Journal articles on the topic 'Fairness modeling'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Fairness modeling.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Fairness modeling.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Liu, Guangdong, Jingxiu Song, Jinggui Chen, Ziyang Li, and Huagui Zhu. "Ordering Decisions of Supply Chain with Competition and Dual-Fairness Concern." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2022 (August 19, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9811993.
Full textAbstract:
This study studies a supply chain consisting of one supplier and two retailers and analyzes the optimal decisions of ordering quantity in four types of no fairness concern, horizontal fairness concern, vertical fairness concern, and dual-fairness concern and the impacts of fairness concern on supply chain. The results show that (1) vertical fairness concern can decrease the ordering quantity of the retailer with vertical fairness concern and the wholesale price and improve the ordering quantity of the retailer without fairness concern; (2) horizontal fairness concern can increase the ordering quantity of the retailer with horizontal fairness concern and improve the ordering quantity of the retailer without fairness concern, but does not influence the wholesale price; and (3) dual-fairness concern can decrease the ordering quantity of the retailer with dual-fairness concern and the wholesale price and improve the ordering quantity of the retailer without fairness concern as a whole. The numerical analysis also proves the findings.
2
Diekmann, Sven, and Sjoerd D. Zwart. "Modeling for fairness: A Rawlsian approach." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 46 (June 2014): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2013.11.001.
Full text
3
Bandyopadhyay, Anup Kumar. "Modeling fairness and starvation in concurrent systems." ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 32, no. 6 (November 2007): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1317471.1317474.
Full text
4
Wei, Guangxing, Xu Zhang, Xinghong Qin, and Binta Bary. "Operational Strategy for Low-Carbon Supply Chain under Asymmetric Information of Fairness Concerns." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2022 (February 10, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7655745.
Full textAbstract:
Carbon emission reduction has become a common hot topic around the world. Although the previous literature has proven that the asymmetric information and fairness concerns would influence the operational strategy for low-carbon supply chain, it hardly touched the asymmetric information of fairness concerns, which contradicted practical observations and experimental evidence. Incorporating the asymmetric information of fairness concerns, this paper investigates a low-carbon supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer with discrete types including selfish S-type and fairness-concerned F-type. The manufacturer can observe and thereby know the behavioral type of the retailer in the scenario of symmetric information, while it cannot in the scenario of asymmetric information. In the approach of game theory, the optimal carbon emission reducing strategy and pricing strategy in the symmetric scenario and asymmetric scenario are achieved successively. By comparing the above two scenarios, the impacts stemming from the asymmetric information of fairness concerns at the individual level and systematic level are analyzed, respectively. A case study is offered before concluding some implications for the supply chain management. The findings include the following: Firstly, the asymmetric information of fairness concerns enhances the carbon emission reduction significantly. Although the fairness concerns alone decrease the carbon emission reduction, the asymmetric information increases with the dominating power. Secondly, the asymmetric information of fairness concerns raises the wholesale price and retail price dramatically. Although the impact of either fairness concerns or asymmetric information randomly changes with the behavioral type and information structure, their interactive impacts are stable and change smoothly. Thirdly, the asymmetric information of fairness concerns promotes a fairer profit distribution, while either fairness concerns or asymmetric information alone hardly changes the overall profit of the low-carbon supply chain.
5
Huo, Hong, Dan Luo, Zhanghua Yan, and Hao He. "Pricing Decisions in Dual-Channel Supply Chain considering Different Fairness Preferences and Low-Carbon Advertising Level." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2022 (September 20, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4589681.
Full textAbstract:
Countries around the world advocate low-carbon, green, and environmentally friendly lifestyles to combat climate change, which provides clear direction for enterprise decisions. This paper studies a low-carbon dual-channel supply chain based on behavioral economics, incentive theory, and optimization models to better formulate pricing decisions. This paper constructs a fair and neutral decentralized decision-making model (FNDD), a decentralized decision-making model considering Nash bargaining fairness concerns (NBFDD), a decentralized decision-making model considering absolute fairness concerns (AFDD), and a fair and neutral centralized decision-making model (FNCD) considering consumer preferences and the situations where supply chain members are fairness concerns or fairness neutrality. This paper analyzes the effect of low-carbon advertising level on pricing strategies of online retailers and offline stores and compares pricing strategies of online retailers and offline stores in four decisions. The results show that Nash bargaining fairness concerns of supply chain members could effectively reduce the retail price of low-carbon products and increase their sales volumes. Absolute fairness concerns intensify the dual marginal effect of decentralized decision-making.
6
Jiang, Wen, Linqing Pu, Ting Huang, Li Yuan, and Lu Gan. "The Effect of Fairness Concern on Carbon Emission Reduction and Revenue Distribution in Construction Supply Chain: Power Structure Perspective." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (November 26, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8118220.
Full textAbstract:
This paper invested a two-echelon construction supply chain that consists of a general contractor and a subcontractor. This paper constructs the centralized model and the decentralized models, respectively, and studies the emission reduction and revenue distribution strategies of construction supply chain considering fairness concern and cap-and-trade. Numerical analysis is carried out to analyze the influence of cap-and-trade and fairness concern on the optimal decision and the maximum profit of construction supply chain. This paper shows that, under cap-and-trade policy, the centralized model has the best emission reduction effect and the highest supply chain profit without fairness concern, while the general contractor’s Stackelberg model has the best emission reduction effect and the highest supply chain profit with fairness concern. In the two scenarios, the Vertical Nash model is the most unfavorable to emission reduction, and it will also seriously damage the interests of enterprises. In practice, supply chain should choose the general contractor’s Stackelberg model and avoid the Vertical Nash model. Because fairness concern of the subcontractor will damage the supply chain profits and emission reduction performance, the general contractor shall try to select the subcontractor with lower fairness concern to avoid the loss of profit. Besides, enterprises should actively take measures to reduce fairness concern, such as enterprises signing the contract price confidentiality clause, which aims to reduce fairness concern of the subcontractor. The results of this paper can not only enrich the research content of construction supply chain management, but also provide references for the government to formulate emission reduction policies.
7
Zhang, Chengwei, Xiaohong Li, Jing Hu, Zhiyong Feng, and Jiaojiao Song. "Formal Modeling and Analysis of Fairness Characterization of E-Commerce Protocols." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/138370.
