Journal articles on the topic 'Failure effect of adaptation'
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Elijah, Volenzo Tom, and John O. Odiyo. "Perception of Environmental Spillovers Across Scale in Climate Change Adaptation Planning: The Case of Small-Scale Farmers’ Irrigation Strategies, Kenya." Climate 8, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8010003.
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The failure to acknowledge and account for environmental externalities or spillovers in climate change adaptation policy, advocacy, and programming spaces exacerbate the risk of ecological degradation, and more so, the degradation of land. The use of unsuitable water sources for irrigation may increase salinisation risks. However, few if any policy assessments and research efforts have been directed at investigating how farmer perceptions mediate spillovers from the ubiquitous irrigation adaptation strategy. In this study, the cognitive failure and/or bias construct is examined and proposed as an analytical lens in research, policy, and learning and the convergence of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation discourses. A cross-sectional survey design and multistage stratified sampling were used to collect data from 69 households. To elicit the environmental impacts of irrigation practices, topsoil and subsoils from irrigated and non-irrigated sites were sampled and analysed using AAS (atomic absorption spectrophotometer). A generalised linear logistic weight estimation procedure was used to analyse the perception of risks while an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyse changes in exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). The findings from small-scale farmers in Machakos and Kakamega counties, Kenya, suggest multifaceted biases and failures about the existence and importance of externalities in adaptation planning discourses. Among other dimensions, a cognitive failure which encompasses fragmented approaches among institutions for use and management of resources, inadequate policy. and information support, as well as the poor integration of actors in adaptation planning accounts for adaptation failure. The failures in such human–environment system interactions have the potential to exacerbate the existing vulnerability of farmer production systems in the long run. The findings further suggest that in absence of risk message information dissemination, education level, farming experience, and information accumulation, as integral elements to human capital, do not seem to have a significant effect on behaviour concerning the mitigation of environmental spillovers. Implicitly, reversing the inherent adaptation failures calls for system approaches that enhance coordinated adaptation planning, prioritise the proactive mitigation of slow-onset disaster risks, and broadens decision support systems such as risk information dissemination integration, into the existing adaptation policy discourses and practice.
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Busby, J. S. "Adaptation failures that cause error in technical organizations." Human Systems Management 20, no. 4 (October 14, 2001): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-2001-20403.
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A study was conducted of 127 cases of organizational error in engineering companies, analysing in particular the adaptation failures they pointed to: that is, the reasons that adaptation to past error had not led to error-free performance. The cases were first categorised according to whether the failure was due to situational variety or shortcomings in learning. Shortcomings in learning were then differentiated according to whether the cause lay with individuals' inferences, the structure of the engineering task they were performing, characteristics of tools used during the task, or organizational-level phenomena. A detailed taxonomy was developed for the cases collected under these categories. An attempt was then made to find an over-arching explanation of these adaptation failures, most of which turned out to be cases where earlier adaptations had been too rapid and definitive. The individuals or organizations in question had taken account of historical experience, but had done so in a way that discounted the possibility that this experience was idiosyncratic or temporary. This was explained in terms of the reinforcing feedback that arises from a number of effects. The suggestion is also made that there are good reasons why reinforcing feedback is ultimately functional, even though it appears to underlie particular adaptation failures and errors.
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Park, Hyojin, and Hyunjung Ju. "Effects of failure tolerance and self-efficacy on adaptation to college life according to clusters of perfectionism." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 22, no. 14 (July 31, 2022): 367–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2022.22.14.367.
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Objectives This study examined natural groupings of college students in terms of perfectionism, the differences in adaptation to college life among clusters, and factors influencing adaptation to college life according to each cluster.
Methods Based on the data of 261 college students, cluster analysis using the sub-scales of perfectionism—self-oriented and socially-prescribed perfectionism—was conducted. Then, the differences in adaptation to college life were analyzed among sub-groups by using MANOVA. Multiple regression analysis was also conducted to examine the effects of failure tolerance and self-efficacy on adaptation to college life according to each cluster.
Results The cluster analysis resulted in three clusters—Cluster 1: self- and other-fulfilling perfectionism group; Cluster 2: non-perfectionistic group; and Cluster 3: self-fulfilling perfectionism group. As results of MANOVA, Clusters 2 and 3 showed significantly higher scores on adaptation to college life than Cluster 1. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that failure tolerance had a significant effect on adaptation to college life in Clusters 1 and 2. In Cluster 3, adaptation to college life was significantly affected by both failure tolerance and self-efficacy.
Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that it is necessary to provide college students with appropriate programs or counseling activities to enhance their adaptation to college life based on their types of perfectionism.
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Freitas, Thiago Lopes de, Rafael Pino Vitti, Milton Edson Miranda, and William Cunha Brandt. "Effect of Glass Fiber Post Adaptation on Push-Out Bond Strength to Root Dentin." Brazilian Dental Journal 30, no. 4 (July 2019): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201902491.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different glass fiber posts (GFPs) diameters on the push-out bond strength to dentin. Forty unirradicular human teeth were endodontically treated and used for cementation of GFPs (White Post DC, FGM) with different diameters (n=10): P1 - ø 1.6 mm coronal x 0.85 mm apical; P2 - ø 1.8 mm coronal x 1.05 mm apical; P5 - ø 1.4 mm coronal x 0.65 mm apical; and PC - customized post number 0.5 with composite resin (Tetric Ceram A2, Ivoclair Vivadent). All GFPs were cemented into the root canal using a dual-curing luting composite (Variolink II, Ivoclar Vivadent). One slice (1.7 mm) of each root third of cemented GFP (cervical, middle, and apical) was submitted to push-out testing. Failure modes of all specimens were classified as: adhesive failure between resin cement and post; adhesive failure between dentin and resin cement; cohesive failure within resin cement, post or dentin; and mixed failure. The data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (a=0.05). The highest bond strength values were presented for the P2 and PC groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the GFP thirds in each group. The groups P2, P5, and PC showed predominantly adhesive failure. For P1, the most prevalent type of failure was adhesive between resin cement and post. It may be concluded that a glass fiber post that is well adapted to the root canal presents higher bond strength values, regardless of GFP third.
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Thayer, Vargas, Castellanos, Lafon, McCarl, Roelke, Winemiller, and Lacher. "Integrating Agriculture and Ecosystems to Find Suitable Adaptations to Climate Change." Climate 8, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8010010.
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Climate change is altering agricultural production and ecosystems around the world. Future projections indicate that additional change is expected in the coming decades, forcing individuals and communities to respond and adapt. Current research efforts typically examine climate change effects and possible adaptations but fail to integrate agriculture and ecosystems. This failure to jointly consider these systems and associated externalities may underestimate climate change impacts or cause adaptation implementation surprises, such as causing adaptation status of some groups or ecosystems to be worsened. This work describes and motivates reasons why ecosystems and agriculture adaptation require an integrated analytical approach. Synthesis of current literature and examples from Texas are used to explain concepts and current challenges. Texas is chosen because of its high agricultural output that is produced in close interrelationship with the surrounding semi-arid ecosystem. We conclude that future effect and adaptation analyses would be wise to jointly consider ecosystems and agriculture. Existing paradigms and useful methodology can be transplanted from the sustainable agriculture and ecosystem service literature to explore alternatives for climate adaptation and incentivization of private agriculturalists and consumers. Researchers are encouraged to adopt integrated modeling as a means to avoid implementation challenges and surprises when formulating and implementing adaptation.
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Kayani, Anna C., James P. Morton, and Anne McArdle. "The exercise-induced stress response in skeletal muscle: failure during aging." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33, no. 5 (October 2008): 1033–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h08-089.
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Mammalian adult skeletal muscle adapts to the stress of contractile activity with increased gene expression by yielding a family of highly conserved cytoprotective proteins known as heat shock proteins (HSPs). Although the exercise-induced stress response of both animal and human skeletal muscle is now well documented, the precise mechanisms underlying this adaptation remain unclear. The induction of HSPs after exercise is severely blunted in the muscle of older individuals. This review focuses on the effects of different forms of exercise and training on the induction of HSPs in the muscles of adult individuals, and examines the proposed mechanisms underlying this adaptation. Furthermore, the functional effect of the inability of the muscles of older individuals to adapt in this way is discussed, together with the proposed mechanisms underlying this maladaptation.
