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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fair price

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Academic literature on the topic 'Fair price'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Fair price"

1

Vidhusekhar P, Vidhusekhar P. "Fair Price Policy for Long Term Business." Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, no. 7 (June 15, 2012): 188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/july2014/66.

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EL QALLI, YASSINE. "RECURSIVE BAYESIAN ESTIMATION IN FORWARD PRICE MODELS IMPLIED BY FAIR PRICING." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 13, no. 02 (March 2010): 301–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024910005784.

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In this paper we describe a recursive Bayesian algorithm for the estimation of forward price models. The forward price is modeled within the benchmark framework for a forward price volatility function which includes a stochastic variable; a forward price with a liquidly traded maturity. A relationship between the bond price, the spot price and certain forward prices is stated. We set up the stochastic real world dynamics for these discretely compounded market observed forward prices. We propose a dynamic Bayesian estimation algorithm for a Monte Carlo time-discretized version of the resulting forward prices dynamics. The parameter to be estimated is a vector consisting of the forward price volatility parameters and the benchmarked bond price volatility parameters.

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Schmidtz, David. "Are Price Controls Fair?" Supreme Court Economic Review 23, no. 1 (January 2015): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/686479.

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Höhler, Julia, and Julia A. Schreiner. "Unfair milk prices? Lessons from a split-sample choice experiment." British Food Journal 122, no. 2 (November 23, 2019): 515–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-04-2019-0298.

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Purpose In times of “milk price crises”, “fair” milk prices are repeatedly demanded. Various studies indicate an increased willingness to pay (WTP) for the additional attribute of price fairness. Nevertheless, market shares have been low so far. The purpose of this paper is to discuss three possible reasons for this: low reference prices, socially desirable responses in choice experiments and the lack of justification of the claim “fair” by further attributes. Design/methodology/approach In a split sample, one group facing alternatives with a higher price range and the other with a lower price range, the consumer’s choices are examined. This study uses a social desirability scale for controlling biases in the stated WTP. In addition, the claim “fair” is complemented with a guaranteed price, grazing, regional production and CO2-reduction. A random parameter logit model specified in WTP space is employed to estimate milk consumers’ (n=480) preferences for “fair” milk. Furthermore, a latent class approach reveals information about the source of preference heterogeneity for fair milk attributes among the two groups of the split sample. Findings This study finds statistically significant differences between the two price ranges. In the low price range, additional attributes can trigger an additional WTP. In the high price range, there is no statistically significant additional WTP. WTP’s dependence on price levels could explain why the market share for “fair” milk has so far been low. Originality/value This paper contributes to the study of the effect of split samples in choice experiments. In addition, it promotes the understanding of price fairness in milk and its determinants.

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Sahir, Wahida. "Relevance of al-ṡaman al-‘adl on Modern Transaction." Al-Kharaj: Journal of Islamic Economic and Business 3, no. 1 (June 9, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24256/kharaj.v3i1.1416.

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A perfectly competitive market can produce fair prices for sellers and buyers. If the market mechanism is disrupted, fair prices will not be reached. This study aims to determine the economic thought of Islamic Middle Ages (Al-Ghazali, Ibn Taymiyah and Ibn Khaldun), analyze the concept of demand and supply prices and the contribution of al-aman al-'adl in demand and supply prices according to Al-Ghazali, Ibn Taimiyah and Ibn Khaldun (Middle Ages). This research uses the method of library research with a historical, sociological and economic approach. Data sources used are primary data and secondary data.The results of this study indicate that Al-Ghazali was one of the thinkers of Islamic economics who initiated the concept of al-aman al-‘adl with a socialist style of thought. Ibn Taymiyyah was a cleric with a socialist mindset that was specifically focused on the market mechanism, emphasizing his views on the free market. Ibn Khaldun was the pioneer of the birth of sociology which summarized the discussion of history-philosophy and political economy. The style of Ibn Khaldun's economic thought is more directed to the style of socialist thought which strongly emphasizes the importance of a free market system. The concept of demand analysis is that the higher the price, the lower the demand will be. Meanwhile, the concept of supply analysis is the higher the price, the more number of goods offered. Al-ṡaman al-‘adl's contribution (fair price) according to Al-Ghazali addresses the issue of price and profit simultaneously without distinguishing between costs and income. The contribution of al-ṡaman al-‘adl (fair price) according to Ibn Taymiyyah maintains fairness in conducting reciprocal transactions and other relationships among members of the community, the concept of a fair price only occurs in competitive markets. The contribution of al-ṡaman al-‘adl (fair price) according to Ibn Khaldun is the price is very much determined by the demand and supply