Full textAbstract:
In the past, fairness verification of exchanges between the traders in E-commerce was based on a common assumption, so-called nonrepudiation property, which says that if the parties involved can deny that they have received or sent some information, then the exchanging protocol is unfair. So, the nonrepudiation property is not a sufficient condition. In this paper, we formulate a new notion of fairness verification based on the strand space model and propose a method for fairness verification, which can potentially determine whether evidences have been forged in transactions. We first present an innovative formal approach not to depend on nonrepudiation, and then establish a relative trader model and extend the strand space model in accordance with traders’ behaviors of E-commerce. We present a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of our verification method.
8
Van Craen, Maarten, and Wesley G. Skogan. "Achieving Fairness in Policing." Police Quarterly 20, no. 1 (July 31, 2016): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611116657818.
Full textAbstract:
Decades of research on public support for the police has documented the prominent role of procedural justice in shaping popular views of police legitimacy and the predisposition of citizens to comply and cooperate with them. However, much less attention has been given to the issue of how to get police officers to actually act in accord with its principles when they interact with the public. Reminders of the importance and the difficulty of fostering police legitimacy are not hard to come by, as witnessed in events in the United States during 2014 to 2015. This article addresses the hard, multifaceted issue of fostering procedural justice in the ranks. It theorizes and assesses the relationship between fair supervision and fair policing. The results of our study indicate that perceived internal procedural justice is directly related to support for external procedural justice (modeling thesis), and also indirectly, via trust in citizens.
9
Ting, Chiu-Yao, and Tai-Kuei Yu. "Modeling patient perceptions of service recovery: The effects of perceived fairness on health center repatronage." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 38, no. 3 (April 1, 2010): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.3.395.
Full textAbstract:
Repatronage intentions towards Taiwanese health centers that had received patient complaints and implemented service recovery were investigated. Valid samples (N = 168) were collected from the complaint behavior of patients resulting from their experiences of service failures in health centers. Results indicate that perceptions of distributive fairness and procedural fairness in health centers were related to repatronage intentions. In contrast, interactional fairness did not have the anticipated relationship with repatronage intentions. Consequently, health centers personnel should identify themselves with patients' concerns and take a caring and sympathetic attitude towards them so as to encourage people to revisit the health centers.
10
Sohaib, Muhammad, Peng Hui, Umair Akram, Abdul Majeed, Zubair Akram, and Muhammad Bilal. "Understanding the Justice Fairness Effects on eWOM Communication in Social Media Environment." International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems 15, no. 1 (January 2019): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeis.2019010104.
Full textAbstract:
This article integrates the trust and justice fairness to construct a model for investigating the motivations behind customers eWOM in social media environment, specifically WeChat. Using data from the online surveys of netizens in China, the proposed model was verified and validated by using the structure equation modeling (SEM) technique. The outcomes reveal that customer trust appear to be mostly driven by interactional fairness, which in turn effects satisfaction. Procedural fairness and interactional fairness impacts considerably positive on satisfaction. Trust and satisfaction have a direct positive effect on the eWOM. However, trust has indirect influence on eWOM through the satisfaction. Discussions provide the useful implications for managers and future directions.
11
Hernando, Riski, Eko Prasetyo, and Rezi Abdurrahman. "Pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan struktur inisiasi, subjektif diagnostik, subjektif interaktif terhadap keadilan evaluasi." Jurnal Kajian Manajemen Bisnis 9, no. 2 (December 2, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jkmb.10988800.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: This study aims to examine the effect of initiation structure leadership on evaluation fairness. This study also examines the mediation of subjective diagnostic and subjective interactive on the relationship between initiation structure leadership and evaluation fairness. The population and sample this study use subordinates in service, merchandising and manufacturing business. Data were collected using a questionnaire with hand delivery system technique and processed using structural equation modeling with WarpPLS 3.0 software. The results of this study indicate that initiation structure leadership influences evaluation fairness. However, mediation variable do not support the hypotheses in this study.Keyword: Evaluation Fairness, Initiation Structure Leadership, Subjective Diagnostic, Subjective Interactive
12
Choi, YooJung, Meihua Dang, and Guy Van den Broeck. "Group Fairness by Probabilistic Modeling with Latent Fair Decisions." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 13 (May 18, 2021): 12051–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i13.17431.
Full textAbstract:
Machine learning systems are increasingly being used to make impactful decisions such as loan applications and criminal justice risk assessments, and as such, ensuring fairness of these systems is critical. This is often challenging as the labels in the data are biased. This paper studies learning fair probability distributions from biased data by explicitly modeling a latent variable that represents a hidden, unbiased label. In particular, we aim to achieve demographic parity by enforcing certain independencies in the learned model. We also show that group fairness guarantees are meaningful only if the distribution used to provide those guarantees indeed captures the real-world data. In order to closely model the data distribution, we employ probabilistic circuits, an expressive and tractable probabilistic model, and propose an algorithm to learn them from incomplete data. We show on real-world datasets that our approach not only is a better model of how the data was generated than existing methods but also achieves competitive accuracy. Moreover, we also evaluate our approach on a synthetic dataset in which observed labels indeed come from fair labels but with added bias, and demonstrate that the fair labels are successfully retrieved.
13
Merkulova, Tamara. "Fairness, inequality and economic efficiency: analyses and modeling relationships." Ekonomìčna teorìâ 2016, no. 4 (January 20, 2017): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/etet2016.04.077.
Full text
14
Wicaksana, Wildan Radista, Bella Paramastri, and Helmina Ardyanfitri. "Purchase Intention Produk Frozen Food Berdasarkan Perceived Quality Dan Price Fairness." Jurnal Manajemen dan Inovasi (MANOVA) 4, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/manova.v4i1.382.
Full textAbstract:
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh persepsi kualitas (Perceived Quality) dan kewajaran harga (Price Fairness) terhadap minat beli (Purchase Intention) pada produk frozen food. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah konsumen yang berada di Surabaya. Sampel dari penelitian adalah 60 orang konsumen yang pernah melakukan pembelian frozen food. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan teknik Analisa statistika yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah SEM-PLS (Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan/pengaruh positif antara perceived quality dengan price fairness dan perceived quality dengan purchase intention, sedangkan tidak ada hubungan/pengaruh antara price fairness dan purchase intention. Pengaruh yang paling kuat adalah perceived quality terhadap price fairness. Sehingga konsumen menilai perceived quality merupakan hal yang penting bagi produk frozen food dan minat beli konsumen terhadap produk frozen food tidak ditentukan oleh price fairness.