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QUINTEROS MAYNE, ROBERTO, IGNACIO DE ARTEAGA JORDA, RUFINO GOÑI LASHERAS, and BORJA IRAOLA SAENZ. "ADAPTATION OF THE TSAI-HILL CRITERION FOR THE STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF MASONRY ARCHES ADAPTATION OF THE THAI-HILL CRITERION FOR THE STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF MASONRY ARCHES: COMPARISON BETWEEN MASOMODEL, EXPANDED MICROMODEL AND DETAILED MICROMODEL." DYNA 96, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10051.
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Since the beginning of the structural analysis of masonry structures, it has been sought to know their behavior taking into account the influence of the different elements that make it up, evolving the structural analysis of masonry arches to analyze the fracto-mechanical behavior of the masonry. This article presents the adaptation of the Tsai-Hill failure criterion for orthotropic materials, for the study of masonry arches. Implementing the adaptation in a VUSFLD subroutine of ABAQUS in Fortran programming language. This subroutine has been validated in view of the failure of the mortar, and the effect of considering mortar in the analysis of a masonry arch. The subroutine implemented in a masomodel allows observing its contribution to the bearing capacity of an arch. Key Words: Masonry Arch; ABAQUS subroutine; failure Criterion; Mortar; structural analysis; Tsai-Hill failure criterion
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Larsen, Janet D., and Beth Anne Goldstein. "Selective Adaptation to Low Spatial Frequencies Does Not Decrease the Mueller-Lyer Illusion." Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no. 1 (February 1994): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.1.339.
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The idea that low spatial-frequency information in the Mueller-Lyer figure accounts for a major part of the illusion was tested in a series of five studies. In Study 1, subjects were selectively adapted to high or low square-wave spatial-frequency gratings with no difference in the magnitude of illusion they experienced. Similarly, adaptation to sinusoidal grating patterns with either high or low spatial frequency had no effect on the magnitude of illusion experienced (Studies 2 to 5). The failure of adaptation to low spatial-frequency gratings to affect the magnitude of illusion experienced indicates either that the illusion cannot be accounted for by the low spatial-frequency information or that adaptation of the visual system by grating patterns cannot be used to explore any effects of the low spatial frequencies in the figure.
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Xin, Li, and Fei Liu. "Modeling Urban Exodus Dynamics Considering Settlers Adaptation Time and Local Authority Support." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (December 21, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9954702.
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While there has been much work analyzing the effects of urban exodus on rural areas' development, particularly in improving these localities' access to better services and decent quality of life, models to date lacked important features such as adaptation time effect on ongoing agricultural projects of new settlers reflecting real difficulties related to individuals abilities. In this article, we show that newcomers individual abilities, educational backgrounds, motivation, and so forth are crucial to promote the development of rural areas and facilitate the relocation or return of a certain group of people in their region of interest. Using a systemic approach, we present a model of urban exodus based on constant delay differential equations considering the local authority and population support and the time needed before the successful settlement of newcomers in the region. Furthermore, we estimate that adaptation time was responsible both for successful settlement increase and failure decrease. To reflect this, we incorporate delay terms in both the successful settlement and failure differential equations. We performed a qualitative analysis of the proposed system and show in numerical simulation that newcomers should be selected in function of their skills and experiences to accelerate their successful settlement, achieve overall socioeconomic development and improve the quality of life and well-being of the inhabitants.
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Liniyarti, Liniyarti, and Tuti Herawati. "Asuhan Keperawatan Dengan Pendekatan Teori Model Adaptasi Roy Pada Pasien Congestive Heart Failure: Case Study." Care : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan 10, no. 2 (July 27, 2022): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33366/jc.v10i2.2395.
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Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a chronic complex syndrome characterized by the inability of the heart to support the circulation of the peripheral organs and may cause negative effects on the whole human body systems. CHF survivors may develop poor adaptation and quality of life also death. Roy's adaptation theory model-based intervention aid in improving patient adaptation to the fulfillment of physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependence. The purpose of this case study was to apply Roy's adaptation theory model to patients with CHF. The results showed that adaptive mal behavior becomes the priority problem of low cardiac output with focal stimuli: increased afterload, preload, contractility, and changes in heart rate. The history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and non-adherence were included in the contextual stimulus. The history of smoking is included in the residual stimulus. Two mechanisms of regulatory and cognitive control are used as nursing interventions. Results showed that the patient performed physiological-physical adaptation had no diuretic injection, was capable to endure fluid restriction, and showed adequate fluid balance. Moreover, patients were also adapted with lifestyle changes supported by their families. It is recommended to provide Roy's adaptation theory model-based nursing intervention to the chronic disease patients in the clinical setting.
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Eka Suranny, Lilyk, Evi Gravitiani, and Mugi Rahardjo. "Impact of climate change on the agriculture sector and its adaptation strategies." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1016, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1016/1/012038.
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Abstract Climate change in Indonesia, including erratic rainfall intensity, extreme temperatures, El Nino and La Nina events, can cause farmers not to implement agricultural efforts optimally. Multiplier effect caused is the risk of decreased agricultural production and even crop failure that causes losses for farmers. The impact can broadly reduce farmers’ welfare, food security and increase poverty, for which most Indonesians livelihood as farmers. The negative consequences of climate change require efforts to minimize the impact and anticipate through adaptation strategies. These research aims are to analyze the impact of climate change on the agriculture sector and develop an adaptation strategy to address the impact of climate change on the agricultural sector. This method uses review literature related to the impact of climate change on agricultural products and adaptation strategies to climate change in the agricultural sector. The impact of climate change caused a decline in agricultural production and even crop failure. The main actors of climate change that affect the agricultural sector include rain patterns, extreme climate events (floods and droughts), and increased air temperatures. Recommendations for adaptation strategies are using superior plants, adjusting planting time and pattern, water management technology (rain harvesting and irrigation), and biotic environmental strategies.
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Peacock-Chambers, Elizabeth, Peter Friedmann, Nancy Byatt, Nancy Suchman, and Emily Feinberg. "4317 Using Failure Modes and Effects Analysis to Guide Adaptation of an Evidence-Based Parenting Program for Mothers with Substance Use Disorders." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 4, s1 (June 2020): 151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2020.445.
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To identify possible failures that could occur in the delivery of an evidence-based parenting program for mothers with substance use disorders (SUD) through existing home-visiting services, and to develop solutions to the most significant failures. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Using failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) methodology, we conducted two 2-hour advisory panel discussions with 15 people from a variety of disciplines and life experiences related to SUDs. The intervention delivery process included five steps: (1) Recruitment, (2) Screening, (3) Matching, (4) Enrollment in person, and (5) Intervention delivery. Participants collectively determined possible failures, causes, and consequences. Participants then agreed on three scores (Likert Scale 0-10) for the likelihood of occurrence, detection, and severity of the failure, with 10 being the highest likelihood, difficulty detecting, or severity. A risk priority number (RPN) was calculated as the product of the 3 scores (maximum RPN = 1,000). The group then identified possible solutions for failures with higher RPNs. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: For each step in the process we identified the following number of failure nodes and RPN scores: (1) recruitment: 13 failures; RPN = 800, (2) screening: 102 failures; RPN = 10, (3) matching: 4 failures: RPN = 490, (4) enrollment: 6 failures; RPN = 80, (5) delivery: 11 failures; RPN = 80. The most critical failures related to recruitment and were perceived as being caused by potential development of mistrust in the community. Participants strongly encouraged the use of “strengths-based language,” clear referral plans for mothers that did not qualify, and inclusion of mothers that did not have custody of their children. These findings resulted in changes to the screening script, enrollment procedures, and inclusion criterial for the program. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: FMEA methodology was particularly effective in identifying possible failures for the integration of an evidence-based parenting program into existing home-visiting services as they related to the psychological safety of mothers with SUDs. The process resulted in direct changes to procedures for the anticipated program integration and study.
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Zhou, Yan, Huiying Liu, and Jing Li. "L1 Adaptive for Aircraft Lateral Fault Tolerant Control with Actuator Failure." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 37, no. 5 (October 2019): 935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20193750935.
