Academic literature on the topic 'Failles normales'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Failles normales.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Failles normales"
1
Ngindu Buabua, David. "Rift Upemba et tectonique." Revue Congolaise des Sciences & Technologies 2, no. 2 (June 23, 2023): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.59228/rcst.023.v2.i2.31.
Full textAbstract:
Dans ce travail nous allons examiner l’évolution du Rift Upemba par rapport à la tectonique de la région et conclure sur les alignements des failles dans le Rift. Les méthodes utilisées pour cette étude comprennent la télédétection et le traitement par Système d’Information Géographique, grâce au logiciel ArcGIS 10.8. Comme résultats, le Rift Upemba, par rapport à la tectonique de la région, n’est pas constitué d’une seule faille en segment de droite mais de deux failles normales composées situées de part et d’autre du Rift dans la dépression délimitée par des lacs. D’où, le Rift Upemba est considéré comme un rift avorté car son mouvement d’extension s’est arrêté il y a plusieurs années. Mots clés: Rift, Upemba, tectonique, télédétection, failles.
2
Ngindu Buabua, David. "Rift Upemba et tectonique." Revue Congolaise des Sciences & Technologies 02, no. 02 (June 24, 2023): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.59228/rcst.023.v2.i1.31.
Full textAbstract:
Dans ce travail nous allons examiner l’évolution du Rift Upemba par rapport à la tectonique de la région et conclure sur les alignements des failles dans le Rift. Les méthodes utilisées pour cette étude comprennent la télédétection et le traitement par Système d’Information Géographique, grâce au logiciel ArcGIS 10.8. Comme résultats, le Rift Upemba, par rapport à la tectonique de la région, n’est pas constitué d’une seule faille en segment de droite mais de deux failles normales composées situées de part et d’autre du Rift dans la dépression délimitée par des lacs. D’où, le Rift Upemba est considéré comme un rift avorté car son mouvement d’extension s’est arrêté il y a plusieurs années. Mots clés: Rift, Upemba, tectonique, télédétection, failles.
3
Meyer, B., J. P. Avouac, P. Tapponnier, and M. Meghraoui. "Mesures topographiques sur le segment SW de la zone faillee d'El Asnam et interpretation mecanique des relations entre failles inverses et normales." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France VI, no. 3 (May 1, 1990): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.vi.3.447.
Full text
4
Hervouët, Yves, Nicolas Espurt, and Damien Dhont. "Failles normales Paléocène à Lutétien en zone sud-pyrénéenne (Aragon, Espagne) et flexuration de la plaque ibérique." Comptes Rendus Geoscience 337, no. 3 (February 2005): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2004.11.001.
Full text
5
Graveleau, Fabien, Frank Chanier, Francis Meilliez, Jean-Yves Reynaud, and Geoffray Musial. "Observation de la surface de transgression du tuffeau thanétien sur la craie coniacienne au niveau du flanc nord de l'anticlinal du Mélantois (Nord)." Annales de la Société géologique du Nord - (2e Série), Tome 28, no. 28 (December 1, 2021): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.54563/asgn.321.
Full textAbstract:
Le suivi régulier d’un chantier de terrassement localisé à la limite des communes de Lezennes et de Villeneuve d’Ascq, au cœur de la Métropole de Lille (59, Nord), a permis d’observer et d’analyser en détail le contact géologique entre le « tuffeau » du Thanétien et la craie du Coniacien. Cette surface de contact apparaît remarquablement nette et plane, sub-horizontale et faiblement déformée. Quelques failles normales (N100-110) et décrochantes (N-S) la fracturent avec des rejets verticaux décimétriques à métriques. Cette surface est marquée par la présence d’un impressionnant réseau de terriers fossiles de type Thalassinoides isp creusés dans la craie, à remplissage thanétien et caractéristiques de l’ichnofaciès à Glossifungites. L’interprétation de cet ichnofaciès soulève de nombreux questionnements sur leur origine que de futures études de sédimentologie et de micropaléontologie devraient permettre de lever, renseignant ainsi l’histoire géologique de la transgression paléocène dans le Nord de la France.
6
Moulouel, Hakim, Luca Micarelli, Isabelle Moretti, and Djamel Machane. "Fracturation des carbonates dans la zone de faille normale active d’Aigion (Grèce) à partir des carottes du puits: conséquences sur les propriétés de transfert de fluides." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 186, no. 6 (October 1, 2015): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.186.6.387.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract La faille d’Aigion appartient à un système de failles normales à pendage nord affectant la bordure sud du golfe de Corinthe, témoin d’une extension active d’échelle régionale caractérisant la région égéenne. Les carottes du forage AIG-10, qui a traversé cette faille, montrent la présence d’une zone endommagée et d’une gouge. Ce travail présente une analyse des lames minces faites à partir de ces carottes. Il confirme la zonation en termes de fracturation à l’approche de la faille. Loin de cette dernière, la fracturation héritée de la phase compressive de l’orogenèse hellénique est dominante, bien qu’il existe aussi une famille E-W liée à l’extension actuelle. Toutes ces fractures sont scellées et le remplissage est similaire d’un point de vue luminescence au calcaire hôte. A l’approche du coeur, la quantité de fractures liées à la faille augmente; le remplissage de ces fractures indique, en cathodoluminescence, le passage de plusieurs fluides qui seraient d’origine externe, et la dernière génération de fractures est encore ouverte. Au mur de la faille, sous 5 m d’épaisseur verticale de cataclasite et d’ultracataclasite dans les calcaires et radiolarites (coeur de faille) et 13 m d’épaisseur verticale de gouge dans les radiolarites, les observations sont plus limitées, car la présence d’un karst a restreint les possibilités de carottage. Néanmoins, on peut observer que le remplissage des fractures liées à l’extension est différent de ce qui nous a été dévoilé au toit. Ceci suggère que la faille, transversalement imperméable aujourd’hui, l’a toujours été. L’analyse de la succession des ciments met en évidence une perméabilité parallèle à la faille à la faveur d’un système de fractures et fentes jeunes et ouvertes, pendant qu’est discuté le transfert de fluides par rapport aux stades de propagation de la faille.
7
Ferrière, Jacky, and Frank Chanier. "La marge Ouest-Maliaque de la Téthys (Hellénides) : une marge en hyper-extension, pauvre en magma." Annales de la Société géologique du Nord - (2e Série), Tome 28, no. 28 (December 1, 2021): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54563/asgn.288.
Full textAbstract:
La reconstitution des marges passives anciennes à partir de l’étude d’affleurements à terre se heurte au problème de la déformation des séries issues de la marge, en raison de leur mise en place tectonique sur les domaines continentaux. Dans le massif de l’Othrys, en Grèce, les témoins d’une marge téthysienne (Océan Maliaque) sont correctement préservés au sein de nappes syn-obduction du Jurassique. Dans ce massif, ces nappes sont nombreuses : 3 nappes ophiolitiques et 6 nappes issues de la marge. L’empilement des nappes est régulier : les nappes possédant des séries de forte profondeur (séries distales) recouvrent toujours des unités comportant des séries de moindre profondeur (proximales). Il est ainsi possible de reconstituer la marge Ouest-Maliaque de façon assez complète et relativement fiable. Des travaux antérieurs, notamment par les auteurs de ce travail, ont permis d’établir les grandes lignes de cette reconstitution.De nouveaux résultats sur la série d’Othrys, confrontés aux données sur les marges actuelles permettent d’observer que la marge Ouest-Maliaque se rapproche des marges en « hyper- extension » relativement pauvres en magma. Ces résultats permettent également une analyse des mécanismes de déformation syn-rift (Trias moyen) de la marge Ouest-Maliaque, qu’il s’agisse des différentes phases de déformation successives, ou des différents ensembles résultants de ces déformations. Les différentes phases de déformation typiques d’un rift se succèdent, avec (1) une déformation diffuse avec le développement de failles normales dans la croûte continentale supérieure cassante (stretching) ; (2) une déformation plus localisée (thinning) à l’origine de la marge distale ; (3) une possible exhumation de manteau sous-continental et (4) l’accrétion océanique (fin du Rifting) dès l’Anisien supérieur. Cette déformation s’exprime par la présence de différents domaines structuraux à travers la marge : (1) le domaine de necking, transition entre le bloc continental à croûte épaisse (environ 30 km) et la marge distale à croûte très amincie (environ 10 km) ; (2) la marge distale issue du fonctionnement d’une « faille de détachement » ; (3) un bloc distal, haut-fond transitoire, au contact de la croûte océanique et/ou, localement, de manteau continental exhumé partiellement serpentinisé. Dans certains cas, l’exhumation de manteau hydraté au sein même de la marge distale sous l’effet de l’hyper-extension isole des blocs distaux parfois nommés « extensional allochtons ».
8
Ferrière, Jacky, and Frank Chanier. "Analysis of an obduction process: the example of the Tethyan Maliac Ocean (Hellenides)." Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord, no. 27 (December 2, 2020): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54563/asgn.254.
