Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fairness'
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1
Ahmad, Suhail. "Fairness in prison." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252190.
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Westhoff, André Oliver. "Die Fairness Opinion /." Düsseldorf : IDW-Verl, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015441163&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Wiederkehr, René. "Fairness als Verfassungsgrundsatz." Bern Stämpfli, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2846060&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Tosi, Justin R. "Legitimacy and Fairness." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579109.
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The essays included in this dissertation develop a fair play account of state legitimacy. I argue for a modest revision to the traditional analysis of legitimacy. I then defend the principle of fair play against common objections. Next, I argue that the principle of fair play is capable of generating all the rights included in the new analysis of legitimacy defended earlier. Finally, I argue that the principle of fair play grounds the legitimacy of existing reasonably just states.
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Denda, Robert. "Fairness in computer networks /." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0715/2007464042.html.
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Asokan, N. "Fairness in electronic commerce." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ32811.pdf.
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Hosein, Adam (Adam Omar). "The significance of fairness/." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/55180.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-107).
This dissertation is about fairness and the role it plays in political and personal morality. Specifically, I investigate when it is appropriate to rely on considerations of fairness to draw substantive conclusions about what we should do. In Chapter 1 ("Numbers, Fairness and Beneficence") I discuss the "numbers problem," the problem of explaining why you should save more people rather than fewer when forced to choose. Existing non-consequentialist approaches to the problem appeal to fairness to explain why. I argue that this is a mistake and that we can give a more satisfying answer by appealing to requirements of beneficence or generosity. In Chapter 2 ("Fairness, Distributive Justice and Global Justice") I discuss justice in the distribution of resources, both within states and across different states. On one influential view, it is always unjust for one person to have less than another through no fault of her own. State borders, on this account, have no importance in determining which distributions are just. I show that an alternative approach is needed. I argue that distributions of wealth are only unjust in so far as they issue from unfair treatment. It follows that not all inequalities in the distribution of goods are unjust. I use these results to explain how state borders do play a role in determining which inequalities are unjust, since some of these inequalities issue from unfair treatment of citizens by the state. In Chapter 3 ("Contractualism, Politics and Morality") I discuss Rawls' contractualist theory of social justice and Scanlon's extension of it to provide a theory of "rightness", or morality more generally.
(cont.) I argue that while there is some justification for adopting a contractualist theory of social justice, this justification does not support a contractualist theory of rightness. This is because social justice is centrally a matter of cooperative fairness whereas rightness is not.
by Adam Hosein.
Ph.D.
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Hotta, Miho Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. "Fairness of adjudicated allocations." Ottawa, 1992.
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Oettle, Dominik. "Fairness in epidemischen Ereignisverteilungsverfahren." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:93-opus-34452.
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Smith, Scott J. "The Relationship Between Perceived Personal Fairness, Social Fairness, Hotel Cancellation Policies and Consumer Patronage." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5510.
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The objective of the study was to examine the relationships between the concepts of personal fairness and social fairness and hotel cancellation policies. These relationships will be explored using the framework of Prospect Theory in terms of consumer patronage (willingness-to-purchase and word-of-mouth). This study includes a brief history of the development of the lodging industry in the United States from inns and taverns to the modern hotel industry that is a critical sector of the hospitality and tourism economy. Current statistics are provided regarding the U.S. and Central Florida hotel industry in order to provide both a national and local economic perspective. The study also provides relevant statistics regarding U.S. domestic traveller information. The included literature review consists of concepts of mental accounting theory, economic utility theory, prospect theory, personal fairness, social fairness, and consumer patronage. The study also discusses how the lodging industry is unique in its implementation of reservation cancellation policies when compared against other industries. Research regarding merchandise return policies is also discussed here. The study was designed to investigate three separate components of both personal and social fairness. The first component investigated the effects of hotel rate price increases and discounts on personal fairness when compared against an existing reference price. The second component studied the perceptions of social fairness on three established hotel cancellation policies. The third component introduces a treatment of distributive and procedural fairness violations as a moderator to observe the effects on consumer patronage for the same three hotel cancellation policies. The data were collected from 415 hotel guests staying in Central Florida hotels near the Orlando international airport using an experimental method which provided different written scenarios regarding hotel pricing and three different hotel cancellation policies. The data was then analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's Post Hoc test to provide results that allowed the comparison of effects on each in terms of consumer patronage. The study results indicated that that price increases against established reference prices had a significant negative effect on consumer patronage whereas discounts of the same magnitude had a significant effect only in the middle range. Included smaller and large discounts did not have a significant effect on consumer patronage outside of the middle range. The study results also indicated that there was significant difference in consumer patronage between an Open cancellation policy and a 48 Hour Cancellation Policy. There is a significant difference in consumer patronage when a No Refund policy is compared against both the Open Cancellation Policy and the 48 Hour Cancellation Policy. The study results also show that a violation of either Distributive Fairness or Procedural Fairness has a significant negative effect on consumer patronage for both an Open Cancellation policy and 48 Hour Cancellation Policy. However, when Distributive Fairness or Procedural Fairness violations are introduced as a moderator, there is no significant effect on a No Refund Cancellation Policy. The study and its ensuing results are of importance to the academic community in that it provides additional scholarly support to both Prospect Theory and the theory of mental accounting and the roles that each plays in consumer behavior. From an industry practitioner perspective, the current results provide insight into hotel consumer's attitudes regarding rate increases/ discounts and the implementation of the three different hotel cancelation policies. The results can be utilized to provide justification and guidance in altering or establishing hotel cancellation policies that hotel consumers consider to be fair.ID: 031001325; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: H. G. Parsa.; Title from PDF title page (viewed April 3, 2013).; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 200-208).
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Education and Human Performance
Education; Hospitality Education
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Arnold, Todd J. "Antecedents and consequences of the distributive fairness : an examination of salesperson judgments of fairness /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3025596.
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Piché, Catherine. "Fairness in class action settlements." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103699.