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Lowe, Ben, Fanny Chan Fong Yee, and Pamela Yeow. "Price promotions and their effect upon reference prices." Journal of Product & Brand Management 23, no. 4/5 (August 18, 2014): 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-01-2014-0485.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to resolve inconsistencies in the literature about how one-time price promotions affect reference prices. Specifically, this study suggests that the measure of reference price used within a study (e.g. expected price or fair price) can affect the outcomes of that study. Design/methodology/approach – This research uses three separate experiments, replicating and extending existing work, to simulate purchasing decisions for products in the context of a price promotion. Experiments allow careful control of the confounds presumed to cause the inconsistencies between studies. Findings – Study 1 shows that measurement of different reference prices within the same experiment leads to carryover effects, which inflate the correlation between measures. Expected price and fair price appear to be conceptually and empirically distinct and should be measured separately to reduce design artifacts. Study 2 shows that one-time price promotions affect fair price, but not expected price, and Study 3 shows expected price and fair price converge after multiple promotions. Research limitations/implications – Independent measurement of reference price concepts allows robust claims about their distinctiveness. These findings have implications for how reference price should be measured in survey research and for pricing and promotional strategy. Originality/value – This research contributes by showing how the measure of reference price used affects the outcomes of price promotion studies. It does this through the replication and extension of past research. Replication allows greater confidence in the findings of past research, and testing the same findings under different conditions allows for the boundaries of existing research to be delimited and generalizations to be made.

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Maxwell, Sarah. "Fair price: research outside marketing." Journal of Product & Brand Management 17, no. 7 (October 31, 2008): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610420810916399.

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Sudiarti, Sri. "MEKANISMEPASAR SEBAGAI PENENTU HARGA (ANALISIS PEMIKIRAN IBN TAIMIYAH)." Studia Economica : Jurnal Ekonomi Islam 1, no. 1 (January 6, 2015): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.30821/se.v1i1.235.

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<p>In the perspective of the Islamic concept of the price is not much different from the modern economy. But in Islam has always emphasized the role of ethics (moral values). Basically, Islam has been described that a fair price is the price established by the market forces that run freely, the meeting between the forces of demand and supply. The concept of the proposed price of IbnTaymiyya is not much different from what has been formulated by modern economists. The only difference is the emphasis on ethics and morals. In principle, fair prices occurs when the demand and supply of naturally occurring and balanced (equilibrium price). A fair price according to IbnTaymiyya is the value of the price of goods which the seller sells his wares and generally accepted as being commensurate with the goods sold or other similar goods in a particular place and time. IbnTaymiyyah and very modern economists agree that if the government does not interfere in the determination of prices during a market mechanism walk naturally without any disturbances from the traders and from the buyer.</p>

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Mansyur, Zaenuddin. "RELEVANCE OF THE CONCEPT OF FAIR PRICES AND PROFITS FOR THE COMMUNITY, (STUDY OF IBN TAYMIYYAH THOUGHTS ON JUSTICE IN TRADE)." Mu'amalat: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Ekonomi Syariah 11, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/mu.v11i1.2035.

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The urgency of justice in determining a price or profit in trade at least can construct the concerns of the leading cleric's Ibn Taymiyyah to bring up the theories associated with it. Ibn Taymiyah's involvement in bringing up the theory of justice in the field of trade was nothing but to improve the economic conditions of the community where he lived. Ibn Taimiyah's concern in the economy when he gave rise to fair price theory. According to him that a fair price is a price that can be formed by market forces that run freely is not determined by the party who has the goods so that the shortage of goods (supply decreases) or increasing population (demand rises) is not a reason to raise prices as freely as possible. While the theory of determining a fair price for Ibn Taymiyyah had an impact on determining a fair profit as well. Where profit-taking may also not be determined by the owner of the goods but profit-taking is based on market conditions in ways that are generally accepted. This means that the profit to be taken is a normal profit that can be received by all parties by providing the same price to the general public event even though there is a great need for the merchandise. Thus, determining a price is very relevant to making a profit. Where profits can be determined through market prices that do not cause gaps and exploitation to buyers.

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Jaisson, Thibault. "Liquidity and Impact in Fair Markets." Market Microstructure and Liquidity 01, no. 02 (December 2015): 1550010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382626615500100.

