificación en el Área de Conservación Nacional de Aves de Presa Snake River en el sudoeste de Idaho. Todos los halcones con transmisores funcionando dejaron el cañón de Snake River desde fines de junio hasta mediados de julio. La mayoría se dirigió hacia el noreste a lo largo de la línea de división continental rumbo a las áreas de veraneo en Montana, Alberta, Saskatchewan y Dakotas. F. mexicanus permaneció en sus áreas de veraneo del norte durante 1 a 4 meses antes de dirigirse hacia las Great Plains del sur o hacia el sudoeste de Idaho. Las Great Plains representaron una ruta migratoria clave. Las áreas de invernada importantes incluyeron al Texas Panhandle y el sudoeste de Idaho. La mayoría de los halcones completaron su migración estacional en menos de dos semanas. El uso de áreas de nidificación, de veraneo e de invernada ampliamente separadas entre sí parece ser una estrategia para explotar presas estacionalmente abundantes. La mayoría de los halcones tuvo tres o menos áreas de uso durante la estación no reproductiva y los halcones mostraron un alto nivel de fidelidad a sus áreas de uso durante cada estación. Al menos 21 halcones regresaron a nidificar a menos de 2.5 km de donde nidificaron el año previo, pero un halcón se desplazó a una nueva área de nidificación ubicada a 124 km al sur de su área previa de cría. Los movimientos de F. mexicanus sugieren la existencia de una conectividad a gran escala de los paisajes de pastizal y la estepa arbustiva a través del oeste de América del Norte. La conservación de F. mexicanus debe ser un esfuerzo internacional que considere los ambientes usados durante las estaciones reproductivas y no reproductivas.
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Ferrarini, Alessandro, and Marco Gustin. "First Record of the Red-Footed Falcon’s Nocturnal Flight Activity during the Nestling Period Using GPS Data." Ecologies 3, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecologies3020006.
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The red-footed falcon (Falco vespertinus) is a species that is of great interest to conservation. Because of this, understanding the red-footed falcon’s flight behavior is important for the conservation of this species. In this context, by using accurate GPS data-loggers, in 2019 and 2020, we analyzed its flight activity at the two largest colonies in Italy, and we collected 5840 GPS points. At night, all of the surveyed individuals were active during all of the hourly intervals, and they were in flight for about 10% of the time (40% in the daytime). The nocturnal flight activity showed a dual pattern: frequent and long-distance flights before sunrise (22.22% of time in flight; maximum distance from nest > 3 km) and after sundown (32.14% of time in flight; maximum distance from nest > 12 km), and limited and short-distance flights late at night (10 p.m.–5 a.m.; <5% of time in flight; maximum distance from nest < 100 m). Our study suggests that an increase in alfalfa crops and fallow land (in place of maize and soy crops) in the surroundings (i.e., 50–100 m) of the nests would considerably help this species to avoid, or at least to minimize, nocturnal flight activity, with expected improvements in its reproductive success. Our results are a step forward in advancing the knowledge of this important red-footed falcon population, which has been largely unknown so far. We provide here the first evidence ever of the red-footed falcon’s regular nocturnal flight activity during the nestling period (June–July).
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Puzovic, S. "Nest occupation and prey grabbing by saker falcon (Falco cherrug) on power lines in the province of Vojvodina (Serbia)." Archives of Biological Sciences 60, no. 2 (2008): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0802271p.
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Research on nest occupation and prey grabbing by saker falcon (Falco cherrug) on power lines in Vojvodina (Serbia) was done in the period from 1986 to 2004. During three specially analyzed periods, saker falcon took the nests of raven (Corvus corax) in 91% of a total of 22 cases of nest occupation, and those of hooded crow (Corvus corone cornix) in only 9%. Saker falcon regularly grabs prey from different birds that occasionally or constantly spend time around power lines [Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), hobby (Falco subbuteo), hooded crow (Corvus corone cornix), jack-daw (Corvus monedula), marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus), hen harrier (Circus cyaneus), buzzard (Buteo buteo), and raven (Corvus corax)]. One year a studied pair of saker falcons on a power line in Donji Srem, Serbia grabbed prey from five different species of birds. Out of a total of 40 cases of prey grabbing in the period from January to December, as much 70% of the grabbed prey was taken from kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). During the winter and early spring, prey was grabbed predominantly by males; after May, prey was sometimes grabbed by females as well. Most of the grabbed prey was common vole (Microtus arvalis).
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Inderwildi, Eva, Werner Müller, Raffael Ayé, and Martin Sinniger. "A summary of intentional poisoning of Peregrine Falcons in Switzerland during the last decade." Ornis Hungarica 26, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/orhu-2018-0025.
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Abstract In May 2011, a webcam in Zurich, Switzerland, registered the sudden death of a Peregrine Falcon. Analyses revealed that poison had been applied to the nape feathers of the pigeon captured by the bird. This case really raised the awareness of Peregrine Falcon poisoning by pigeon fanciers in Switzerland. BirdLife Switzerland, with the help of numerous partners, started researches on the subject that pigeon fanciers began a “war” against Peregrine Falcons and other raptors. Between 2006 and 2017, BirdLife Switzerland listed 7 cases of proven intentional poisonings of birds of prey where analyses confirmed the use of poison; and 19 suspected cases with the presence of dead pigeons and birds of prey simultaneously or other suspicious deaths in Switzerland. Three decoy pigeons with poison on the neck could be secured before they were captured by the target species. Two pigeon fanciers who used poisoned pigeons were convicted in 2016 and 2017. Although the numbers of proven and suspected cases are still low, we believe that the phenomenon may be much more widespread. We think that the poisoning may have a negative effect on the population of the Peregrine Falcon in Switzerland.