Journal articles: 'Fair price'

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Vidhusekhar P, Vidhusekhar P. "Fair Price Policy for Long Term Business." Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, no. 7 (June 15, 2012): 188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/july2014/66.

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EL QALLI, YASSINE. "RECURSIVE BAYESIAN ESTIMATION IN FORWARD PRICE MODELS IMPLIED BY FAIR PRICING." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 13, no. 02 (March 2010): 301–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024910005784.

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In this paper we describe a recursive Bayesian algorithm for the estimation of forward price models. The forward price is modeled within the benchmark framework for a forward price volatility function which includes a stochastic variable; a forward price with a liquidly traded maturity. A relationship between the bond price, the spot price and certain forward prices is stated. We set up the stochastic real world dynamics for these discretely compounded market observed forward prices. We propose a dynamic Bayesian estimation algorithm for a Monte Carlo time-discretized version of the resulting forward prices dynamics. The parameter to be estimated is a vector consisting of the forward price volatility parameters and the benchmarked bond price volatility parameters.

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Schmidtz, David. "Are Price Controls Fair?" Supreme Court Economic Review 23, no. 1 (January 2015): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/686479.

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Höhler, Julia, and Julia A. Schreiner. "Unfair milk prices? Lessons from a split-sample choice experiment." British Food Journal 122, no. 2 (November 23, 2019): 515–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-04-2019-0298.

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Purpose In times of “milk price crises”, “fair” milk prices are repeatedly demanded. Various studies indicate an increased willingness to pay (WTP) for the additional attribute of price fairness. Nevertheless, market shares have been low so far. The purpose of this paper is to discuss three possible reasons for this: low reference prices, socially desirable responses in choice experiments and the lack of justification of the claim “fair” by further attributes. Design/methodology/approach In a split sample, one group facing alternatives with a higher price range and the other with a lower price range, the consumer’s choices are examined. This study uses a social desirability scale for controlling biases in the stated WTP. In addition, the claim “fair” is complemented with a guaranteed price, grazing, regional production and CO2-reduction. A random parameter logit model specified in WTP space is employed to estimate milk consumers’ (n=480) preferences for “fair” milk. Furthermore, a latent class approach reveals information about the source of preference heterogeneity for fair milk attributes among the two groups of the split sample. Findings This study finds statistically significant differences between the two price ranges. In the low price range, additional attributes can trigger an additional WTP. In the high price range, there is no statistically significant additional WTP. WTP’s dependence on price levels could explain why the market share for “fair” milk has so far been low. Originality/value This paper contributes to the study of the effect of split samples in choice experiments. In addition, it promotes the understanding of price fairness in milk and its determinants.

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Sahir, Wahida. "Relevance of al-ṡaman al-‘adl on Modern Transaction." Al-Kharaj: Journal of Islamic Economic and Business 3, no. 1 (June 9, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24256/kharaj.v3i1.1416.

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A perfectly competitive market can produce fair prices for sellers and buyers. If the market mechanism is disrupted, fair prices will not be reached. This study aims to determine the economic thought of Islamic Middle Ages (Al-Ghazali, Ibn Taymiyah and Ibn Khaldun), analyze the concept of demand and supply prices and the contribution of al-aman al-'adl in demand and supply prices according to Al-Ghazali, Ibn Taimiyah and Ibn Khaldun (Middle Ages). This research uses the method of library research with a historical, sociological and economic approach. Data sources used are primary data and secondary data.The results of this study indicate that Al-Ghazali was one of the thinkers of Islamic economics who initiated the concept of al-aman al-‘adl with a socialist style of thought. Ibn Taymiyyah was a cleric with a socialist mindset that was specifically focused on the market mechanism, emphasizing his views on the free market. Ibn Khaldun was the pioneer of the birth of sociology which summarized the discussion of history-philosophy and political economy. The style of Ibn Khaldun's economic thought is more directed to the style of socialist thought which strongly emphasizes the importance of a free market system. The concept of demand analysis is that the higher the price, the lower the demand will be. Meanwhile, the concept of supply analysis is the higher the price, the more number of goods offered. Al-ṡaman al-‘adl's contribution (fair price) according to Al-Ghazali addresses the issue of price and profit simultaneously without distinguishing between costs and income. The contribution of al-ṡaman al-‘adl (fair price) according to Ibn Taymiyyah maintains fairness in conducting reciprocal transactions and other relationships among members of the community, the concept of a fair price only occurs in competitive markets. The contribution of al-ṡaman al-‘adl (fair price) according to Ibn Khaldun is the price is very much determined by the demand and supply