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In this paper, we develop a theory which applies to any market dynamics that satisfy a fair market assumption on the nullity of the average profit of simple market making strategies. We show that for any such fair market, there exists a martingale fair price which corresponds to the average liquidation value (at the ask or the bid) of an infinitesimal quantity of stock. We show that this fair price is a natural reference price to compute the ex post gain of limit orders. Using only the fair market assumption, we link the spread to the impact of market orders on the fair price. We use our definition of the fair price to build empirical tests of the relevance of this notion whose results are consistent with our theoretical predictions.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fair price"

1

Larson, Richard Colby. "FAIR TRADE COFFEE: DO FAIR TRADE ANNOUNCEMENTS AFFECT STOCK PRICE?" Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192515.

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Ferguson, Jodie Lynne. "Fair or Foul? Determining the Rules of the Fair Pricing Game." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/marketing_diss/13.

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Past research on perceived price fairness has examined outcome fairness, or the fairness of an offered price in respect to other prices (e.g., Campbell 1999a; b). In this research consumers’ perceived fairness of the process used by the retailer to set the price, as well as outcome perceived price fairness (PPF), were examined. In the first of two studies, twelve price-setting practices were evaluated on procedural fairness, pervasiveness (i.e., commonness of price-setting practice in the marketplace), and social acceptability within six contexts. Social acceptability was found to be highest when the price-setting practice was both procedurally fair and perceived to be highly pervasive for a given context. An experiment bridged the two concepts of price fairness by detecting the negative effect of using a socially unacceptable price-setting practice on outcome PPF. Also, evidence of multidimensionality (i.e., a cognitive and an affective dimension) of the PPF construct was confirmed in the second study. Cognitive and affective assessments of PPF were found to bring about greater consumer intention to partake in self-protection behaviors such as complaining, and revenge-seeking behaviors such as posting negative online reviews.

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Novotny, J. "Estimation of the fair price of the credit." Thesis, Ukrainian Academy of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/61862.

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The report is focused on description of estimation of the fair price of the credit. Individual factors which enter the prices of individual credits are described at first. Then fair price (interest rate) calculations are performed for corporate credit, for mortgage credit and for consumer credit. Various levels of collateral of individual credit types are implicated in the calculations. At the end fair prices are compared to real interest rates in time.

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Redman, Kevin D. "Analysis of pricing techniques in determining a fair and reasonable price." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA359536.

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Thesis (M.S. Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1998.
"December 1998." Thesis advisor(s): David V. Lamm, David A. Smith. Includes bibliographical references (p. 125). Also available online.

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Semeen, Homaira. "Accounting for fair trade: Evidence from producer organisations in fair trade supply chains." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/133920/1/Homaira_Semeen_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis examines the use of accounting and related control mechanisms by producer organisations in fair trade supply chains to understand the impact on worker empowerment. Mobilising Bourdieu's theoretical framework of field-capital-habitus and the notion of commensuration, this study conducted case studies on three fair trade producer organisations in Bangladesh. The findings suggest there are complex challenges that fair trade producer organisations encounter in designing a set of accounting and related control mechanisms to operationalise fair trade policies related to worker empowerment, which recursively contribute to producer organisations' social positions in the supply chains.

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Reinecke, Juliane Theresa Ute. "From 'Fair Trade' to Fairtrade : the politics of values and ethical standard setting." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609402.

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Lowe, Benjamin, and n/a. "Pricing Strategy and the Formation and Evolution of Reference Price Perceptions in New Product Categories." Griffith University. Griffith Business School, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070221.155102.