Keywords: Covid 19; Frozen Food; Perceived Quality; Price Fairness; Purchase Intention
15
Ghosh, Bishwamittra, Debabrota Basu, and Kuldeep S. Meel. "Algorithmic Fairness Verification with Graphical Models." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 9 (June 28, 2022): 9539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i9.21187.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, machine learning (ML) algorithms have been deployed in safety-critical and high-stake decision-making, where the fairness of algorithms is of paramount importance. Fairness in ML centers on detecting bias towards certain demographic populations induced by an ML classifier and proposes algorithmic solutions to mitigate the bias with respect to different fairness definitions. To this end, several fairness verifiers have been proposed that compute the bias in the prediction of an ML classifier—essentially beyond a finite dataset—given the probability distribution of input features. In the context of verifying linear classifiers, existing fairness verifiers are limited by accuracy due to imprecise modeling of correlations among features and scalability due to restrictive formulations of the classifiers as SSAT/SMT formulas or by sampling. In this paper, we propose an efficient fairness verifier, called FVGM, that encodes the correlations among features as a Bayesian network. In contrast to existing verifiers, FVGM proposes a stochastic subset-sum based approach for verifying linear classifiers. Experimentally, we show that FVGM leads to an accurate and scalable assessment for more diverse families of fairness-enhancing algorithms, fairness attacks, and group/causal fairness metrics than the state-of-the-art fairness verifiers. We also demonstrate that FVGM facilitates the computation of fairness influence functions as a stepping stone to detect the source of bias induced by subsets of features.
16
Miller, Fabienne, Christine A. Denison, and Linda J. Matuszewski. "Modeling the Antecedents of Preferences for Incomplete Contracts in Bilateral Trade: An Experimental Investigation." Behavioral Research in Accounting 25, no. 1 (October 1, 2012): 135–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria-50346.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT: Contracts constitute an important control mechanism. Their design is influenced by the preferences of the contracting parties, in addition to firm-level economic transaction costs. This study conducts an experiment to explore the antecedents of preferences for a less complete contract in a trade setting. Results from an experiment indicate that the preference for a more complete versus a less complete contract depends on the perceived riskiness of the incomplete contract, which is influenced by the perceived bargaining power and fairness preferences (namely, distributive and procedural fairness preferences) of the contracting parties. In other words, we find evidence that suggests that choosing the completeness of a contract is a form of risk-taking, and that the preference for a more incomplete contract is influenced by perceived power and fairness preferences.
17
Morasse, Frédérick, Miriam H. Beauchamp, Élise Désilets, and Sébastien Hétu. "How do children adapt their fairness norm? Evidence from computational modeling." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): e0277508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277508.
Full textAbstract:
Adequate social functioning during childhood requires context-appropriate social decision-making. To make such decisions, children rely on their social norms, conceptualized as cognitive models of shared expectations. Since social norms are dynamic, children must adapt their models of shared expectations and modify their behavior in line with their social environment. This study aimed to investigate children’s abilities to use social information to adapt their fairness norm and to identify the computational mechanism governing this process. Thirty children (7–11 years, M = 7.9 SD = 0.85, 11 girls) played the role of Responder in a modified version of the Ultimatum Game–a two-player game based on the fairness norm–in which they had to choose to accept or reject offers from different Proposers. Norm adaptation was assessed by comparing rejection rates before and after a conditioning block in which children received several low offers. Computational models were compared to test which best explains children’s behavior during the game. Mean rejection rate decreased significantly after receiving several low offers suggesting that children have the ability to dynamically update their fairness norm and adapt to changing social environments. Model-based analyses suggest that this process involves the computation of norm-prediction errors. This is the first study on norm adaptation capacities in school-aged children that uses a computational approach. Children use implicit social information to adapt their fairness norm to changing environments and this process appears to be supported by a computational mechanism in which norm-prediction errors are used to update norms.
18
Nie, Tengfei, Hualin Liu, Yilun Dong, and Shaofu Du. "Procedural fairness concerns in supply chain with retailer promotional effort." Journal of Modelling in Management 13, no. 2 (May 14, 2018): 302–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jm2-12-2016-0146.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The existing literature has a lack of modeling of procedural fairness concerns in the supply chain level. This paper aims to investigate how procedural fairness concerns affect channel decisions, performance and coordination. Design/methodology/approach This paper considers a supply chain consisting of one supplier and one retailer who have procedural fairness concerns in a classic Stackelberg game setting. The model is set in sales promotional environment. According to the existing literature, engagement is used to depict fair process. Some findings are made through analyzing respective decisions of the supplier and the retailer under the influence of procedural fairness concerns. Findings The results show that the channel efficiency can be improved when the retailer exhibits procedural fairness concerns, but if the aversion to unfair process exceeds a certain threshold, the retailer cannot benefit from it. Besides, the retailer profits more when he cares about distributional fairness, although the whole channel surplus can be improved by procedural fairness concerns. Originality/value This is the first paper to study the influences of procedural fairness concerns on supply chain decisions and channel performance. Finally, a mechanism combining a wholesale price contract with slotting allowances is proposed to coordinate the supply chain.
19
Xie, Shengkun, Rebecca Luo, and Yuanshun Li. "Exploring Industry-Level Fairness of Auto Insurance Premiums by Statistical Modeling of Automobile Rate and Classification Data." Risks 10, no. 10 (October 10, 2022): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks10100194.
Full textAbstract:
The study of actuarial fairness in auto insurance has been an important issue in the decision making of rate regulation. Risk classification and estimating risk relativities through statistical modeling become essential to help achieve fairness in premium rates. However, because of minor adjustments to risk relativities allowed by regulation rules, the rates charged eventually may not align with the empirical risk relativities calculated from insurance loss data. Therefore, investigating the relationship between the premium rates and loss costs at different risk factor levels becomes important for studying insurance fairness, particularly from rate regulation perspectives. This work applies statistical models to rate and classification data from the automobile statistical plan to investigate the disparities between insurance premiums and loss costs. The focus is on major risk factors used in the rate regulation, as our goal is to address fairness at the industry level. Various statistical models have been constructed to validate the suitableness of the proposed methods that determine a fixed effect. The fixed effect caused by the disparity of loss cost and premium rates is estimated by those statistical models. Using Canadian data, we found that there are no significant excessive premiums charged at the industry level, but the disparity between loss cost and premiums is high for urban drivers at the industry level. This study will help better understand the extent of auto insurance fairness at the industry level across different insured groups characterized by risk factor levels. The proposed fixed-effect models can also reveal the overall average loss ratio, which can tell us the fairness at the industry level when compared to loss ratios by the regulation rules.