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Lowe, Ben, Fanny Chan Fong Yee, and Pamela Yeow. "Price promotions and their effect upon reference prices." Journal of Product & Brand Management 23, no. 4/5 (August 18, 2014): 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-01-2014-0485.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to resolve inconsistencies in the literature about how one-time price promotions affect reference prices. Specifically, this study suggests that the measure of reference price used within a study (e.g. expected price or fair price) can affect the outcomes of that study. Design/methodology/approach – This research uses three separate experiments, replicating and extending existing work, to simulate purchasing decisions for products in the context of a price promotion. Experiments allow careful control of the confounds presumed to cause the inconsistencies between studies. Findings – Study 1 shows that measurement of different reference prices within the same experiment leads to carryover effects, which inflate the correlation between measures. Expected price and fair price appear to be conceptually and empirically distinct and should be measured separately to reduce design artifacts. Study 2 shows that one-time price promotions affect fair price, but not expected price, and Study 3 shows expected price and fair price converge after multiple promotions. Research limitations/implications – Independent measurement of reference price concepts allows robust claims about their distinctiveness. These findings have implications for how reference price should be measured in survey research and for pricing and promotional strategy. Originality/value – This research contributes by showing how the measure of reference price used affects the outcomes of price promotion studies. It does this through the replication and extension of past research. Replication allows greater confidence in the findings of past research, and testing the same findings under different conditions allows for the boundaries of existing research to be delimited and generalizations to be made.

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Maxwell, Sarah. "Fair price: research outside marketing." Journal of Product & Brand Management 17, no. 7 (October 31, 2008): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610420810916399.

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Sudiarti, Sri. "MEKANISMEPASAR SEBAGAI PENENTU HARGA (ANALISIS PEMIKIRAN IBN TAIMIYAH)." Studia Economica : Jurnal Ekonomi Islam 1, no. 1 (January 6, 2015): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.30821/se.v1i1.235.

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In the perspective of the Islamic concept of the price is not much different from the modern economy. But in Islam has always emphasized the role of ethics (moral values). Basically, Islam has been described that a fair price is the price established by the market forces that run freely, the meeting between the forces of demand and supply. The concept of the proposed price of IbnTaymiyya is not much different from what has been formulated by modern economists. The only difference is the emphasis on ethics and morals. In principle, fair prices occurs when the demand and supply of naturally occurring and balanced (equilibrium price). A fair price according to IbnTaymiyya is the value of the price of goods which the seller sells his wares and generally accepted as being commensurate with the goods sold or other similar goods in a particular place and time. IbnTaymiyyah and very modern economists agree that if the government does not interfere in the determination of prices during a market mechanism walk naturally without any disturbances from the traders and from the buyer.

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Mansyur, Zaenuddin. "RELEVANCE OF THE CONCEPT OF FAIR PRICES AND PROFITS FOR THE COMMUNITY, (STUDY OF IBN TAYMIYYAH THOUGHTS ON JUSTICE IN TRADE)." Mu'amalat: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Ekonomi Syariah 11, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/mu.v11i1.2035.

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The urgency of justice in determining a price or profit in trade at least can construct the concerns of the leading cleric's Ibn Taymiyyah to bring up the theories associated with it. Ibn Taymiyah's involvement in bringing up the theory of justice in the field of trade was nothing but to improve the economic conditions of the community where he lived. Ibn Taimiyah's concern in the economy when he gave rise to fair price theory. According to him that a fair price is a price that can be formed by market forces that run freely is not determined by the party who has the goods so that the shortage of goods (supply decreases) or increasing population (demand rises) is not a reason to raise prices as freely as possible. While the theory of determining a fair price for Ibn Taymiyyah had an impact on determining a fair profit as well. Where profit-taking may also not be determined by the owner of the goods but profit-taking is based on market conditions in ways that are generally accepted. This means that the profit to be taken is a normal profit that can be received by all parties by providing the same price to the general public event even though there is a great need for the merchandise. Thus, determining a price is very relevant to making a profit. Where profits can be determined through market prices that do not cause gaps and exploitation to buyers.

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Jaisson, Thibault. "Liquidity and Impact in Fair Markets." Market Microstructure and Liquidity 01, no. 02 (December 2015): 1550010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382626615500100.

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In this paper, we develop a theory which applies to any market dynamics that satisfy a fair market assumption on the nullity of the average profit of simple market making strategies. We show that for any such fair market, there exists a martingale fair price which corresponds to the average liquidation value (at the ask or the bid) of an infinitesimal quantity of stock. We show that this fair price is a natural reference price to compute the ex post gain of limit orders. Using only the fair market assumption, we link the spread to the impact of market orders on the fair price. We use our definition of the fair price to build empirical tests of the relevance of this notion whose results are consistent with our theoretical predictions.

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Saritha, K. "Geographical analysis of fair price shops in Mysuru city." Geographical Analysis 7, no. 2 (December 15, 2018): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.53989/bu.ga.v7i2.2.

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Fair Price Shops are very common in India. Fair Price Shops are the cheap stores that give immense subsidies necessary commodities. Runs by government ration shops offer almost half and sometimes less than half price for all the products. The present research paper to assess the spatial distribution of Fair Price Shops in Mysuru city, As a result of socio and economic conditions Fair Price Shops are not evenly distributed in Mysuru city. The present research paper to collect the ward wise total population, number of households and number of fair price shops data through the secondary source such as the food and civil supplier Department of Mysore city, Journals, reports, projects, books, census of India and others. Using the statistical method like concentration, than to show the spatial distribution of fair price shops in Mysuru city by use of some cartographic techniques like Maps and Graphs. Use the Arc GIS 10 for the preparation of maps. The study found that in Mysuru city 5 out of 9 zones have more number of Fps like 1, 2, 6, 7, and 9 the remaining 4 zones like 3, 8, 4 and 5 have the comparatively less fair price shops. Keywords: Fair price shops; concentration

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Karunakaran, N., and MS Sadiq. "Socio economic aspect of organic farming practices for improving farmer’s income in some locations of Kerala, India." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 3 (October 10, 2019): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v44i3.43474.

