Journal articles: 'Failure'

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Bowman, Kristi. "The Failure of Education Federalism." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 51.1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.51.1.failure.

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Since the Great Recession of 2007–09, states have devoted even less money to public education and state courts have become even more hostile to structural reform litigation that has sought to challenge education funding and quality. Yet the current model of education federalism (dual federalism) leaves these matters largely to the states. As a result, state-level legislative inaction, executive acquiescence, and judicial abdication can combine to create a situation in which the quality of traditional public schools declines sharply. This is the case in Michigan, which is an unusually important state not only because the dynamics that are emerging in some other states are mature in Michigan but also because Michigan is the home state of Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos, who has influenced the state’s education policy substantially. Glaring gaps in educational quality like those in Michigan are not the federal government’s problem, and in some ways the federal government’s hands are tied when it comes to being part of the solution. This must change. Dual federalism does not reflect the current reality of many federal-state-local relationships, and it is sorely outdated in the context of public education. Accordingly, I argue for a larger, though by no means exclusive, federal role in K-12 public education with the goal of establishing a floor of educational quality for students across the country. In addition to proposing legislative and agency-based changes, I advance the novel litigation strategy of pairing a minimal educational quality right via Substantive Due Process with rational basis with bite review under the Equal Protection Clause. In these ways and others, we must move to a new model of federalism in education—cooperative federalism. Without this shift, a floor of educational quality will continue to be uneven both among and within states, and in more and more places like Michigan, the floor will rot and students will fall through.

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Horton, John. "Failure failure failure failure failure failure: Six types of failure within the neoliberal academy." Emotion, Space and Society 35 (May 2020): 100672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2020.100672.

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Anderson, F., R. Dawid, D. McMillan, and D. García Cava. "On the Sensitivity of Wind Turbine Failure Rate Estimates to Failure Definitions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2626, no. 1 (October 1, 2023): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2626/1/012025.

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Abstract This study presents a wind turbine reliability analysis at the turbine and assembly level. It is concerned with the uncertainties associated with data-processing for wind turbine failure rate figures. These uncertainties are prominent in discussions of failure data in the literature. In particular, the influence of different failure definitions on failure rate estimates are investigated. The baseline estimate is 9.06 failures per turbine per year. This figure changes significantly when introducing a lower downtime limit, repair limit or limit on time between subsequent downtimes of the same turbine for a downtime event to be considered a failure. It changes significantly depending on which maintenance actions are categorised as corrective and by what data points represent an intervention. From the one dataset analysed here, results show derived failure rates ranging from below 1 failures per turbine per year to over 10 failures per turbine per year using failure definitions which have previously been used in the literature. When restricting failures to those that can be attributed to a particular assembly, the failure rate estimate reduces to 7.47 failures per turbine per year. Assemblies that fail the most are the frequency converter (at around 1 failures per turbine per year) and the cooling system (at around 0.9 failure per turbine per year). The gearbox, blades, yaw system and hydraulic group were the next most frequently failing assemblies.

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Dearborn, Carly, and Sam Meister. "Failure as process." Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 27, no. 2 (August 2017): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0955749017722076.

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Disaster, loss, and failure preoccupy the minds of many digital preservation professionals, and yet, despite the prominence of digital disaster planning guidelines which seem to anticipate failure, there is limited discussion of experience with preservation system or network failures, which are often framed as inevitable in digital preservation. Despite this framing, negative perceptions of failure influence the digital preservation discourse by associating failure with poor planning, unreliability, and untrustworthiness on the part of institutions. This article will interrogate the issue of failure within the digital preservation field and consider the need for more conversations around network failure and recovery. The authors will argue that failure is part of the process of digital preservation and more honest conversations around this topic will contribute to the practice of openness and transparency within the digital preservation community. To illustrate these issues, the authors will discuss the actual hardware failures experienced by the MetaArchive Cooperative, a community-based distributed digital preservation network, and how the Cooperative’s utilization of the LOCKSS software allowed it to recover from those failures. Additionally, the lessons learned and resulting changes the Cooperative made to technical infrastructure, hardware diversity, policies and procedures will be shared.

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Silins, Nicholas. "Transmission Failure Failure." Philosophical Studies 126, no. 1 (October 2005): 71–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-005-4541-1.

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Antun Mikulecky. "TRANSFORMER BUSHINGS – FAILURE CASE STUDIES." Journal of Energy - Energija 61, no. 1-4 (July 19, 2022): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2012611-4249.