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When aircraft is laterally controlled, actuator failure may cause matched/unmatched uncertainties. In order to deal with the uncertainty, a fault-tolerant controller is designed by using L1 adaptive control method. An aircraft lateral model was established by considering faults and disturbances, the effects of the uncertainty and interference were counteracted by using L1 adaptive controller in order to ensure the rapid adaptation and robustness, and then the stability and transient performance of the closed-loop system were proven through Lyapunov method. In the case of multiplicative fault, additive fault and stuck fault, the uncertainties of model parameter were added to simulate simultaneously. Simulation results showed that the present control method in both single-fault mode and hybrid-failure mode could ensure the uniform bounded control signal and parameter estimation, effectively eliminates the effect of the faults and had the good fault tolerance and robustness.
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Pasaribu, Sahat M., and Mat Syukur. "Policy Support for Climate Risk Adaptation the Role of Microfinance." Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian 8, no. 1 (August 26, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/akp.v8n1.2010.1-11.
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Agricultural development in Indonesia is being faced by the unpredictable climate situation. With such a high risk, however, Indonesia should be able to provide sufficient food for all of the people and access to food at affordable prices. In this regard, the climate field school is important to improve farmer’s konowledge to anticipate such climate change. While adapting to the climate change, agricultural activities should be protected and reduced the risk to the lowest possible level. Agricultural insurance is introduced to protect the farms, share the risk, and favor the farmers. Rice farm insurance, in particular, is applicable to share the risk of harvest failure caused by flood, drought and pest and disease infestations. Government support to provide subsidy for premium payment is encouraged. Such subsidy would be reduced gradually and integrated in the farm cost of production. In the absence of agricultural bank in Indonesia, microfinance institution is required to provide sufficient fund to cover cost of production. For a short-term follow up action, the current Rural Agribusiness Development Program (PUAP) is expected to help farmers through its microfinance institution in funding the farm activities. The role of microfinance is part of the climate change anticipation strategy and is very significant to help farmers to envisage the effect of harvest failure risk.
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Harris, D. C., L. Chan, and R. W. Schrier. "Remnant kidney hypermetabolism and progression of chronic renal failure." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 254, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): F267—F276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1988.254.2.f267.
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To investigate the mechanisms whereby verapamil and dietary phosphate restriction slow progression of nephron loss after renal ablation, the effects of these maneuvers on inulin clearance (CIn), net sodium reabsorption (TNa+), oxygen consumption (QO2), and net glucose production (GP) were examined in isolated perfused normal and remnant kidneys. Preliminary studies characterized the isolated perfused remnant kidney perfusion. Adaptation to renal ablation was greater for QO2 (102% of normal), GP (138%), and kidney weight (79%) than CIn (51%) or TNa+ (40%). Verapamil (50 microM) lowered QO2 in remnant kidneys (1.64 +/- 0.24 vs. control 2.86 +/- 0.16 mumol.min-1.g-1, P less than 0.005), as did phosphate restriction (1.81 +/- 0.22 vs. control 3.05 +/- 0.40 mumol.min-1.g-1, P less than 0.05). These effects could not be accounted for by changes in CIn, TNa+, or GP and were not observed in normal kidneys. In summary 1) remnant kidneys are hypermetabolic compared with normal kidneys when assessed by QO2 and GP; 2) verapamil and phosphate restriction diminish the enhanced metabolic activity of remnant kidneys, an effect that is independent of TNa+; and thus 3) verapamil and phosphate restriction may slow progression of renal disease, at least in part by reducing renal metabolic demands.
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Burg, Maurice B., Joan D. Ferraris, and Natalia I. Dmitrieva. "Cellular Response to Hyperosmotic Stresses." Physiological Reviews 87, no. 4 (October 2007): 1441–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00056.2006.
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Cells in the renal inner medulla are normally exposed to extraordinarily high levels of NaCl and urea. The osmotic stress causes numerous perturbations because of the hypertonic effect of high NaCl and the direct denaturation of cellular macromolecules by high urea. High NaCl and urea elevate reactive oxygen species, cause cytoskeletal rearrangement, inhibit DNA replication and transcription, inhibit translation, depolarize mitochondria, and damage DNA and proteins. Nevertheless, cells can accommodate by changes that include accumulation of organic osmolytes and increased expression of heat shock proteins. Failure to accommodate results in cell death by apoptosis. Although the adapted cells survive and function, many of the original perturbations persist, and even contribute to signaling the adaptive responses. This review addresses both the perturbing effects of high NaCl and urea and the adaptive responses. We speculate on the sensors of osmolality and document the multiple pathways that signal activation of the transcription factor TonEBP/OREBP, which directs many aspects of adaptation. The facts that numerous cellular functions are altered by hyperosmolality and remain so, even after adaptation, indicate that both the effects of hyperosmolality and adaptation to it involve profound alterations of the state of the cells.
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Dmytriiev, Dmytro, Dmytro Bortnik, Kateryna Dmytriieva, and Mykola Melnychenko. "Experience in the use of dexmedetomidine for sedation in patients with pneumonia in the intensive care unit." Perioperaciina Medicina 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31636/prmd.v3i1.5.
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The experience of using dexmedetomedine for sedation with respiratory disorders of varying severity has been known for a long time. This article examined two clinical cases in which dexmedetomedine was used for connection and adaptation of patients to mechanical ventilation of lungs. The purpose of the work is evaluation of the effectiveness and depth of sedation with varying degrees of respiratory failure, as well as the effect of dexmedetomedine on respiration.
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Sheppard, Samantha N. "Boobie Miles: Failure and Friday Night Lights." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 43, no. 4 (April 9, 2019): 319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723519840501.
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This essay examines the sporting failures and racial iconicity of James “Boobie” Miles, whose athletic performance of defeat on the gridiron is chronicled in H. G. Bissinger’s bestselling nonfiction book Friday Night Lights: A Town, A Team, A Dream (1990), Peter Berg’s film adaptation Friday Night Lights (2004), and Big K.R.I.T.’s songs and music videos “Hometown Hero” from his album K.R.I.T. Wuz Here (2010) and “Boobie Miles” from his album 4eva N a Day (2012). Examining how the film displaces defeat, locating its effects and affects in the injured running back, I unpack the ways (Black) popular culture reclaims Boobie’s embodied failures on screen as a site of rhetorical agency and oppositional theorizing.
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Mugume, Seith N., Kegong Diao, Maryam Astaraie-Imani, Guangtao Fu, Raziyeh Farmani, and David Butler. "Enhancing resilience in urban water systems for future cities." Water Supply 15, no. 6 (July 7, 2015): 1343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.098.
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In future cities, urban water systems (UWSs) should be designed not only for safe provision of services but should also be resilient to emerging or unexpected threats that lead to catastrophic system failure impacts and consequences. Resilience can potentially be built into UWSs by implementing a range of strategies, for example by embedding redundancy and flexibility in system design, or by rehabilitation to increase their ability to maintain acceptable customer service levels during unexpected system failures. In this work, a new resilience analysis is carried out to investigate the performance of a water distribution system (WDS) and an urban drainage system (UDS) during pipe failure scenarios. Using simplified synthetic networks, the effect of implementing adaptation (resilient design) strategies on minimising the loss of system functionality and cost of UWSs is investigated. Study results for the WDS case study show that the design strategy in which flexibility is enhanced ensures that all customers are served during single pipe failure scenarios. The results of the UDS case study indicate that the design strategy incorporating upstream distributed storage tanks minimises flood volume and mean duration of nodal flooding by 50.1% and 46.7%, respectively, even when system functionality is significantly degraded. When costs associated with failure are considered, resilient design strategies could prove to be more cost-effective over the design life of UWSs.
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Gregory, Shawn Alan, Keshav Swarup, Christopher Lo, Ryan Dwyer, Michael Davidson, Timothy Monroe, Colten Spivey, and Mary Lynn Realff. "Understanding thermomechanical failure of athletic textiles via the pendulum skid method." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 10 (June 11, 2018): 1825–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518779994.