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Agriculture is the major source of livelihood and is under the big threat of liberalization and modernization. Organic farming is eco-friendly, promotes sustainable development, protects the fertility of the soil and ensures long term crop income to the farmer. In 2018, total area under organic certification process is 3.56 million hectare and produced around 1.70 million MT of certified organic products. In Kerala, the total area under organic farming stands at 15790.49 hectare. Organic farmers fail to capture the market for selling their products and have less capacity in the competing world, leads to worse financial situation of farmers. The total volume of export during 2017-18 was 4.58 lakh MT. Fair trade has flourished as an initiative for lifting poor organic farmers by providing higher price, credit and improved community life. It is also a market for high value products in the global trade policies. Fair Trade Alliance Kerala (FTAK) is a small farmers’ organisation to access global market on fair trade in an equitable trading terms and improved income. The system provides better price to products compared to open market and benefited fair trade exporting. This paper by studying FTAK focused the impacts of it on income and highlights the increased production of organic crops, better prices, premium and schemes to farmers. The study revealed that fair trade farmers earned higher price (20 to 50 percent) for commodities and marketing of products to foreign countries without intermediaries and organic farming is a better option for increasing farmer’s income in India. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 44(3): 401-408, September 2019

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Mackay, Ann. "Achieving a fair price for care." Working with Older People 10, no. 1 (March 2006): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13663666200600004.

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Dakin, K. "Establishing a fair price for software." IEEE Software 12, no. 6 (1995): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/52.469769.

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Miliutis, Feliksas. "Fair Price in Squeeze-Out Transactions." Societal Studies 5, no. 3 (2013): 769–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.13165/sms-13-5-3-06.

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Abdelzaher, Mai Ahmed, and Khairy Elgiziry. "The Effect of Daily Stock Price Limits on the Investment Risk: Evidence from the Egyptian Stock Market." Accounting and Finance Research 6, no. 4 (August 31, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v6n4p1.

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The study aims to investigate the relationship between daily price limits and stock volatility, trading volume, delayed adjustment of stock prices, and its fair value. To achieve this goal, we used the data of the listed firms in EGX30. We analyzed the data using descriptive analysis then we applied General linear model, ARCH and GARCH models. Based on our analysis results show a positive relationship between upper daily limit and stock volatility, a positive relationship between daily price limits (upper limit- lower limit) and trading volume, a positive relationship between upper daily limit and the return between the closing price and the opening price on the same day, a positive relationship between lower daily limit and the return between the closing price and the opening price in the next day, a negative relationship between upper daily limit and the return between the closing price and the opening price in the next day, and a positive relationship between daily stock price limits and the fair value.

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He, Jianhong, Lei Zhang, Xiao Fu, and Fu-Sheng Tsai. "Fair but Risky? Recycle Pricing Strategies in Closed-Loop Supply Chains." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (December 14, 2018): 2870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122870.

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We argue that a Nash bargaining model with behavioral factors (i.e., fairness concern and risk aversion) should be introduced to the price strategizing process in the context of a closed-loop supply chain. We consider three different pricing models: The first is when both the manufacturer and the retailer have fairness concerns; the second is when both the manufacturer and the retailer have risk aversion; and the final is when the manufacturer has risk aversion but the retailer has both risk aversion and fairness concern. Then we examine the model with game theory. The results have shown that fairness and risk aversion change the optimal pricing strategy, which affects the expected profits of retailers and manufacturers. The impacts of two (relatively irrational) behavioral factors on the wholesale and retail prices of new products, the recycle price and recycle transfer price of the waste products, are not the same. For new products, the wholesale price is most affected by behavioral factors and the sales price scores second. For waste recycling products, the transfer price is most affected by behavioral factors and the recycle price scores second. When considering fairness and risk aversion in retail, fairness concern is good for both manufacturers and retailers. This innovative pricing strategy model adds implications for sustainability in supply chain operations.

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Juliati Nasution, Yenni Samri. "Mekanisme Pasar Dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam." AT-TAWASSUTH: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam 3, no. 1 (July 3, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30821/ajei.v3i1.1695.

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The market is a mechanism for the exchange of goods and services that nature. The market price is formed by a variety of factors which later formed the demand and supply of goods and services. Consumer demand is influenced by many factors, such as price, consumer income, tastes, expectations and level mashlahah. Quote manufacturers also influenced by many factors, such as mashlahah, profits, and prices. Interaction of supply and demand will establish the balance point can be changed from the demand side or the supply, either due to the deviation of structured and unstructured deviation. Perfectly competitive market can generate a fair price for the seller and the buyer. Therefore, if the market mechanism is interrupted, then the fair price will not be achieved. Islam puts the market at an important position in the economy. And very concerned about the concept of a fair price and perfect market mechanism. So, the role of government is very important to better ensure the activities of market mechanisms as perfect as taking a policy of price intervention that is based on justice.