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Relationship between bushing failure and transformer failure is discussed and, in regard of that, two bushing failure types are recognized: incipient bushing failure that does not result in transformer damage and terminal bushing failure having transformer failure as a consequence. It can be seen, that without applying the diagnostics, all bushing failures are terminal. Thirteen bushing failures have been analyzed regarding their cause, failure mechanism and consequences. In that sense, the ability and limitation of off line and on line diagnostics are discussed and some improvements are proposed. Some switchyard properties in the aspect of fire protection are indicated and, especially, the possible influence of rigid tubular connections on bushing failures. Beside mentioned design, service, condition diagnostics and other properties of all three condenser types of bushings are described in the paper.

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T.J, Catherin, Blessy Rachel Thomas, Annamol Joseph, Apollo James, Haja Sherief S, and T. Sivakumar. "Retinopathy with renal failure." Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2017.4.3.9.

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Zadry, Hilma Raimona, Dendi Adi Saputra, Agung Budiman Tabri, Difana Meilani, and Dina Rahmayanti. "Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) for evaluation of a sugarcane machine failure." MATEC Web of Conferences 204 (2018): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820401012.

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The Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method has been widely recognized as a tool that systematically identifies the consequences and failures of the system or process, and reduces or eliminates the chances of the failure. This study applies that method to evaluate the causes of failure in the use of sugarcane machine that have been designed in the previous studies. FMEA approach anticipated the failures at the design stage, so that a more reliable and ergonomic design can be produced for future sugarcane machine. The potential failure identified from the machine consists of capacity issues, machine maintenance, preliminary treatment, and procedures of use. The study found that capacity issues are the priority problems that cause the machine failure. Then, this study proposed some actions to reduce the risk priority number (RPN) on 12 failures.

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Li, Ji-Wen, Qinghui Cui, and Jia-Jia Zhang. "Examining failure learning in online lending: Complete failure vs. incomplete failure." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 9, 2021): e0255666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255666.

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We examine the learning effects of borrowers’ failures in online lending. Based on funding ratios of borrowers’ loan listings in online lending, we first explore the role of failure degree in borrowers’ future funding performance. Further, we disaggregate borrowers’ funding failure into complete failure and incomplete failure, and compare theirs learning effects. Using a large sample of 610,000 online loan applications over six years from a Chinese leading online lending platform Renrendai, we use funding ratio to quantifiably measure each loan listing’s failure degree and conduct a series of tests. The results show that: (1) Borrowers’ failure degree of prior loan applications is negatively associated with one’s subsequent funding performance. (2) Borrowers’ complete failure cannot promote learning, while incomplete failure is good for future performance. (3) Both incomplete failure and complete failure interacted to influence the value of each type of experience and generate improved learning. Our results are robust across a variety of settings. The study sheds light for deeply understanding of failure learning phenomenon, and can also provide important implications for online lending managers to support successful financial transactions.

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Li, J.-P., and G. Thompson. "Mechanical failure analysis in a virtual reality environment." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 219, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440805x28258.

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This paper is part of a research theme to develop methods that enhance risk assessment studies by the use of ‘automated’ failure analysis. The paper presents an approach to mechanical failure analysis and introduces a mechanical failure analysis module that can be used in a virtual reality (VR) environment. The module is used to analyse and predict failures in mechanical assemblies; it considers stress related failures within components, as well as failures due to component interactions. Mechanical failures are divided into two categories in this paper: material failures and interference failures. The former occur in components and the latter happen at the interface between components. Individual component failures can be analysed readily; a contribution of the mechanical failure analysis module is to predict interference failures. A mechanical failure analysis system that analyses and visualizes mechanical failures in a virtual environment has been developed. Two case studies demonstrate how the system carries out failure analysis and visualization as design parameters are changed.

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Marías, Fernando, and José Riello. "A new Madrid for Joseph Bonaparte: an historical failure and an historiographical failure." TEMPORÁNEA. Revista de Historia de la Arquitectura, no. 1 (2020): 97–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/temporanea.2020.01.04.

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Frühwald Hansson, Eva. "Analysis of structural failures in timber structures: Typical causes for failure and failure modes." Engineering Structures 33, no. 11 (November 2011): 2978–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.02.045.

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13

Descœudres, Bernard, Michael T. Koller, Daniela Garzoni, Thomas Wolff, Juerg Steiger, Stefan Schaub, and Michael Mayr. "Contribution of Early Failure to Outcome on Peritoneal Dialysis." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 28, no. 3 (May 2008): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080802800312.