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To be made effective, class action settlements must be negotiated fairly, be perceived as fair and reasonable by the settlement parties such that they agree to their terms and substance, and be characterized as fair, reasonable and adequate by a court at the occasion of a settlement approval hearing. But how is settlement fairness defined, in a collective litigation context? By which process is the evaluation of fairness made and the approval given by the court? What role does the court correspondingly have, in that context? This thesis explores the legal policy and reasoning behind the mandatory judicial approval of class settlements, the process by which it is sought and obtained, the currently relevant factors and indicia of settlement fairness which support all decisions to approve, and the roles of the principal settlement actors, particularly the settlement judge. It suggests hypotheses for reform applicable to these approval processes, roles of the actors and standard of settlement fairness. These hypotheses are tested, for their plausibility, against empirical data obtained from the qualitative interviews of seventeen judges conducted by the author in four target jurisdictions that have similar approaches to class action settlement approvals, and where class action litigation activity is heavy: Quebec, Ontario, British Columbia, and the United States federal courts. Ultimately, the thesis proposes final recommendations for reform of the class action settlement approval procedure.Toute transaction hors cour en matière de recours collectif doit être négociée équitablement, être perçue comme étant juste et équitable par les parties afin qu'elles puissent consentir à son contenu, et être évaluée comme telle à l'occasion d'une homologation par un juge donnée lors d'une audience sur le caractère équitable de la transaction. Comment ce caractère juste et équitable de la transaction peut-il être proprement évalué dans un contexte collectif? Quel processus et quelle procédure le juge doit-il suivre dans l'évaluation du caractère juste et équitable? Quel rôle le juge doit-il avoir, dans ce contexte bien précis? Cette thèse explore les raisons sous-jacentes à l'approbation judiciaire des transactions de recours collectif, le processus par lequel de telles transactions sont soumises par les parties pour évaluation et approbation, ainsi que celui par lequel le juge évalue et décide ou non d'approuver la transaction. Les critères d'équité et de raisonnabilité d'une transaction projetée sont également discutés, tout comme le rôle des principaux acteurs impliqués dans le règlement, incluant principalement celui du juge évaluateur et approbateur. La thèse suggère des hypothèses de réforme relatives au processus d'évaluation et d'approbation, aux rôles des acteurs judiciaires et au standard d'équité et de raisonnabilité transactionnelle. Ces hypothèses sont ensuite testées, pour leur plausibilité, par rapport aux données obtenues dans le cadre de dix-sept entrevues de juges, effectuées par l'auteure, juges agissant dans quatre juridictions principales dans lesquelles les pourcentages de recours collectifs intentés demeurent les plus élevés : Québec, l'Ontario, la Colombie-Britannique et les cours fédérales américaines. Enfin, des recommandations définitives de réforme sont proposées dans le but d'améliorer le fonctionnement du système d'approbation des transactions collectives, ainsi que l'équité et la raisonnabilité des processus, procédures et résultats dans ce contexte.
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Kwiatkowska, Marta Zofia. "Fairness for non-interleaving concurrency." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8809.
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Fairness in a non-interleaving semantic model for concurrency has been investigated. In contrast to the interleaving approach, which reduces non-sequential behaviours to a nondeterministic choice between possible interleavings of activities of concurrent processes, concurrency and causality were assumed as primitive notions. Mazurkiewicz's trace languages were chosen as behavioural representations of systems and Shields' asynchronous transition systems as their acceptors. The notion central to these two formalisms is one of causal independency, which determines trace equivalence (congruence) in the monoid of strings. Equivalence classes of strings are called traces. The quotient monoid of traces forms a poset with trace prefix ordering. First, trace languages have been enhanced to allow for infmite traces; this was achieved by introducing trace preorder relation on possibly infinite strings. It has been shown that the extension gives rise to the domain of traces and an infinitary monoid, which specializes to the domain and the infinitary monoid of strings of Nivat's, Asynchronous transition systems have been equipped with a notion of a process structure; a variety of process structures ordered by refinement relation are possible for a given system. Each process structure determines projective preorder and equivalence relations in the monoid of strings, which are shown to coincide with the trace preorder and trace equivalence. In this setting, a topological characterization of behavioural properties which includes safety, progress and fairness properties has been provided. Fairness properties form a subclass of infinitary progress properties that is closed under arbitrary union. Unconditional process fairness properties that are determined by process structures have been distinguished; they form a lattice with inclusion ordering. Finally, strength predicates were incorporated to allow for a variety of specific fairness properties such as weak and strong process fairness as well as equifairness and state fairness.
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Glampedakis, Antonios. "Fairness in nurse rostering problem." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2018. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/fairness-in-nurse-rostering-problem(77765b9e-17cd-4012-9397-5268ad0ba1fa).html.
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Many Operational Research (OR) problems like scheduling and timetabling, areassociated with evaluating the distribution of resources in a set of entities. This set of entities can be defined as a society having some common traits. The evaluation of the distribution is traditionally done with a utilitarian approach, or using some statistical methods. In order to gain a more in depth view of distributions in problem solving new measures and models from the fields of Computer Science, Economics, and Sociology, as well OR are proposed. These models focus on 3 concepts: fairness (minimisation of inequalities), social welfare (combination of fairness and efficiency) and poverty (starvation of resources). A Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) model, combining utilitarian, fairness and poverty measures is also proposed. These measures and models are applied to the nurse rostering problem from a central decision maker point of view. Nurses are treated as a society, trying to optimise nurse satisfaction. Nurse satisfaction is investigated independently from the hospital management, forming two conflicting criteria. The results from different measures cannot be evaluated using cardinal measures, so MCDM methods and Lorenz Curves are used instead of a numerical, cardinal measure.
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Nguyen, Van Vinh S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Fairness and optimality in trading." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/61894.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Computation for Design and Optimization Program, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-51).
This thesis proposes a novel approach to address the issues of efficiency and fairness when multiple portfolios are rebalanced simultaneously. A fund manager who rebalances multiple portfolios needs to not only optimize the total efficiency, i.e., maximize net risk-adjusted return, but also guarantee that trading costs are fairly split among the clients. The existing approaches in the literature, namely the Social Welfare and the Competitive Equilibrium schemes, do not compromise efficiency and fairness effectively. To this end, we suggest an approach that utilizes popular and well-accepted resource allocation ideas from the field of communications and economics, such as Max-Min fairness, Proportional fairness and a-fairness. We incorporate in our formulation a quadratic model of market impact cost to reflect the cumulative effect of trade pooling. Total trading costs are split fairly among accounts using the so-called pro rata scheme. We solve the resulting multi-objective optimization problem by adopting the Max-Min fairness, Proportional fairness and a-fairness schemes. Under these schemes, the resulting optimization problems have non-convex objectives and non-convex constraints, which are NP-hard in general. We solve these problems using a local search method based on linearization techniques. The efficiency of this approach is discussed when we compare it with a deterministic global optimization method on small size optimization problems that have similar structure to the aforementioned problems. We present computational results for a small data set (2 funds, 73 assets) and a large set (6 funds, 73 assets). These results suggest that the solution obtained from our model provides a better compromise between efficiency and fairness than existing approaches. An important implication of our work is that given a level of fairness that we want to maintain, we can always find Pareto-efficient trade sets.
by Van Vinh Nguyen.
S.M.
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Servatka, Maros. "Experiments on Fairness and Reputation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194705.
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This dissertation consists of three essays in experimental economics. The essays investigate different aspects of reputation in fairness games in a controlled laboratory environment. It has been established in the literature of economics, sociology, and psychology that social norms together with other-regarding preferences often govern subjects' decisions in addition to strategic considerations. The dissertation examines the incentives connected with the existence of social norms that could cause deviations from standard economic model predictions. I use experiments so that I can tightly control the environment and provide rigorous tests of existing theories, stylized facts, and anecdotal evidence on the importance of reputation in economic interactions. The first essay presents findings that reputation triggers indirectly reciprocal behavior of subjects. However, reputation might only be signaling what is considered as socially appropriate behavior. This hypothesis and the results of the first essay led me to develop a set of experiments in the second essay to contrast pure reputation effects with the social influence of reputation. The third part of the dissertation, co-authored with Ninghua Du, examines reputation and efficiency wages in a labor market setting by analyzing the effects of negative technological shocks on long run relationships between firms and workers.