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Fiber textiles worn by some athletes and basketball and volleyball players experience higher than usual thermomechanical stresses compared to everyday garments because these athletes slide and dive on hardwood courts. Common textile testing procedures, such as the Martindale abrasion tester, effectively test textiles under modest loads and thousands of cycles, but this methodology does not suffice for athletic textiles. In addition, there is not a robust model nor a repeatable test that mimics high thermomechanical stress on fabrics and provides insights on fabric abrasion resistance. We present a model to calculate the temperatures and strain rates that are seen by fabrics undergoing thermomechanical deformation. To enable validation of the model, a fabric pendulum abrasion tester, an adaptation of the Cooper pendulum skid tester, was developed. The tester characterizes high-strain fabric abrasion deformation. This adaptation is statistically reliable and induces repeatable and realistic fabric failure within tens to hundreds of cycles, proving to be analogous to the loads athletes place on their textiles. Analog electronics on the pendulum abrasion tester generate real-time temperature and velocity profiles. A series of 11 unique athletic fabrics were abrasion tested, and it was found that fabrics with macroporosity experience the largest abrasion degradation. Significant degradation sites were further explored using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis, and it was shown that thermomechanical loading’s effect on fiber microstructure is a function of the fabric construction. This novel abrasion tester and quantitative relationships between fabric structure and degradation mechanisms will enable more data-driven decisions when designing textiles for thermomechanical loads.
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Hooper, Charlotte L., Anju Paudyal, Philip R. Dash, and Samuel Y. Boateng. "Modulation of stretch-induced myocyte remodeling and gene expression by nitric oxide: a novel role for lipoma preferred partner in myofibrillogenesis." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 304, no. 10 (May 15, 2013): H1302—H1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00004.2013.
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Prolonged hemodynamic load as a result of hypertension eventually leads to maladaptive cardiac adaptation and heart failure. The signaling pathways that underlie these changes are still poorly understood. The adaptive response to mechanical load is mediated by mechanosensors that convert the mechanical stimuli into a biological response. We examined the effect of cyclic mechanical stretch on myocyte adaptation using neonatal rat ventricular myocytes with 10% (adaptive) or 20% (maladaptive) maximum strain at 1 Hz for 48 h to mimic in vivo mechanical stress. Cells were also treated with and without nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), a general nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor to suppress NO production. Maladaptive 20% mechanical stretch led to a significant loss of intact sarcomeres that were rescued by l-NAME ( P < 0.05; n ≥ 5 cultures). We hypothesized that the mechanism was through NO-induced alteration of myocyte gene expression. l-NAME upregulated the mechanosensing proteins muscle LIM protein (MLP; by 100%; P < 0.05; n = 5 cultures) and lipoma preferred partner (LPP), a novel cardiac protein (by 80%; P < 0.05; n = 4 cultures). l-NAME also significantly altered the subcellular localization of LPP and MLP in a manner that favored growth and adaptation. These findings suggest that NO participates in stretch-mediated adaptation. The use of isoform selective NOS inhibitors indicated a complex interaction between inducible NOS and neuronal NOS isoforms regulate gene expression. LPP knockdown by small intefering RNA led to formation of α-actinin aggregates and Z bodies showing that myofibrillogenesis was impaired. There was an upregulation of E3 ubiquitin ligase (MUL1) by 75% ( P < 0.05; n = 5 cultures). This indicates that NO contributes to stretch-mediated adaptation via the upregulation of proteins associated with mechansensing and myofibrillogenesis, thereby presenting potential therapeutic targets during the progression of heart failure.
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Voldnes, Gøril, and Kjell Grønhaug. "Cultural adaptation in cross-national buyer-seller relationships." International Journal of Emerging Markets 10, no. 4 (September 21, 2015): 837–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-11-2012-0152.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how buyers and sellers in cross-cultural business relationships manage cultural differences to ensure functional, successful business relationships. Failure to consider specific cultural issues may lead to the failure of business ventures crossing national borders. To succeed in today’s global business market, it is critically important to understand and manage cultural differences. Adapting to each other’s cultures is one way of managing cultural differences between business actors. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative, explorative approach examining both sides of the exchange dyad was adopted to obtain insight into adaptation as perceived by both buyer and seller. Findings – The results of this study indicate that mainly Norwegian sellers adapt to the Russian culture and way of conducting business. This is explained by power asymmetry between partners, as well as cultural barriers and lack of cultural sensitivity from the Norwegian partners. Still, the business relationships function well. Practical implications – Knowledge of and applying strategies for managing cultural differences should be helpful for business managers engaged or planning to engage in business ventures with Russia and Norway – especially those doing so for the first time. Originality/value – The study provides new and important information about West-East business relationships and how to manage cultural differences in cross-cultural business relationships. The study shows that business relationships can function well in spite of the absence of some factors previously found to have detrimental effects on these relationships. In addition, the study investigates both sides of the buyer-seller dyad, which is a limitation in previous studies of adaptation.
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Zhidyaevskij, A. G., G. S. Galyautdinov, V. D. Mendelevich, A. G. Gataullina, and A. O. Kuzmenko. "Psychosocial adaptation to chronic heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease." Kazan medical journal 102, no. 2 (April 6, 2021): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2021-156.
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Aim. To assess the effects of acquired social status, neurotic conditions, type D personality, cognitive functions, quality of life and adherence to treatment on psychosocial adaptation of patients with coronary heart disease (IHD) to chronic heart failure (CHF), depending on the severity of decompensation.
Methods. 87 patients with coronary artery disease and chronic heart failure aged between 55 and 72 years were examined. All patients were divided into two groups depending on the functional class of chronic heart failure [New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IIV]. The first group included 41 patients with NYHA functional class III, the second group 46 patients with NYHA functional class IIIIV. For a comprehensive study of the psychosocial adaptation of patients, a set of standardized questionnaires was used: the abridged variant of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (SMOL), a clinical questionnaire for identifying and assessing neurotic condition, the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ), the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36), the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), 14-question test Type D Scale-14 (DS14), MoriskyGreen test, the short version of the AUDIT questionnaire (AUDIT-C). We collected data on the patient's social status: gender, education, income level. The results obtained were analyzed.
Results. Based on the SMOL personality profiles, patients of the second group were classified as neurotic an increase was noted in three neurotic scales: hypochondria (U=541; p=0.030), hysteria (U=579; p=0.048), and autism/schizoid (U=577.5; p=0.047) compared with patients of the first group. According to the results of the clinical questionnaire for the identification and assessment of neurotic condition, the greatest differences were found between patients of first and second groups on the scale of autonomic disorders (U=571; p=0.039) and neurotic depression (U=576; p=0.046). Comparing the groups according to the MLHFQ score, quality of life in patients of the second group was markedly reduced (U=447.5; p 0.001). According to the SF-36 questionnaire, a decrease in the quality of life was also found in patients of the second group on the scale Physical functioning (U=554; p=0.032) and Physical component of health (U=573.5; p=0.044). The cognitive status in patients of the second group was significantly decreased compared with the first group (U=427; p 0.001). No significant differences were found in adherence to treatment between the two groups (U=757; p=0.666). Also, there were no patients with type D personality on both subscales (U=717.5; p=0.483, U=784; p=0.933) and according to the AUDIT-C scores, there are no significant differences between men (U=681.5; p=0.257) and women (U=728.5; p=0.425) in both groups of patients.
Conclusion. Signs of social maladjustment in patients with more severe NYHA functional class of the disease are expressed by significantly more pronounced social isolation (autism), a tendency to avoid communicating with others, isolation on their own problems and hypochondriacal attention to the somatic manifestations of chronic heart failure; probably, the main reason that reduces the level of social adaptation is a high score in neuroticism, which leads to a functional decrease in cognitive abilities and a significant deterioration in quality of life.
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Espósito, Terezinha, and Luiz R. Palmier. "Application of Risk Analysis Methods on Tailings Dams." Soils and Rocks 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.361097.
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One of the procedures adopted in a Safety Management System is the use of Risk Analysis for which analytical, iterative, descriptive and qualitative methods, such as the FMEA “Failure Modes and Effects Analysis”, have been applied in order to identify and analyse potential failures from a given failure mode, its causes and consequences, as well as the means of detection and prevention of failure modes and mitigation of their effects. In Brazil the FMEA method has been used to evaluate the safe conditions of tailings dams. On the other hand a specific tool for the Risk Analysis of dams, the LCI “Analysis by Diagrams Location, Cause and Failure Indicators” semi-quantitative method, has been developed and in the United Kingdom under the name of “Risk Management for UK Reservoirs” and applied in Europe but not for tailings dams. Recently the LCI MOD-REJ version – an adaptation of the LCI method – has been proposed and applied to one Brazilian tailings dam to explicit deal with the Risk Analysis of this type of structure. Considering the promising results of the former application, the aim of this paper is to evaluate the LCI MOD-REJ version applicability and efficiency by comparing the results of its and the FMEA method applications to two Brazilian tailings dams.