Full textAbstract:
L’obduction, charriage de la lithosphère océanique sur la croûte continentale, à l’origine des ophiolites, a été défini suite à la révolution de la tectonique des plaques. Dans un premier temps, les analyses ont surtout porté sur la pétrographie et la géochimie des ensembles ophiolitiques (par ex. Vourinos en Grèce, Troodos à Chypre, nappe du Semail en Oman). Notre étude concerne principalement un secteur des Hellénides, le massif de l’Othrys, où l’on peut observer un système ophiolitique complet représenté par un empilement de nappes mises en place pendant l’obduction de l’Océan téthysien Maliaque. L’existence d’une couverture crétacée discordante sur ces nappes, permet de les attribuer, sans équivoque, au processus d’obduction du Jurassique moyen-supérieur. Le dispositif structural est constitué de trois nappes ophiolitiques recouvrant un ensemble de cinq autres nappes correspondant à l’écaillage de la marge continentale sous ces nappes ophiolitiques. Dans ce massif, les ophiolites datées du Jurassique moyen (Mega Isoma et Metalleion) présentent des caractéristiques en partie comparables (répartition, nature pétrographique, âge) à celles des ophiolites du Vourinos-Pinde du Nord, supposées être nées au sein de la plaque supérieure d’une zone de subduction. En revanche, nous avons pu mettre en évidence, en Othrys, des nappes originales : i) une nappe ophiolitique de pillow-lavas du Trias (Fourka, de type MORB) témoin de la période initiale de l’océan ; ii) des nappes issues de la marge distale permettant de reconstituer précisément cette marge. L’analyse de ces différentes nappes nous a permis de reconnaître ou de préciser certaines modalités du processus d’obduction : i) la mise en place tectonique d’une unité (Fourka) appartenant à la plaque plongeante au niveau d’une subduction (et non pas à la plaque supérieure) ; ii) la genèse de certaines nappes à partir de failles normales listriques liées au rifting triasique (processus d’inversion tectonique positive) ; iii) les modalités de déplacement des nappes sur le domaine continental (marge et plate-forme) par l’analyse des mélanges à blocs nés à l’avant des nappes. Deux événements tardi-obduction ont également été étudiés : la genèse d’un bassin d’avant-chaîne et le développement de fenêtres tectoniques au cœur des nappes.
9
Schoonmaker, Adam, William S. F. Kidd, Stephen E. DeLong, and John F. Bender. "Lawrence Head Volcanics and Dunnage Mélange, Newfoundland Appalachians: Origin by Ordovician Ridge Subduction or in Back-Arc Rift?" Geoscience Canada 41, no. 4 (December 3, 2014): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2014.41.053.
Full textAbstract:
This paper reviews the geological setting and reports new geochemical trace element data from the Ordovician Lawrence Head Volcanics (LHV) and the underlying gabbro sills in the Exploits Group. In combination with existing published analyses and ages of these rocks, the volcanic rocks and sills are indistinguishable in composition and age, and the data are consistent with the hypothesis that they represent the same (mostly E-MORB composition) magmatic event in the early–mid Darriwilian (~465 ± 2 Ma). The LHV and their enclosing strata show regional evidence for: 1) upward decline of volume and grain size of arc-derived volcaniclastic materials over the uppermost interval of turbidite sedimentary strata below the LHV; 2) change to shallow marine conditions locally by the end of the LHV event, followed immediately by significant subsidence, and 3) no evidence of coarse-grained clastic input, nor of normal faulting, during or immediately after LHV magmatism. Ridge–trench interaction (ridge subduction) at a subduction system is consistent with all of these features and spatial distribution of related elements, but a rift (back-arc) origin over a subduction zone can only accommodate the compositions, and is inconsistent with the geological evidence. The Dunnage Mélange (DM) has been interpreted either as olistostromal in a developing back-arc rift basin, or as a subduction accretionary prism. Peraluminous intrusions in the mélange (Coaker Porphyry ― CP) are more readily explained by ridge subduction, and a previously reported zircon age (469 ± 4 Ma) is consistent with the age of the LHV and gabbro sills, also interpreted as products of ridge subduction. Localization of the CP in the eastern area of DM, and of most of the large LHV-derived volcanic blocks in the western DM, suggests a slightly younger age, and perhaps a different mechanism, for the origin of the western DM.SOMMAIRECet article passe en revue le contexte géologique et présente de nouvelles données géochimiques d’éléments traces des roches volcaniques ordoviciennes de Lawrence Head (LHV) et des filons-couches de gabbro sous-jacents du Groupe Exploits. Considérant la combinaison des données d’analyse publiées et des datations de ces roches, les roches volcaniques et les filons-couches sont indiscernables tant en composition qu’en âge, et les données sont compatibles avec l’hypothèse selon laquelle ils représentent le même événement magmatique (principalement E-MORB) du Darriwilien précoce à moyen (~465 ± 2 Ma). Les LHV ainsi que les strates de l’encaissant renferment des indices régionaux qui montrent : 1) que le volume et la granulométrie des matériaux volcanoclastiques d’arc diminuent vers le haut dans l’intervalle supérieur des strates de turbidites sédimentaires sous les LHV; 2) que le changement vers des milieux marins peu profonds localement vers la fin de l’événement des LHV a été suivi immédiatement par une subsidence importante, et 3) qu’il n’existe pas d’indices d’apports clastiques à gros grains, non plus que de formation de failles normales, durant ou immédiatement après le magmatisme des LHV. L’interaction crête-fosse (subduction de la crête) au lieu d’un système de subduction concorde avec toutes ces caractéristiques et la répartition spatiale des éléments reliés, alors qu’une origine de crête (arrière-arc) au-dessus d’une zone de subduction ne peut expliquer que les compositions et qu’elle est incompatible avec l’évidence géologique. Le Dunnage Mélange (DM) a été interprété soit comme un olistostome dans un bassin d’arrière-arc en développement, ou comme un prisme d’accrétion de subduction. Les intrusions hyperalumineuses dans le mélange (Porphyre Coaker — CP), s’explique plus facilement par une subduction de crête, et un âge de datation sur zircon de (469 ± 4 Ma) correspond à l’âge des LHV et des filons-couche de gabbro, aussi interprétés comme produits d’une subduction de crête. La localisation du CP dans la portion orientale du DM, et de la majeure partie des grands blocs volcaniques dérivés des LHV de la portion ouest du DM, suggère un âge légèrement plus jeune, et peut-être un mécanisme différent, pour l’origine de la portion ouest du DM.
10
Victor, Jonathan D., Mary M. Conte, Leslie Burton, and Ruth D. Nass. "Visual evoked potentials in dyslexics and normals: Failure to find a difference in transient or steady-state responses." Visual Neuroscience 10, no. 5 (September 1993): 939–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800006155.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWe measured transient and steady-state checkerboard contrast-reversal visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in ten dyslexics, five patient controls, and 11 normals over a range of contrasts and luminances. Latency, amplitude, and phase measurements failed to distinguish the responses of dyslexics from those of normals or patient controls. Decreases in luminance or contrast resulted in an increased latency of the transient VEP in all groups, but these changes also did not distinguish the responses of dyslexics from those of the controls. Response variability was similar in dyslexics and normals, but was increased in subjects with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Performance on standardized psychometric testing did differentiate the dyslexics from controls, but did not correlate with VEP responses.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Failles normales"
1
Bussolotto, Maura. "Paramètres de contrôle des mécanismes de la déformation associés aux failles normales en contexte carbonaté : deux cas d'étude : la faille de Gubbio (Italie) et les failles de la marge sud du Golfe de Corinthe (Grèce)." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066269.
Full textAbstract:
Le but de cette thèse est d’apporter à partir d’une étude pluridisciplinaire une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de déformation des zones de faille normales en contexte carbonaté non poreux et des paramètres qui influencent leur développement. Il s’agit d’une approche par une analyse structurale de terrain, une analyse micro-structurale (microscope optique et cathodoluminescence) des ciments calcitiques syncinématiques et des analyses géochimiques (δ 13C, δ18O, éléments-trace) et microthermométriques (inclusions fluides) des ces mêmes ciments. Pour ce travail de thèse deux sites d’étude ont été choisis : la faille de Gubbio, en Italie, et les failles de la marge sud du Golfe de Corinthe, en Grèce. Plusieurs affleurements ont été sélectionnés et nous avons pu décrire les mécanismes de déformation, leur organisation spatiale, leur chronologie et de rechercher l’influence de la profondeur, de la lithologie et du déplacement sur ces mécanismes (structures et roches de faille associées), ainsi que l’origine des fluides participant à la déformation et l’interaction de ces derniers avec les roches. Les résultats acquis pendant cette étude et présentés tout au le long de ce manuscrit nous amènent à proposer quatre paramètres ou facteurs qui semblent avoir un rôle majeur sur les mécanismes de la déformation dans les carbonates étudiés. Ces facteurs sont : le déplacement, la lithologie, la profondeur et le contexte fluide (interaction roche/fluide). La combinaison de ces facteurs et le rôle dominant ou secondaire de chacun d’entre eux, donne ainsi à chaque faille ses généralités et particularités, et conditionne en particulier ses propriétés pétrophysiques et transmissives
2
Pochat, Stéphane. "Escarpement de faille synsédimentaire : perturbations des écoulements gravitaires sous-marins et détermination de la cinématique des failles." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10024.