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Background The technique failure rate on peritoneal dialysis (PD) remains high despite technical progress. There are no data concerning the contribution of early failure to outcome on PD. Aim To analyze the importance of early treatment failure in PD and to compare early with late failures with respect to reasons and predictors of risk for failure. Methods We performed a retrospective study of all patients admitted for PD from October 1983 to June 2005. The end point was PD failure-free survival. Differences between reasons for failure with respect to early (within 6 months) and late failure were analyzed. Multivariate associations of baseline covariates with early and late failure were investigated. Results We included 279 patients. 153 (55%) patients experienced PD failure: 97 (63%) of them had technique failure; 56 (37%) patients died due to non-PD-related causes. 29% ( n = 44) of all PD failures and 40% ( n = 39) of all technique failures occurred within 6 months. Catheter and psychosocial problems contributed more often to early than to late failure, whereas infections, leakages, and hernias contributed equally to early and late failure. Death was the predominant reason for late failure. Female sex was a risk factor for early failure and older age a risk factor for late failure. Higher cholesterol levels were associated with a decreased risk for both early and late failure. Conclusion The contribution of early failure to outcome on PD is important, as one third of all PD failures and 40% of all technique failures may occur within the first 6 months, as shown in our study. Due to the retrospective nature and the single-center character, the results cannot be generalized. However, it is important to enhance recognition of patients at high risk for early PD failure prior to initiation of PD, in order to avoid unnecessary surgical interventions and medical complications, and for rational resource allocation.

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14

Levin, Ben. "The Failure of Failure." Phi Delta Kappan 89, no. 3 (November 2007): 234–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003172170708900316.

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Schafer, Daniel F., and Michael F. Sorrell. "Power Failure, Liver Failure." New England Journal of Medicine 336, no. 16 (April 17, 1997): 1173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199704173361609.

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16

Xiong, Jian, Shulin Tian, Chenglin Yang, and Cheng Liu. "A Novel Method of Failure Sample Selection for Electrical Systems Using Ant Colony Optimization." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4238734.

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The influence of failure propagation is ignored in failure sample selection based on traditional testability demonstration experiment method. Traditional failure sample selection generally causes the omission of some failures during the selection and this phenomenon could lead to some fearful risks of usage because these failures will lead to serious propagation failures. This paper proposes a new failure sample selection method to solve the problem. First, the method uses a directed graph and ant colony optimization (ACO) to obtain a subsequent failure propagation set (SFPS) based on failure propagation model and then we propose a new failure sample selection method on the basis of the number of SFPS. Compared with traditional sampling plan, this method is able to improve the coverage of testing failure samples, increase the capacity of diagnosis, and decrease the risk of using.

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17

Kujala, Pentti. "Modelling of the ice-edge failure process with curved failure surfaces." Annals of Glaciology 19 (1994): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1994aog19-1-158-164.

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The failure process of a Wedge-shaped ice edge is modelled by dividing the process in crushing failures at the contact and flaking failures initiating from high pressure in the contact. This type of approach has been shown earlier by Daley to give an explanation of the physical background of the line-like contact observed in ice-crushing tests and in full-scale measurements. Daley's model is developed further by studying the stress field in ice in more detail when applying the Coulomb macroscopic failure criterion to determine the force required for flaking failures. The analysis indicates that the shape of the flaking failure surface to minimise the force required to cause failure follows a logarithmic spiral. The shape of the spiral is related to the inner friction angle of ice and to the geometry of the ice edge. The curved flaking surfaces require considerably less force than straight surfaces used previously, especially with wide wedge angles. Finally, the model developed is used to simulate the time history of a crushing force measured in laboratory crushing tests and a good correspondence is obtained.

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Kujala, Pentti. "Modelling of the ice-edge failure process with curved failure surfaces." Annals of Glaciology 19 (1994): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500011150.

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The failure process of a Wedge-shaped ice edge is modelled by dividing the process in crushing failures at the contact and flaking failures initiating from high pressure in the contact. This type of approach has been shown earlier by Daley to give an explanation of the physical background of the line-like contact observed in ice-crushing tests and in full-scale measurements. Daley's model is developed further by studying the stress field in ice in more detail when applying the Coulomb macroscopic failure criterion to determine the force required for flaking failures. The analysis indicates that the shape of the flaking failure surface to minimise the force required to cause failure follows a logarithmic spiral. The shape of the spiral is related to the inner friction angle of ice and to the geometry of the ice edge. The curved flaking surfaces require considerably less force than straight surfaces used previously, especially with wide wedge angles. Finally, the model developed is used to simulate the time history of a crushing force measured in laboratory crushing tests and a good correspondence is obtained.

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Stimpson, B., K. Barron, and K. Kosar. "Multiple-block plane shear slope failure." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 24, no. 4 (November 1, 1987): 479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t87-064.