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Rak, Janusz, and Barbara Tchórzewska-Cieślak. "The Possible Use of the FMEA Method to Ensure Health Safety of Municipal Water." Journal of Konbin 14-15, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10040-008-0173-9.
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The Possible Use of the FMEA Method to Ensure Health Safety of Municipal WaterThe paper presents the adaptation of failure modes and effect analysis (FMEA) to assess risk associated with the possibility of tap water contamination. In the case of drinking water quality, occurring threats include pollution by hazardous substances that have an impact on life-threatening risk, health risk and environmental risk. The main aim of this paper is to develop a methodology to use the FMEA method for water supply system.
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Ramachandra, Abhay B., Jay D. Humphrey, and Alison L. Marsden. "Gradual loading ameliorates maladaptation in computational simulations of vein graft growth and remodelling." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 130 (May 2017): 20160995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0995.
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Vein graft failure is a prevalent problem in vascular surgeries, including bypass grafting and arteriovenous fistula procedures in which veins are subjected to severe changes in pressure and flow. Animal and clinical studies provide significant insight, but understanding the complex underlying coupled mechanisms can be advanced using computational models. Towards this end, we propose a new model of venous growth and remodelling (G&R) based on a constrained mixture theory. First, we identify constitutive relations and parameters that enable venous adaptations to moderate perturbations in haemodynamics. We then fix these relations and parameters, and subject the vein to a range of combined loads (pressure and flow), from moderate to severe, and identify plausible mechanisms of adaptation versus maladaptation. We also explore the beneficial effects of gradual increases in load on adaptation. A gradual change in flow over 3 days plus an initial step change in pressure results in fewer maladaptations compared with step changes in both flow and pressure, or even a gradual change in pressure and flow over 3 days. A gradual change in flow and pressure over 8 days also enabled a successful venous adaptation for loads as severe as the arterial loads. Optimization is used to accelerate parameter estimation and the proposed framework is general enough to provide a good starting point for parameter estimations in G&R simulations.
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Lezareva, Tatiana A., and Sergey A. Lytaev. "On the effectiveness of mechanisms of psychophysiological adaptation in the dynamics of the educational process." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 10, no. 6 (March 4, 2020): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped10667-77.
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The article presents a review of the literature on contemporary studies of adaptation to educational activity in elementary, middle and high school. Shows the importance of psychophysiological cost of adaptation in the process of achievement of result of learning activities. The possible content of the main psychophysiological complexes for assessing adaptation parameters is considered, including methods for determining the typological properties of the nervous system, heart rate variability indicators, constitutional features that make up the concept of the psycho-physiological status of students, which is not only genetically determined, but can also change under the influence of external influences. Attention is paid to gender heterochronism of development. Special attention is paid to the problem of adaptation of students to specialized education. The necessity of psychophysiological monitoring taking into account the cost of adaptation is shown that there are three main periods of tension of adaptation systems in the learning process primary school, puberty and the first courses of study at the university, but the mechanisms of stress in these three groups differ significantly. So, among first graders, the failure to adapt is facilitated by the mismatch of the rates of morphofunctional development, and there is also a significant effect of gender heterochronism of development on adaptation processes. In adolescents, at the beginning of puberty, there is an increase in the price of adaptation to educational activities, and the tension of regulatory mechanisms increases during the transition to specialized education, however, the conformity of individual typological characteristics to the chosen educational direction is of great importance in further adaptation. First-year students, unlike five-year students, have a decrease in the reserve capacity of the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, especially in conditions of exam stress.
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MELLIN, V., B. DIMEGLIO, A. JENG, R. WEBB, J. HENRY, C. THUILLEZ, and P. MULDER. "408 Cardiovascular effects and angiotensin system adaptation in experimental heart failure after aldosterone synthase inhibition." European Journal of Heart Failure Supplements 5, no. 1 (2006): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-4215(06)80270-5.
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Boutcher, Stephen H. "Aerobic Fitness: Measurement and Issues." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 12, no. 3 (September 1990): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.12.3.235.
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The effects of aerobic fitness on psychological and behavioral variables are currently receiving increased attention. However, the results of past research in these areas are equivocal, mainly due to differences in the methods used to quantify aerobic fitness and the failure to address issues concerning adaptation responses to aerobic training. It is suggested that direct assessment of V02max and estimation of lactate threshold are currently the most suitable measures of aerobic power and adaptation responses to aerobic exercise. To better understand how aerobic fitness affects psychological variables, it is also necessary to consider genetic influences and level and mode of adaptation to aerobic training. It is suggested that there should be more focus on examining underlying mechanisms common to both aerobic fitness and the phenomenon of interest. This focus should integrate multiple adaptation patterns and physiological and psychological responses rather than measure solitary parameters.
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Moreno, Juan, and Anders Pape Møller. "Extreme climatic events in relation to global change and their impact on life histories." Current Zoology 57, no. 3 (June 1, 2011): 375–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/57.3.375.
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Abstract Extreme weather conditions occur at an increasing rate as evidenced by higher frequency of hurricanes and more extreme precipitation and temperature anomalies. Such extreme environmental conditions will have important implications for all living organisms through greater frequency of reproductive failure and reduced adult survival. We review examples of reproductive failure and reduced survival related to extreme weather conditions. Phenotypic plasticity may not be sufficient to allow adaptation to extreme weather for many animals. Theory predicts reduced reproductive effort as a response to increased stochasticity. We predict that patterns of natural selection will change towards truncation selection as environmental conditions become more extreme. Such changes in patterns of selection may facilitate adaptation to extreme events. However, effects of selection on reproductive effort are difficult to detect. We present a number of predictions for the effects of extreme weather conditions in need of empirical tests. Finally, we suggest a number of empirical reviews that could improve our ability to judge the effects of extreme environmental conditions on life history.
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Reva, I. А., and I. А. Bondar. "Clinical, metabolic and hormonal features of the formation of impaired hypoglycemia awareness." JOURNAL of SIBERIAN MEDICAL SCIENCES, no. 4 (2021): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31549/2542-1174-2021-4-97-107.
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The review presents the prevalence, pathogenetic aspects of the development of impaired hypoglycemia awareness in diabetes mellitus and its effect on the course of the disease. A key aspect in the pathogenesis of atypical hypoglycemias is the brain adaptation to a low glucose concentration in blood, which entails a disorder of hormonal response to hypoglycemia. This process is an autonomous dysfunction associated with hypoglycemia. It is noted the role of atypical hypoglycemia in the development of cardiovascular complications, cognitive impairments and pregnancy failure in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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Mesgaran, Mohsen B., Mark A. Lewis, Peter K. Ades, Kathleen Donohue, Sara Ohadi, Chengjun Li, and Roger D. Cousens. "Hybridization can facilitate species invasions, even without enhancing local adaptation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 36 (September 6, 2016): 10210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605626113.
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The founding population in most new species introductions, or at the leading edge of an ongoing invasion, is likely to be small. Severe Allee effects—reductions in individual fitness at low population density—may then result in a failure of the species to colonize, even if the habitat could support a much larger population. Using a simulation model for plant populations that incorporates demography, mating systems, quantitative genetics, and pollinators, we show that Allee effects can potentially be overcome by transient hybridization with a resident species or an earlier colonizer. This mechanism does not require the invocation of adaptive changes usually attributed to invasions following hybridization. We verify our result in a case study of sequential invasions by two plant species where the outcrosser Cakile maritima has replaced an earlier, inbreeding, colonizer Cakile edentula (Brassicaceae). Observed historical rates of replacement are consistent with model predictions from hybrid-alleviated Allee effects in outcrossers, although other causes cannot be ruled out.
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Yesovitch, Rose, Albert Cohen, and Andrew Szilagyi. "Failure to Improve Parameters of Lactose Maldigestion using the Multiprobiotic Product VSL3 in Lactose Maldigesters: A Pilot Study." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 18, no. 2 (2004): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2004/417653.