Full textAbstract:
Le mouvement des failles synsédimentaires peut induire la création d’escarpement pendant la sédimentation dont l'importance est analysée selon deux aspects: (1) Impact sur les ecoulements de densité sédimentaires sous-marins Des escarpements d'une hauteur décimétrique/métrique perturbent fortement les écoulements sous-marins en favorisant (a) les érosions, le transit sédimentaire, et le dépôt des levées turbiditiques sur l'escarpement, (b) la transformation d'un écoulement hyperconcentré en un écoulement turbulent avec la localisation de faciès spécifique, (c) une canalisation des écoulements de débris parallèlement aux failles. (2) Détermination de la cinématique des failles synsédimentaires avec des données sismique. L'intégration des escarpements permet (a) une meilleure détermination de l'influence respective des variations des apports sédimentaires et des variations du déplacement, sur les variations d'épaisseur des strates de croissances et (b) d’accéder à la lithologie des dépôts.
3
Pacchiani, Francesco. "Etude sismologique des failles normales actives du Rift de Corinthe." Paris 11, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01576334.
Full textAbstract:
Le travail de recherche effectué dans la présente thèse a pour but d'analyser la géométrie des failles actives en profondeur et d'étudier la relation entre les failles, la sismicité et les fluides, afin de comprendre le mécanisme de déformation dans un contexte d'extension continentale. La région d'étude est le Rift de Corinthe (Grèce) dont la microsismicité de l'année 2001 est relocalisée par analyse spectrale, ce qui permet d'obtenir une image haute résolution des structures actives en profondeur. A partir de l'analyse de la géométrie de la sismicité relocalisée, nous montrons, premièrement, l'existence d'une zone de faille dont la trace en surface coïncide avec la Vallée de Kerinitis, où nous proposons qu'elle affleure, deuxièmement, que la Faille d'Aigion n'est pas listrique jusqu'à 6. 5km de profondeur et troisièmement, nous suggérons une corrélation entre le pendage et la profondeur des multiplets du rift. L'étude spatio-temporelle de la crise sismique de 2001 montre une migration de la sismicité de 0. 02 km/jour vers la surface, que nous supposons liée au mouvements de fluides en profondeur, et une perméabilité du milieu de 7 x 10e-13 m^2 qui est cohérente avec la perméabilité supposée d'une croûte tectoniquement stable. D'autre part, un programme a été développé pour calculer la magnitude de moment, MOMAG. Ces résultats confirment le modèle généralement accépté pour le Rift de Corinthe: l'extension est accomodée par des failles planes en surface et une structure à faible pendage assimilée à un détachement en profondeur. En outre, ils mettent en évidence l'hétérogénéité des failles et la participation des fluides dans les mécanismes de déformation extensiveThe research work effectuated in the present thesis aims to constrain the deformation mecanisms in the context of continental extension by carrying out an analysis of the geometry of the active faults at depth as well as by studying the relation between faults, seismicity and fluids. The study region is the Corinth Rift (Greece) whose microseismicity of year 2001 has been relocated by spectral analysis, thereby enabling a high resolution image of the active structures at depth. From the study of the geometry of the relocated seismicity, we show, first, the existence of a fault zone whose surfacet trace coincides with the Kerinitis Valley, where we propose that it outcrops second, that the Aigion Fault is not listric down to 6. 5 km depth and third we suggest a correlation between the dip and the depth of the rift's multiplets. The spatio-temporal study of the 2001 seismic crisis shows a 0. 02 km/day migration of the seismicity towards the surface that we propose related to fluid motion at depth. The estimated rock permeability, 7 x 10e-13 m^2, is coherent with other estimates as well as with the supposed permeability of tectonically stable crust. Moreover a program, MOMAG, has been developed to calculate the moment magnitude. The resulting overall b value in the rift, b=1. 35, shows that at depth the medium is heterogeneous. The diverse results obtained confirm the generally accepted Corinth Rift model: the extension is accommodated by planar faults at the surface and by a weakly dipping structure at depth, assimilated to a detachment. Furthermore, they evidence the fault heterogeneity and the involvement of fluids in the extensional deformation mecanisms
4
Pochat, Stéphane. "Escarpement de faille synsédimentaire : perturbation des écoulements gravitaires sous-marins et détermination de la cinématique des failles /." Rennes : Géosciences Rennes, Université de Rennes I, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39137852j.
Full text
5
Roche, Vincent. "Architecture et croissance des failles dans les alternances argilo-calcaires : exemples dans les alternances du Bassin du Sud-Est (France)et modélisation numérique." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066571.
Full textAbstract:
Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche de l’IRSN relatif au stockage géologique de déchets de moyenne et de haute activité et à vie longue, qui vise à comprendre et modéliser les phénomènes importants pour la sûreté d’une installation de stockage géologique. Un tel stockage est actuellement envisagé en Meuse/Haute-Marne dans la formation argileuse du Callovo-Oxfordien encadrée par des formations calcaires. Dans ce système, d’épaisseur plurihectométrique, des éventuelles failles affectant la couche hôte pourraient créer des drains susceptibles d’amoindrir sa capacité de confinement. Cette étude vise à caractériser l’architecture et la croissance des failles normales dans des alternances argilo-calcaires. Des analyses structurales et des profils de déplacement ont été réalisés sur des failles normales affectant différentes alternances du Bassin du Sud-Est (France) et des propriétés pétrophysiques ont été quantifiées pour chaque lithologie. Les failles étudiées -de simples plans ou des zones de failles- sont fortement influencées par la lithologie. L’analyse de ces caractéristiques complétée par des modélisations numériques a permis d’évaluer les processus responsables de la nucléation, de la restriction et de la croissance des failles.
6
Ghalayini, Ramadan. "Structural modelling of the complex Cenozoic zone of the Levant Basin offshore Lebanon." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066316.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Le bassin de Levant, localisé à l’extrémité la plus orientale de la Méditerranée, se situe à jonction de trois plaques tectoniques majeures (Afrique, Arabie, Eurasie ainsi que la microplaque Anatolienne). Il est bordé à l’Est par la faille du Levant (frontière Arabie/Afrique), qui représente un système transformant de 1000 km de long, reliant le rift dans la Mer Rouge au sud avec la zone de convergence le long du Taurus au nord (frontière Arabie/Eurasie). Son extrémité nord est marquée par la frontière convergente Afrique/Anatolie soulignée par l’arc de Chypre. Le bassin Levantin a enregistré l’interaction entre ces différentes plaques au cours du Cénozoïque et sa bordure Est a été en particulier déformée par la mise en place de la faille du Levant. Cette limite de plaque majeure est marquée au Liban par un relais compressif qui a été actif depuis la fin du Miocène. Jusque récemment, l’absence de données sismiques dans la partie centrale du bassin levantin (offshore Liban) a constitué un handicap important dans la caractérisation de ce basin. Dans ce secteur, la géométrie, cinématique, l’âge des structures tectoniques ne sont pas connus. Plusieurs questions en découlent. Quel est impact de la frontière transformante du Levant sur la structure du bassin? Le bassin a-t-il enregistré d’autres déformations au cours du Cénozoïque ? Quel est l’effet de la structuration ancienne et profonde de la marge sur la déformation actuelle ? Ce travail s’est appuyé sur l’interprétation des données sismiques 2D et 3D de haute qualité dont deux cubes 3D de 4290 m3 et sept lignes 2D de 830 km de long. Cette étude a permis d’identifier les structures tectoniques affectant le secteur offshore Libanais et de caractériser leurs origines. Plusieurs familles de failles tout au long de la marge Est du bassin ont été identifiées et témoigne d’une histoire tectonique méso-cénozoïque longue et complexe. Les structures reconnues sont tout d’abord (1) des failles chevauchantes NNE-SSW actives depuis le début du Tertiaire jusqu’à la fin Miocène, (2) des anticlinaux NNE-SSW formés durant le Miocène supérieur et se localisant sur des structures préexistantes et (3) des failles décrochantes dextres, héritées des structures mésozoïques et réactivées durant le Miocène supérieur. Seules les failles décrochantes dextres montrent des preuves d’une activité actuelle, liée à la transpression au long de la faille du Levant. Ces structures constituent le prolongement vers l’ouest de la frontière de plaque du Levant sous un régime transpressif et une compression NW-SE. Nous mettons en évidence que cette frontière de plaque montre une évolution au cours du Néogène avec une forte décroissance de la composante de raccourcissement à partir du Pliocène. La mise en évidence de jeux plus anciens témoigne d’une structuration profonde E-W de la marge, vraisemblablement héritée des tectoniques mésozoïques. L’impact de cette structuration a été évalué à travers une modélisation analogique. Les résultats démontrent le rôle considérable de cet héritage sur l’évolution du relais compressif de la faille du Levant au Liban, entre autre en localisant la déformation le long de couloirs E-W et en segmentant les structures transpressives NNE-SSW. Ces résultats nous conduisent à interpréter les structures E-W comme majeures et traduisant la prolongation vers l’ouest du bassin mésozoïque des Palmyrides. Nous mettons ici en évidence le rôle majeure d’une marge sur la structure d’une frontière de plaques transformante. Le développement de failles antithétiques (failles dextres dans une frontière transformante senestre), connus dans d’autres frontières de ce type, est ici clairement associé à une anisotropie profonde forçant la localisation de la déformationThe Levant Basin is located at the easternmost Mediterranean at the intersection of three major tectonic plates (Africa, Arabia, Eurasia and the smaller Anatolian microplate). The Levant Fracture System (Arabia-Africa plate boundary) borders the basin to its east and represents a 1000 km long left-lateral transform system linking rifting in the Red Sea with plate convergence along the Taurus Mountains (Arabia-Eurasia plate boundary). The Levant Basin is bordered to the north by the Cyprus Arc (Africa-Eurasia plate boundary). The