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Field examination of highwall slope failures occurring in some coal strip mines in Alberta in association with bentonite has led to the concept of a multiple-block plane shear failure mode in which a series of individual block failures regresses back into the slope for distances up to five times the slope height. These failures cause a rapid deterioration of the bench from which the dragline operates, reduce productivity, and necessitate bench maintenance to provide a safe, stable bench prior to the next pass of the dragline.A probabilistic limiting equilibrium analysis was developed to predict the positions of successive failure blocks and its predictions were compared with slope geometry and laboratory strength data from a producing coal strip mine in which a failure was active.Two slope failures reported in the literature (Folkestone Warren landslips and an Oxford Clay brick pit, both in England) were reanalysed using the multiple-block plane shear failure mode, and it is suggested that this mode of failure offers an alternative explanation for the slope kinematics observed.Finally, the most effective means of reducing the probability of failure or controlling the extent of slope failure retrogression is by dewatering. Key words: slopes, failure, coal mining, bentonite, clay bands, plane shear, case history, probabilistic analysis.

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Wang, Chenyuan, Yigang He, Chuankun Wang, Lie Li, and Xiaoxin Wu. "Multi-Chip IGBT Module Failure Monitoring Based on Module Transconductance with Temperature Calibration." Electronics 9, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101559.

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The Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) is the component with the highest failure rate in power converters, and its reliability is a critical issue in power electronics. IGBT module failure is largely caused by solder layer fatigue or bond wires fall-off. This paper proposes a multi-chip IGBT module failure monitoring method based on the module transconductance, which can accurately monitor IGBT module chip failures and bond wire failures. The paper first introduces the failure mechanism and module structure of the multi-chip IGBT module; then, it proposes a reliability model based on the module transconductance and analyzes the relationship between chip failure, bond wire failure, and the transmission characteristic curve of the IGBT module. Finally, the module transconductance under chip failure and bond wire failure is measured and calculated through simulation, and the temperature is calibrated, which can eliminate the influence of temperature on health monitoring. The results show that the method has a high sensitivity to chip failures and bond wire failures, can realize the failure monitoring of multi-chip IGBT modules, and is of great significance for improving the reliability of power converters.

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Goulter, I. C., and A. Kazemi. "Spatial and temporal groupings of water main pipe breakage in Winnipeg." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-010.

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The spatial and temporal patterns of water distribution pipe failure in the City of Winnipeg are examined. The failures are shown to be strongly clustered in space, where 22% of the total failures examined occur within 1 m of another failure and 46% occur within 20 m of another failure. A strong temporal clustering is also apparent, with 42% of all failures that occur within 1 m of another found also to occur within 1 day of the initial failure in the group. An exponential decrease in the marginal rates of failure with respect to both the temporal and spatial interval parameter is also observed. Earlier failures in a particular location appear to be an important key to assessing potential failures in that vicinity. These results suggest that a fruitful area for further examination for the reduction of failure rates is the change in the ground conditions resulting from an initial leak and its subsequent repair. Key words: failures, groupings, marginal rates, pipes, space, time, water distribution, Winnipeg.

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Rahmatul Khasanah. "PRAGMATIC FAILURE ISSUE: STUDENTS’ FAILURE TO RESPOND AN INVITING POLITELY." Lintang Songo : Jurnal Pendidikan 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.55732/jls.v2i1.272.

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The present study is conducted to investigate how non English department students produce pragmatic failures in responding the expressions, how do non English department students successfully respond to the pragmatics in responding to the expression and how do non English department students repair their pragmatic failure in responding the expressions. As the data analysis, the students’ answers of questionnaires and students’ answers of interviews are taken. This study uses descriptive qualitative method to analyze and interpret the results of questionnaires and interviews. The researcher believes that by studying the questionniares’ answers of non English department students and observing the students’ answers during interviews can answer the research questions. Pragmatic failures are the failure of non English department students to understand the intended meaning of some expressions. There are two kinds of pragmatic failures which produced by non English department students to respond the expressions are pragmalinguistic failures and sociopragmatic failures. From data analysis of producing pragmatic failures of non English department students, most of students fail to respond to the given contexts politely. Implicitly, the more they fail to respond the context, the more they produce sociopragmatic failures.

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Korving, H., and E. C. Ottenhoff. "Analysis of the causes of pump failure and differences of failure characteristics." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 8 (April 1, 2008): 1271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.304.