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Lactose maldigestion is a common genetic trait in up to 70% of the world's population. In these subjects, the ingestion of lactose may lead to prebiotic effects which can be confirmed by measurement of breath hydrogen. After a period of continuous lactose ingestion, colonic bacterial adaptation is measurable as improved parameters of lactose digestion. There may be inherent benefits in this process of adaptation which may protect against some diseases. We attempt to link therapeutically beneficial probiotics (VSL3, Seaford Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ontario) with improvement in parameters of lactose maldigestion. Two groups of five subjects with maldigestion were fed one or four packets of VSL3 (one packet containing 450x109live bacteria) before testing and then 17 days later. A 50 g lactose challenge was carried out before and after feeding. While there was a trend toward increasing rather than reducing of summed breath hydrogen, no statistically significant changes were observed between results from before testing and those from testing 17 days later. The authors conclude that direct consumption of the probiotic VSL3 may not improve parameters of lactose maldigestion without metabolic activation. In its present format, therefore, the test for colonic adaptation cannot be used to demonstrate direct bacterial embedding with VSL3.
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Vojnović, Jelena, and Sanja Hromiš. "The importance of the interface in the management of acute respiratory failure." Sestrinska rec 23, no. 81 (2020): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sestrec2081008v.
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Non-invasive ventilation is a form of mechanical ventilatory support that doesn't require endotracheal intubation of the patient. The interface (mask) is a connection between the device and the patient that allows the set pressure gradient supplied by the ventilator to be transmitted to the airways. Today, there are different types of interfaces, which differ in shape, size, mechanical properties, and comfort. Despite the wide of different mask, common reasons for poor patient adaptation to NIV are related to side effects of the interface such as air loss, skin damage, and mask discomfort. We can prevent these side effects with a basic knowledge of the principles of handling and selecting the optimal interface.
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Bender, Bruce G., Louise Belleau, Jolene T. Fukuhara, David A. Mrazek, and Robert C. Strunk. "Psychomotor Adaptation in Children With Severe Chronic Asthma." Pediatrics 79, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.79.5.723.
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Acute effects of steroid medications or hypoxic-induced brain damage have been hypothesized to cause neuropsychologic impairment in children with severe asthma. The present investigation included neuromotor, cognitive, psychosocial, and medical evaluations of 67 hospitalized asthmatic children from 9 to 14 years of age, at risk for motor dysfunction. Mean scores from the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) were similar to test norm means and were not indicative of neuromotor impairment. Scores of the BOTMP correlated significantly (P < .01) with measures of child and family psychosocial adaptation but not with measures of cognitive ability, steroid dose at admission, or severity of asthma. Thirteen children had battery composite scores more than 1 SD below age means but did not demonstrate decreased IQ or increased steroid use, respiratory failure, seizures, or abnormal neurologic signs compared with the other 55 children. These results indicate that most severely asthmatic children, including many with histories of hypoxia and high-dose steroid use, do not demonstrate psychomotor impairments indicative of brain damage. It is concluded that neuromotor development in asthmatic children is associated with psychologic characteristics that influence adaptation to illness and activity level.
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Adachi, Yosuke. "Human Lives at Risk because of Eustatic Sea Level Rise and Extreme Coastal Flooding in the Twenty-First Century." Weather, Climate, and Society 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-13-00063.1.
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Abstract Sea level rise (SLR) is a topic of increasing importance, as global warming continues to drive it at the global level and other factors such as land subsidence also affect it at the local level. Economic and human-based approaches have been taken to assess its impact on society. However, quantifications of the effect of SLR on mortality have not been extensive. Therefore, the objective of this study is to quantify the relative impact of SLR on mortality due to extreme coastal flooding for 2011–2100. First, an empirical relationship between annual storm surges caused by tropical cyclones (TCs) and associated fatalities is established. Next, a conceptual framework is introduced to measure rises in sea level due to gradual SLR and temporary storm surges on a common scale called cumulatively raised sea level. An analysis applying SLR projections to this framework shows that, in addition to the deaths that occur because of coastal flooding due to TCs, at least 84–139 deaths due to extra coastal flooding caused by SLR may occur in the United States by 2100, in the absence of coastal population changes, adaptation, and protection failure. Higher-than-expected rates of SLR due to increased discharge from polar glaciers will raise this estimate to 277. Protection failure will also result in more fatalities. Conversely, adaptation, even when combined with coastal population increases, may lead to fewer fatalities.
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Ahmad, Hena, Richard Roberts, Qadeer Arshad Arshad, Mitesh Patel, and Adolfo Bronstein. "USING TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION (TMS) TO PROBE EFFECTS OF VISUAL MOTION ADAPTATION ON PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX (V1) EXCITABILITY IN BILATERAL VESTIBULAR FAILURE (BVF) PATIENTS." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 86, no. 11 (October 14, 2015): e4.70-e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2015-312379.161.
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Background and aimPatients with BVF report oscillopsia due to a defective vestibulo-ocular reflex causing retinal slip. No previous studies have probed visual cortical excitability using TMS and visual motion processing in these patients. We investigated the effects of visual motion adaptation on V1 cortical excitability in BVF patients and correlated this with psychophysical parameters.Methods12 BVF patients (7 males) aged 29–65 (mean=54.5) and 12 controls (6 males) aged 42–73 (mean=55) were recruited. Biphasic TMS pulses were applied at V1 and phosphene threshold (PT) was estimated. 3 measurement phases were (1) Stationary (2) Motion with optokinetic stimulation (OKS) Adaptation: OKS rightwards for 5 minutes 3) Post adaptation during viewing motion. All subjects completed questionnaires prior to the experiment. Results were analysed offline by calculating the probability of phosphene perception.ResultsBaseline phosphene thresholds were significantly higher in BVF patients (p=0.024) reflecting reduced visual cortical excitability. Lower oscillopsia scores correlated with reduced baseline V1 excitability (p=0.009).ConclusionsThis novel finding acts as a neurophysiological correlate for clinical observations of adaptive visual motion perception and is also correlated with psychophysical parameters. These results provide evidence for adaptive mechanisms leading to cortical plasticity following BVF.
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Çam, O., and S. Nehir. "Studying the psychosocial adaptation, depression and anxiety leves of patients who experienced myocardial infaction." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72583-4.
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AimThis study was performed to determine psychosocial adaptation, depression and axiety levels of patients who experienced Myocardial Infarction (MI).Materials and methodsA total of 86 patients who were admitted to Coronary Intensive Care Unit of Ege University with MI diagnosis between October and December 2009 and who visited Cardiology Polyclinic as outpatients were comprised the sampling of study. In data collection “Patient Introductory Information Form” involving sociodemographic characteristics of the patients, “Psychosocial Adaptation Scale”, “Beck Depression Inventory” and “Beck Anxiety Inventory” were used.FindingsWhen the sociodemographic characteristics of patients were scrutinized it was identified that their mean age was 57.50 ± 10.43 years. 76.7% were males, 79.1% were married, 40.7% were elementary school graduates, 94% were living with their families. Since patients have experienced MI at early ages, singles or those are living alone, those have less income and those experiencing difficulty in coping with stress had increased mean psychosocail adaptation scores and mean depression scores and the difference was found statistically significant (p < 0.05).In patients who experienced MI, as the depression and anxiety scores increased, also the psychosocial disease-adaptation scores increased. Increased mean anxiety and depression scores will decrease individuals’ adaptation to disease (p < 0.01).ConclusionConsequently, during the process of reducing the negative effects exerted by heart failure, which is a chronic disease, on individual, family and community and increasing patients’ psychosocial disease-adaptation, nurses should consider patients’ individual and disease-related characteristics and provide support for them to develop their psychosocial adaptation.
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Anisman, Hymie, and Robert M. Zacharko. "Depression as a Consequence of Inadequate Neurochemical Adaptation in Response to Stressors." British Journal of Psychiatry 160, S15 (February 1992): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000296669.