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This study examines how pioneer and follower pricing strategies affect the formation and evolution of reference price perceptions in new product categories. It contributes to our understanding of pricing new products by integrating two important research streams in the field of marketing - reference price theory and the theory of pioneer brand advantage. This is the first research to address reference price effects for radically new product categories. Prior research has focused solely on products in existing categories, typically in fast moving consumer goods categories. Using three experiments to causally establish the consequences of pioneer and follower pricing strategies on consumer perceptions, three critical research issues are addressed for the first time, consistent with calls for research in the literature: 1. Which reference price do consumers utilise in new product categories? 2. What is the role of consumer confidence in reference price for new product categories? 3. How do reference price perceptions form and evolve as a result of pioneer and follower pricing strategy? In the literature, a frequently cited issue is the fragmented operationalisation of reference price perceptions. With little theory to guide researchers in terms of which measures should be used, experiment 1 provides new theory, finding as hypothesised, that fair price perceptions as opposed to expected price perceptions are more likely to be evoked by consumers for new product categories. Experiment 1 also finds that using consumers' confidence in their reference price beliefs as an additional explanatory variable, does not improve over current reference price models. Overconfidence, a robust consumer behavioural phenomenon (Alba and Hutchinson 2000), might explain this result. Prior research has made several contributions to understanding reference price perceptions in established product categories. However, not much is known about how these reference price perceptions initially form and evolve. Experiments 2 and 3 address this gap by simulating an emerging market and examining the role of pioneership in shaping reference price perceptions. Experiment 2 found the pioneer, due to its perceptual prominence, is able to define the reference price and subsequently define perceptions of value. That is, the value consumers place on a product and their intentions to purchase the product are about the same whether the pioneer follows a penetration (initial low price) or skimming (initial high price) strategy. Experiment 3 extends experiment 2 by examining what happens in the emerging market when a follower brand enters. The follower enters at a large or small discount to the pioneer, and the pioneer completes its penetration or skimming strategy, converging to a 'regular' price. As predicted, the pioneer's initial price frames subsequent price and value perceptions, signifying the importance of the pioneer as a referent brand. Lower initial prices erode value perceptions, whereas higher initial prices substantiate value perceptions. The follower's pricing strategy does not have as much influence as the pioneer's pricing strategy. Other findings from experiment 3 related to reference price theory in general. Specifically, there was strong evidence of an averaging process when forming reference prices. This adds theory to the measurement debate about operationalising reference price as some past price such as last price paid or some average of past prices. Experiment 3 also provides a further measurement contribution by supporting the use of brand specific measures of reference price, rather than category based measures. More generally, because of the causal research design, this thesis provides strong evidence of the use of reference prices in consumer decision making: a key concern emphasised by one of the area's seminal articles (i.e., Kalyanaram and Winer 1995), which stresses the need to provide evidence that consumers actually use reference prices, and not just act as if they do.

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Lowe, Benjamin. "Pricing Strategy and the Formation and Evolution of Reference Price Perceptions in New Product Categories." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365671.

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This study examines how pioneer and follower pricing strategies affect the formation and evolution of reference price perceptions in new product categories. It contributes to our understanding of pricing new products by integrating two important research streams in the field of marketing - reference price theory and the theory of pioneer brand advantage. This is the first research to address reference price effects for radically new product categories. Prior research has focused solely on products in existing categories, typically in fast moving consumer goods categories. Using three experiments to causally establish the consequences of pioneer and follower pricing strategies on consumer perceptions, three critical research issues are addressed for the first time, consistent with calls for research in the literature: 1. Which reference price do consumers utilise in new product categories? 2. What is the role of consumer confidence in reference price for new product categories? 3. How do reference price perceptions form and evolve as a result of pioneer and follower pricing strategy? In the literature, a frequently cited issue is the fragmented operationalisation of reference price perceptions. With little theory to guide researchers in terms of which measures should be used, experiment 1 provides new theory, finding as hypothesised, that fair price perceptions as opposed to expected price perceptions are more likely to be evoked by consumers for new product categories. Experiment 1 also finds that using consumers' confidence in their reference price beliefs as an additional explanatory variable, does not improve over current reference price models. Overconfidence, a robust consumer behavioural phenomenon (Alba and Hutchinson 2000), might explain this result. Prior research has made several contributions to understanding reference price perceptions in established product categories. However, not much is known about how these reference price perceptions initially form and evolve. Experiments 2 and 3 address this gap by simulating an emerging market and examining the role of pioneership in shaping reference price perceptions. Experiment 2 found the pioneer, due to its perceptual prominence, is able to define the reference price and subsequently define perceptions of value. That is, the value consumers place on a product and their intentions to purchase the product are about the same whether the pioneer follows a penetration (initial low price) or skimming (initial high price) strategy. Experiment 3 extends experiment 2 by examining what happens in the emerging market when a follower brand enters. The follower enters at a large or small discount to the pioneer, and the pioneer completes its penetration or skimming strategy, converging to a 'regular' price. As predicted, the pioneer's initial price frames subsequent price and value perceptions, signifying the importance of the pioneer as a referent brand. Lower initial prices erode value perceptions, whereas higher initial prices substantiate value perceptions. The follower's pricing strategy does not have as much influence as the pioneer's pricing strategy. Other findings from experiment 3 related to reference price theory in general. Specifically, there was strong evidence of an averaging process when forming reference prices. This adds theory to the measurement debate about operationalising reference price as some past price such as last price paid or some average of past prices. Experiment 3 also provides a further measurement contribution by supporting the use of brand specific measures of reference price, rather than category based measures. More generally, because of the causal research design, this thesis provides strong evidence of the use of reference prices in consumer decision making: a key concern emphasised by one of the area's seminal articles (i.e., Kalyanaram and Winer 1995), which stresses the need to provide evidence that consumers actually use reference prices, and not just act as if they do.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Baratta, Cliff. "The Fair Trade Coffee Market: Income Differences for Small-Scale Farmers and Industry Growth." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1979.