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It is generally accepted that sewage pumping stations are directly responsible for affecting sewer system performance in terms of combined sewer overflows and flooding. However, the specific causes of pump failure are unknown. This paper presents the analysis of pump failure data provided by four sewer management authorities in The Netherlands. Pump failures have been studied accounting for the nature of failures, operation and maintenance procedures of the management authority, ageing of the pumps and changes in the environment of pumps. Pumps have been clustered on the basis of specific characteristics of their ‘environment’, including pump age, operating time, pump capacity and degree of pollution of the sewage. The analysis shows that the well known ‘bathtub’ type failure rate curve can describe failures of sewage pumps. The impact of the degree of pollution of the sewage, however, is less clear. Operating time and total pumping capacity show no correlation with failure rate. Consequently, further research using data mining techniques is needed to separate the impact of the different aspects of the environment of a pump.

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Joung, Junegak, Ki-Hun Kim, and Kwangsoo Kim. "Data-Driven Approach to Dual Service Failure Monitoring From Negative Online Reviews: Managerial Perspective." SAGE Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): 215824402098824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020988249.

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Monitoring of dual service failures (e.g., trends in service failures and consecutive service failures) in business is emphasized for service quality management. Previous studies analyzing negative online reviews to conduct dual service failure monitoring from a managerial perspective are scarce. Numerous negative online reviews are useful sources for dual service failure monitoring because they can be easily collected at a low cost. This article proposes a data-driven approach to monitor service failure trends and consecutive service failures from negative online reviews. In the proposed approach, first a classifier is developed to categorize newly collected negative reviews into service failures by Latent Dirichlet allocation. Subsequently, a threshold value is provided to identify a new type of service failure, which was not achieved previously using a control chart. Finally, the probability of consecutive service failures is obtained by association rule mining. A case study of Uber is conducted to validate the proposed approach. The results exhibit that the proposed approach can perform dual service failure monitoring. This study can increase marketing intelligence for dynamic management of service failure and allow rapid responses to service failures.

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Lee, Seungyub, Sueyeun Oak, Donghwi Jung, and Hwandon Jun. "Development of Failure Cause–Impact–Duration (CID) Plots for Water Supply and Distribution System Management." Water 11, no. 8 (August 18, 2019): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081719.

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Understanding the impact and duration (consequences) of different component failures (cause) in a water supply and distribution system (WSDS) is a critical task for water utilities to develop effective preparation and response plans. During the last three decades, few efforts have been devoted to developing a visualization tool to display the relationship between the failure cause and its consequences. This study proposes two visualization methods to effectively show the relationship between the two failure entities: A failure cause–impact–duration (CID) plot, and a bubble plot. The former is drawn for an effective snapshot on the range (extent) of failure duration and the impact of different failures, whereas the latter provides failure frequency information. A simple and practical failure classification system is also introduced for producing the two proposed plots effectively. To verify the visualization schemes, we collected records of 331 WSDS component failures that occurred in South Korea between 1980 and 2018. Results showed that (1) the proposed CID plot can serve as a useful tool for identifying most minor and major WSDS failures, and (2) the proposed bubble plot is useful for determining significant component failures with respect to their failure consequences and occurrence likelihoods.

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Kumar Katta, Prashanth. "Success and Failure in Endodotics." Indian Journal of Dental Education 10, no. 2 (2017): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijde.0974.6099.10217.11.

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H., Toumi. "Hydroxychloroquine and chronic renal failure." Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research 3, no. 1 (October 5, 2020): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2693-7247/012.

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Pingitore, Alessandro, Francesca Mastorci, and Giorgio Iervasi. "Heart Failure and Stress Response." Biomed Data Journal 1, no. 3 (2015): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/bmdj.01300.

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Tu, Wen Wen, Yuan Zeng, Peng Li, and He Huang. "Risk Assessment of Cascading Failure Based on Serious Failure Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 4525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.4525.

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Based on the theory and methods of early evolution rule of cascading failure, the paper puts forward a kind of cascading failure selection and risk analysis method basing on the system failure severity, which can availably take consideration of the interplay of the before and after fault as well as the cumulative effect between successive failures. IEEE RTS-79 system is taken as an example to illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.

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A. Rajapaksha, A.A. Sunethra, and M.R. Sooriyarachchi. "ANALYZING THE RELIABILITY OF A PERSONAL COMPUTER SYSTEM USING FAULT TREE ANALYSIS." EPH - International Journal of Science And Engineering 1, no. 2 (June 27, 2015): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijse.v1i2.44.

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A system can be defined as a set of components interconnected to perform a given task. Such a system has a high possibility of failure compared to a single component, since it is a combination of different components consisting of different failure types. Thus, the analysis of failures of such systems should take into account both the time to failure and the type of the failure. The specialty in multiple failure type systems is that the failure occurrences yielding from different failure types cannot be regarded as independent from each other. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) enables to address the problem of multiple failure types and it does not require the assumption of independence among failure types. A personal computer (PC) is made up of many interconnected components. The goal of this research is to provide an insight into using FTA for evaluating reliability of PC’s which have failed due to various types of hardware failures. In this study, suitable parametric distributions were identified for each of the failure types and were applied to a fault tree constructed to depict the failure pattern of PCs. In the literature this type of research is not found in many studies which use FTA.FTA identified that hard disk, power unit and VGA failures are the most significant failure causes irrespective of the brand while the most reliable computer brand was also identified.