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Stressors induce behavioural disturbances and neurochemical changes in animals, some of which are reminiscent of the symptoms and presumed neurochemical concomitants of depression in humans. Just as in humans, where considerable inter-individual variability is evident in the symptom profile of depression, there is marked inter-individual and inter-strain variability in the behavioural effects of stressors in animals. It is proposed that stressors induce adaptive neurochemical changes, failure of which may engender behavioural disturbances. Variability in the symptoms of depression and in the efficacy of its pharmacological treatment may reflect the biochemical heterogeneity of the illness. Inter-individual differences in vulnerability to stressor-provoked neurochemical changes may contribute to the behavioural profiles observed.
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Castro-Borges, P., C. A. Juárez-Alvarado, R. I. Soto-Ibarra, J. A. Briceño-Mena, G. Fajardo-San Miguel, and P. Valdez-Tamez. "Effect of Corrosion in the Transverse Reinforcements in Concrete Beams: Sustainable Method to Generate and Measure Deterioration." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 8105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198105.
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A consistent method to generate and measure deterioration by corrosion in transverse reinforcements for concrete beams is presented and discussed in this work. This approach could be applied in other circumstances, such as bending, compression or combinations of stresses, with comparable results and therefore can be used to ensure sustainability. In marine environments, macro-cells are produced primarily from a transverse reinforcement, which works as an anode and therefore becomes a critical part of the structural analysis. To evaluate the adaptation efficiency of our proposed method, the corrosion potential, mass losses and cross-section reductions of the steel were measured. The shear stress behavior of the beams was investigated, including beam responses to load deformations, failure modes and cracking. The method ensured that all the beams exhibited a shear failure from diagonal stress with almost 50% less deflection when mechanically tested. The critical cross-sectional area, calculated according to the experimental diameter with the greatest cross-sectional loss due to the corrosion of the deteriorated stirrup, proved to be a reliable value for predicting the ultimate shear strength of concrete beams deteriorated by severe corrosion. A reduction of up to 30% in the shear strength of deteriorated versus non-deteriorated beams was found. Additional results showed that there is a correlation between the experimental and theoretical results and that the method is reproducible.
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Cianciaruso, B., V. Bellizzi, R. Minutolo, G. Colucci, V. Bisesti, D. Russo, G. Conte, and L. De Nicola. "Renal adaptation to dietary sodium restriction in moderate renal failure resulting from chronic glomerular disease." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 7, no. 2 (February 1996): 306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v72306.
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The renal response to sodium restriction was evaluated, and the concurrent changes of the plasma levels of aldosterone (ALDO) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), in healthy patients (NOR), in normotensive patients with non-nephrotic chronic glomerulonephritis and normal renal function (GN), and in patients with glomerulonephritis and moderate renal failure (GFR, 41 +/- 4 mL/min; CRF). The three groups were studied for 1 wk after changing from a normal-sodium diet (NSD, 235 mEq NaCl/day) to a low-sodium diet (LSD, 35 mEq NaCl/day). All patients reached a steady sodium balance within the 4th and 5th day of LSD with an analogous cumulative loss of sodium. After salt restriction, the fractional urinary sodium excretion diminished by the same extent in the three groups, whereas the fractional free-water generation, measured during water diuresis, did not vary in NOR and markedly decreased in GN and CRF. Plasma levels of ALDO were similar in all groups at NSD and similarly increased during LSD. In GN and CRF, as compared to NOR, ANP levels were higher at NSD and decreased by a minor extent during LSD. Notably, in GN and CRF, but not in NOR, the attainment of the new sodium balance after sodium restriction was preceded by a significant parallel reduction of blood pressure and GFR; the GFR decline was secondary to a major decrement of RPF so that filtration fraction (FF) increased. It was concluded that in NOR, distal tubular effects of ANP and ALDO account for the attainment of sodium balance during LSD. As a difference, both GN and CRF patients achieve the new sodium balance primarily through hemodynamic changes: the renal hypoperfusion secondary to a decrease in blood pressure that diminishes the filtered load of sodium, and the increase of FF that enhances the proximal tubular sodium reabsorption. This abnormal response seems related to both the minor suppression of ANP and the increased salt-sensitivity of blood pressure that are likely the result of the presence of volume expansion.
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Prijatelj, Vesna, Vladislav Rajkovič, and Olga Šušteršič. "A Model for Risk Assessment in Health Care Using a Health Care Failure Method and Effect Analysis." Slovenian Journal of Public Health 52, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 316–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2013-0032.
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AbstractObjective: The purpose of this research is to track and reduce risks so as to prevent errors within the process of health care. The aim is to design an organizational information model using error prevention methods for risk assessment.Method: In order to assess the risk of errors, the Health Care Failure Mode and Effect Analysis is used. To determine the causes of the errors, the Root Cause Analysis is used.Results: Results of the process analysis following corrective measures shows that the risk assessment of individual error causes reduced by73.6 percent. Re-evaluation of the risks to the whole process shows that the overall risk score was decreased by 45.5 percent. The proposed model has a significant impact on professional attention, communication and information, critical thinking, experience and knowledge. The average impact of information communication technology on the reduction of medication administration errors is 56 percent. These findings represent an increase in the quality of care.Conclusions: The results of our research are theoretically and practically useful and verifiable in other environments, if the level of the organizational culture and the culture of recording errors in combination with the precise recording of data to assess the risk of errors in the process. The model provides a standardized data format that can be used for the purpose of defining factors for the occurrence of errors, for developing a base of knowledge for learning from mistakes and for continuous verification and adaptation to changes in the environment in order to prevent errors.
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Banks, William A., Susan A. Farr, and John E. Morley. "The effects of high fat diets on the blood–brain barrier transport of leptin: Failure or adaptation?" Physiology & Behavior 88, no. 3 (June 2006): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.05.037.
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Baryla, N. I., I. P. Vakaliuk, and S. L. Pоpеl’. "The mechanism of adaptation of the organism of patients with chronic heart failure combined with vitamin D deficiency and the morphofunctional state of peripheral blood erythrocytes." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 10, no. 3 (July 21, 2019): 352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021954.
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The problem of structural changes in peripheral blood erythrocytes in patients with chronic heart failure in combination with vitamin D deficiency during exercise stress remains insufficiently studied. Vitamin receptors are located on smooth myocytes, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes and blood cells. It affects the state of the cell membrane, the contractile function of the myocardium, the regulation of blood pressure, cardiac remodeling and reduction of left ventricular hypertrophy. Therefore, it is important to assess the level of vitamin D in blood plasma in individuals with chronic heart failure and to identify the effect of its deficiency on the state of peripheral red blood cells when performing a 6-minute walk test. A total of 75 patients of the main group with chronic heart failure stage II A, I–II functional class with different levels of vitamin D deficiency were examined. The control group included 25 patients with chronic heart failure stage II A, functional class I–II without signs of vitamin D deficiency. The average age of patients was 57.5 ± 7.5 years. All patients were asked to undergo the 6 minutes walking test. The level of total vitamin D in plasma was determined by enzyme immunoassay. Morphological studies of erythrocytes were performed on the light-optical and electron-microscopic level. The obtained results showed that patients of the main group with chronic heart failure had a decrease in vitamin D by 2.2 times compared with the control group. Correlation analysis showed a directly proportional relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the number of red blood cells of a modified form and red blood cells with low osmotic resistance. Dosed exercise stress in patients with chronic heart failure against a background of vitamin D deficiency leads to an increase in the number of reversibly and irreversibly deformed erythrocytes and a decrease in their osmotic stability. This indicates a disorder in the structural integrity of their membrane and can have negative consequences for the somatic health of such patients.
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Mersha, Firomsa, Jema Haji, Bezabih Emana, and Abule Mehare. "Farm Households Choices of Adaptation Strategies to Climate Variability Challenges in Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia." Sustainable Agriculture Research 11, no. 4 (October 30, 2022): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v11n4p50.
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Climate variability and change are a serious threat to the livelihoods of rural communities because they are very sensitive to such changes. This study assesses the major adaptation strategies pursued by farm households to climate variability and change impact in Benishangul Gumuz regional state, western Ethiopia which is harshly affected by climate change stresses. The data were collected from a randomly selected 385 sample households through interview using field-based questionnaires and focus group discussions and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results pointed out that the likelihood of households to adopt crop diversity, soil and water conservation practice, small scale irrigation, crop rotation, adjusting planting date and improved crop varieties were 54.2%, 49.8%, 47.3%, 45.3%, 44.4% and 43.5% respectively. Moreover, the results indicated that the joint likelihood of using all adaptation strategies was only 1.64% and the joint likelihood of failure to adopt all of the adaptation strategies was 2.92%. Therefore, future policy should focus on towards supporting improved extension service, offer climate related training and information especially to adaptation technologies to increase the farm households experience in adopting different strategies to the negative effects of climate variability which is a global problem of this century.