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Thesis advisor: Richard McGowan
The Fair Trade movement is not new. Its roots go all the way back to the 1940s, and since its inception many Fair Trade organizations have arisen to offer this alternative strategy for doing business. Coffee is most commonly associated with Fair Trade, and it is the product this paper seeks to explore. In a broad sense, this investigation will look at how close Fair Trade Coffee certification programs actually come to being fair. The working definition of fairness is the ability to provide economic opportunities to marginalized workers. A fair economy would properly reward hard-working farmers for their intense labors. Many Fair Trade initiatives argue this is not what exists. As a result, they pay a living wage and offer opportunities to coffee farmers—some of the poorest people in the world—with hopes that this will help advance them out of poverty. To see if this successfully promotes fairness in economics, this paper will focus on the benefits of certification to small-scale farmers, mainly regarding income, and on the development of the Fair Trade Coffee market. Ultimately, this research will demonstrate that this movement is at least somewhat successful at improving the economic situation of marginalized workers
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics Honors Program
Discipline: Economics

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Vítková, Tereza. "Fair Trade a jeho význam pro africké země." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113754.

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The aim of this thesis is to analyze the functioning of Fair Trade and define the main opportunities which it offers to the producers from Africa. The first chapter contains the typical features of this concept, its definition, essential principles, methods of certification, a brief historical overview and current development. It also introduces some important international organizations involved in Fair Trade. The second chapter focuses on Fair Trade in Africa. It includes the analysis of African market, SWOT analysis and definition of some important Fair Trade organizations in Africa and their main activities. The emphasis is given to Fair Trade in Africa, the utilization and distribution of Fair Trade premium, commodity structure, number of farmers involved in the concept of Fair Trade and some other factors. The last part is devoted to the cocoa industry in Africa and two major cooperatives operating in the Ivory Coast and Ghana.

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Books on the topic "Fair price"

1

Hauff, Michael von. Fair Trade: Ein Konzept nachhaltigen Handels. Konstanz: UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, 2012.

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The fair trade revolution. London: Pluto, 2011.

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Edgar, Jones. True and fair: A history of Price Waterhouse. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1995.

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Morawski, Wojciech, Anna Moszyńska, and Martin Löhnig, eds. Fair taxes or budget revenues at any price? Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/9783205215295.

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The official price guide to world's fair memorabilia. New York: House of Collectibles, 1989.

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Manitoba. Manitoba Energy and Mines. Manitoba's natural gas policy: Energy security at a fair price. [Winnipeg: Manitoba Energy and Mines, 1987.

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Redman, Kevin D. Analysis of pricing techniques in determining a fair and reasonable price. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1998.

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Maxwell, Sarah. The price is wrong: Understanding what makes a price seem fair and the true cost of unfair pricing. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

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Ransom, David. The no-nonsense guide to fair trade. Toronto: New Internationalist Publications, 2002.

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Ransom, David. The no-nonsense guide to fair trade. Toronto: New Internationalist Publications, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fair price"

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Bernhard, Pierre, Jacob C. Engwerda, Berend Roorda, J. M. Schumacher, Vassili Kolokoltsov, Patrick Saint-Pierre, and Jean-Pierre Aubin. "Fair Price Intervals." In The Interval Market Model in Mathematical Finance, 45–63. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-8176-8388-7_4.

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Chen, Li, Hau Lee, and Christopher S. Tang. "Fair Price, Fair Trade, and Fair Pay in Supply Chains." In Creating Values with Operations and Analytics, 65–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08871-1_5.

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Maxwell, Sarah, Nicholas Maxwell, and Peter Nye. "The Fair Price Bargaining Zone." In Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science, 404–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17320-7_109.

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Bronkhorst, Ruud. "Fair Price for Agricultural Products." In The Economics of Human Rights, 75–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59166-3_15.

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McMahon, Craig. "Introduction: Fair Price and Sufficient Profit." In Taming the Fringe, 1–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70615-9_1.

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Nietert, B. "Fair Stock Risk Premiums under Firm-specific Price Jumps." In Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization, 359–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55991-4_38.

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Bronkhorst, Ruud. "Living Wage, Living Income and Fair Price Further Explained." In The Economics of Human Rights, 31–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59166-3_6.

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Kałążny, Adam, and Wojciech Morawski. "Tax on revenues from buildings." In Fair taxes or budget revenues at any price?, 187–202. Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/9783205215295.187.

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Zawiejska-Rataj, Joanna. "Tax administration in Poland: changes to organisation, competencies and procedures – dilemma between effectiveness and audited entities rights." In Fair taxes or budget revenues at any price?, 283–304. Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/9783205215295.283.