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Van, Staden Louis Jacobus. "Billike arbeidspraktyk vir opvoeders in Suid-Afrikaanse openbare skole / deur Louis Jacobus van Staden." Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/810.
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Unfair labour practice formed part of South Africa's history throughout
the years. There was not enough legislation to protect all races
against unfair labour practice. The dramatic political, governmental
and social changes over the last decade ensured that South Africa
put new legislation in place to ensure fair labour practice for all races
in South Africa.
This legislation is also implemented in the South Africa education
system to ensure fairness. The Employment of Educators Act and
the South African Schools Act devised legislation to protects the
rights of both the learner and the educator in the education system of
South-Africa.
The aim of this research was to determine whether there is sufficient
legislation to protect the rights of the educator, in which manner unfair
labour practice exists against educators, to what extent unfair labour
practice influences motivation and productivity of educators and what
the perceptions of educators are regarding unfair practice by the
department. This has been done according to a literature study, as
well as an analysis of legislation relevant to the educator, and any
other legislation pertaining to the regulation of labour practice in
South Africa.
The essence of fair labour practice is discussed and validated by
certain court cases which exposed unfair labour practice in South
Africa. These court cases are analysed and discussed to explain the
relevant aspects of the essence.
Interviews were conducted with educators, and questionnaires were
distributed to selected schools, then analysed to obtain their views on
availability of relevant legislation, knowledge and perceptions on
legislation, viewpoint on injustice, viewpoint of educator's motivation
and productivity and possible solutions to limit injustice. It was then
possible to compile certain recommendations and conclusions out of
the information derived from the questionnaires and interviews.
The general impression of the results was that there is a negative
attitude from educators towards the department. Educators feel that
the Department of Education does not protect them adequately.
These educators belief that they are treated unfairly by the
department. The majority of educators feel that the department does
not have enough knowledge of the relevant legislation and this
contributes to unfair action against educators. This unfair labour
practice does influence the motivation and productivity of educators in
the public schools of South Africa. A large number of educators feel
that they are treated unfairly regarding the workload and the
distribution of tasks in the schools. The unmanageable large classes
and restriction of powers of the educator regarding discipline lead to
negativity and a loss of productivity.
When the Department of Education starts paying attention to the
complaints by educators and liaise with schools timeously, it would
ensure a fairer education system and educators would be more
motivated and thus more productive.Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
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Birk, Samuel J. "Toward A General Model Of Fairness Perception Formation: A Critical Review And Revision Of Fairness Theory." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/338683.
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Fairness theory represents a widely cited framework for modeling the cognitive processes that underlie the formation of fairness perceptions in the workplace. Nonetheless, imprecise language and scant empirical research limit its ability to further organizational justice research. Therefore, in this dissertation I provide a review and critique of fairness theory suggesting several revisions. I then build upon this revised model to develop a new model of fairness perception formation. The developed model is tested via a laboratory experiment and a field study, both of which provide initial evidence in favor of the proposed model.
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Bartolomé, Calvo Diego. "Fairness Analysis of Wireless Beamforming Schedulers." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6891.
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Aquesta tesi es dedica a l'anàlisi de la justícia a la capa física en entorns de comunicacions amb múltiples antenes i diversos usuaris, cosa que implica un nou punt de vista sobre problemas tradicionals. Malgrat això, el grau d'equitat o desigualtat en la distribució de recursos ha estat estudiat en profunditat en altres camps com Economia o Ciències Socials. En el fons, el enginyers tendeixen a optimizar les prestacions globals, però quan hi ha múltiples usuaris en escena, aquella optimització no és necessàriament la millor opció. En sistemes mòbils, per exemple, l'usuari amb unes males condicions de canal pot patir les conseqüències d'un controlador central que basi les seves decisions en la millor qualitat instantània del canal. En aquest sentit, el problema s'encara des de quatre perspectives diferents: processament d'antenes, assignació de potència, assignació de bits, i combinació de diversitat en espai (SDMA) amb múltiples subportadores (OFDM).Abans del contingut tècnic, es descriu en detall l'entorn on s'emmarca aquesta tesi. La contribució de l'autor com a tal comença amb l'anàlisi de la justícia no només pel processament al transmissor, però també pel límit superior que representa la tècnica cooperativa entre el transmissor i el receptor. L'anàlisi de SNR pel forçador de zeros, el dirty paper i l'estratègia cooperativa entre transmissor i receptor està basada en la teoria de carteres, i consisteix bàsicament a calcular la mitja i la variància de cada esquema. Es veu que una mitja superior ve donada per una major variància en l'assignació de recursos. Així com a aquestes tècniques d'antenes, la justícia hi és implícita, es fa totalment explícita en la tria d'una tècnica de distribució de potència amb un conformador forçador de zeros. Llavors, les funcions objectiu tradicionals a la literatura es comparen en termes de justícia, això és en termes del màxim i el mínim, a més de la mitja o la suma. Aquí es pot veure que optimitzar les prestacions globals d'una cel·la (p.ex tècniques de mínima suma de BER o màxima suma de rate) implica una distribució més desigual dels recursos entre els usuaris. Per una altra banda, les tècniques max-min tendeixen a fer una distribució dels recursos més paritària entre els usuaris, alhora que perden en prestacions globals.
A més, l'assignació de potència basada en teoria de jocs es compara a les tècniques tradicionals, i es mostra que la funció d'utilitat àmpliament utilitzada en aquest context té una taxa d'error inacceptable. Llavors, la funció a optimitzar s'ha de triar de forma acurada, per tal d'evitar possibles conseqüències indesitjables. Un altre problema interessant és el control d'admissió, és a dir, la selecció d'un subconjunt d'usuaris que han de ser servits simultàniament. Normalment, el control d'admissió és necessari per complir els requeriments de les comunicacions, en termes de retard o taxa d'error, entre d'altres. Es proposa un nou algoritme que està entre mig de les tècniques tradicionals a l'eix de la justícia, l'assignació uniforme de potència i l'esquema que dóna igual rate i BER a tots els usuaris.
Després d'això, l'anàlisi de la justícia es fa per l'assignació de bits. Primer, el punt de vista tradicional de la maximització de la suma de rates es contraposa a la maximització de la mínima rate, que finalment assigna a tots el usuaris un número igual de bits. Un altre cop, el controlador central ha de balancejar les necessitats individuals amb les prestacions globals. Malgrat això, es proposa un algoritme que té un comportament intermig entre els esquemes tradicionals. A més, s'estudien una extensió per tal de combinar la diversitat en espai amb la freqüencial, per tant, s'analitzen sistemes SDMA/OFDM, pels quals s'extenen els algoritmes inicialment dissenyats per SDMA. Com que les funcions objectiu són NP-completes i molt difícils de resoldre fins i tot amb un nombre moderat d'usuaris i antenes, les solucions subòptimes són clarament bones candidates. A més, temes pràctics com la senyalització i la reducció en complexitat són tractats des d'un clar punt de vista d'enginyeria.