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Rubiyanti, Teni. "PENILAIAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR MAKRO EKONOMI, COUPON, YIELD TO MATURITY, TIME TO MATURITY DAN RATING TERHADAP FAIR PRICE SUKUK KORPORASI PASAR MODAL SYARIAH DI INDONESIA PERIODE TAHUN 2014-2018." Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah, Akuntansi dan Perbankan (JESKaPe) 3, no. 2 (November 8, 2019): 164–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52490/jeskape.v3i2.436.

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Capital Market with sharia principles in Indonesia has several regulations that regulate the use of Fair Prices in corporate sukuk instruments. Fair price is used as a reference in transactions as well as provisions in the presentation of Financial Statements for Financial Institutions and Investment Managers related to Mutual Fund products. The research aims to examine the effect of macroeconomic factors (Inflation, SBIS Yield Rate, Profit Sharing Rate of Mudharabah Deposits, Rupiah Exchange Rate to Dollar), Coupon Rate, Yield to Maturity, Time to Maturity, and Ratings partially and simultaneously to Fair Price Corporate Sukuk for the period 2014-2018. The source of research data is taken from several institutions which are statistical and historical data of transactions, which consist of BI, OJK, IDX, IBPA, KSEI and PEFINDO. This research is a quantitative approach, where sampling is done by purposive sampling consisting of 7 corporate sukuk series. The analysis technique uses the Panel Data Regression Test with a random effect model and hypothesis testing using t-statistics, testing the coefficient of determination, and F-statistics to test the effect of variables together with a significance level of 5%. The results showed that the Rupiah to Dollar Exchange Rate, Coupon Rate, and Time to Maturity had a positive and significant effect, Yield to Maturity had a negative and significant effect while Inflation, SBIS Yield Rate, and Profit Sharing Rate of Mudharabah Deposits did not significantly influence the Fair Price of Corporate Sukuk, but simultaneously all of these variables significantly influence the Fair Price of Corporate Sukuk. For testing the coefficient of determination obtained by 86.49% shows the ability of the independent variable in explaining the Corporate Fair Price Fair, the remaining 13.51% is explained by other variables not included in this study.

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Hejkrlík, J., J. Mazancová, and K. Forejtová. "How effective is Fair Trade as a tool for the stabilization of agricultural commodity markets? Case of coffee in the Czech Republic." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 59, No. 1 (February 19, 2013): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/41/2012-agricecon.

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Fair Trade is one of the leading systems of the Corporate Social Responsibility and a price stabilization mechanism for producers in developing countries. It is being practiced by more and more Czech importers and manufactures of the tropical agricultural commodities. Coffee represents the highest market share. However, a higher final retail price functions as a strong inhibitor of the dynamic market growth. The article uses the linear static model applied to various consumer-perceived factors influencing the retail price of the conventional, organic and Fair Trade coffee available in the Czech Republic. The quantitative research is supported by the questionnaire for the analysis of the attitude of regular Fair Trade buyers towards the perceived quality and price expectations of the Fair Trade coffee. Even after the stratification of the coffee market into low and high market products and brands, the Fair Trade quality shows a very strong influence on the final retail price. The efficiency of Fair Trade expressed in terms of the ratio of the price premium paid by the consumer and the price premium received by the producer is in the current stage of the Fair Trade market questionable.

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Swart, Barbara. "Fair pricing, and pricing paradoxes." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 19, no. 2 (May 13, 2016): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v19i2.1136.

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The St Petersburg Paradox revolves round the determination of a fair price for playing the St Petersburg Game. According to the original formulation, the price for the game is infinite, and, therefore, paradoxical. Although the St Petersburg Paradox can be seen as concerning merely a game, Paul Samuelson (1977) calls it a “fascinating chapter in the history of ideas”, a chapter that gave rise to a considerable number of papers over more than 200 years involving fields such as probability theory and economics. In a paper in this journal, Vivian (2013) undertook a numerical investigation of the St Petersburg Game. In this paper, the central issue of the paradox is identified as that of fair (risk-neutral) pricing, which is fundamental in economics and finance and involves important concepts such as no arbitrage, discounting, and risk-neutral measures. The model for the St Petersburg Game as set out in this paper is new and analytical and resolves the so-called pricing paradox by applying a discounting procedure. In this framework, it is shown that there is in fact no infinite price paradox, and simple formulas for obtaining a finite price for the game are also provided.

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Burdenko, Iryna. "Fair value: history, assessment and financial crisis." Accounting and Financial Control 1, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/afc.01(2).2017.04.