20
Budiyanti, Hety, and Shine Pintor Siolemba Patiro. "CUSTOMERS’ PERCEIVED FAIRNESS; FAST FOOD CHAIN RESTAURANTS IN INDONESIA." Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business 20, no. 2 (August 30, 2018): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.30136.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to investigate interrelationships among perceived service fairness, emotions, and behavioral intentions in a fast food chain restaurant context. we use terms that are commonly use on the study of fairness or justice perception. This study uses purposive sampling and the survey method to generate our sample which consists of 800 respondents from big cities in Indonesia, namely: Jakarta, Semarang, Surabaya, Medan, and Makassar. The data are analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results show different roles for each fairness perception in relation to peoples’ emotions and behavioral intentions, based on the Mehrabian-Russel model. Three fairness variables (price fairness, outcome fairness and interactional fairness) have positive and significant effects on customers’ positive emotions, while, procedural fairness does not influence the formation of a positive emotion. Furthermore, a positive emotion has a positive influence on a customer’s behavioral intention. Data collected in this study are limited to the context of the restaurant industry, therefore, precaution must be taken when generalizing these results to other industries. The results of this study can serve as guidelines for managers in the restaurant industry to develop effective and efficient strategies for ensuring their services’ perceived fairness and its impact on both customers’ retention rates and the companies’ financial gains.
21
Binmore, Ken. "Modeling justice as a natural phenomenon." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36, no. 1 (February 2013): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12000933.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAmong other things, Baumard et al.'s “A Mutualistic Approach to Morality” considers the enforcement and establishment of moral norms, the interpersonal comparison of welfare, and the structure of fairness norms. This commentary draws attention to the relevance of the game theory literature to the first and second topic, and the social psychology literature to the third topic.
22
Goel, Naman, Alfonso Amayuelas, Amit Deshpande, and Amit Sharma. "The Importance of Modeling Data Missingness in Algorithmic Fairness: A Causal Perspective." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 9 (May 18, 2021): 7564–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i9.16926.
Full textAbstract:
Training datasets for machine learning often have some form of missingness. For example, to learn a model for deciding whom to give a loan, the available training data includes individuals who were given a loan in the past, but not those who were not. This missingness, if ignored, nullifies any fairness guarantee of the training procedure when the model is deployed. Using causal graphs, we characterize the missingness mechanisms in different real-world scenarios. We show conditions under which various distributions, used in popular fairness algorithms, can or can not be recovered from the training data. Our theoretical results imply that many of these algorithms can not guarantee fairness in practice. Modeling missingness also helps to identify correct design principles for fair algorithms. For example, in multi-stage settings where decisions are made in multiple screening rounds, we use our framework to derive the minimal distributions required to design a fair algorithm. Our proposed algorithm also decentralizes the decision-making process and still achieves similar performance to the optimal algorithm that requires centralization and non-recoverable distributions.
23
Kim, Chang-Soo, John Dinwoodie, and Young-Joon Seo. "Inter-Firm Cooperation and Collaboration in Shipper—Shipping Company Relationships for Enhancing Sustainability." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 16, 2018): 3714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103714.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims to reveal the relationship between cooperation, trust, and sustainability, and to uncover whether cooperation, trust, and sustainability is nested within collaboration in shipper–shipping company relationships. Structural equation modeling identified that cooperation has a positive effect on trust, which partially mediates the impact of cooperation on sustainability. Sub-constructs of cooperation included transparency, fairness, and mutuality. Fairness is the prime antecedent of trust, and developing fairness can create more effective and high-quality relationships among firms. A fuller theoretical model reveals how inter-firm cooperation may progress to collaboration, and why transparency does not necessarily lead to trust.
24
Zhang, Guobao, Leizhou Zhao, Qing Zhang, and Zhichao Zhang. "Effects of Socially Responsible Behaviors in a Supply Chain under Carbon Cap-and-Trade Regulation." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (November 2, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6218978.
Full textAbstract:
Recently, many firms in various industries implement corporate social responsibility (CSR) in different ways. Based on considering a CSR-concerned retailer and an altruistic fairness concern manufacturer, this paper investigates pricing decisions as well as carbon emission policies in a socially responsible supply chain. In this paper, two different modes (the centralized model and decentralized model) are, respectively, conducted and investigated for equilibria. Analytical results reveal that socially responsible retailer (manufacturer) cares more about CSR (altruistic fairness) concern and will increase his counterpart’s pure profit as well as the pure channel profit, ending up with decreasing his own pure profit. The cooperative agents in decentralized scenario can coordinate the channel and achieve the maximum pure channel profit as much as that in a pure profit-maximizing centralized model. Moreover, this paper proposes a novel two-stage carbon cap-and-trade policy for the government and examines how it is affected by the CSR concern level and the altruistic fairness in such a socially responsible supply chain.
25
Aalami, Soheila, and Lina Kattan. "Fairness and efficiency in pedestrian emergency evacuation: Modeling and simulation." Safety Science 121 (January 2020): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.08.020.
Full text
26
Guan, Gaofeng, Zijun Lin, Yu Gong, and Zhijuan Jiang. "Modeling and Simulation of Collaborative Dispatching of Disaster Relief Materials Based on Urgency." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (August 10, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4274106.
Full textAbstract:
In order to address the lack of collaborative decision and failure to notice the emergency and fairness of relief after disasters have occurred, a collaborative decision-making system for emergency relief materials dispatching is established. According to the forecast of the demand for postdisaster relief materials, the entropy weight-TOPSIS method is applied to measure the urgency of the disaster area; then, a “Hub-and-Spoke” dispatching network is constructed. In this paper, a multiobjective collaborative relief material dispatching model is built, which has great performance in terms of minimal distribution cost and maximal fairness, and the objective of fairness requires minimizing the penalty cost caused by unsatisfied demands. Based on the urgency of demand points, the simulated annealing algorithm is designed to solve the Pareto disaggregation of multiobjective optimization model. The performance of the model is verified with the case of Wenchuan Earthquake. The results indicate that if the fair distribution of supplies is emphasized, it will increase the number of rescue vehicles and the number of distribution batches. On the other hand, a variety of relief material dispatching plans can be provided based on calculation of the Pareto front for policy-makers.