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A. Rajapaksha, A.A. Sunethra, and M.R. Sooriyarachchi. "ANALYZING THE RELIABILITY OF A PERSONAL COMPUTER SYSTEM USING FAULT TREE ANALYSIS." EPH - International Journal of Science And Engineering 1, no. 4 (December 27, 2015): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijse.v1i4.107.

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A system can be defined as a set of components interconnected to perform a given task. Such a system has a high possibility of failure compared to a single component, since it is a combination of different components consisting of different failure types. Thus, the analysis of failures of such systems should take into account both the time to failure and the type of the failure. The specialty in multiple failure type systems is that the failure occurrences yielding from different failure types cannot be regarded as independent from each other. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) enables to address the problem of multiple failure types and it does not require the assumption of independence among failure types. A personal computer (PC) is made up of many interconnected components.The goal of this research is to provide an insight into using FTA for evaluating reliability of PC’s which have failed due to various types of hardware failures. In this study, suitable parametric distributions were identified for each of the failure types and were applied to a fault tree constructed to depict the failure pattern of PCs. In the literature this type of research is not found in many studies which use FTA. FTA identified that hard disk, power unit and VGA failures are the most significant failure causes irrespective of the brand while the most reliable computer brand was also identified.

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Cho, Woojin, Jonathan R. Mason, Justin S. Smith, Adam L. Shimer, Adam S. Wilson, Christopher I. Shaffrey, Francis H. Shen, et al. "Failure of lumbopelvic fixation after long construct fusions in patients with adult spinal deformity: clinical and radiographic risk factors." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 19, no. 4 (October 2013): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.6.spine121129.

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Object Lumbopelvic fixation provides biomechanical support to the base of the long constructs used for adult spinal deformity. However, the failure rate of the lumbopelvic fixation and its risk factors are not well known. The authors' objective was to report the failure rate and risk factors for lumbopelvic fixation in long instrumented spinal fusion constructs performed for adult spinal deformity. Methods This retrospective review included 190 patients with adult spinal deformity who had long construct instrumentation (> 6 levels) with iliac screws. Patients' clinical and radiographic data were analyzed. The patients were divided into 2 groups: a failure group and a nonfailure group. A minimum 2-year follow-up was required for inclusion in the nonfailure group. In the failure group, all patients were included in the study regardless of whether the failure occurred before or after 2 years. In both groups, the patients who needed a revision for causes other than lumbopelvic fixation (for example, proximal junctional kyphosis) were also excluded. Failures were defined as major and minor. Major failures included rod breakage between L-4 and S-1, failure of S-1 screws (breakage, halo formation, or pullout), and prominent iliac screws requiring removal. Minor failures included rod breakage between S-1 and iliac screws and failure of iliac screws. Minor failures did not require revision surgery. Multiple clinical and radiographic values were compared between major failures and nonfailures. Results Of 190 patients, 67 patients met inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the study. The overall failure rate was 34.3%; 8 patients had major failure (11.9%) and 15 had minor failure (22.4%). Major failure occurred at a statistically significant greater rate in patients who had undergone previous lumbar surgery, had greater pelvic incidence, and had poor restoration of lumbar lordosis and/or sagittal balance (that is, undercorrection). Patients with a greater number of comorbidities and preoperative coronal imbalance showed trends toward an increase in major failures, although these trends did not reach statistical significance. Age, sex, body mass index, smoking history, number of fusion segments, fusion grade, and several other radiographic values were not shown to be associated with an increased risk of major failure. Seventy percent of patients in the major failure group had anterior column support (anterior lumbar interbody fusion or transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion) while 80% of the nonfailure group had anterior column support. Conclusions The incidence of overall failure was 34.3%, and the incidence of clinically significant major failure of lumbopelvic fixation after long construct fusion for adult spinal deformity was 11.9%. Risk factors for major failures are a large pelvic incidence, revision surgery, and failure to restore lumbar lordosis and sagittal balance. Surgeons treating adult spinal deformity who use lumbopelvic fixation should pay special attention to restoring optimal sagittal alignment to prevent lumbopelvic fixation failure.

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NAKAO, Masayuki. "Useful Failure Knowledges : Introducing Books about the Failures." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 106, no. 1021 (2003): 967–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.106.1021_967.