interaction between these tectonic plates had important consequences on the evolution of the Levant Basin whereby its eastern boundary has been affected by deformation along the Levant Fracture System. This major plate boundary is associated with a restraining bend in Lebanon and has been active since the Late Miocene. Until recent days, the absence of seismic data in the central Levant Basin was an obstacle against characterizing the tectonic setting of the basin. In this area, the geometry, kinematics and the age of the tectonic structures are poorly understood. A focal question thus remains on how the Levant Basin was affected by this adjacent plate boundary. Therefore, what is the impact of the deformation along the Levant Fracture System since the Late Miocene on this basin and how can we assess it? Has the latter been affected by other tectonic regimes prior to the onset of transpression? If so, how would the existing structures influence the style of modern deformation? In this study, high quality 2D and 3D seismic reflection data (with two 4290 m3 3D seismic cubes and seven 830 km long 2D seismic lines) were interpreted allowing identification and timing of the structures in the Levant Basin offshore Lebanon. Several fault families, mapped along the margin, are remnants of a lasting and complex tectonic history since Mesozoic times. These include NNE-SSW striking thrust faults active during the early Tertiary and inactive since the Pliocene; NNE-SSW striking anticlines folded during the Late Miocene and overlying pre-existing structuresd; and ENE-WSW striking dextral strike-slip faults inherited from Mesozoic times and reactivated during the Late Miocene. Only the dextral strike-slip faults show evidence of current activity and are interpreted to be linked to transpression along the Levant Fracture System. They constitute the westward extension of the plate boundary, formed under a transpressif regime and a NW-SE compression. We have showed how this plate boundary has evolved through the Neogene with a decrease in the shortening component during the Pliocene.The identification of pre-existing structures along the eastern Levant margin shed the light on the deep structuration affecting this area, inherited from Mesozoic tectonic events. The impact of these structures was tested through analogue modeling. Results indicated a considerable impact of pre-existing structures on the development of the restraining bend, localizing deformation at the onset of transpression and responsible of segmenting the restraining bend along an ENE direction. These ENE-WSW faults are thus major and are most likely associated with the deformation affecting the Palmyra basin since the Mesozoic, which is thus extending westward to Lebanon. This study has shown the important role of a margin on a strike-slip plate boundary. Namely, the development of antithetic faults (local dextral strike-slip faults in a regional sinistral strike-slip plate boundary) known in other similar plate boundaries is associated with a deep crustal anisotropy localizing the subsequent deformation
7
Ghalayini, Ramadan. "Structural modelling of the complex Cenozoic zone of the Levant Basin offshore Lebanon." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066316/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le bassin de Levant, localisé à l’extrémité la plus orientale de la Méditerranée, se situe à jonction de trois plaques tectoniques majeures (Afrique, Arabie, Eurasie ainsi que la microplaque Anatolienne). Il est bordé à l’Est par la faille du Levant (frontière Arabie/Afrique), qui représente un système transformant de 1000 km de long, reliant le rift dans la Mer Rouge au sud avec la zone de convergence le long du Taurus au nord (frontière Arabie/Eurasie). Son extrémité nord est marquée par la frontière convergente Afrique/Anatolie soulignée par l’arc de Chypre. Le bassin Levantin a enregistré l’interaction entre ces différentes plaques au cours du Cénozoïque et sa bordure Est a été en particulier déformée par la mise en place de la faille du Levant. Cette limite de plaque majeure est marquée au Liban par un relais compressif qui a été actif depuis la fin du Miocène. Jusque récemment, l’absence de données sismiques dans la partie centrale du bassin levantin (offshore Liban) a constitué un handicap important dans la caractérisation de ce basin. Dans ce secteur, la géométrie, cinématique, l’âge des structures tectoniques ne sont pas connus. Plusieurs questions en découlent. Quel est impact de la frontière transformante du Levant sur la structure du bassin? Le bassin a-t-il enregistré d’autres déformations au cours du Cénozoïque ? Quel est l’effet de la structuration ancienne et profonde de la marge sur la déformation actuelle ? Ce travail s’est appuyé sur l’interprétation des données sismiques 2D et 3D de haute qualité dont deux cubes 3D de 4290 m3 et sept lignes 2D de 830 km de long. Cette étude a permis d’identifier les structures tectoniques affectant le secteur offshore Libanais et de caractériser leurs origines. Plusieurs familles de failles tout au long de la marge Est du bassin ont été identifiées et témoigne d’une histoire tectonique méso-cénozoïque longue et complexe. Les structures reconnues sont tout d’abord (1) des failles chevauchantes NNE-SSW actives depuis le début du Tertiaire jusqu’à la fin Miocène, (2) des anticlinaux NNE-SSW formés durant le Miocène supérieur et se localisant sur des structures préexistantes et (3) des failles décrochantes dextres, héritées des structures mésozoïques et réactivées durant le Miocène supérieur. Seules les failles décrochantes dextres montrent des preuves d’une activité actuelle, liée à la transpression au long de la faille du Levant. Ces structures constituent le prolongement vers l’ouest de la frontière de plaque du Levant sous un régime transpressif et une compression NW-SE. Nous mettons en évidence que cette frontière de plaque montre une évolution au cours du Néogène avec une forte décroissance de la composante de raccourcissement à partir du Pliocène. La mise en évidence de jeux plus anciens témoigne d’une structuration profonde E-W de la marge, vraisemblablement héritée des tectoniques mésozoïques. L’impact de cette structuration a été évalué à travers une modélisation analogique. Les résultats démontrent le rôle considérable de cet héritage sur l’évolution du relais compressif de la faille du Levant au Liban, entre autre en localisant la déformation le long de couloirs E-W et en segmentant les structures transpressives NNE-SSW. Ces résultats nous conduisent à interpréter les structures E-W comme majeures et traduisant la prolongation vers l’ouest du bassin mésozoïque des Palmyrides. Nous mettons ici en évidence le rôle majeure d’une marge sur la structure d’une frontière de plaques transformante. Le développement de failles antithétiques (failles dextres dans une frontière transformante senestre), connus dans d’autres frontières de ce type, est ici clairement associé à une anisotropie profonde forçant la localisation de la déformationThe Levant Basin is located at the easternmost Mediterranean at the intersection of three major tectonic plates (Africa, Arabia, Eurasia and the smaller Anatolian microplate). The Levant Fracture System (Arabia-Africa plate boundary) borders the basin to its east and represents a 1000 km long left-lateral transform system linking rifting in the Red Sea with plate convergence along the Taurus Mountains (Arabia-Eurasia plate boundary). The Levant Basin is bordered to the north by the Cyprus Arc (Africa-Eurasia plate boundary). The interaction between these tectonic plates had important consequences on the evolution of the Levant Basin whereby its eastern boundary has been affected by deformation along the Levant Fracture System. This major plate boundary is associated with a restraining bend in Lebanon and has been active since the Late Miocene. Until recent days, the absence of seismic data in the central Levant Basin was an obstacle against characterizing the tectonic setting of the basin. In this area, the geometry, kinematics and the age of the tectonic structures are poorly understood. A focal question thus remains on how the Levant Basin was affected by this adjacent plate boundary. Therefore, what is the impact of the deformation along the Levant Fracture System since the Late Miocene on this basin and how can we assess it? Has the latter been affected by other tectonic regimes prior to the onset of transpression? If so, how would the existing structures influence the style of modern deformation? In this study, high quality 2D and 3D seismic reflection data (with two 4290 m3 3D seismic cubes and seven 830 km long 2D seismic lines) were interpreted allowing identification and timing of the structures in the Levant Basin offshore Lebanon. Several fault families, mapped along the margin, are remnants of a lasting and complex tectonic history since Mesozoic times. These include NNE-SSW striking thrust faults active during the early Tertiary and inactive since the Pliocene; NNE-SSW striking anticlines folded during the Late Miocene and overlying pre-existing structuresd; and ENE-WSW striking dextral strike-slip faults inherited from Mesozoic times and reactivated during the Late Miocene. Only the dextral strike-slip faults show evidence of current activity and are interpreted to be linked to transpression along the Levant Fracture System. They constitute the westward extension of the plate boundary, formed under a transpressif regime and a NW-SE compression. We have showed how this plate boundary has evolved through the Neogene with a decrease in the shortening component during the Pliocene.The identification of pre-existing structures along the eastern Levant margin shed the light on the deep structuration affecting this area, inherited from Mesozoic tectonic events. The impact of these structures was tested through analogue modeling. Results indicated a considerable impact of pre-existing structures on the development of the restraining bend, localizing deformation at the onset of transpression and responsible of segmenting the restraining bend along an ENE direction. These ENE-WSW faults are thus major and are most likely associated with the deformation affecting the Palmyra basin since the Mesozoic, which is thus extending westward to Lebanon. This study has shown the important role of a margin on a strike-slip plate boundary. Namely, the development of antithetic faults (local dextral strike-slip faults in a regional sinistral strike-slip plate boundary) known in other similar plate boundaries is associated with a deep crustal anisotropy localizing the subsequent deformation
8
Pinzuti, Paul. "Croissance et propagation des failles normales dans le rift d'Asal-Ghoubbet par datation cosmogénique 36CI." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GLOB0020.