27
Rachman, Andry Arifian. "Pengaruh Keadilan Prosedural Terhadap Penganggaran Partisipatif Melalui Komitmen Organisasi." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis 17, no. 3 (June 18, 2016): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24914/jeb.v17i3.290.
Full textAbstract:
<em>This study aims to examine: (1) the influence of procedural fairness to participative budgeting; and (2) the influence of procedural fairness to participative budgeting through organization commitment.The purpose of descriptive research method used in this study is to obtain a description of the characteristics of the variables and then verification is applied to determine the relationships between variables through hypothesis testing. The population in this research is 165 officers in 55 Local Government Unit Agencies (SKPDs) in West Java Province. Validity and reliability of questionnaires are tested before examining the hypotheses. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used as the analysis technique in this research.The research findings are as follows: (1) procedural fairness hasa positive effect on the participative budgeting; and (2) procedural fairness has a positive effect on the participative budgeting through organization commitment.</em>
28
Bulgakova, Elena, and Konstantin Lidin. "Urban infrastructure modeling: Ethical and aesthetic aspects." проект байкал, no. 70 (December 17, 2021): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.51461/projectbaikal.70.1894.
Full textAbstract:
In modern urban planning discourse, ethical issues, primarily the fairness of resource allocation, are being discussed more and more persistently. The city's infrastructure is considered here as an expression of the principles of social philosophy. The article raises the problem of modeling the ethical and aesthetic aspects of urban infrastructure using artificial intelligence as part of the general trend in the development of modern architecture.
29
Hu, Haiju, Yakun Li, Yingyue Li, Mengdi Li, Xiao Yue, and Yu Ding. "Decisions and Coordination of the Green Supply Chain with Retailers’ Fairness Concerns." Systems 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems11010005.
Full textAbstract:
The development of a green economy has become a global consensus. More and more manufacturers are greening their production to build green supply chains. At the same time, retailers are employing green marketing efforts for green products. In addition, members who are followers of the green supply chain are prone to fairness-concern behavior. To investigate the impact of fairness concerns on green supply chain decisions, this study develops a two-tier green supply chain in which the manufacturer makes green input and the retailer makes green marketing effort input. The retailer in the follower position of the supply chain has fairness concerns. Stackelberg game models are constructed and compared in three scenarios: one without fairness concerns, one where the manufacturer considers the retailer’s fairness concerns, and one where the manufacturer does not consider the retailer’s fairness concerns. After the manufacturer decides whether to consider the retailer’s fairness concerns, a two-part tariff contract is used to coordinate the green supply chain based on optimal decision-making and profit under a centralized decision-making condition. The study found that: (1) when the manufacturer considers the retailer’s fairness concerns, fairness concerns will negatively impact greenness, green marketing efforts, wholesale price, and retail price. When the manufacturer does not consider the retailer’s fairness concerns, fairness concerns will not impact greenness or wholesale price, but will negatively impact green marketing efforts; (2) the retailer’s fairness concerns have a negative impact on the green supply chain’s profit, and from the supply chain perspective, the retailer should abandon its fairness concerns; (3) it will be more beneficial if the manufacturer can consider the retailer’s fairness concerns; (4) when the manufacturer does not consider the retailer’s fairness concerns, the retailer can make fairness concerns according to the parameter conditions; (5) when a fixed fee meets a certain range, the two-part tariff contract can coordinate the green supply chain when the retailer has fairness concerns. The results will help manufacturers and retailers better understand fairness concerns and provide them with decision-making guidance and coordinated choices.
30
Kim, Kyung-Tae, Jung Seung Lee, and Su-Yol Lee. "The effects of supply chain fairness and the buyer’s power sources on the innovation performance of the supplier: a mediating role of social capital accumulation." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 32, no. 7 (August 7, 2017): 987–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-06-2016-0134.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This study aims to examine the effects of contractual fairness and power sources on the relationship between the buyer and supplier on the innovation performance of the supplier. The mediating role of social capital accumulation between fairness, power and innovation performance was empirically explored. Design/methodology/approach Hypotheses were developed to investigate the relationships between supply chain fairness, power sources, social capital and innovation performance. Using structural equation modeling, the hypotheses were tested on data of 209 responses collected from supplying firms in South Korea. Findings This study finds that supply chain contractual fairness and referent power use contribute to the innovation performance of the supplier through social capital accumulation between the buyer and supplier. Coercive power, in contrast, impedes the performance improvement of the supplier. Originality/value This study provides supply chain practitioners, academics and policy-makers with guidance on how to facilitate and enhance innovation capabilities and performance across the supply chain. By applying social capital theory, this study also provides theoretical underpinning of the literature on supply chain fairness, power and innovation.
31
Daniels, David S. "Mathematical Modeling: Lemonade from Lemons." Mathematics Teacher 82, no. 7 (October 1989): 516–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.82.7.0516.
Full textAbstract:
What teacher has not had the discouraging experience of grading a test and discovering the scores to be depressingly lower than expected? What teacher has not been concerned about the effect of low test scores on students' attitudes and motivation? When this situation happened in my second-year algebra class, I launched an impromptu lesson that captured students' interest and offered them a new opportunity for success. The lesson also gave the class insight into elementary mathematical modeling, review and practice of first-year algebra topics, and a forum for lively discussion about the fairness of scaling, or curving test scores.
32
Kim, Min-Seong, Dong-Jin Shin, and Dong-Woo Koo. "The influence of perceived service fairness on brand trust, brand experience and brand citizenship behavior." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 30, no. 7 (July 9, 2018): 2603–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-06-2017-0355.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose Service fairness has been conceptualized as a major part of the foodservice industry due to the intangibility of foodservice, which is difficult to be evaluated by customers. Considering this challenge, this study investigates the impacts of perceived service fairness dimensions in encouraging brand citizenship behaviors (i.e. brand enthusiasm and brand endorsement) along with the mediating roles of brand trust and brand experience in the foodservice industry. Design/methodology/approach Based on an established framework of perceived service fairness, brand trust, brand experience and brand citizenship behavior, an exploratory conceptual model was formulated and empirically assessed. Survey data were collected from customers of casual dining franchise restaurants in Korea. Data analysis consisted of frequency analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis and structural equation modeling. Findings The empirical results indicated that brand trust was significantly influenced by price, procedural, outcome and interactional fairness, while brand experience was significantly affected by price, outcome and interactional fairness. Additionally, brand trust and brand experience had positive influences on brand enthusiasm and brand endorsement, respectively. Practical implications A foodservice enterprise’s violation of customers’ fundamental need for fairness leads to negative outcomes, such as customers voicing the undesirable situation and/or leaving the restaurant. Thus, this study provides a strategy for maintaining service fairness to better develop brand relationships with customers in the restaurant industry. Originality/value There is a paucity of research on the effect of perceived service fairness on brand development in the restaurant industry. The findings provide greater insights into the impacts of perceived service fairness, brand trust and brand experience on customers’ brand citizenship behaviors.