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Spada, Paolo, and Matt Ryan. "The Failure to Examine Failures in Democratic Innovation." PS: Political Science & Politics 50, no. 03 (June 12, 2017): 772–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096517000579.

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Karagöz, Gün, and Hasan Sözer. "Reproducing failures based on semiformal failure scenario descriptions." Software Quality Journal 25, no. 1 (February 10, 2016): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11219-016-9310-1.

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Fleming, Lisa M., and Robb D. Kociol. "Interventions for Heart Failure Readmissions: Successes and Failures." Current Heart Failure Reports 11, no. 2 (March 1, 2014): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11897-014-0192-x.

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Louro, Miguel, and Luís Ferreira. "Underground MV Network Failures’ Waveform Characteristics—An Investigation." Energies 14, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051216.

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The authors seek to investigate the characteristics of outage-causing faults that can be observed in a short time frame after their occurrence: waveform of the voltages and currents. The aim is to identify which characteristics can be used to estimate the failure type immediately after its occurrence. This paper lays the groundwork to determine which features display a stronger relation to four failure types with the aim of using this information in a later work, not presented in this paper, aimed at designing a reliable failure type estimator from readily available data. This paper focuses on the most common failures of the underground cable MV networks in Portugal: cable insulation; cable joint; secondary substation busbar; and excavation-motivated failures. A set of 206 waveform records of real underground MV network failures was available for analysis. After investigating the waveforms, the authors identified seven waveform characteristics which can be used for failure type estimation. Fault type characteristics can be used to distinguish secondary substation failures from the remaining failure types. Fault evolution does not yield relevant information. Fault self-extinction phenomenon was not observed in excavation-caused failures. There are differences for self-extinction characteristics between secondary substation busbar failures and the cable insulation and joint failures. Fault inception instant and arc voltage are two characteristics which are shown to have a promising merit to the identification process of failure types. Finally, fault intra-cycle repetitive extinction results have been found to be very similar for cable insulation failures and joint failures, but otherwise different regarding the remaining failure types.

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Karapinar, Sertac, and Sanem Sariel-Talay. "Failure Handling In a Planning Framework." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 26, no. 1 (September 20, 2021): 2431–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v26i1.8429.

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When an agent plans a sequence of actions, some unexpected events may occur during the execution of these actions. These unexpected events may prevent the agent to replan and achieve its goal. In this work, our purpose is to recover from plan execution failures by reasoning the causes of these faulties. We combine the TLPlan forward chaining temporal planner with the PROBCOG reasoning tool in order to handle failures. It is also quite important to decide whether the failure we are dealing with is permanent. We propose that inferring some properties of the failure source helps us handle failures and determine the failure types.

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Bahari, Shahril Anuar, and Mansur Ahmad. "Failure Behaviour of Semantan Bamboo Strips Loaded in Bending and Shear." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 1176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.1176.

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In this study, the classification of modes of failure, the observation of microscopic failures and the mechanical properties of Semantan bamboo strips were investigated. Specimens were loaded in bending and shear parallel to grain. Specimens were taken from internodes and node parts in bottom, middle and top portions of bamboo culms. From the classification, different modes of failure occurred in different parts of Semantan bamboo culms loaded in bending and shear. From the microscopic observation, the failures occurred in both parenchyma and vascular bundles regions for all classified failure modes from all tests, except for Even Splitting Mode from shear. This mode exhibited failure in parenchyma only, without any failure in vascular bundles regions. The Maximum Stress (σml) values between failure modes for both tests were significantly different. Generally, anatomical behaviour at different culm’s parts had influenced the different modes of failure and microscopic failures of Semantan bamboo strips loaded in bending and shear.

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Savyanavar, Amit Sadanand, and Vijay Ram Ghorpade. "Application Checkpointing Technique for Self-Healing From Failures in Mobile Grid Computing." International Journal of Grid and High Performance Computing 11, no. 2 (April 2019): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijghpc.2019040103.

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A mobile grid (MG) consists of interconnected mobile devices which are used for high performance computing. Fault tolerance is an important property of mobile computational grid systems for achieving superior arrangement reliability and faster recovery from failures. Since the failure of the resources affects task execution fatally, fault tolerance service is essential to achieve QoS requirement in MG. The faults which occur in MG are link failure, node failure, task failure, limited bandwidth etc. Detecting these failures can help in better utilisation of the resources and timely notification to the user in a MG environment. These failures result in loss of computational results and data. Many algorithms or techniques were proposed for failure handling in traditional grids. The authors propose a checkpointing based failure handling technique which will improve arrangement reliability and failure recovery time for the MG network. Experimentation was conducted by creating a grid of ubiquitously available Android-based mobile phones.