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For the last 20 years fair value accounting has considerably extended its domain. Fair value is a probabilistic market value, which is expected to be obtained on the basis of forecasting of future events, connected with an asset sale or transfer of liabilities. The purpose of fair value is to define a price of an ordinary operation of an asset sale or transfer of liabilities between the market participants, which would have taken place by the date of measurement in the present market conditions. Market value is fair only with an active market, at which prices are determined by demand and supply. This is the reason of a discussion about the use of fair value. The opponents of fair value accounting state that exactly fair value has become a cause of financial crisis and had a negative influence on companies. However, there are many supporters of fair value accounting, who state that fair value is the indicator of financial system significant difficulties and it helps in warning financial crises. The purpose of the article is to validate the economic characteristics of fair value and to analyze its` role in a financial crisis

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Golovanova, S. "Incentive Domestic Gas Price Regulation in Russia: Comparative Analysis of Alternative “Price Cap” Indicators." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 8 (August 20, 2014): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-8-106-121.

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Introduction of the price regulatory mechanism based on the principle of equal profitability of domestic and export gas sales is announced in Russia. In this article the “price cap” mechanism is considered as a form of incentive regulation; the experience of using the external market price as an indicator of the “fair” price level in antitrust enforcement is presented. Analyzing the existing wholesale gas price formation mechanisms around the world we identify alternative indicators of the external market price for gas and compare levels and volatilities of the “base” internal gas prices calculated on their basis with the use of retrospective data.

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Williams, Sarah. "ICTY Referrals to National Jurisdictions: A Fair Trial or a Fair Price?" Criminal Law Forum 17, no. 2 (October 10, 2006): 177–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10609-006-9015-4.

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Kotadia, Chaitali. "Evaluation of Equity-linked structured products and pricing." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 314–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss1.2902.

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Based on a unique data set, this research paper examines the pricing of equity-linked structured products in the market. The following section of this paper look at examining a few popular products available in the market, describing their key characteristics, and identifying one such product which will be examined closely for the purposes of determining if the issuing institution has priced the same fairly. The daily closing prices of a large variety of structured products are compared to theoretical values derived from the prices of options traded on the Eurex (European Exchange). This research paper also provides a brief background on the pricing of equity-linked structured products (‘products’) and issues around valuation of these products and look in detail fair pricing of the zero-coupon bond and the basket option. Comparing this with the market price of the instrument I could draw conclusions based on how close the real market price of the instrument is with the recomputed price.

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Bei, Xiaohui, Ayumi Igarashi, Xinhang Lu, and Warut Suksompong. "The Price of Connectivity in Fair Division." SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics 36, no. 2 (May 19, 2022): 1156–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/20m1388310.

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Bei, Xiaohui, Ayumi Igarashi, Xinhang Lu, and Warut Suksompong. "The Price of Connectivity in Fair Division." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 6 (May 18, 2021): 5151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i6.16651.

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We study the allocation of indivisible goods that form an undirected graph and quantify the loss of fairness when we impose a constraint that each agent must receive a connected subgraph. Our focus is on the well-studied fairness notion of maximin share fairness. We introduce the price of connectivity to capture the largest gap between the graph-specific and the unconstrained maximin share, and derive bounds on this quantity which are tight for large classes of graphs in the case of two agents and for paths and stars in the general case. For instance, with two agents we show that for biconnected graphs it is possible to obtain at least 3/4 of the maximin share with connected allocations, while for the remaining graphs the guarantee is at most 1/2. Our work demonstrates several applications of graph-theoretic tools and concepts to fair division problems.

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Syed, Ahmed. "Fair Price based Expert System for Groceries." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.11030.

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Treadwell, Jane. "Determining a Fair Price for Lost Books." Library & Archival Security 9, no. 1 (April 21, 1989): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j114v09n01_03.

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Goel, Ashish, and Hamid Nazerzadeh. "Price-based protocols for fair resource allocation." ACM Transactions on Algorithms 10, no. 2 (February 2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2556949.

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PARAMARTHA, I. PUTU OKA, KOMANG DHARMAWAN, and DESAK PUTU EKA NILAKUSMAWATI. "PENENTUAN HARGA KONTRAK OPSI TIPE ASIA MENGGUNAKAN MODEL SIMULASI NORMAL INVERSE GAUSSIAN (NIG)." E-Jurnal Matematika 3, no. 3 (August 29, 2014): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mtk.2014.v03.i03.p074.

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The aim to determine of the simulation results and to calculate the stock price of Asian Option with Normal Inverse Gaussian (NIG) method and Monte Carlo method using MATLAB program. Results of both models are compared and selected a fair price. Besides to determine simulation accuracy of the stock price, speed of program execution MATLAB is calculated for both models for time efficiency. The first part, set variabels used to calculate the trajectory of stock prices at time t to simulate the stock price at the time. The second part, simulate the stock price with NIG model. The third part, simulate the stock price with Monte Carlo model. After simulating the stock price, calculated the value of the pay-off of the Asian Option, and then estimate the price of Asian Option by averaging the entire value of pay-off from each iteration. The last part, compare result of both models. The results of this research is price of Asian Option calculated using Monte Carlo simulation and NIG. The rates were calculated using the NIG produce a fair price, because of the pricing contract NIG using four parameters ?, ?, ?, and ?, while Monte Carlo is using only two parameters ? and ?. For execution time of the program, the Monte Carlo model is better in all iterations.