This dissertation is devoted to the analysis of fairness at the physical layer in multi-antenna multi-user communications, which implies a new view on traditional techniques. However, the degree of equality/inequality of any resource distribution has been extensively studied in other fields such as Economics or Social Sciences. Indeed, engineers usually aim at optimizing the total performance, but when multiple users come into play, the overall optimization might not necessarily be the best thing to do. For instance in wireless systems, the user with a bad channel condition might suffer the consequences from the selective choice based on the instantaneous channel quality made by a centralized entity. In this sense, the problem has four different perspectives: antenna processing, power allocation, bit allocation, and combination of space diversity (SDMA) with multiple subcarriers (OFDM).
Before the technical content, the landscape where this dissertation is contained is described in detail. The contribution of the author starts with the analysis of fairness conducted not only for transmit processing, but also for the upper bound that represents the cooperative strategy between the transmitter and the receiver. The SNR analysis for zero forcing, dirty paper, and the cooperative scheme, is based on portfolio theory, and basically consists of the computation of the mean and the variance of each scheme. Interestingly, a higher mean performance comes at the expense of a higher variance in the resource allocation. Whereas in these antenna array techniques, the fairness is implicit, it is made explicit afterwards by the selection of a power allocation technique with a zero forcing beamforming. The traditional objective functions available in the literature are here compared in terms of fairness, i.e. not only the mean or sum value are analyzed, but also the minimum and the maximum. It can be stated that optimizing the global performance of a cell (e.g. a minimum sum BER or maximum sum rate techniques) comes at the expense of an uneven distribution of the resources among the users. On the other hand, max-min techniques tend to distribute the resources more equally at the expense of loosing in global performance.
Moreover, the game-theoretic power allocation is compared to traditional techniques, and it is shown that the widespread utility function in this context yields an unacceptable BER. Therefore, the optimizing criterion shall be carefully chosen to avoid undesirable operating consequences. Another interesting problem is the admission control, that is, the selection of a subset of users that are scheduled for transmission. Usually, this selection shall be done because the QoS requirements of the communications, e.g. in terms of delay or error rate, prevent all the users from being served. A new algorithm is proposed that balances between the traditional techniques on the extremes of the fairness axis, the uniform power allocation and the equal rate and BER scheme.
After that, the fairness analysis is conducted for the integer bit allocation. First, the traditional approach of the maximization of the sum rate is opposed to the maximization of the minimum rate technique, which ultimately assigns an equal number of bits for all the users. Again, the centralized controller shall balance between the global performance and the individual needs. Nevertheless, an algorithm is proposed, which yields an intermediate behavior among the other traditional schemes. Then, an extension is developed in order to combine the spatial diversity with frequency diversity, that is, SDMA/OFDM systems are analyzed and the initial algorithms for SDMA are extended for such a case. Since the objective functions are NP-complete and very hard to solve even with moderate number of users and antennas, several suboptimal solutions are motivated. Moreover, practical issues such as signaling or a reduction in complexity are faced from a clear engineering point of view.
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Andreasson, Eva. "Fairness and Flexibility in Oral Examination." Thesis, Umeå University, Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-717.
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This is a descriptive ethnographical study with the purpose of examining teachers’ and students’ experiences of oral examination at a State Pedagogical University in western Russia. The study also focused on finding the characteristics of oral examination and the contextual factors influencing its implementation. The research was done using participatory observations and interviews. The results show that interviewees experience oral assessment in general as positive. Their descriptions are summarised and analysed using a number of key concepts, of which flexibility, subjectivity, individualisation, and fairness are the most important. The study also shows that contextual factors such as culture, traditions, and organisational framework have large impact on how the examination is done. The conclusion is that oral examination has both gins and losses, since the teacher’s active participation creates possibilities for individualisation and deep probing of the students’ knowledge, but is also a source of bias because of its subjectivity.
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Strang, Sabrina [Verfasser]. "Fairness - A multidimensional approach / Sabrina Strang." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1084634635/34.
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Nel, Werner. "Procedural fairness in unprotected strike dismissals." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/314.
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The Labour Relations Act contains a definition of a strike which reads as follows: “’strike’ means the partial or complete concerted refusal to work, or the retardation or obstruction of work, by persons who are or have been employed by the same employer or by different employers, for the purpose of remedying a grievance or resolving a dispute in respect of any matter of mutual interest between employer and employee, and every reference to ‘work’ in this definition includes overtime work, whether it is voluntary or compulsory.” The Labour Relations Act offers strikers special protection against dismissal if they conform with the Act and its provisions. Hence the distinction between those strikes and protest action in compliance with the Act, namely ‘protected’ strikes and protest action, and those strikes and protest action in violation of the Act, namely, ‘unprotected’ strikes and protest action. Participation in an unprotected strike is one form of misbehaviour. The Labour Relations Act expressly prohibits the dismissal of employees engaged in a lawful strike. Employees engaged in strike action contrary to the provisions of the Labour Relations Act may be dismissed since their strike action is deemed to be a form of misconduct. The dismissal of striking employees must be both substantially and procedurally fair.
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Toba, Wilson. "Substantive fairness of dismissal for misconduct." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/355.
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In the employment context employers may view certain conduct/behaviour committed by an employee or a group of employees to be repugnant and unacceptable resulting in the disciplinary action that may lead to a dismissal sanction taken against such employee or employees. Even though the employer has a right to discipline the employees for a contravention of a rule or a policy and even dismiss the employee/s involved, such a disciplinary action and dismissal must be based on a certain procedure where the principle of fairness must be adhered to. The Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (“the Act”) and Schedule 8 of the Code of Good Practice deals with the aspects of dismissals related to conduct and capacity, however, each case is unique, it has to be approached on its own merits. Schedule 8(3) states that, “formal procedures in disciplinary measures do not have to be invoked every time a rule is broken or a standard is not met”. It is therefore necessary that there should be a disciplinary code which guides the workers and the employers, it must be clear and be understood by all the parties. The disciplinary code of conduct serves as the foundation of good discipline because everybody knows the consequences of his/her contravention of those guidelines enumerated in the Code of Conduct. The Code of Good Practice under Schedule 8(3), states that “while employees should be protected from arbitrary action, employers are entitled to satisfactory conduct and work performance from their employees”, so a very good relationship between the two parties is most important if there is to be stability and industrial peace in the workplace.
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Gasson, Ruth, and n/a. "Liberalism, communitarianism, fairness and social policy." University of Otago. Faculty of Education, 1998. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070528.122329.
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Communitarianism is an internationally contentious anti-liberal theory which is becoming increasingly popular in political philosophy. It commonly is employed to motivate and legitimate �identity politics� - a politics which is used to defend the rights of disadvantaged aboriginal minorities to maintain their traditional ways.