Full textAbstract:
L'objectif de cette étude est de quantifier le fonctionnement des failles normales du rift d'Asal-Ghoubbet et de comprendre l’interaction magamto-tectonique lors des processus de rifting. Notre approche consiste dans un premier temps, à estimer l’âge d’initiation de certaines failles qui structurent ce rift en déterminant, à partir d’échantillons de basaltes, des durées d’exposition au rayonnement cosmique en utilisant l’isotope cosmogénique 36Cl. Pour se faire, nous avons donc mis en place un protocole chimique d’extraction du chlore naturel et cosmogénique et réalisé un code numérique de calcul d’âge d’exposition. Les âges d’exposition obtenus à la fois sur plagioclases, roche totale et sur la matrice de plusieurs échantillons, ainsi que la datation d’une coulée basaltique reposant dur des calcaires d’âges connus permettent de valider notre approche. Enfin, l’estimation de l’âge de mise en place d’une coulée basaltique, antérieurement daté par K/Ar, montre que les processus érosifs doivent âtre pris en compte sur des larges gammes temporelles. Les mesures de décalages de différents marqueurs holocènes, réalisées à partir de photos numériques, permettent aussi d’enregistrer le glissement vertical le long des ces failles pour, les derniers 6 ka partir de calcaires lacustres et pour le dernier millier d’années à partir du liseré blanc. L’ensemble de ces résultats montrent que l’activité tectonique du rift d’Asal s’est initiée il y a 60 ka au Sud-Est du rift d’Asal mais a réellement démarré il y a 35 ka, les failles atteignant leur extension maximale vers 20 ka. Ce résultat montre que ces failles se sont initiées sur toute leur longueur avant d'accumuler un déplacement vertical, ce qui va à l'encontre d'un développement auto-similaire simple. Les failles et le système de failles bordier Nord du rift se sont propagés globalement vers le Nord-Ouest rapidement (40-70 cm/an) avec des vitesses de glissement vertical élevées (10 mm/an) qui semblent avoir diminuées au fur et à mesure de leur développement. Enfin, le mode de croissance des failles ne semble pas non plus avoir changé sur des échelles de temps de quelques dizaines de ka. Dans un second temps, l’analyse géochimique des coulées basaltiques qui remplissent le rift d’Asal met en évidence qu’il est l’expression en surface d’un méga-dyke lithosphérique d’ ~10 km de large et de ~60 km de profondeur qui induit un taux d’amincissement de 6. 25 cm/an sur une période de ~800 ka. Ces laves sont issues d’une chambre magmatique peu profonde (~4 km). Ce réservoir magmatique a fonctionné par pulses entre au moins 300 et 66 ka. Le remplissage magmatique du rift correspondrait à un volume total de laves de l’ordre de 20 km3 en 230 ka, mis en place à une vitesse moyenne de ~10^5 m3/an. La durée de ces pulses varie de quelques centaines d’années à quelques 5 ka avec des temps de récurrence de quelques centaines d’années à ~30 ka. Enfin, le développement des systèmes de failles au nord du rift serait responsable de la rotation antihoraire (plan horizontal) d’une vingtaine de degrés de petits blocs de laves de longueur ≤ 2 à 8 km.
9
Bellahsen, Nicolas. "Croissance des failles normales et des rifts continentaux : développement du Golfe d'Aden et dynamique de la plaque Arabe." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00590417.
Full textAbstract:
Les déformations de la marge orientale Nord du Golfe d'Aden sont tout d'abord étudiées dans cette thèse à partir de données acquises lors d'une mission de terrain et d'une campagne en Mer (Encens Sheba). Les données de terrain montrent que les failles sont fortement segmentées et leurs orientations très dispersées (de N60°E à N120°E pour les failles majeures). Afin de comprendre ces caractéristiques, des modèles analogiques ont été réalisés pour mieux cerner les mécanismes intervenant dans la création de ces réseaux de failles: l'influence de niveaux ductiles, la réactivation de failles héritées et les conditions aux limites responsables de l'extension. L'influence des niveaux visqueux sur la croissance des réseaux de failles normales est étudiée à partir de modèles analogiques et numériques. La présence des niveaux visqueux ainsi que leur résistance contrôlent la géométrie des failles majeures. Une faible résistance du niveau visqueux induit des grandes failles plus espacées, limitant des blocs peu déformés. Les seules petites failles qui s'initient sont alors localisées à proximité des grandes failles et ont des directions très dispersées. Pour rendre compte de la géométrie du réseau de failles du Golfe d'Aden, il est nécessaire de prendre en compte l'obliquité de la direction d'extension sur le rift et les réseaux de failles héritées. Des modèles analogiques de réactivation oblique ont été réalisés. Ils rendent bien compte des géométries observées dans le Golfe d'Aden, comme dans d'autres rifts tels que le Golfe de Suez, le rift du Lac Tanganyika ou le Viking Graben. Ces phénomènes de réactivation ont lieu sur les bords du rift où une direction d'extension tardive (N160°E) est enregistrée sur le terrain. Afin de mieux définir les conditions aux limites conduisant à la formation des réseaux de failles observés à terre et en mer, il est nécessaire de comprendre les mécanismes responsables de la formation du Golfe d'Aden. Pour ce faire, des modèles analogiques du système lithosphère-manteau supérieur explorent le rôle de la subduction de la Téthys au Nord. La collision de l'Afrique-Arabie intervient de manière précoce au Nord-Ouest tandis que la subduction est encore active à l'Est. Dans les modèles, ce phénomène provoque les déformations intraplaques dans le Nord-Est de l'Afrique, dont la géométrie, en présence d'une faiblesse représentant le point chaud des Afars, est très similaire à celle des rifts Afro-Arabes. Dans cette configuration, une zone d'extension oblique (similaire au Golfe d'Aden) est générée, sans faiblesse lithosphérique préexistante ni propagation du rifting. Ce résultat implique un modèle particulier de rifting oblique qui peut expliquer la présence de l'extension N160°E, tardive sur les bords du rift, perpendiculaire au rift qui se localise suivant la direction du golfe actuel.
10
Flotté, Nicolas. "Caractérisation structurale et cinématique d'un rift sur détachement : le rift de Corinthe-Patras, Grèce." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112132.