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Evgenidis, Anastasios, and Costas Siriopoulos. "A robust pricing of specific structured bonds with coupons." Journal of Risk Finance 15, no. 3 (May 19, 2014): 234–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-01-2014-0005.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an innovative model to evaluate the fair price of a subset of structured products for a hypothetical US structured bond. Design/methodology/approach – The authors assume that interest rates dynamics are described by the Cox–Ingersoll–Ross process. They conduct robustness checks by stress testing against parameter and model uncertainty. Findings – The fair value of the bond is robust under any parameter or model misspecification. In addition, a change in the price seems to be more sensitive to long-term yields rather than short-or mid-term yields. The authors provide a better understanding of the relationship between bond prices and business cycles: a slight change in the current structure would have a significant effect on the bond price only during economic expansions. Social implications – The recent global financial crisis has led policymakers and the financial press to blame financial innovation through accusations of structured products being highly complex. Much of the criticism is based on the fact that investors were not able to properly price and fully understand the risks of their investments. Regulators should ensure proper pricing of these products to protect both the investors and the system. Fair pricing is important for bond issuers, governments or corporations to design their product at an attractive price for investors. Originality/value – This paper fills a gap in the extant literature by providing an innovative model based on an Euler–Maruyama Monte Carlo scheme to price structured products.

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Sullivan, Daniel, Eva Jonas, and Barbara Jodlbauer. "Mortality Salience and Worldview Affirmation Strengthen Support for Foreign Products." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 219, no. 4 (January 2011): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000076.

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Research in terror management theory shows that, when reminded of their own death, people experience an elevated need to feel secure in their cultural worldview. This effect has consequences for consumer behavior. One unexplored possibility is that a worldview-affirming prime will buffer anxiety and actually increase willingness to purchase products representative of a foreign worldview after a death reminder. In our study, we first induced mortality or failure salience in 137 Austrian residents. Participants then read a diary entry about a holiday spent either in the mountains of Austria or in foreign countries. Finally, we measured willingness to pay a higher price for a local (“Fair Milk”) versus a foreign product (“fair trade”). Analyses showed that following mortality salience (compared to failure salience) the worldview-affirming prime (a diary entry about Austrian culture) uniquely increased willingness to pay higher prices for foreign products.

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Elonen, Otto. "Redemption of Minority Shares and Related Fair Price Determination in the Finnish Legal System." Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 6, no. 2 (July 29, 2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ujlc.2022.v06.i02.p01.

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The Finnish Limited Company Act includes many situations where a redemption of a share is possible. However, this article focuses on examining situations where a redemption of a share results from a concentration of control in a company by a single party and analyze how the redemption price is determined. This is because the regulation in Chapter 18 of the Finnish Limited Company Act on the redemption of shares on the basis of a concentration of control is unclear. Finnish Limited Company Act determines that the price to be paid out for redemption of a share must be “fair price”. Therefore, the meaning of fair price becomes a central issue to be discussed. It identifies factors and specific reasons influence the formation of the fair price in some of the situations that may come in question. The subject is mainly approached from a legal perspective, but also from an economic theoretical point of view. This article also presents a number of different share valuation methods and how they should be used to determine the fair price. Legal argumentation and interpretation are developed based on legislation, government proposals (draft of Act), and case law, since they provide a framework for the valuation process. However, the final conclusion of the article suggests that there is no unambiguous answer as to what constitutes a fair price, as its determination depends on many variables.

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Feybesse, Cyrille, Todd Lubart, Leela Rasa, Charlotte Ossom, Victor Cavasino, Julien Jacob, and Thibaud Lemonnier. "Social representation of fair price among professional photographers." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 22, 2020): e0243547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243547.

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We investigated the social representation of fair price of French and English-speaking photographers using the free association method. In two independent studies, we performed a factorial analysis of correspondence of the words provided by the participants as well as a similitude analysis. The results indicated that “fair price” was mainly associated with time, effort and experience level of photographers. Both French- and English-speaking samples made similar associations around the concept of fair price but the order of importance varied. We observed some gender-related differences in both samples, although the relative number of male and female participants must be taken into consideration.

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Solovyova, Ekaterina V., and Valentina N. Berdnikova. "Identification and Scale of the Development of a Price Bubble in the Housing Market." Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: Economics, Sociology and Management 12, no. 1 (2022): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1552-2022-12-1-137-149.

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Relevance. Housing costs rose significantly in the housing market during the pandemic. Тhere was a great interest in the price from state regulatory authorities and market participants. Domestic and foreign researchers mainly identify price bubbles. They compare the income of the population, the price of rent and the cost of housing and do not pay attention to calculating the scale of speculative price bubbles. Today in Russia, the study of this problem is relevant. The purpose of the study was to develop a methodology for identifying speculative price bubbles on the real estate market. It uses the value of the fair value during the period of stability, the simulated fair value and the market value in the conditions of a hype market. The objectives of the study were to provide a dynamic analysis of the housing market, identify periods of stability of excessive price growth in the market, simulate fair value with stable values of price-forming factors and calculate the size of the price bubble. Methodology. The research is based on correlation and regression analysis, an index method of information processing. Results. The percentage sizes of speculative price bubbles were established. The fair price base in the housing market was adopted, a scale for dividing speculative bubbles was developed. Conclusion. Calculations were made for the housing market in Sochi in 2021, a euphoric price bubble of 54 per cent was calculated. Macroeconomic factors have not changed, so the market price requires special attention from interested parties.