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Khurtenko, Oksana, Svitlana Liebiedieva, Lina Perelygina, Oleksandr Morhunov, Vasyl Ovcharuk, and Eduard Mykhliuk. "Model of Psychological Readiness of a Coach to Make Decisions in Extreme Situations of Professional Activity." BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience 13, no. 1Sup1 (March 23, 2022): 247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/brain/13.1sup1/317.
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Inflated self-esteem provokes goal setting higher than the real possibilities, neglect of the necessary information, reduction of the probability of failure, minimization of efforts to achieve the goal, "relaxing" effect of success and a strong emotional experience of failure; the need to maintain the level of self-esteem leads to a protective ignoring of failures, the explanation of their external causes, which weakens the incentive to overcome them. Sharply inflated self-esteem can create at a certain stage of activity a zone of constant failures, reduced professional motivation. The consequence of low self-esteem is passivity, fear of responsibility, tendency to set too easy tasks, underestimation of the subjective probability of success, which disrupts the impact of failures. Obviously, the inadequacy of self-esteem becomes an obstacle to professional adaptation. As evidenced by our observations, it is characteristic that coaches who do not have a sufficient level of competence in the management of subordinates, have an inflated self-esteem. But also adequate high self-esteem, which is spontaneously formed in the process of professional training, can become a disorganizing factor, if it is not critically transferred from educational to professional activities. In this case, entering a professional activity, which is already characterized by a decrease in the stability of self-esteem, is complicated by its strong fluctuations. In addition, we found that there is no significant correlation between learning success and success in starting a professional activity. High self-esteem of a young specialist is often an obstacle to his acceptance into the team. The creative adaptive component, which prevails over the conformal one, is an interference at this stage.
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Bartholomeu-Neto, João, Ciro José Brito, Otávio Toledo Nóbrega, Vinícius Carolino Sousa, Juliana Oliveira Toledo, Roberta Silva Paula, David Junger Fonseca Alves, Aparecido Pimentel Ferreira, Clayton Franco Moraes, and Cláudio Córdova. "Adaptation to Resistance Training Is Associated with Higher Phagocytic (but Not Oxidative) Activity in Neutrophils of Older Women." Journal of Immunology Research 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/724982.
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Failure in antimicrobial activity contributes to high morbidity and mortality in the geriatric population. Little is known about the potential effect of resistance training (RT) on the functional properties of the innate immunity. This study aimed to investigate the influence of long-term RT on the endocytic and oxidative activities of neutrophils and monocytes in healthy older women. Our results indicate that the phagocytosis index (PhI) of neutrophils (but not of monocytes) in the RT-adapted group was significantly higher (P<0.001; effect size, (d) = 0.90, 95% CI: [0.75–1.04]) compared to that in sedentary subjects. In contrast, the oxidative activity of either neutrophils or monocytes was not significantly influenced by RT. Also, total energy and carbohydrate intake as well as serum IL6 levels had a significant influence on the phagocytic activity of neutrophils (P=0.04), being considered in the model. Multivariate regression identified the physical condition of the subject (β=0.425;P=0.01) as a significant predictor of PhI. In conclusion, circulating neutrophils of older women adapted to a long-term RT program expressed higher phagocytic activity.
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Degens, H., A. J. Gilde, M. Lindhout, P. H. M. Willemsen, G. J. van der Vusse, and M. van Bilsen. "Functional and metabolic adaptation of the heart to prolonged thyroid hormone treatment." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 284, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): H108—H115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00282.2002.
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In heart failure, thyroid hormone (TH) treatment improves cardiac performance. The long-term effects of TH on cardiac function and metabolism, however, are incompletely known. To investigate the effects of up to 28 days of TH treatment, male Wistar rats received 3,3′,5-triiodo-l-thyronine (200 μg/kg sc per day) leading to a 2.5-fold rise in plasma fatty acid (FA) level and progressive cardiac hypertrophy (+47% after 28 days) ( P < 0.001). Ejection fraction (echocardiography) was increased (+12%; P < 0.05) between 7 and 14 days and declined thereafter. Neither cardiac FA oxidation, glycolytic capacity (homogenates) per unit muscle mass, nor mRNA levels of proteins involved in FA and glucose uptake and metabolism (Northern blots and microarray) were altered. After 28 days of treatment, mRNA levels of uncoupling proteins (UCP) 2 and 3 and atrial natriuretic factor were increased ( P < 0.05). This indicates that TH-induced hypertrophy is associated with an initial increase in cardiac performance, followed by a decline in cardiac function and increased expression of UCPs and atrial natriuretic factor, suggesting that detrimental effects eventually prevail.
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Xu, Dan, James Ferris Whidborne, and Alastair Cooke. "Fault tolerant control of a quadrotor using C 1 adaptive control." International Journal of Intelligent Unmanned Systems 4, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijius-08-2015-0011.
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Purpose – The growing use of small unmanned rotorcraft in civilian applications means that safe operation is increasingly important. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the fault tolerant properties to faults in the actuators of an C 1 adaptive controller for a quadrotor vehicle. Design/methodology/approach – C 1 adaptive control provides fast adaptation along with decoupling between adaptation and robustness. This makes the approach a suitable candidate for fault tolerant control of quadrotor and other multirotor vehicles. In the paper, the design of an C 1 adaptive controller is presented. The controller is compared to a fixed-gain LQR controller. Findings – The C 1 adaptive controller is shown to have improved performance when subject to actuator faults, and a higher range of actuator fault tolerance. Research limitations/implications – The control scheme is tested in simulation of a simple model that ignores aerodynamic and gyroscopic effects. Hence for further work, testing with a more complete model is recommended followed by implementation on an actual platform and flight test. The effect of sensor noise should also be considered along with investigation into the influence of wind disturbances and tolerance to sensor failures. Furthermore, quadrotors cannot tolerate total failure of a rotor without loss of control of one of the degrees of freedom, this aspect requires further investigation. Practical implications – Applying the C 1 adaptive controller to a hexrotor or octorotor would increase the reliability of such vehicles without recourse to methods that require fault detection schemes and control reallocation as well as providing tolerance to a total loss of a rotor. Social implications – In order for quadrotors and other similar unmanned air vehicles to undertake many proposed roles, a high level of safety is required. Hence the controllers should be fault tolerant. Originality/value – Fault tolerance to partial actuator/effector faults is demonstrated using an C 1 adaptive controller.
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Knott, Jayne F., Jennifer M. Jacobs, Jo E. Sias, Paul Kirshen, and Eshan V. Dave. "A Framework for Introducing Climate-Change Adaptation in Pavement Management." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 13, 2019): 4382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164382.
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Greenhouse gas emissions have caused global temperatures to rise since the mid-20th century accompanied by sea-level rise (SLR). Temperature increases and SLR-induced groundwater rise have been shown to cause premature pavement failure in many roadway structures. Hybrid bottom-up/top-down (hybrid) adaptation approaches have shown promise by initially investigating an asset’s response to incremental environmental change and then identifying the timing of critical effects for budgetary planning. This improves practitioners’ understanding of the asset’s climate resiliency and informs adaptation-plan development to minimize both cost and risk. In this study, a hybrid approach to pavement adaptation with climate-change-induced temperature and groundwater rise is demonstrated at a case-study site in coastal New Hampshire. The hot-mix-asphalt (HMA) thickness that achieves a minimum of 85% reliability is calculated for 70 combinations of incremental temperature and groundwater rise. Increasing the base-layer thickness improves resiliency against rising temperatures, but rising groundwater diminishes this improvement demonstrating that both HMA and base-layer thickness increases are needed. Thirteen adaptation pathways are evaluated for pavement performance, life-cycle costs, and road-surface inundation over a 60-year pavement management period. A stepwise and flexible adaptation plan is developed that includes HMA overlays with prescribed thickness and application timing, base-layer rehabilitation options, and re-evaluation opportunities.