Full textAbstract:
Une étude structurale de la marge sud du rift de Corinthe montre l'existence d'un détachement quaternaire qui traverse le nord du Péloponnèse du golfe Saronique au golfe de Patras, sur plus de 150km. Sa partie à terre est aujourd'hui inactive, avec un pendage actuel à l'émergence de 30-35ʿN et s'aplatissant vers le nord jusqu'à 0-10ʿN puis augmentant progressivement de pendage sous le golfe. D'autres failles normales, à plus fort pendage nord, affectent le toit du détachement et se sont progressivement branchées dessus. La restauration en profondeur suggère qu'il se prolonge sous le golfe dans la zone d'activité sismique à faible pendage vers le nord mise en évidence par les études sismologiques. Les failles actives de Psathopyrgos, Aigion et Héliké sont celles qui transfèrent actuellement en surface le jeu du détachement. L'émergence du détachement s'est initiée d'E en W il y a 1,7-1Ma et est scellée depuis environ 900ka. La déformation a ensuite progressivement migré vers le nord sur des systèmes de failles qui restent actifs durant une période de 250-400ka. Au niveau du golfe de Patras, les données de sismologie montrent que l'émergence du détachement est toujours active. Cette évolution différentielle des deux systèmes est accommodée des failles de transfert responsables du décalage de 25km entre les deux golfes. L'étude des calcites de failles montre que les brèches tectoniques sont cimentées par deux générations de calcites. La première s'est formée à partir d'une eau de formation à une profondeur supérieure à 1200m et la deuxième à partir d'une eau météorique à une profondeur de 500-1000m. Ces données permettent d'estimer un taux de surrection de 1,7-2,5mm/a comparable à celui déterminé sur la côte (e. G. Stiros, 1998). La datation de ces calcites par la méthode U/Th confirme l'âge récent du rift. Malgré de grandes incertitudes, les résultats obtenus valident l'application de cette méthode de datation dans des systèmes faillés quaternaires en milieu carbonatésA structural study of the southern margin of the Corinth rift shows the existence of a quaternary detachment fault, which outcrops along 150km in the northern Peloponnese, from the Saronic gulf to the Patras gulf. Its onshore part is inactive. It dips 30-35ʿN, flats northward till 0-10ʿN and progressively increases beneath the gulf. Steeper normal faults cut through the hangingwall of the detachment and progressively branched onto it. Balanced cross-sections suggest that the onshore detachment prolonged beneath the gulf in the low-angle seismological zone. Since 300ky, the Psathopyrgos, Helike and Aigion active faults transfer the slip from the detachment to the surface. The emergence of the detachment initiated from east to west 1. 7-1My ago, and is sealed since roughly 900ky. The strain has progressively migrated toward the north on several fault-system which remained active during 250-400ky. In the gulf of Patras, seismological data show that the emergence of the detachment is still active. This differential evolution is accommodated by transfer-faults and led to the 25km shift of the Patras and Corinth gulfs. A study of fault-crystallisations shows that syntectonic breccias are cemented by two generations of calcite. The first was formed with formation water at a depth of more than 1200m and the second generation was formed with meteoric-water at a depth of 500-1000m. These data allow determining an uplift rate of 1. 7-2. 5mm/y. This result is close to uplift rates determined near the coast. Dating of these calcites by the U/Th method confirms the young age of the Corinth-Patras rift. The results show that this method is a reliable way for quaternary faults
Books on the topic "Failles normales"
1
Raymond, Gerald V., Mohamed Y. Jefri, Kristin W. Baranano, and Ali Fatemi. Peroxisomal Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0069.
Full textAbstract:
Disorders of the peroxisome are divided into two major categories. In the first, the organelle fails to develop normally, leading to disruption of multiple peroxisomal enzymes. The second category consists of those disorders in which the peroxisome structure is normal but functioning of a single peroxisomal enzyme or protein is defective. While there is an expanding list of disorders in both categories, this chapter focuses on X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, the most common peroxisomal disorder, and on peroxisomal assembly/biogenesis disorders.
2
Eisenberg, Melvin A. Express Conditions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0053.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 53 concerns express conditions. The term express condition refers to an explicit contractual provision under which either: (1) A party to a contract does not come under a duty to perform unless and until a designated state of affairs occurs or fails to occur, or (2) If a designated state of affairs occurs or fails to occur a party’s duty to perform a contract is suspended or terminated. The normal sanction for breach of a promise is damages. In contrast, the normal sanction for nonfulfillment of an express condition is suspension or termination of the contract by the party in whose favor the condition runs. If a promise is substantially performed, then even though the promise is not perfectly performed the promisor normally can sue for expectation damages, with an offset for damages resulting from the breach. In contrast, if an express condition is not perfectly fulfilled then even though the condition is substantially fulfilled the traditional rule is that the party in whose favor the condition runs has the right to terminate the contract.
3
Millikan, Ruth Garrett. Misrepresentation, Redundancy, Equivocity, Emptiness (and Swampman). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717195.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Over the long run, failures of function are the rule rather than the exception for biological systems, being mostly due not to malfunction but to external conditions not historically “Normal” for performance of a function. Most cognitive failures occur because outside conditions are not Normal for the particular cognitive functions attempted. When unitrackers with well-focused targets fail, the result is misperception or false belief. Failures can also occur in the operation of prior mechanisms whose jobs are to prime unitrackers, to send them after clear targets and to keep them on target as they develop. Redundant unitrackers may be maintained side by side, collecting information about the same thing by different means—so called Frege cases. Equivocal unitrackers may develop, aimed incompatibly toward two or more targets at once. False priming can result in empty unitrackers that are not aimed at anything real at all.
4
Eisenberg, Melvin A. Formulas for Measuring Expectation Damages for Breach of a Contract for the Sale of Goods. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 14 concerns formulas for measuring expectation damages for breach of a contract for the sale of goods. If the buyer breaches one of three formulas may be used to measure the seller’s damages. If the seller resells the goods she should normally be entitled to the difference between the resale price and the contract price. If the seller does not resell the goods she should normally be entitled to recover the difference between the market price of the goods and the contract price. A third formula is based on the seller’s lost profit, measured by the difference between the seller’s variable costs of performance and the contract price. If the seller breaches one of three formulas may also be applied. If the goods are defective the buyer can recover damages for the defect. If the seller fails to deliver the goods the buyer can either cover and sue for cover damages or not cover and sue for market-prices damages. A buyer cannot sue for lost profits as direct or general damages, but can sue for lost profits if it was reasonably foreseeable when the contract was made that if the seller failed to deliver the goods the buyer would incur the lost profits.
5
Rinaldi, Simon. Congenital neurological disorders. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0225.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter covers four congenital neurological disorders which may be encountered in adult medicine: cerebral palsy, Chiari malformations, spina bifida, and tethered cord syndromes. Cerebral palsy is a disturbance of motor function arising from damage to the developing fetal or infant brain. It usually refers to a disorder resulting from a non-progressive insult which occurred at less than 3 years of age. Chiari malformations are congenital abnormalities of the anatomy and structural relationships of the cerebellum, the brainstem, and the foramen magnum. Dysraphism is a failure of opposition of anatomical structures which are normally fused. Spinal dysraphism is synonymous with spina bifida, a failure of embryological fusion of the neural tube. In all types, the vertebral arch fails to completely form. The tethered cord syndromes involve a restriction of the normal cephalad migration of the conus during life. This can occur both with and without spina bifida.
6
Arjaliès, Diane-Laure, Philip Grant, Iain Hardie, Donald MacKenzie, and Ekaterina Svetlova. Chains of Freedom. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802945.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 2 begins the detailed examination of the investment chain. It introduces some of the main sets of intermediaries and what their jobs are. The chapter also sketches how those intermediaries enable and constrain each other and form audiences for each other’s presentations of self. Behind the pervasive ‘front-stage’ presentations of an orderly, rigorous investment process, suggests Chapter 2, there lies a normally hidden, more messy, Goffmanesque ‘back stage’ of failures, uncertainties, and sometimes dissent. The chapter also highlights the way in which the numbers that measure investment performance obscure the ethical-political, labour, and legal conditions that make them possible.
7
Payne, Russell A., and Kimberly S. Harbaugh. Median Neuropathy—Pronator Teres Syndrome and Anterior Interosseous Neuropathy. Edited by Meghan E. Lark, Nasa Fujihara, and Kevin C. Chung. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190617127.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
Pronator teres syndrome results from median nerve compression or irritation at the elbow region. Patients typically note volar forearm pain and median sensory disturbance that includes the palm. Electrodiagnostic studies are helpful in excluding carpal tunnel syndrome and cervical radiculopathy, and findings may be normal in pronator syndrome. A lack of sensory findings and motor loss in flexion of the distal phalanx of the radial three digits suggests anterior interosseous nerve palsy, typically due to neuralgic amyotrophy. When conservative treatment fails, surgical release of all potential points of compression is successful in alleviating symptoms in the majority of patients with pronator syndrome.
8
Manohar, Sanjay, Valerie Bonnelle, and Masud Husain. Neurological Disorders of Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.027.
Full textAbstract:
Attention deficits are a frequent and particularly disabling consequence of many neurological disorders, from patients with focal brain lesions through to individuals with traumatic brain injury or neurodegenerative conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease. They are often associated with apparent confusion, fatigue, irritability, and increased time and effort to perform even simple everyday tasks, and constitute a real challenge for rehabilitation. In many cases, attention deficits may be crucial factors underlying failures of memory and higher cognitive functions, contributing to difficulties in resuming previous activities and independent daily living. Here the authors first consider four aspects of attention—selective, sustained, executive, and divided—together with brain regions and networks considered to underpin normal attention and disorders of attention. The authors focus on focal brain lesions, traumatic brain injury and Parkinson’s disease as important examples illustrating the effects of different brain pathologies on attention function.
9
Siklos, Pierre L. Trust, But Verify: The Road Ahead. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190228835.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
Taking stock of the past fifteen years in monetary policy leads to some conclusions and suggestions for reform. Contrary to the claims of some observers, price stability remains an unassailable goal of central banks. Reforms are needed in their governance, however. In particular, legislation ought to include more directives to make clear the conditional relationship between government and the central bank. Unconventional central bank policies are no longer so unconventional. While they should be included in the toolkit of policy instruments, they should be used with more care. Some central banks have overreached and have confused the need to put a floor on economic downturns with the need for economic growth to rise to levels deemed normal. Data dependence as a policy stance reflects one of the biggest failures of central banking. After more than a decade of explaining the forward-looking nature of monetary policy, a backward-looking perspective seems to dominate policy discussions.