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Mursyada, Adieb, and Fifi Swandari. "Sukuk Performance Using Comparison of Return and Risk Through Calculation of Market Price and Fair Price." International Journal of Emerging Issues in Islamic Studies 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/ijeiis.v1i2.725.

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Sukuk investors’ important information used by investors of Sukuk (proof or claim of ownership on assets) is the market price of the Sukuk issued by the IDX and the fair price of the Sukuk issued by the Indonesian Securities Price Appraiser (PHEI). This is a signal or initial information for investors in considering the decision to invest in Sukuk. The measured performance returns as measured by Holding Period Yield (HPY), Yield To Maturity (YTM), and Sharpe Index, while Risk of Sukuk is measured based on its standard deviation. Corporate Sukuk are classified into financial and non-financial sectors and have short, medium, and long maturities. Comparative analysis is conducted using an Independent Sample t-test and ANOVA. The results showed that the average Sukuk return was calculated at a higher market price than the fair price. Sukuk return results in a pattern of movement that tends to be inversely proportional to the market price or fair price of the Sukuk, while the risk of Sukuk based on price issuing institutions had a movement pattern that tends to be in the same direction as the price. Furthermore, corporate Sukuk in the non-financial sector had a higher average return but was more susceptible to risk than the financial sector. Corporate Sukuk with long maturities had a higher average yield and risk exposure than medium and short-term Sukuk. Hypothesis testing showed a significant difference between the market price and the fair price of corporate Sukuk.

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Platen, Eckhard. "A class of complete benchmark models with intensity-based jumps." Journal of Applied Probability 41, no. 1 (March 2004): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1077134665.

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This paper proposes a class of complete financial market models, the benchmark models, with security price processes that exhibit intensity-based jumps. The benchmark or reference unit is chosen to be the growth-optimal portfolio. Primary security account prices, when expressed in units of the benchmark, turn out to be local martingales. In the proposed framework an equivalent risk-neutral measure need not exist. Benchmarked fair derivative prices are obtained as conditional expectations of future benchmarked prices under the real-world probability measure. This concept of fair pricing generalizes the classical risk-neutral approach and the actuarial present-value pricing methodology.

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Platen, Eckhard. "A class of complete benchmark models with intensity-based jumps." Journal of Applied Probability 41, no. 01 (March 2004): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200014017.

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This paper proposes a class of complete financial market models, the benchmark models, with security price processes that exhibit intensity-based jumps. The benchmark or reference unit is chosen to be the growth-optimal portfolio. Primary security account prices, when expressed in units of the benchmark, turn out to be local martingales. In the proposed framework an equivalent risk-neutral measure need not exist. Benchmarked fair derivative prices are obtained as conditional expectations of future benchmarked prices under the real-world probability measure. This concept of fair pricing generalizes the classical risk-neutral approach and the actuarial present-value pricing methodology.

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Regmi, Hem Raj. "Rising Food Price and Its Consequences." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 9 (August 2, 2009): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v9i0.2123.

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Agricultural prices have risen worldwide sharply in the last two years, which has been a dilemma especially to policy makers. Higher agricultural prices would improve farmer's income and their living standards as well as investment in agriculture provided a fair mechanism of income transfer to them be instituted. However, the price rise seriously affects urban poors' food affordability and thus their livelihood. Various types of natural disasters particularly floods, droughts and landsides have affected agricultural crop production in Nepal resulting in fluctuations in food supplies and prices. Besides, policy measures associated with crop production, food balance and trade, petroleum price stabilization and liquor production directly or indirectly affect food market and prices. National food production, demand-supply, consumption and price scenarios and associated reasons are analyzed based on reviews of pertinent literatures. Key words: Food production, food consumption, demand-supply, price-scenario, NepalThe Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:.9, Jun.2008 Page: 93-97

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Carroll, Thomas J., Thomas J. Linsmeier, and Kathy R. Petroni. "The Reliability of Fair Value versus Historical Cost Information: Evidence from Closed-End Mutual Funds." Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 18, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x0301800101.