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Brzeziński, Bogumił. "Foreword." In Fair taxes or budget revenues at any price?, 9–10. Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/9783205215295.9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fair price"

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Flammini, Michele, Manuel Mauro, and Matteo Tonelli. "On Fair Price Discrimination in Multi-Unit Markets." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/34.

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Discriminatory pricing policies, even if at first glance can be perceived as unfair, are widespread. In fact, pricing differences for the same item among different national markets are common, or forms of discrimination based on the time of purchase, like in tickets' sales. In this work we propose a framework for capturing the setting of ``fair'' discriminatory pricing and study its application to multi-unit markets, in which many copies of the same item are on sale. Our model is able to incorporate the fundamental discrimination settings proposed in the literature, by expressing individual buyers constraints for assigning prices by means of a social relationship graph, modeling the information that each buyer can acquire about the prices assigned to the other buyers. After pointing out the positive effects of fair price discrimination, we investigate the computational complexity of maximizing the social welfare and the revenue in these markets, providing hardness and approximation results under various assumptions on the buyers valuations and on the social graph topology.

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Mahmud, A. S. M. Ashraf, and Paul Sant. "Real-time price savings through price suggestions for the smart grid demand response model." In 2017 5th International Istanbul Smart Grid and Cities Congress and Fair (ICSG). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sgcf.2017.7947603.

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3

D'Aronco, Stefano, Laura Toni, and Pascal Frossard. "Price-Based Controller for Quality-Fair HTTP Adaptive Streaming." In 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia (ISM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ism.2016.0030.

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Guan, Bayi, Xuejie Wang, Zhanli Shang, and Zhongquan Chen. "The nominal price analysis of trading financial assets at fair value." In 3d International Conference on Applied Social Science Research (ICASSR 2015). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icassr-15.2016.282.

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Boros, Eszter. "A Fair Solution Or Pure Theory: Price Adjustment In The EMU." In 33rd International ECMS Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2019-0057.

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Emelianov, Vitalii, George Arvanitakis, Nicolas Gast, Krishna Gummadi, and Patrick Loiseau. "The Price of Local Fairness in Multistage Selection." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/809.

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The rise of algorithmic decision making led to active researches on how to define and guarantee fairness, mostly focusing on one-shot decision making. In several important applications such as hiring, however, decisions are made in multiple stage with additional information at each stage. In such cases, fairness issues remain poorly understood. In this paper we study fairness in k-stage selection problems where additional features are observed at every stage. We first introduce two fairness notions, local (per stage) and global (final stage) fairness, that extend the classical fairness notions to the k-stage setting. We propose a simple model based on a probabilistic formulation and show that the locally and globally fair selections that maximize precision can be computed via a linear program. We then define the price of local fairness to measure the loss of precision induced by local constraints; and investigate theoretically and empirically this quantity. In particular, our experiments show that the price of local fairness is generally smaller when the sensitive attribute is observed at the first stage; but globally fair selections are more locally fair when the sensitive attribute is observed at the second stage – hence in both cases it is often possible to have a selection that has a small price of local fairness and is close to locally fair.

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Kallel, O., I. Ben Jaafar, L. Dupont, and K. Ghedira. "Fuzzy guidance strategies for fair multi-agent negotiation of wholesale price contracts." In 2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Innovative Wireless Power Transmission: Technologies, Systems, and Applications (IMWS 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imws.2011.6115362.

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Tan, Liansheng, Xiaomei Zhang, Lachlan H. Andrew, and Moshe Zukerman. "Price-based Max-Min Fair Rate Allocation in Wireless Multi-hop Networks." In TENCON 2005 - 2005 IEEE Region 10 Conference. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tencon.2005.301125.

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Kallel, O., I. Ben Jaafar, L. Dupont, and K. Ghedira. "Fuzzy guidance strategies for fair multi-agent negotiation of wholesale price contracts." In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2011.6118110.

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Kumar, R. Sathish, C. Rani, and P. Ganesh Kumar. "Predicting shortest path for goods delivery to fair price shops in India." In 2017 4th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaccs.2017.8014631.

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Reports on the topic "Fair price"

1

Herz, Holger, and Dmitry Taubinsky. What Makes a Price Fair? An Experimental Analysis of Transaction Experience and Endogenous Fairness Views. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22728.

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2

DoD Office of Inspector General. U.S. Air Force Spent Billions on F117 Engine Sustainment Without Knowing What a Fair Price Was. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1016478.