Recently �identity politics� has been exploited in mainstream poltical/educational academic literature in New Zealand, especially in literature that deals with Maori issues. This is significant because in the recent history of New Zealand, liberal political theory has been dominant.
Notions of rights and of fairness are fundamental to communitarianism and to liberalism, but communitarians and liberals hold very different ideas about what these notions involve. My PhD thesis compares their ideas and relates them to New Zealand. It views certain social and political issues in New Zealand, by way of liberal and then communitarian theories. It examines how liberalism and communitarianism have been, and can be, used to support and to legitimate particular policies and practices in terms of �fairness� and �justice�.
My work considers the explanatory and the practical application of communitarianism and liberalism with respect to their conceptions of human nature, political ideals, rights and rationality. It defends liberalism against the communities the protections they �need� in order to flourish. With respect to New Zealand it recognises that Maori have been treated unjustly by the crown, but argues that much of the injustice happened, not because of liberalism, but because liberal values were not upheld.
The thesis concludes that liberalism is better equipped than communitarianism to describe Maori and Pakeha relations, and to formulate a framework for positive and constructive trans-cultural policies that will respect both Maori and Pakeha cultures.
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Taylor, Janet Edgar. "Fairness, family relationships, and farm transfer." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0003/NQ33324.pdf.
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Choonagh, Satnam Singh. "Procedural fairness at the police station." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359645.
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Denda, Robert [Verfasser]. "Fairness in Computer Networks / Robert Denda." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://d-nb.info/1170545734/34.
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Debove, Stéphane. "The evolutionary origins of human fairness." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05T040/document.
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L'Homme attache de l'importance à l'équité et est prêt à aller jusqu'à subir des pertes financières pour la défense de l'équité. Cet attachement coûteux à l'équité constitue un paradoxe pour les théories de l'évolution. Récemment, certains auteurs ont proposé de voir le sens de l'équité comme une adaptation psychologique évoluée pour résoudre le problème du partage des coûts et bénéfices de la coopération. Quand il est possible de choisir avec qui coopérer, partager les coûts et bénéfices d'une manière impartiale aide à être choisi comme partenaire social et procure des bénéfices directs en terme de valeur sélective. Dans cette théorie, le choix du partenaire est donc le mécanisme central permettant l'évolution du sens de l'équité. Ici, nous proposons une étude interdisciplinaire de l'équité pour mettre cette théorie à l'épreuve. Après une revue des théories en compétition pour expliquer l'équité (Article 1, en cours de revue), nous développons des modèles de théorie des jeux et des simulations individu-centrées pour savoir si le choix du partenaire permet d'expliquer deux éléments-clés de l'équité: le refus de profiter de sa force pour exploiter les plus faibles (Article 2, Evolution), et l'attrait des distributions dans lesquelles la rétribution est proportionnelle à la contribution (Article 3, en cours de revue). Nous montrons que le choix du partenaire permet d'expliquer ces deux caractéristiques. Nous produisons également des simulations plus réalistes et prenant mieux en compte les mécanismes d'évolution en essayant de faire évoluer des robots qui se comportent de manière équitable. Nous testons ensuite la théorie de façon empirique, et montrons que le choix du partenaire crée des distributions équitables dans une expérience comportementale (Article 4, Proceedings of the Royal Society B). Nous développons un jeu vidéo collaboratif pour estimer l'importance de la variabilité interculturelle de l'équité dans des situations de justice distributive, et présentons des résultats obtenus sur un échantillon de sujets occidentaux (Article 5, en préparation). Nous passons en revue les expériences cherchant de l'équité chez les animaux non-humains, et discutons pourquoi un sens de l'équité aurait eu plus de chances de se développer chez l'Homme que dans une autre espèce, alors que le choix du partenaire est loin d'être un mécanisme évolutionnaire restreint à l'Homme. Enfin, nous discutons trois malentendus classiques sur la théorie du choix du partenaire et identifions des directions de recherche intéressantes pour le futurHumans care about fairness and are ready to suffer financial losses for the sake of it. The existence of such costly preferences for fairness constitutes an evolutionary puzzle. Recently, some authors have argued that human fairness can be understood as a psychological adaptation evolved to solve the problem of sharing the costs and benefits of cooperation. When people can choose with whom they want to cooperate, sharing the costs and benefits in an impartial way helps to be chosen as a partner and brings direct fitness benefits. In this theory, partner choice is thus the central mechanism allowing the evolution of fairness. Here, we offer an interdisciplinary study of fairness to put this theory to the test. After a review of competing theories (Paper 1, in review), we build game-theoretical models and agent-based simulations to investigate whether partner choice can explain two key aspects of human fairness: the wrongness to take advantage of one's strength to exploit weaker people (Paper 2, Evolution), and the appeal of distributions where the reward is proportional to the contribution (Paper 3, in review). We show that partner choice succeeds at explaining these two characteristics. We also go towards more realistic and mechanism-oriented simulations by trying to evolve fair robots controlled by simple neural networks. We then test the theory empirically, and show that partner choice creates fairness in a behavioral experiment (Paper 4, Proceedings of the Royal Society B). We develop a collaborative video game to assess the cross-cultural variation of fairness in distributive situations, and present results coming from a Western sample (Paper 5, in preparation). We review the experiments looking for fairness in non-human animals, and discuss why fairness would have been more prone to evolve in humans than in any other species, despite partner choice being an evolutionary mechanism far from restricted to the human species. Finally, we discuss three common misunderstandings about the partner choice theory and identify interesting directions for future research
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Saprai, Prince. "Defending substantive fairness in contract law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504008.
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My thesis makes three claims. First, the courts set aside contracts ('transaction avoidance') because they are substantively unfair, or unfair because of their content or outcome. In some cases, the courts try to disguise this by using the language of procedural fairness to justify transaction avoidance, ie, they say that they are setting contracts aside because of some defect in the way they were entered, usually lack of the promisor's consent caused by her incapacity or the reprehensible conduct of the promisee. However, the cases show that contracts are set aside even though there is no lack of consent. The courts try to dress these cases up in the language of procedural fairness because of freedom of contract. Freedom of contract is the most widely cited objection to substantive fairness, or judicial interference with contract for content-dependent reasons. However, I argue, and this is my second claim, that freedom of contract is not necessarily incompatible with substantive fairness. My third claim is that the existing cases of substantive fairness are morally justified by my theory of autonomy harms. According to it, a good life is an autonomous life. Substantive fairness is justified by the need to protect parties and society more generally from contracts which harm autonomy. The courts implicitly set aside contracts on content-based grounds because they cause five kinds of autonomy harm. These are, harm to: future freedom; threshold wealth; planning; valuable social forms; and the practice of undertaking voluntary obligations. I conclude that the courts should stop disguising cases of substantive fairness, and explicitly adopt autonomy harms and the taxonomy of the law it offers. This would make the legal system more transparent, and easier to criticise and reform.
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Igarashi, Ayumi. "Fairness and stability in structured environments." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:739e1784-f88b-4285-93d4-02d019e0a684.