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This research examines the value-relevance of fair value accounting relative to historical cost accounting for financial instruments held by closed-end mutual funds to provide evidence on the reliability of fair value estimation. Closed-end funds are considered because their balance sheets and income statements typically are reported at fair value and there is great variation in the types of securities held by various funds. For a sample of 143 closed-end mutual funds during 1982–1997, we find a significant association between stock prices and the fair value of investment securities, as well as between stock returns and fair value securities gains and losses, even after controlling for historical costs. To examine whether differences in the perceived reliability of the investment securities fair values affect investors' assessments of the usefulness of the information, we examine the association between stock price metrics and fair values across different fund types (e.g., publicly held equity securities from G7 countries, equity securities other than those publicly held from G7 countries, U.S. government or municipal securities, corporate bonds). We find that in all cases there is a significant association between the stock price metrics and fair values. This suggests that the need to estimate fair values for securities traded in thin markets, such as private or non-G7 equities, does not cause the incremental value-relevance of fair value information to be eliminated. Our strong and consistent findings in the closed-end fund setting suggest that reliability problems in measuring the fair values of investment securities are not the primary explanation for the inconsistency in prior research results; instead such inconsistency may be attributed to the incomplete availability of fair value measures in other settings.

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Da Silva, Jose Fernandes, Esatanislau De Sousa Saldanha, and Domingos M. B. Barreto. "The Mediation Effect of Customer Satisfaction on the Relationship between Product Quality, Perceived Price Justice and Customer Loyalty." Timor Leste Journal of Business and Management 4 (December 20, 2022): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51703/bm.v4i0.98.

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This study aimed to examine the effect of mediation, satisfaction, and the relationship between product quality, perceived fair prices, and customer loyalty. With a sample size of 400, the study was conducted at Telkomcel in Dili, Timor-Leste. The data collection of this study used a questionnaire adopted by previous studies, and data analysis used SMART-PLS 3.0. The findings of this study indicated that product quality has no significant effect on the loyalty of the customer. Still, the perception of a fair price that is satisfied by the customer significantly affects the loyalty of the customer. The customer is satisfied with the significant mediating effect on the relationship between product quality and fair perception of the customer's loyalty. This research has implications for product quality, perception of reasonable prices, and customer loyalty.

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Antonini, Renato. "Fair Comparison, Objective Examination and Positive Evidence in Undercutting Margins Computed in EU Trade Defence Investigation? No, Thanks." Global Trade and Customs Journal 15, Issue 5 (May 1, 2020): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2020064.

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In recent years, the European Commission has changed its practice of assessing price undercutting in trade defence investigations where the exporter sells via related sales subsidiaries. In such cases, undercutting was calculated on the basis of a ‘constructed export price’, obtained by deducting selling, general and administrative costs and notional profits from the actual export price. This practice was successfully challenged in Case T-301/16 Jindal v. Commission, where the General Court found that the European Commission had failed to compare prices at the same level of trade. The General Court also highlighted the importance of calculating undercutting on the basis of the actual prices charged to the first independent buyers.

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Alexander, Jennifer, and Paul Alexander. "What's a Fair Price? Price-Setting and Trading Partnerships in Javanese Markets." Man 26, no. 3 (September 1991): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2803879.

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Aldrin Alexander. "ANALISIS KELAYAKAN INVESTASI SAHAM PERUSAHAAN (STUDI KASUS PADA PT. KINO INDONESIA.TBK)." Inisiatif: Jurnal Ekonomi, Akuntansi dan Manajemen 2, no. 1 (December 15, 2022): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30640/inisiatif.v2i1.468.

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Analysis of Stock Investment Feasibility at PT. Kino Indonesia,Tbk. This research aims to analyze the feasibility of stock investment at PT. Kino Indonesia,Tbk., with growth analysis, profitability, liability and stock valuation. Using the case study method and quantitative approach, the result of the analysis show that the fundamental and profitability of the Company is in bad condition, even though it’s share price is below fair value. Investors are advised to monitor the company's future efforts, to improve their performance. Cause, it’s far better to buy a wonderful company at a fair price, than a fair company at a wonderful price.

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Güth, Werner, Manfred Königstein, Radosveta Ivanova-Stenzel, and Martin Strobel. "Bid Functions in Auctions and Fair Division Games: Experimental Evidence." German Economic Review 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 461–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00068.

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Abstract In auctions a seller offers a commodity for sale and collects the revenue. In fair division games the object is collectively owned by the group of bidders who equally share the revenue. We run an experiment in which the participants face four types of allocation games (auctions and fair division game under two price rules, first- versus second-price rule). We collect entire bid functions rather than bids for single values and investigate price and efficiency of the different trading institutions. We find that the first-price auction is more efficient than the second-price auction, whereas economic rationality assuming heterogeneous bidders suggests the opposite. Furthermore, we study the structure of individual bid functions.

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Goldman, Howard H. "Determining a Fair Price for Inpatient Psychiatric Care." Psychiatric Services 42, no. 2 (February 1991): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.42.2.139.

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Reinecke, Juliane, and Shaz Ansari. "What Is a “Fair” Price? Ethics as Sensemaking." Organization Science 26, no. 3 (June 2015): 867–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2015.0968.

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Campbell, Colin L., Daniel Heinrich, and Verena Schoenmüller. "Consumers' reaction to fair trade motivated price increases." Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 24 (May 2015): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.02.005.

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Pitic, Lucian, Stelian Brad, and Diana Pitic. "Study on Perceived Quality and Perceived Fair Price." Procedia Economics and Finance 15 (2014): 1304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(14)00592-9.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fair price'

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