10
Sajó, András, and Renáta Uitz. The Constitution of Freedom. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198732174.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
With the rise of populist, anti-constitutional sentiment and the normalization of the anti-terror state it has once again become imperative to explain what constitutionalism means for the constitutional legal order and the political community which is meant to live by it. This book’s intention is less to guide technically proper constitution-writing and interpretation, but rather showing what is at stake in the debate on constitutionalism. It aims to demonstrate why constitutionalism should continue to matter. In doing so, the constitutional facts are left to speak for themselves. Muses and technicians of classic constitutions are lined up alongside the inspired architects of more recent ones to show what constitutionalism can be about and what constitutions have become in constitutional law. Constitutional democracy is more fragile and less ‘natural’ than autocracy. Unfortunately, more and more people find autocracy attractive, because they were never forced to understand or imagine what despotism is. They also conveniently failed to protect themselves emotionally and intellectually against the cult of simple solutions. Generations who lived in stable democracies with the promise that their enviable world will become the global ‘normal’ find this difficult to conceive. It is difficult, but never too late to look at one’s own constitutional system as one that is fragile and in need of constant attention and care. Therefore, recapitulating how constitutionalism protects us and how it can be undone with its very own means became the task of this book.
Book chapters on the topic "Failles normales"
1
Safronovas, Vasilijus. "Failed “Return to Normalcy”." In Competing Memories of European Border Towns, 55–76. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032677859-3.
Full text
2
Zhou, Jinghao. "U.S. Engagement Strategy Partially Failed." In Great Power Competition as the New Normal of China–US Relations, 11–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09413-2_2.
Full text
3
Kelso, Elizabeth J., Robert F. Geraghty, Barbara J. McDermott, Elisabeth R. Trimble, D. Paul Nicholls, and Bernard Silke. "Mechanical effects of ET-1 in cardiomyocytes isolated from normal and heart-failed rabbits." In Biochemistry of Signal Transduction in Myocardium, 149–55. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1275-8_19.
Full text
4
Xing, Rong, Junjie Zhang, and Honggang Lei. "Full-Permeability Analysis of Normal Amplitude and Variable Amplitude Fracture of M24 High Strength Bolts." In Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures, 131–39. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8657-4_12.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractFatigue problem on high strength bolts have already become more and more important in morden times and it is essential that we do research on bolt fatigue mechanism by the fatigue fracture analysis of the failed bolt because of fatigue. Through detailed analysis of constant amplitude stress and variable amplitude stress on M24 high strength large hexagonal head bolts, it is concluded that there are three common failure mode among all bolts’ fatigue failure. Fatigue failure characteristics and fracture developing status of source region, transient broken zone and extension zone were obtained, and it provides a important basis for the study on fatigue performance and life estimation of high strength bolt connection, and meanwhile it also expands the application range of bolt joint of prefabricated steel structure.
5
Lichtenberg, Joseph D., and Diana Thielst. "At birth what becomes activated in normal development and fails to become activated in neonates with autism." In From Autism and Mutism to an Enlivened Self, 134–44. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Psychoanalytic inquiry book series: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429432354-7.
Full text
6
Sailor, K. A., V. K. Dhodda, V. L. Raghavendra Rao, and Robert J. Dempsey. "Osteopontin infusion into normal adult rat brain fails to increase cell proliferation in dentate gyrus and subventricular zone." In Brain Edema XII, 181–85. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0651-8_39.
Full text
7
KERNIF, Tarik, Thierry NALPAS, Romain BOUSQUET, and Roman CHELALOU. "Les brèches sédimentaires synextension dans le nord-est des Pyrénées." In Évolution des Pyrénées au cours du cycle varisque et du cycle alpin 1, 159–73. ISTE Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51926/iste.9124.ch4.
Full textAbstract:
Les brèches sédimentaires correspondent à un agglomérat de clastes anguleux et nous renseignent sur l'histoire du système géologique à l'origine de leur formation. Nous nous focalisons dans le Nord-Est des Pyrénées sur les brèches fini Jurassique dite "brèche limite" et nous montrerons qu'elles résultent d'éboulements et de glissements de terrain liés à la formation de failles normales en contexte extensif.
8
Kotch, Seth. "Conclusion." In Lethal State, 180–88. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469649870.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter theorizes the death penalty as an outcropping of our political failings and our desire to fix failing institutions rather than eliminate them. It argues that the death penalty has failed by any reasonable measure, but also that this failure is a normal feature of institutions. It lays out the different kinds of failures the death penalty has undergone: to punish fairly, to punish painlessly, to bring resolution to victims of crime, to have any effect at all on crime rates. Today’s death penalty even fails to execute, as there have been no executions since 2006.
9
Posner, Eric A. "The Gig Economy and Independent Contractors." In How Antitrust Failed Workers, 136–60. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197507629.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, a controversy has erupted over the distinction between employees and independent contractors. Commentators have argued that in the modern “gig economy,” many people traditionally classified as independent contractors are as vulnerable as employees and should be granted the legal protections that employees alone normally enjoy. However, the distinction between the two categories remains inescapable, and the theoretical basis for it has not been identified. A better approach derives the distinction from market structure. Employees are workers who, because they must make relationship-specific investments in a single firm, are subject to labor monopsony. Independent contractors do not make such relationship-specific investments, and hence normally operate in a competitive labor market. Employment and labor law may be explained as a method for protecting workers from labor monopsony; because independent contracts are not subject to labor monopsony, they do not require such protection.
10
Fitzpatrick, Sheila. "Introduction." In Everyday Stalinism, 1–13. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195050004.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This book is about the everyday life of ordinary people, “little men” as opposed to the great. But the life these ordinary people lived was not, in their own understanding and probably ours, a normal life. For those who live in extraordinary times, normal life becomes a luxury. The upheavals and hardships of the l 930s disrupted normalcy, making it something Soviet citizens strove for but generally failed to achieve. This book is an exploration of the everyday and the extraordinary in Stalin’s Russia and how they interacted. It describes the ways in which Soviet citizens tried to live ordinary lives in the extraordinary circumstances of Stalinism. It presents a portrait of an emerging social species, Homo Sovicticus, for which Stalinism was the native habitat.
Conference papers on the topic "Failles normales"
1
Sullivan, Paul B. "Failures Of Equipment Operating Under Normal Operating Conditions." In 2018 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esw41044.2018.9063868.
Full text
2
Thompson, David, and Philippe Pe´bay. "A Method for Inferring Conditional Stochastic Failure Rates From the Time-History of Observed Failures." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47485.
Full textAbstract:
Observed failures, rather than first principles, are used to estimate fatigue rates probabilistically conditioned on operating conditions. The method developed assumes that a normal random variable may be used to approximate the damage limit (remaining lifetime) of components subjected to cumulative damage and that when a component fails, its damage limit has vanished at a rate proportional to the amount of time spent at each operating condition experienced during its lifetime. By considering differences in cumulative damage between pairs of failed components, we obtain the relative rates at which damage is accumulated for each observed operating condition. When the differences in component lifetimes are dominated by variations in experienced conditions, it is possible to estimate absolute rates. Otherwise, variations in initial damage limits dominate and it is only possible to estimate the mean and variance of this distribution. We demonstrate the procedure on synthetic data, including a test for the dominant source of lifetime variations.
3
Alpsten, Goran. "Uncertainties and Human Errors in the Design and Execution of Steel Structures." In IABSE Workshop, Helsinki 2017: Ignorance, Uncertainty, and Human Errors in Structural Engineering. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/helsinki.2017.077.
Full textAbstract:
This paper contains a compilation of results from some 50 000 steel specimen tests and close to 5 000 measurements of the cross-sectional properties of rolled steel members. Based on the statistical distribution of these properties the statistical distribution of the sectional capacity of such steel members is evaluated using a numerical integration procedure. For standard structural steel members the variations of the strength properties are reasonably well-known and may be used in reliability assessment methods for the design of structures. However, it has been observed in many actual failures with steel structures that the cause of such failures normally is one gross human error, rather than a combination of “normal” variations in parameters affecting the actions and response of the structures. Another observation from failures experienced with steel structures is that gross human errors in execution are more critical than gross errors in the design process.
4
Alpsten, Goran. "Causes of Structural Failures with Steel Structures." In IABSE Workshop, Helsinki 2017: Ignorance, Uncertainty, and Human Errors in Structural Engineering. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/helsinki.2017.100.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is based on the experience from investigating over 400 structural collapses, incidents and serious structural damage cases with steel structures which have occurred over the past four centuries. The cause of the failures is most often a gross human error rather than a combination of “normal” variations in parameters affecting the load-carrying capacity, as considered in normal design procedures and structural reliability analyses. Human errors in execution are more prevalent as cause for the failures than errors in the design process, and the construction phase appears particularly prone to human errors. For normal steel structures with quasi-static (non-fatigue) loading, various structural instability phenomena have been observed to be the main collapse mode. An important observation is that welds are not as critical a cause of structural steel failures for statically loaded steel structures as implicitly understood in current regulations and rules for design and execution criteria.