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In many social and economic situations, networks are the primary vehicle for strategic interactions among multiple players. On the one hand, networks connect individuals and represent how they interact with each other. On the other hand, networks describe relations between objects that are of interest to multiple decision-makers. The aims of the thesis are two-fold: first, to describe how the underlying network structures affect the existence of desirable outcomes of strategic interactions; and second, to discuss computational issues that arise when considering problems with connectivity constraints imposed by a network. In particular, we will consider two settings in which networks play a critical role: coalition formation and fair division restricted by networks. Specifically, we will study a model in which the space of feasible outcomes is restricted to the connected subgraphs of an underlying network. In essence, we show that acyclicity of a network is a necessary and sufficient condition for desirable outcomes to exist and to be efficiently computable.
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Japtha, Louisa Dihelena. "The procedural fairness requirement in suspensions." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/17603.
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The focal point of this treatise is the procedural requirements relating to suspensions. For a suspension to be fair it must be for a fair reason and in accordance with a fair procedure which is commonly referred to as substantive and procedural fairness. The Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 does not tell or provide guidance in terms of what these procedural requirements for a suspension are. The Act is completely silent on this matter. The Act only requires that any disciplinary measure instituted against an employee must be done in terms of a fair procedure. Suspensions have been described by our courts as the employment equivalent of arrest. It is normally used as a preventative measure pending internal disciplinary investigations or as a disciplinary sanction for an employee who repeatedly engages in misconduct. This treatise highlights the impact of arbitrary suspension of employees and suspensions of employees for inordinate periods of time. Suspensions are not intended for purposes of punishment. The Labour Court has on numerous decisions cautioned employers on issues of unfair suspension because of its detrimental impact on the employee’s reputation, advancement, job security and other grounds. Situations have often arisen where an employer suspends an employee without following any procedure. This practice was particularly prevalent under the common law and before the judgment in Mogothle v the Premier of the Northwest Province and Another when employers were suspending employees as they saw fit. Following the principles in this case, bearing in mind that each case is judged on its own merits and the detrimental effect of a suspension. A suspension should only be warranted in circumstances where: The employer has a justifiable reason to believe prima facie at least that the employee has engaged in serious misconduct; There is some objectively justifiable reason to deny the employee access to the workplace based on the integrity of any pending investigation into the alleged misconduct or some other relevant factor that would place the investigation or the interest of affected parties in jeopardy. The employee is given the opportunity to state a case or to be heard before any final decision to suspend is made. Although the right to be heard is not a formally defined process, case law has developed this concept to such an extent that it will be regarded as unfair labour practice if not adhered to. A suspension of an employee can therefore never be justified without adhering to the audi alteram partem principle. This does not mean that an employer cannot suspend an employee. Our courts accept that suspension is necessary especially for purposes of good administration and is justified, following the correct procedure and where the employer continues to pay the employee. Despite the fact that the courts are playing a more active role with regards to the issue of suspensions, suspensions are often open to abuse. In this regard the treatise focused on the notion of special leave versus suspensions. We note how in the last few years, employers especially those in the public service sector, misconstrued and misused their power for a purpose not authorised in law, and continue to do so despite applications to the courts alerting it to the illegality of this practice. Employers are resorting to special leave with the aim of side stepping the procedural requirements laid down by our courts in respect of section 182 (2) of the Labour Relations Act. In this regard the courts vehemently criticised this practice and ensured that employers who are acting maliciously without adhering to their own policies and procedures are held accountable. The court held that in the event where special leave is imposed on an employee for the purposes of discipline, that special leave is regarded as a suspension. Lastly, it is quite evident that the courts are playing a much more active role pertaining to the issue of suspensions. A number of court decisions discussed in this treatise show how the courts come down hard on employers who hastily resort to suspending an employee where there is no valid reason to do so or where the procedure was manifestly unfair.
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Kaczmarek, Patrick Krystof. "A fairness-based astronomical waste argument." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8889/.
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I defend a modified version of Marc Fleurbaey and Alex Voorhoeve's Competing Claims View that captures an additional consideration of fairness in the context of variable populations. I call this consideration `worthwhileness'. Part 1 goes on to argue that this view describes the expected value of a lottery in a way that is consistent with the axiological framework of Averagism. Also, I propose a novel definition of `overpopulation', and explain why considerations of fairness so-described by Averagism support our other moral reasons for avoiding overpopulating the world. In part 2, I design and run a toy model to determine which development policy-option is best in terms of satisfying the Competing Claims View. One of these options is ambiguous insofar as it combines two intuitions which have time and again proven themselves rather diffcult to jointly pin down. Putting them together forms what I will hereafter call, after its leading proponent, Broome's Intuition About Neutrality (`BN'). I argue that there is at least one combination of a (mathematically) well-behaved axiology and bridge principle that yields a moral theory which satisfies the normative reading of BN. Armed with all the right ingredients, we can now run the model. Based on some conservative assumptions, we find that we ought to take steps towards: (a) militating against the threat of a broken world; and (b) prolonging humankind's place in the stars (to some extent).
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Soumi, Mariam, and Viktor Gustafsson. "Fairness in a Game Setting : The Effects of Gender and Culture on Fairness in the Ultimatum Game." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Jönköping University, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-48631.
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Fairness is an important topic that has captured the interest of researchers in many fields. Looking at behavioural and experimental economics, various methods have been used to shed the light on fairness. One of the most recognizable ways is through the use of the ultimatum game. In this paper, we aimed to look at fairness considerations by utilizing this game, while also highlighting gender and culture as factors of importance. Two models, specifically Rabin’s reciprocity model and Fehr and Schmidt’s inequity aversion model, in addition to various research papers on the topics of gender and culture, were used as the cornerstones for this paper. The experimental design was a replication of the ultimatum game, which was carried out online. Results showed that there were noticeable effects from both gender and culture on the behaviour of the participants in the game. However, the results were not statistically significant enough to be considered as determining factors in regard to why individuals behave in a specific manner in the game. Since research from the field has reached mixed conclusions, we can say that making inferences about human behaviour is harder than one might think.
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Zhu, Miaomiao [Verfasser]. "Where Should Fairness Judgment Be Anchored? : Fairness as a Decision Heuristic for Achieving Inter-organizational Compliance / Miaomiao Zhu." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/105365376X/34.
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Marfia, Gustavo. "P2P vehicular applications mobility, fairness and scalability /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1998391911&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Völzer, Hagen. "Fairness, Randomisierung und Konspiration in verteilten Algorithmen." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=961748648.
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Ponce, Testino Ramón. "Ethical Fading and Biased Assessments of Fairness." Thesis, Linköping University, Centre for Applied Ethics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9757.
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In this thesis I present and discuss the phenomenon of ethical fading, and its association with biased assessment of a fair action. Ethical fading is an intuitive, self-deceptive, unconscious mechanism by which even morally competent agents are lead to disregard the ethical consequences of a particular choice. In engaging in this psychological mechanism, I argue, agents are also presupposing a biased assessment of entitlement. This biased assessment of fairness is intentionally dubious, and to be found in decision frames and reinforced by contexts. In the final part of the work I present an applied ethics case to show how ethical fading may be a quite prevalent pattern of behavior.