33
Liu, Huan. "Antecedents of user intention to donate to content creators in social media: A dual-attribute model perspective." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 49, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.9502.
Full textAbstract:
I conducted an online survey with 356 WeChat Official Account users to explore how user donation intention was affected by antecedents related to the charitable and consumptive attributes of their donation. I used structural equation modeling and hierarchical regression analysis to test the hypotheses, and found that the antecedents of emotional attachment (related to the charitable attribute) and perceived fairness (related to the consumptive attribute) were positively related to user donation intention. In addition, identification and interaction were positively related to emotional attachment, WeChat Official Account article value and other users' donation behavior were positively related to perceived fairness, and impulse buying tendency strengthened (vs. weakened) the positive relationship between emotional attachment (vs. perceived fairness) and user donation intention. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
34
Gui, Anderes, Yudi Fernando, and Ika Sari Wahyuni. "Users’ Level of Gratification, Service Mechanism on Continuance Motivation to Play Online Games in Social Networking Sites." Advanced Science Letters 21, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 973–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2015.5956.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of study to examines the relationship of users’ level of gratification, service mechanism on continuance motivation to play online games in social networking sites. Data was collected from 406 game players in Malaysia and analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling-SmartPLS. Results found that three factors to measure users’ level of gratification to play online games were statistically significant on continuance motivation. Hypothesis regarding the fairness of game online service provider was rejected and incentive given to online game players was supported the hypothesis. A higher level of fairness will lower players’ level of motivation to play the online game. Further study is needed in the analysis of the relationship between fairness and motivation to play an online game.
35
Mohd Suki, Norazah, T. Ramayah, and Norbayah Mohd Suki. "Understanding consumer intention with respect to purchase and use of pirated software." Information Management & Computer Security 19, no. 3 (July 19, 2011): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09685221111153564.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study factors that influence consumers' intention to purchase and use of pirated software.Design/methodology/approachThis study tests the impact of five factors (procedural fairness, reciprocal fairness, distributive fairness, subjective norm, and attitude) on intention towards software piracy by 289 consumers' in Malaysia. Survey questions from prior studies were adopted and customized, and the model was analyzed using partial least squares and structural equation modeling tool (Smart‐PLS 2.0 M3).FindingsThe results indicated that a significant and positive relationship exists between reciprocal fairness, procedural fairness, subjective norm, attitude, and consumers' intention towards software piracy.Research limitations/implicationsThis study was restricted to consumers within one country (Malaysia). Additional studies across other countries are encouraged. This research can help businesses better improve the ways to reduce software piracy rates. They get to understand more about the exact problem and cause behind software piracy and can target better strategies to curb this problem.Practical implicationsThis study is useful for researchers, managers, and software vendors willing to highlight the factors that contribute to software piracy.Originality/valueThe study highlights factors that influence consumers' intention towards software piracy, which has not been widely studied especially in Malaysia.
36
Citera, Maryalice, and Alice F. Stuhlmacher. "A policy-modeling approach to examining fairness judgments in organizational acquisitions." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 14, no. 4 (2001): 309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdm.379.
Full text
37
Cassia, Fabio, Sven A. Haugland, and Francesca Magno. "Fairness and behavioral intentions in discrete B2B transactions: a study of small business firms." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 36, no. 13 (July 28, 2021): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-12-2019-0538.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose While studies about business-to-business (B2B) relationships have mainly addressed buyer–supplier long-term exchanges, focusing on social outcomes such as trust, commitment and cooperation, there is little research that explores the social outcomes which stem from short-term B2B transactions. The purpose of this paper is to explain buyers’ intention to renew a contract after discrete and time-delimited transactions by suggesting a model that complements social exchange theory with theories of fairness. In detail, this study aims to determine how evaluations of economic and social outcomes are complemented by both procedural fairness and distributive fairness. Design/methodology/approach The hypotheses are tested in the social couponing industry with a survey of a sample of 199 firms purchasing advertising services from daily deal websites. Data are analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM). Findings The findings reveal direct effects of procedural fairness on social outcomes (satisfaction) and distributive fairness on the intention to renew a contract, negative moderating effect of procedural fairness on the relationship between economic outcomes (campaign effectiveness) and social outcomes (satisfaction). Research limitations/implications In discrete, time-delimited transactions, high levels of procedural fairness may partially compensate for low levels of economic outcomes and prevent a reduction in social outcomes. Hence, when economic outcomes are influenced largely by external, uncontrollable conditions, the buyer seems to appreciate the supplier’s efforts to behave fairly. Practical implications Social outcomes matter even in discrete transactions and considerations of fairness should be integrated in the management of discrete transactions. Sharing economic outcomes fairly is not sufficient to secure the buyer’s intention to renew the contract. Originality/value This study proposes and tests a model that complements social exchange theory with theories of fairness and explains contract renewal in discrete, time-delimited transactions, encompassing both economic outcomes and social outcomes.
38
Wölfel, Joachim, and Pan Theo Grosse-Ruyken. "Fairness of the NPD partnership’s financial distribution pie." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 34, no. 5 (June 3, 2019): 1016–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-11-2018-0339.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose Industry practice shows that buyer-supplier partnerships are negatively influenced by zero-sum pie-sharing competition. Interfirm rivalry vis-à-vis a fair financial distribution of the mutually generated partnership pie is a growing source of concern for firms because fairness has a direct effect on the competitiveness of a partnership. This study aims to examine the consequences of fairness in pie-sharing within buyer-supplier new product development (NPD) partnerships on product-innovation, product-quality and product-cost, as well as the mediating role of opportunism. Design/methodology/approach The empirical analyses are grounded on data from 147 NPD partnerships between Tier-1 suppliers and automotive manufacturers, using structural equation modeling with SPSS AMOS. Findings Findings indicate that pie-sharing fairness significantly influences the partnership’s ability to increase NPD effectiveness and efficiency. Moreover, unfairness in sharing the mutual pie showed to promote harmful opportunism, which negatively mediates the relationship between pie-sharing fairness and NPD performance. To control partners’ fairness perception in the first place, the analysis revealed three factors that affect pie-sharing fairness significantly, i.e. relationship induced financial performance, behavioral tension and interfirm dependency. Originality/value Exchange relationships are built on economic and social components, both of which can be combined within the construct of pie-sharing fairness. Firms must take an interest in their exchange partner’s equitable share of the mutually generated partnership pie, as pie-sharing fairness can be used to promote determinants of effectiveness and efficiency of their mutual NPD project. In a two-sided mutually contingent exchange behavior, the firm’s own welfare must be regarded as an interorganizational overlap with the partner’s, which can be optimized only by mutual efforts.