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Islam, Muhammad Azizul, Pamela Abbott, Shamima Haque, and Fiona Gooch. Impact of Global Clothing Retailers' Unfair Practices on Bangladeshi Suppliers During Covid-19. University of Aberdeen, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57064/2164/19814.

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Based on a survey of 1,000 Bangladeshi factories/suppliers1 producing clothes for global fashion brands and retailers, this research highlights reports of unfair trading practices encountered by manufacturers during Covid-19. Suppliers reported that retailers/brands cancelled orders, refused to pay for goods dispatched/in-process and demanded a reduction in price for orders already placed before March 2020. Since then, they further pressured the suppliers to reduce prices. Suppliers reported that in December 2021, despite the rising costs of inputs and the additional costs of Covid-19 mitigation measures, 70% of brands/retailers were still buying garments at similar prices to those in March 2020 from at least some of their suppliers. More than 50% of factories reported at least one of the following four unfair practices by brands/ retailers: cancellation of orders, price reduction, refusal to pay for goods dispatched/in production and delaying payment of invoices. Such unfair trading practices impacted suppliers’ employment practices resulting in worker turnover, loss of jobs and lower wages. Importantly, one in five factories reported that they had struggled to pay the Bangladeshi legal minimum wages since the factories had reopened following the March and April 2020 lockdown. We recommend countries with large consumer markets where global retailers and brands sell their clothes legislate to curb unfair purchasing practices by outlawing them and appointing an adjudicator or a fashion watchdog. This would ensure that buyers/retailers cannot dump disproportionate and inappropriate risks onto their suppliers and that retailers and brands conform to the norms of fair commercial practices.

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Connors, Caitlin, Laura Malan, Murel Esposito, Claire Madden, Nefeli Trikka, Mel Cohen, Faun Rothery, et al. UK Public’s Interests, Needs and Concerns Around Food. Food Standards Agency, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ihw534.

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This qualitative and quantitative research explored UK consumer views and priorities in relation to our responsibilities around food hygiene and safety, but also around wider interests the public see critical in shaping their food choices and lives including: health and nutrition environment and ethics price quality and convenience consumer versus business power potential food futures The top priorities for consumers, and where they would like action taken on their behalf, are around ensuring: hygiene and safety standards are maintained or strengthened equitable access to safe, healthy, affordable food easy informed decision making trustworthy food information In the context of the UK, they would like to ensure farmers and UK agriculture are protected and that locally produced food is accessible. In the wider context of the system, consumers would like action on animal welfare and waste (food and packaging), and in the long term a steer towards fair, ethical and sustainable food systems.

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Finkelstain, Israel, Steven Buccola, and Ziv Bar-Shira. Pooling and Pricing Schemes for Marketing Agricultural Products. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568099.bard.

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In recent years there has been a growing concern over the performance of Israel and U.S. agricultural marketing organizations. In Israel, poor performance of some marketing institutions has led to radical reforms. Examples are the two leading export industries - citrus and flowers. In the U.S., growth of local market power is eliminating competitive row product prices which served as the basis for farmer cooperative payment plans. This research studies, theoretically, several aspects of the above problem and develops empirical methods to assess their relative importance. The theoretical part deals with two related aspects of the operation of processing and marketing firms. The first is the technological structure of these firms. To this end, we formalize a detailed theory that describes the production process itself and the firm's decision. The model accounts for multiple products and product characteristics. The usefulness of the theory for measurement of productivity and pricing of raw material is demonstrated. The second aspect of the processing and marketing firm that we study is unique to the agricultural sector, where many such firms are cooperatives. In such cooperative an efficient and fair mechanism for purchasing raw materials from members is crucial to successful performances of the firm. We focus on: 1) pricing of raw materials. 2) comparison of employment of quota and price regimes by the cooperative to regulate the quantities, supplied by members. We take into consideration that the cooperative management is subject to pressure from member farmers. 3) Tier pricing for raw materials in order to ensure efficiency and zero profits at the cooperative level. This problem is examined in both closed and open cooperatives. The empirical part focuses in: 1) the development of methodologies for estimating demand for differentiated products; 2) assessing farmers response to component pricing; 3) measurement of potential and actual exploitation of market power by an agricultural marketing firm. The usefulness of the developed methodologies are demonstrated by several application to agricultural sub-sectors, including: U.S. dairy industry, Oregon wine industry, Israeli Cotton industry and Israeli Citrus industry.

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Collington, Rosie, and William Lazonick. Pricing for Medicine Innovation: A Regulatory Approach to Support Drug Development and Patient Access. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp176.