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Östman, Alexander. "Distributed Dominant Resource Fairness using Gradient Overlay." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215275.
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Resource management is an important component in many distributed clusters. A resource manager handles which server a task should run on and which user’s task that should be allocated. If a system has multiple users with similar demands, all users should have an equal share of the cluster, making the system fair. This is typically done today using a centralized server which has full knowledge of all servers in the cluster and the different users. Having a centralized server brings problems such as single point of failure, and vertical scaling on the resource manager. This thesis focuses on fairness for users during task allocation with a decentralized resource manager. A solution called, Parallel Distributed Gradient-based Dominant Resource Fairness, is proposed. It allows servers to handle a subset of users and to allocate tasks in parallel, while maintaining fairness results close to a centralized server. The solution utilizes a gradient network topology overlay to sort the servers based on their users’ current usage and allows a server to know if it has the user with the currently lowest resource usage. The solution is compared to pre-existing solutions, based on fairness and allocation time. The results show that the solution is more fair than the pre-existing solutions based on the gini-coefficient. The results also show that the allocation time scales based on the number of users in the cluster because it allows more parallel allocations by the servers. It does not scale as well though as existing distributed solutions. With 40 users and over 100 servers the solution has an equal time to a centralized solution and outperforms a centralized solution with more users.Resurshantering är en viktig komponent i många distribuerade kluster. En resurshanterare bestämmer vilken server som skall exekvera en uppgift, och vilken användares uppgift som skall allokeras. Om ett system har flera användare med liknande krav, bör resurserna tilldelas jämnlikt mellan användarna. Idag implementeras resurshanterare oftast som en centraliserad server som har information om alla servrar i klustret och de olika användarna. En centraliserad server skapar dock problem som driftstopp vid avbrott på ett enda ställe, även enbart vertikal skalning för resurshanteraren. Denna uppsats fokuserar på jämnlikhet för användare med en decentraliserad resurshanterare. En lösning föreslås, Parallel Distributed Gradient-based Dominant Resource Fairness, som tillåter servrar att hantera en delmängd av användare i systemet, detta med en liknande jämnlikhet jämförande med en centraliserad server. Lösningen använder en så kallad gradient network topology overlay för att sortera servrarna baserat på deras användares resursanvändning och tillåter en server att veta om den har användaren med lägst resursanvändning i klustret. Lösningen jämförs med existerande lösningar baserat på jämnlikhet och allokeringstid. Resultaten visar att lösningen ger en mer jämnlik allokering än existerande lösningar utifrån gini-koefficienten. Resultaten visar även att systemets skallbarhet angående allokeringstid är beroende på antalet användare i klustret eftersom det tillåter fler parallella allokeringar. Lösningen skalar inte lika bra dock som existerande distribuerade lösningar. Med 40 användare och över 100 servrar har lösningen liknande tid som en centraliserad server, och är snabbare med fler användare.
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Averhart, Veronica Wenette. "Workplace accommodations : potential moderators of perceived fairness." FIU Digital Commons, 2008. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1341.
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This study examined variables that may influence coworkers' acceptance of accommodations made for employees with disabilities. Agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, self-esteem, and emotional intelligence were predicted to affect the relationship between procedural justice and fairness perceptions of accommodations made for disabled workers. Approximately 400 university students read one of four accommodation scenarios and provided fairness ratings in order to test eight hypotheses. Results provided evidence that the presence of procedural justice had a direct influence on participants' fairness perceptions of implemented accommodations. Participants' individual characteristics were also directly related to fairness perceptions. Additionally, conscientiousness was found to moderate the relationship between the presence of procedural justice and fairness perceptions. Findings from this study suggest that organizations should use clear and consistent guidelines and procedures to determine and implement accommodations. Additionally, findings reinforce the importance of keeping individuals informed of the ways in which decisions are made within an organization.
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Perrino, Andrea L. "Global fairness beliefs: Steps beyond the disability." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29153.
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In the past, people with disabilities were not encouraged to participate in physical activity beyond that of rehabilitation. As such, this group has been covertly and overtly excluded from participating in the development of a healthy lifestyle. This paper explored the factors leading to the exclusion of people with disabilities from the physically active community. The scope of justice literature was reviewed, and this area of research was taken further with the exploration of global fairness beliefs. This orientation toward others launches from previous research (e.g., Deutsch,1985; Opotow, 2000) and involves a set of beliefs (the belief that considerations of fairness apply to others, the belief in the allocation of a share of community resources to others, and belief in sacrificing to foster others well-being), which are argued to be relatively stable and fundamental to our behaviours. The first study tested a measure of global fairness beliefs (N = 206). The measure appeared to be sound with a strong one-factor model produced. The first study also showed that the measure had relatively good test-retest reliability as well as external and discriminant validity. Considering previous research (e.g., Opotow, 1994), the goal of the second study was to evaluate the moderating role of situations of conflict, dissimilarity and lack of utility in the relationship between global fairness beliefs and exclusionary attitudes and behavioural intentions toward people with disabilities within the fitness and physical activity community. A total of 282 participants were presented with scenarios depicting situations of high or low conflict, similarity and utility. Results showed little support for the hypotheses and some unexpected outcomes. Limitations of the current study, and future studies are proposed. Applications to the acceptance of people with disabilities both within the active community and beyond are discussed. Finally, the important influence that global fairness beliefs exert in the trends of the social world is discussed.
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Matheson, Samuel Murray. "Distributive fairness measures for sustainable project selection." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq23415.pdf.
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Wabenhorst, Axel. "On fairness in terminating and reactive systems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337430.
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Lam, Sheung-kit Kevin, and 林湘傑. "Subsidising home ownership is a fairness problem." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4678083X.
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Lai, Chih-Chao Albert. "Fairness, social identification and attitudes towards work." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300850.
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Ma, Sinong. "Fairness views in social and individual decisions." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/96254/.
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Fairness and efficiency are two classical and connected topics in economics. They have become well known, perhaps due to Adam Smith’s two influential works: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), which highlights a concern for fairness concern as part of morality, and The Wealth of Nations (1776), which underlines a concern for efficiency. However, during the rapid development of economics, fairness has received disproportionately less attention than efficiency. As a result, many people, including some economists, have incorrectly understood that economics as a subject no longer cares about fairness. The primary objective of this thesis is to dispel this misperception. We would argue here that, similar to efficiency, fairness is an important factor for both social and individual decisions, and sometimes its effect can be determined. Written in a three-paper format, this thesis explores fairness from three different angles. These angles cover the broad areas of how theoretical economists model fairness in social choice theory, how the general public perceive distributive fairness, and how people implement their fairness norms in making real-life donations. This multidimensional exploration is believed to be crucial to a comprehensive understanding of fairness.
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Wang, Mengjie. "Essays on search behaviour and procedural fairness." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2017. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/67667/.