39
Adigüzel, Yekbun, Ophir Flomenbom, and Gul Unal Coban. "From the Physiocrats to Fairness in Nations." Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences 01, no. 01 (March 2017): 1750001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424942417500013.
Full textAbstract:
In this review, work from three centuries of biophysical economics is presented, starting from the physiocrats’ early work in biophysical economics in 1755, to the most recent modeling of modern societies with approaches from biophysics and physics, to explain the wealth distribution, opinions and power structures in societies and nations. At the same time, we are also dealing with generalizations, in particular, how to define and create fairness in nations. The general conclusions emphasize the strength of socio-econo-physics in explaining nations, also in comparison to the other approaches, due to the unbiased starting points and diversity in methods. The results emphasize that fairness is increased with citizens’ activities that create smoother income distributions and improving the flow of opportunities in the nation. Fairness also fights unjust socio-economic biases and suggests advancing citizens-managed organizations.
40
Giovanis, Apostolos, Pinelopi Athanasopoulou, and Evangelos Tsoukatos. "The role of service fairness in the service quality – relationship quality – customer loyalty chain." Journal of Service Theory and Practice 25, no. 6 (November 9, 2015): 744–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jstp-11-2013-0263.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to extend the well-established nomological network of service quality-relationship quality-customer loyalty by introducing service fairness – a distinct service evaluation concept. Specifically, the study aims to investigate the impact of service fairness on relationship quality as a complementary to service quality driver, and the direct and indirect effect of service fairness on customer loyalty in the presence of service quality and relationship quality in a no failure/recovery effort service context. Design/methodology/approach – A telephone survey of a random sample of 408 customers of auto repair and maintenance services was implemented using a structured questionnaire with established scales. Data were analyzed with partial least squares path methodology, a structural equation modeling methodology. Findings – Interactional fairness is the most important formative determinant of customers’ overall fairness perception, followed by procedural and distributive fairness. Relationship quality measured as a higher order construct, made of satisfaction; trust; affective and calculative commitment, is the main determinant of customer loyalty. Also, it partially mediates, along with service quality, the relationship between service fairness and customer loyalty and fully mediates the effect of service quality on customer loyalty. Finally, service fairness has the highest overall effect on customer loyalty. Research limitations/implications – The sample is industry-specific and this may affect generalizability of findings. Also, the cross-sectional design adopted does not reflect temporal changes. Practical implications – Interactional fairness is of utmost importance to customers of the investigated industry. So, customers should be fairly treated at every point of contact. Also, service quality is heavily affected by service fairness. Thus, fair service leads to high-perceived service quality. Third, service quality affects customer loyalty only through relationship quality. Only when service quality is coupled by long-term quality relationships, signs of customer loyalty appear. Finally, service fairness influences customer loyalty mainly through service and relationship quality and has the highest overall effect on customer loyalty. So, fairly treating customers is crucial for developing long-term relationships that lead to customer loyalty. Originality/value – The role of service fairness in the service quality-relationship quality-customer loyalty chain is investigated and using a higher order construct for relationship quality.
41
Groen, Bianca A. C. "A Survey Study into Participation in Goal Setting, Fairness, and Goal Commitment: Effects of Including Multiple Types of Fairness." Journal of Management Accounting Research 30, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 207–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-52072.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Building on goal setting and social exchange theory, this study extends prior research about how employee participation in setting annual performance and development goals is related to goal commitment via increased perceptions of fairness, through including other (correlated) types of fairness than typically studied in management accounting research. Survey data are collected from 135 employees and analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results demonstrate participation is directly positively related to goal commitment as well as indirectly via distributive and informational fairness. In addition, the statistical relation between procedural fairness and goal commitment is suppressed: it ranges from significantly positive to significantly negative dependent on what other variables are included in the analyses. As a second contribution, the suppressor phenomenon and its implications are extensively discussed. Suppression mainly occurs when there is much overlap in the independent variables, for instance when multiple control practices are examined simultaneously as systems or packages. JEL Classifications: C18; C20; C30; L84; M12; M41; M52; M54. Data Availability: Data are available via the author until at least five years after publication.
42
Liu, Bao You, and Ya Ru Liu. "Rational Analysis of Sewage Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 889-890 (February 2014): 1617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.889-890.1617.
Full textAbstract:
Sewage treatment problem is a typical linear programming problem, and can be solved by method of linear programming. In order to reflect the principle of fairness and make full use of self-purification capacity of environment, this paper gives rational analysis of the sewage disposal problems in 2007 Chinese Undergraduate Mathematical Modeling Contest. The mathematical model of linear programming is established, and solved by lingo optimization software. The results show that: by the principle of fairness, investment funds increased; by the principle of self-purification capacity of environment, investment funds decreased. The results can provide guidance for decision makers to choose different scheme.
43
Khattak, Sumreen Masood, Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, Malik Ikramullah, and Muhammad Mustafa Raziq. "The mechanism behind informational fairness and project performance relationship: evidence from Pakistani construction organizations." International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 70, no. 1 (August 27, 2020): 151–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-04-2019-0164.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThis study examines the relationship between employees' perceptions of informational fairness and project performance. Furthermore, it examines if this relationship is sequentially mediated by (1) knowledge sharing and role clarity and (2) communication openness and role clarity.Design/methodology/approachData are collected from 302 full-time employees of seven project-based construction organizations in Pakistan. Data are analyzed through variance-based structural equation modeling technique and the Preacher and Hayes' bootstrapping procedure.FindingsResults indicate that project employees' perceptions of informational fairness positively predict project performance. Moreover, this relationship is sequentially mediated by (1) communication openness and role clarity and (2) knowledge sharing and role clarity.Originality/valueThis study provides further insights on the informational fairness and project performance relationship by examining their underlying mechanisms. It draws on the much ignored context of Pakistan, and offers some implications for managers and researchers with regard to how behavioral factors may further enhance project performance.