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Silver, M. M. W., and B. Dugan. "The influence of clay content on submarine slope failure: insights from laboratory experiments and numerical models." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 500, no. 1 (2020): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp500-2019-186.

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AbstractSubmarine slope failures pose risks to coastlines because they can damage infrastructure and generate tsunamis. Passive margin slope failures represent the largest mass failures on Earth, yet we know little about their dynamics. While numerous studies characterize the lithology, structure, seismic attributes and geometry of failure deposits, we lack direct observations of failure evolution. Thus, we lack insight into the relationships between initial conditions, slope failure initiation and evolution, and final deposits. To investigate submarine slope failure dynamics in relation to initial conditions and to observe failure processes we performed physical experiments in a benchtop flume and produced numerical models. Submarine slope failures were induced under controlled pore pressure within sand–clay mixtures (0–5 wt% clay). Increased clay content corresponded to increased cohesion and pore pressure required for failure. Subsurface fractures and tensile cracks were only generated in experiments containing clay. Falling head tests showed a log-linear relation between hydraulic conductivity and clay content, which we used in our numerical models. Models of our experiments effectively simulate overpressure (pressure in excess of hydrostatic) and failure potential for (non)cohesive sediment mixtures. Overall our work shows the importance of clay in reducing permeability and increasing cohesion to create different failure modes due to overpressure.

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Edberg, Roger, Alison Berry, and Laurence Costello. "Patterns of Structural Failure in Monterey Pine." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 20, no. 6 (November 1, 1994): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1994.053.

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The California Tree Failure Report Program database was established in 1987 to collect data on tree branch, trunk, and root breakage or uprooting. The database for the CTFRP is compiled from failure evaluation reports filled out by statewide cooperating arborists, tree assessors, and other horticultural professionals. Compilation of 186 reports for Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) has permitted development of a "failure profile" -a characterization of failure location, structural defects, decay, climatic conditions, and other factors associated with structural failure of Monterey pine. Monterey pine was found to be particularly failure prone compared to other tree species in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA. Close to 60% of Monterey pine failures reported in the CTFRP database were limb failures, rather than trunk or root failures, and most of these were considered to be heavy lateral limbs - a structural defect. The majority of limb breakage occurred away from, rather than at the point of attachment, suggesting a wood strength problem. Decay was notfrequently associated with Monterey pine failures at any location on the tree. Tree spacing, nutrition, and genetic strain are likely to be major factors influencing heavy lateral limb development. Closer tree spacing, low nitrogen input, and genetic selection offer hope for reducing Monterey pine branch failure.

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O’Brien, James M., and Scott K. Aberegg. "Our failure to report failure*." Critical Care Medicine 36, no. 3 (March 2008): 1002–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181650552.

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Pasour, E. C. "Market Failure and Government Failure." Cultural Dynamics 7, no. 3 (November 1995): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/092137409500700313.

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Weintraub, Michael. "Success breeds success; failure, failure." Current Therapeutic Research 61, no. 3 (March 2000): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-393x(00)80008-9.

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Jimerson, Shane R. "On the Failure of Failure." Journal of School Psychology 37, no. 3 (September 1999): 243–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-4405(99)00005-9.

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Shand, Alexander. "The Failure of 'Market Failure'." Economic Affairs 7, no. 5 (June 1987): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.1987.tb01870.x.

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Datta-Chaudhuri, Mrinal. "Market Failure and Government Failure." Journal of Economic Perspectives 4, no. 3 (August 1, 1990): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.4.3.25.

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For several decades a debate has been raging in development economics on the relative virtues of the free market as opposed to state intervention, with neither side convincing the other. While this sterile debate continues, experiences accumulated from research and action in the real world during the last 40 years have led to important new thinking on the roles of market and nonmarket institutions in the process of economic growth. The planned economies of the socialist world have learned that market institutions are not exclusive to the capitalist mode of production, and that the threat of entry and the fear of exit remain irreplaceable stimuli for cost and quality consciousness in production. Researchers in market economies have learned that price quotations on marketed commodities do not always carry sufficient information for economic decisions, and that institutions matter. This paper pieces together some lessons from the development experiences of the last four decades to enrich our understanding of the role of the state in the process of economic development.

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Zerbe, Richard O., and Howard E. McCurdy. "The failure of market failure." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 18, no. 4 (1999): 558–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6688(199923)18:4<558::aid-pam2>3.0.co;2-u.

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Mathur, Ike, and Isaac Marcelin. "Institutional failure or market failure?" Journal of Banking & Finance 52 (March 2015): 266–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.12.018.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Failure'

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