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This thesis consists of three studies that relate to search behaviour and procedural fairness. Chapter 2 investigates experimentally whether the search-deterring effect of time-limited offers is intensified by behavioural factors – specifically, feedback-conditional regret, reduced decision quality due to time pressure, and aversion to small-scale risk. The conclusion is that the search-deterring effect is intensified, particularly (and surprisingly) when consumers are not subject to high time pressure. There is no evidence of regret effects. Overall, individuals show aversion to small-scale risk. Chapter 3 proposes a new concept of fairness: strategy fairness. The conjecture is that inequalities will tend to be seen as acceptable if they come about through the workings of fair rules, even though they are the result of self-interested intentions. A model of strategy fairness is provided to show how the concept of strategy fairness can be incorporated into a more complete model. The concept of strategy fairness is tested using an experiment. It turns out that subjects are more willing to accept inequalities that are the result of fair procedures. The surprising result emerges that procedural unfairness makes both disadvantaged and advantaged players more likely to take. Chapter 4 introduces a new search competition game. The search competition takes the form of parallel searches without recall. This is related to two theoretical and experimental literatures: contest and search. However, no work has been done on analysing this type of game. A theoretical analysis of the search competition game is provided. Subjects’ actual play in the experiment is compared with both the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium solution and the empirical best response. It shows that, relative to the implications of a rational-choice analysis, subjects tend to search too little.
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Trichakis, Nikolaos K. "Fairness in operations : from theory to practice." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67769.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Operations Research Center, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-136).
This thesis deals with two basic issues in resource allocation problems. The first issue pertains to how one approaches the problem of designing the "right" objective for a given resource allocation problem. The notion of what is "right" can be fairly nebulous; we consider two issues that we see as key: efficiency and fairness. We approach the problem of designing objectives that account for the natural tension between efficiency and fairness in the context of a framework that captures a number of problems of interest to operations managers. We state a precise version of the design problem, provide a quantitative understanding of the tradeoff between efficiency and fairness inherent to this design problem and demonstrate the approach in a case study that considers air traffic management. Secondly, we deal with the issue of designing implementable policies that serve such objectives, balancing efficiency and fairness in practice. We do so specifically in the context of organ allocation for transplantation. In particular, we propose a scalable, data-driven method for designing national policies for the allocation of deceased donor kidneys to patients on a waiting list, in a fair and efficient way. We focus on policies that have the same form as the one currently used in the U.S., that are policies based on a point system, which ranks patients according to some priority criteria, e.g., waiting time, medical urgency, etc., or a combination thereof. Rather than making specific assumptions about fairness principles or priority criteria, our method offers the designer the flexibility to select his desired criteria and fairness constraints from a broad class of allowable constraints. The method then designs a point system that is based on the selected priority criteria, and approximately maximizes medical efficiency, i.e., life year gains from transplant, while simultaneously enforcing selected fairness constraints. Using our method, we design a point system that has the same form, uses the same criteria and satisfies the same fairness constraints as the point system that was recently proposed by U.S. policymakers. In addition, the point system we design delivers an 8% increase in extra life year gains. We evaluate the performance of all policies under consideration using the same statistical and simulation tools and data as the U.S. policymakers use. We perform a sensitivity analysis which demonstrates that the increase in extra life year gains by relaxing certain fairness constraints can be as high as 30%.
by Nikolaos K. Trichakis.
Ph.D.
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Aldabbagh, G. A. "Towards automatic fairness for IP network applications." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1301767/.
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The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) carries the majority of today’s Internet traffic due to the success of the responsive congestion control mechanisms. However, the number of streaming media applications has grown tremendously during the past several years. Such applications do not use the TCP protocol, this implies that they rarely provide end-to-end congestion control (i.e. they are unresponsive) in a TCP-friendly manner and that they do not share the available bandwidth fairly with applications built on TCP. Additionally, it has been observed that short-lived flows (SLF) are at a disadvantage when competing against long-lived flows (LLF). This dissertation presents the fair bandwidth allocation architectural framework to provide fair allocation of network resources for competing flows traversing the network. The major contribution of this work is the design and implementation of a router-based Active Queue Management (AQM) scheme, Fair Early Drop (FED) which provides fair distribution of network bandwidth amongst competing responsive and unresponsive flows and LLFs and SLFs. A traffic classification module is also developed to identify LLFs from SLFs to enable FED to preferentially treat SLFs over LLF. SLFs are allowed to pass through the network without dropping any packets from them.
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Kuhlman, Caitlin A. "Ranking for Decision Making: Fairness and Usability." Digital WPI, 2020. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/610.
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Today, ranking is the de facto way that information is presented to users in automated systems, which are increasingly used for high stakes decision making. Such ranking algorithms are typically opaque, and users don’t have control over the ranking process. When complex datasets are distilled into simple rankings, patterns in the data are exploited which may not reflect the user’s true preferences, and can even include subtle encodings of historical inequalities. Therefore it is paramount that the user’s preferences and fairness objectives are reflected in the rankings generated. This research addresses concerns around fairness and usability of ranking algorithms. The dissertation is organized in two parts. Part one investigates the usability of interactive systems for automatic ranking. The aim is to better understand how to capture user knowledge through interaction design, and empower users to generate personalized rankings. A detailed requirements analysis for interactive ranking systems is conducted. Then alternative preference elicitation techniques are evaluated in a crowdsourced user study. The study reveals surprising ways in which collection interfaces may prompt users to organize more data, thereby requiring minimal effort to create sufficient training data for the underlying machine learning algorithm. Following from these insights, RanKit is presented. This system for personalized ranking automatically generates rankings based on user-specified preferences among a subset of items. Explanatory features give feedback on the impact of user preferences on the ranking model and confidence of predictions. A case study demonstrates the utility of this interactive tool. In part two, metrics for evaluating the fairness of rankings are studied in depth, and a new problem of fair ranking by consensus is introduced. Three group fairness metrics are presented: rank equality, rank calibration, and rank parity which cover a broad spectrum of fairness considerations from proportional representation to error rate similarity across groups. These metrics are designed using a pairwise evaluation strategy to adapt algorithmic fairness concepts previously only applicable for classification. The metrics are employed in the FARE framework, a novel diagnostic tool for auditing rankings which exposes tradeoffs between different notions of fairness. Next, different ways of measuring a single definition of fairness are evaluated in a comparative study of state-of-the-art statistical parity metrics for ranking. This study identifies a core set of parity metrics which all behave similarly with respect to group advantage, reflecting well an intuitive definition of unfairness. However, this analysis also reveals that under relaxed assumptions about group advantage, different ways of measuring group advantage yield different fairness results. Finally, I introduce a new problem of fair ranking by consensus among multiple decision makers. A family of algorithms are presented which solve this open problem of guaranteeing fairness for protected groups of candidates, while still producing a good aggregation of the base rankings. Exact solutions are presented as well as a method which guarantees fairness with minimal approximation error. Together, this research expands the utility of ranking algorithms to support fair decision making.
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Prather, Tracy. "The Perception of Fairness of Performance Appraisals." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1273175369.
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