44
Li, Xiaoru, Xiaohong Li, Guangquan Xu, Jing Hu, and Zhiyong Feng. "Formal Analysis of Fairness for Optimistic Multiparty Contract Signing Protocol." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/983204.
Full textAbstract:
Optimistic multiparty contract signing (OMPCS) protocols are proposed for exchanging multiparty digital signatures in a contract. Compared with general two-party exchanging protocols, such protocols are more complicated, because the number of protocol messages and states increases considerably when signatories increase. Moreover, fairness property in such protocols requires protection from each signatory rather than from an external hostile agent. It thus presents a challenge for formal verification. In our analysis, we employ and combine the strength of extended modeling language CSP# and linear temporal logic (LTL) to verify the fairness of OMPCS protocols. Furthermore, for solving or mitigating the state space explosion problem, we set a state reduction algorithm which can decrease the redundant states properly and reduce the time and space complexity greatly. Finally, this paper illustrates the feasibility of our approach by analyzing the GM and CKS protocols, and several fairness flaws have been found in certain computation times.
45
Flomenbom, Ophir. "The Society-Deciders Model and Fairness in Nations." Biophysical Reviews and Letters 10, no. 03 (September 2015): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793048015500046.
Full textAbstract:
Modeling the dynamics in nations from economical and sociological perspectives is a central theme in economics and sociology. Accurate models can predict and therefore help all the world's citizens. Yet, recent years have show that the current models are missing. Here, we develop a dynamical society-deciders model that can explain the stability in a nation, based on concepts from dynamics, ecology and socio-econo-physics; a nation has two groups that interconnect, the deciders and the society. We show that a nation is either stable or it collapses. This depends on just two coefficients that we relate with sociological and economical indicators. We define a new socio-economic indicator, fairness. Fairness can measure the stability in a nation and how probable a change favoring the society is. We compute fairness among all the world's nations. Interestingly, in comparison with other indicators, fairness shows that the USA loses its rank among Western democracies, India is the best among the 15 most populated nations, and Egypt, Libya and Tunisia have significantly improved their rankings as a result of recent revolutions, further increasing the probability of additional positive changes. Within the model, long lasting crises are solved rather than with increasing governmental spending or cuts with regulations that reduce the stability of the deciders, namely, increasing fairness, while, for example, shifting wealth in the direction of the people, and therefore increasing further opportunities.
46
Asadi, Ali, Javad Khazaei Pool, and Mohammad Reza Jalilvand. "The effect of perceived price fairness through satisfaction and loyalty on international tourists’ price acceptance of Islamic-Iranian art products." Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues 7, no. 4 (October 28, 2014): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebs-10-2013-0045.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of perceived price fairness through satisfaction and loyalty on price acceptance. The antecedents of price fairness, including price perception and tourist vulnerability, will also be examined. Design/methodology/approach – The authors collected 674 questionnaires from international tourists who purchased Islamic-Iranian art products and analyzed simultaneous relations with a structural equation modeling. Findings – The results indicate that perceived price awareness and perceived vulnerability positively and significantly affect perceived price fairness. Additionally, perceived price fairness has a significant influence on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Moreover, customer satisfaction and loyalty were found to have a positive impact on price acceptance. Practical implications – Based on the findings, the results are expected to create a useful perspective for the researchers so they can present a broader model in future studies. The results of this research can help managers develop better pricing strategies and effective pricing mechanism design and, through recognition of factors influencing customer perception of the price, instigate better pricing. Originality/value – Although prior research focused on the relationships among the variables of perception of price, perceived vulnerability, perceived price fairness, satisfaction and loyalty and price acceptance, the current study considers the effect of these variables as a general compound model and in the context of Islamic-Iranian art tourism products.
47
Oliver, Richard L., and John E. Swan. "Consumer Perceptions of Interpersonal Equity and Satisfaction in Transactions: A Field Survey Approach." Journal of Marketing 53, no. 2 (April 1989): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224298905300202.
Full textAbstract:
Automobile purchasers were surveyed about feelings toward their inputs to and outcomes from the sales transaction, as well as their perceptions of the inputs and outcomes of the salesperson. Structural equation modeling with maximum likelihood estimation shows two concepts advanced in the equity literature, fairness and preference (advantageous inequity), to be related differentially to input and outcome judgments. No necessary symmetry is observed between the weights attached to inputs and outcomes or between those attached to self and salesperson. When framed in a larger perspective involving satisfaction with the salesperson, the fairness dimension mediates the effect of inputs and outcomes on satisfaction whereas preference does not. The fairness influence is robust against the simultaneous inclusion of disconfirmation in the satisfaction equation. Satisfaction, in turn, is related strongly to the consumer's intention cognitions. The findings suggest that the retail sales transaction may differ in substantive ways from the subject-peer and worker-coworker comparisons in other disciplines and that models of interpersonal satisfaction in the sales transaction should include the mediating effect of the fairness dimension of equity. The managerial implications of these findings are discussed.
48
Stanish, Charles, and Kevin J. Haley. "Power, Fairness, and Architecture: Modeling Early Chiefdom Development in the Central Andes." Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 14, no. 1 (June 28, 2008): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.2004.14.053.
Full text
49
Stanish, Charles, and Kevin J. Haley. "Power, Fairness, and Architecture: Modeling Early Chiefdom Development in the Central Andes." Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 14, no. 1 (January 2005): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.2005.14.053.
Full text
50
Cai, Jiaoli, Li Zhang, Yulin Zhao, and Peter Coyte. "Psychological Mechanisms Linking County-Level Income Inequality to Happiness in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 2667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122667.
Full textAbstract:
Background In China, income levels and living standards have improved significantly, but many Chinese citizens still do not feel any happier. This phenomenon may be attributed to increased income inequality. Methods Using data from the 2013 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), we employed multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) to investigate the impact of county-level income inequality on individual-level happiness in China and multilevel mediation analysis with structural equation modeling (MMSEM) to explore the mechanisms through which income inequality impacted happiness. Results A negative relationship between income inequality and happiness was found. The negative association between them was explained by two psychological mechanisms, i.e., fairness and trust. The findings explained a “Chinese puzzle,” i.e., why people do not feel happier despite improved income and living standards. Conclusions Our findings may provide a reference for policy makers to implement policies designed to improve individual happiness. What is important now is to reduce income inequality, and to potentially improve perceptions of fairness and trust in China.