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The United States represents the world’s largest market for pharmaceutical drugs. It is also the only advanced economy in the world that does not regulate drug prices. There is no upper threshold for the prices of medicines in the United States. List prices are instead set by manufacturers in negotiation with supply-chain intermediaries, though some federal programs have degrees of discretion in price determinations. In practice, this deregulated system means that drug prices in the United States are generally far higher than in other advanced economies, adversely affecting patient accessibility and system affordability. In this paper, we draw on the “theory of innovative enterprise” to develop a framework that provides both a critique of the existing pricing system in the United States and a foundation for developing a new model of pricing regulation to support safety and effectiveness through drug development as well as accessibility and affordability in the distribution of approved medicines to patients. We introduce a regulatory approach we term “Pricing for Medicine Innovation” (PMI), which departs dramatically from the market-equilibrium assumptions of conventional (neoclassical) economics. The PMI approach recognizes the centrality of collective investments by government agencies and business firms in the productive capabilities that underpin the drug development process. PMI specifies the conditions under which, at the firm level, drug pricing can support both sustained investment in these capabilities and improved patient access. PMI can advance both of these objectives simultaneously by regulating not just the level of corporate profit but also its allocation to reinvestment in the drug development process. PMI suggests that although price caps are likely to improve drug affordability, there remain two potential issues with this pricing approach. Firstly, in an innovation system where a company’s sales revenue is the source of its finance for further drug development, price caps may deprive a firm of the means to invest in innovation. Secondly, even with adequate profits available for investment in innovation, a firm that is run to maximize shareholder value will tend to use those profits to fund distributions to shareholders rather than for investment in drug innovation. We argue that, if implemented properly, PMI could both improve the affordability of medicines and enhance the innovative performance of pharmaceutical companies.

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Davidson, C., T. James, R. Margolis, R. Fu, and D. Feldman. U.S. Residential Photovoltaic (PV) System Prices, Q4 2013 Benchmarks: Cash Purchase, Fair Market Value, and Prepaid Lease Transaction Prices. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1163422.

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Choi, James, David Laibson, and Brigitte Madrian. Why Does the Law of One Price Fail? An Experiment on Index Mutual Funds. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12261.

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9

DoD Office of Inspector General. Improvements Needed in the Defense Logistics Agencys Evaluation of Fair and Reasonable Prices for C130 Aircraft Spare Parts (Redacted). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1003336.

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10

Wolf, Eva. Chemikalienmanagement in der textilen Lieferkette. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627987.

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The World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002 set the goal of minimising the adverse impacts of chemicals and waste by 2020. This goal has not been achieved yet. Therefore, other approaches are needed to prevent, minimise, or replace harmful substances. One possible approach is this master thesis which deals with the challenges that the textile importer DELTEX is facing with regard to a transparent communication of chemicals used and contained in the product in its supply chain. DELTEX is bound by legal regulations and requirements of its customer and must ensure that there are no harmful substances in the garments. For each order, the customer requires a chemical inventory from DELTEX which contains the chemical substances and formulations used (so-called "order-wise chemical inventory"). Currently, the suppliers are not willing to pass this on to DELTEX. As a result, DELTEX is faced with the problem of having no knowledge of the materials used in the garments and is thus taking a high risk. The structure of this study is based on the transdisciplinary "delta analysis" of the Society for Institutional Analysis at the University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt. This compares the target state with the actual state and derives a delta from the difference. Based on this, suitable design options are to be developed to close the delta. The study defines the target state on the basis of normative requirements and derives three criteria from this, which can be used to measure design options. By means of guideline-based interviews with experts, an online survey and literature research, it examines the current state. The analysis shows that the relevant actors are in an unfavourable incentive and barrier situation. The textile supply chain can be seen as a complex construct in which a whole series of production sites (often in developing and emerging countries where corruption and low environmental standards exist) carry out many processing steps. Chemicals are used at almost all stages of processing, some of which have harmful effects on people and the environment. At the same time, factory workers in the production countries are under enormous price and time pressure and often have insufficient know-how about chemical processes. DELTEX is dependent on its main customer and therefore has little room for price negotiations. To close this delta, the study formulates design options on macro, meso and micro levels and measures them against the developed criteria. None of the measures completely meets all the criteria, which is why a residual delta remains. The study concludes that not one, but rather a combination of several design options at all levels can achieve the target state. For DELTEX, an alliance with other textile importers, membership in the Fair Wear Foundation, strengthening the relationship with its suppliers and cooperation with another customer are recommended. Furthermore, the use of material data tools that support proactive reporting approaches such as a Full Material Declaration is recommended. The study is carried out from the perspective of the textile importer DELTEX. The results can therefore only be applied to the entire textile supply chain to a limited extent.

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