5
Eubanks, Charles F., Steven Kmenta, and Kosuke Ishii. "Advanced Failure Modes and Effects Analysis Using Behavior Modeling." In ASME 1997 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc97/dtm-3872.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper presents a systematic method applicable at the early stages of design to enhance life-cycle quality of ownership: Advanced Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (AFMEA). The proposed method uses behavior modeling to simulate device operations and helps identify failure and customer dissatisfaction modes beyond component failures. The behavior model reasons about conditions that cause departures from normal operation and provides a framework for analyzing the consequences of failures. The paper shows how Advanced FMEA applies readily to the early stages of design and captures failure modes normally missed by conventional FMEA. The result is a systematic method capable of capturing a wider range of failure modes and effects early in the design cycle. An automatic ice maker from a domestic refrigerator serves as an illustrative example.
6
Neitz, Jay, and Gerald H. Jacobs. "Nature of variations in normal color matches." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1988.mz1.
Full textAbstract:
Although there is a considerable body of evidence from color matching to suggest that there are reliable variations in the spectral positioning of the M and L cone pigments among normal trichromats, both the magnitude of the variation and its distributional nature are still matters of concern. Earlier we found discrete variation in color matching among normals and interpreted that result as indicating a discrete variation in the spectra of the underlying cone pigments. Recently, Jordan and Mollon (ARVO, 1988) reported on a color matching experiment in which they attempted to check our result. They failed to find discrete variation in color matching. Since their experiment differed from ours in several procedural details, we ran a new experiment incorporating these differences. The results again reveal discrete variations in color matching among color normals. We also obtained two different color matches from each of sixty subjects. Comparisons of the matches allow one to eliminate the possibility that the differences between groups of normals arise from mechanisms other than variations in the spectra of the cone pigments.
7
Bahr, Matthew, Farhan Gandhi, Michael McKay, and Robert Niemiec. "Post-Motor-Failure Performance of a Robust Feedback Controller for a UAM-Scale Hexacopter." In Vertical Flight Society 77th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0077-2021-16783.
Full textAbstract:
The performance of two flight controllers is compared for a 1200 lb hexacopter following single rotor failure. A nominal flight controller is tuned to meet handling qualities specifications for the healthy aircraft in forward flight, and a robust two-plant controller is tuned to also satisfy the same set of handling qualities specifications following front rotor failure. This two-plant controller is tuned to simultaneously meet the handling qualities for the healthy and failed aircraft. In both cases, the flight controllers do not utilize knowledge of the rotor failure. The performance of the controllers is compared for single rotor failures of the front and side rotors. For front rotor failures, the two plant controller decreases the peak pitch deviation by 3.5◦ and provides a more well damped response, but does not provide significant benefit during side rotor failure. Various maneuvers are also performed for each controller to evaluate the cost for using the robust controller in normal operation. The largest torque difference, a pitch doublet, requires 8 ft-lb additional torque for the two-plant controller, while the peak torque requirement for maneuvers occurs during a yaw rate step, where about 140 ft-lb of torque is required for the nominal controller (143 ft-lb for the two-plant). For both controllers, recovery following rotor failure requires substantially more torque (280 ft-lb) than the different maneuvers considered. Therefore, motor sizing is limited by rotor failure cases, not normal operation.
8
Coleman, Kent, Stan Rosinski, and Jude Foulds. "Deficient Materials in Hot Reheat Seam Welded High-Energy Piping." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65113.
Full textAbstract:
Although failures of seam welded high-energy piping date to about 1970, the utility industry concern about premature failure of longitudinal seam welded piping has been of the utmost importance since the mid 1980’s driven primarily by well publicized piping failures at that time. The major concern is with hot reheat piping, some of which failed catastrophically resulting in substantial costs and personnel injury. Many utilities manage their high energy piping integrity through a combination of engineering analysis and periodic inspections. At many utilities around the world, however, high energy piping has not received the attention that normally occurs after a major failure because the perception is that there have been few failures. EPRI has compiled a database of over 50 failures and large areas of damage in utility piping systems around the world and it does not include the entire utility experience but still demonstrates the need for a diligent high energy piping integrity management program. The investigation of a recent failure in a 42 in. (1066 mm) diameter, 2 in. (50.8 mm) thick wall, ASTM A155 (American Society of Testing and Materials) seam welded hot reheat pipe demonstrated a first of its kind damage mechanism which determined that inappropriate welding filler metal was utilized for at least some of the weld passes resulting in a weldment that was weak in creep. Due to the placement of the incorrect welding filler metal, the failure occurred as a leak instead of a rupture however, the damage on the inside surface of the pipe extended for over 9ft. (2743 mm). This paper presents the results of the failure analysis and life assessment work performed and provides guidance for the rest of the utility fleet.
9
Teverovsky, Alexander. "Relay Failures Specific to Space Applications." In ISTFA 1999. ASM International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa1999p0285.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Low-pressure conditions, as experienced in space applications, are considered benign for many electronic components. However, for switching devices the probability of failure may be significantly greater than at normal atmospheric pressure due to arcing-at-break processes. This study was stimulated by a relay failure in a 60-V power bus in a spacecraft module, and it was intended to analyze failure modes and the probability of their occurring under lowpressure conditions. The effects of gas pressure, power bus voltage, and load current on arc duration and probability of arc flashover have been investigated. It was shown that arc duration mostly depends on switching power and gas pressure, significantly increasing when power is rising and pressure is decreasing. Failure analysis indicated two major mechanisms in low-pressure conditions: (1) contact damage (excessive erosion and/or microwelding) and (2) arc flashover to a grounded case and/or grounded coil post. For a relay operating in a vacuum, the effect of leak rate on the time to failure at low-pressure conditions is discussed.
10
Gores, M., and H. Dicken. "Detecting Internal “ESD-Like” Damage on CMOS Gates." In ISTFA 2010. ASM International, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2010p0243.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Normally, ESD-type of damage will be located near the bonding pads for the input pins. However, there have been several cases where ESD-type damage has been detected on CMOS gates at internal locations on the die, two or more transistors away from any input or output pin. This paper describes two examples of this type of failure and the unique approaches to the analysis and the special procedures needed to locate the damage sites. It shows some possible approaches to apply to device failures, which do not follow the typical pattern. One of the approaches is a sequence of steps ranging from benign to destructive as shown. The special conditions are usually: the device has functionally failed; curve tracing of the external pins shows no abnormalities; optical and/or SEM inspection of the die will not show any damage sites; and liquid crystal or other thermal techniques will not be effective.
Reports on the topic "Failles normales"
1
Nam, Jae Hyun, Hee Jin Kwack, Woo Seob Ha, and Jee-Eun Chung. Resuscitation fluids for patients with risk factors of multiple organ failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.7.0091.
Full textAbstract:
Review question / Objective: P: patients with risk factors of multiple organ failure I: balanced crystalloids C: normal saline O: mortality, in-hospital mortality, renal failure, length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay. Condition being studied: In clinical field, aggressive fluid resuscitation therapy is administered to prevent the progression of multiple organ failures by maintaining tissue and organ perfusion. Normal saline is frequently used, but it has been some concerns. Although large-scale studies with balanced crystalloids have been conducted, they couldn’t reach significant conclusions due to the diversity of disease severity. Therefore, we aims to evaluate and identify the best fluid for patients at high risk of multiple organ failure by comparing the effects of normal saline and balanced crystalloids.
2
Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, Cheryl McIntyre, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Chiricahua National Monument, Coronado National Memorial, and Fort Bowie National Historic Site: Water year 2019. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293370.
Full textAbstract:
Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystems. They dramatically shape ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, and water quality and quantity is central to assessing the condition of park biota and key cultural resources. The Sonoran Desert Network collects data on climate, groundwater, and surface water at 11 National Park Service units in southern Arizona and New Mexico. This report provides an integrated look at climate, groundwater, and springs conditions at Chiricahua National Monument (NM), Coronado National Memorial (NMem), and Fort Bowie National Historic Site (NHS) during water year (WY) 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). Overall annual precipitation at Chiricahua NM and Coronado NMem in WY2019 was approximately the same as the normals for 1981–2010. (The weather station at Fort Bowie NHS had missing values on 275 days, so data were not presented for that park.) Fall and winter rains were greater than normal. The monsoon season was generally weaker than normal, but storm events related to Hurricane Lorena led to increased late-season rain in September. Mean monthly maximum temperatures were generally cooler than normal at Chiricahua, whereas mean monthly minimum temperatures were warmer than normal. Temperatures at Coronado were more variable relative to normal. The reconnaissance drought index (RDI) indicated that Chiricahua NM was slightly wetter than normal. (The WY2019 RDI could not be calculated for Coronado NMem due to missing data.) The five-year moving mean of annual precipitation showed both park units were experiencing a minor multi-year precipitation deficit relative to the 39-year average. Mean groundwater levels in WY2019 increased at Fort Bowie NHS, and at two of three wells monitored at Chiricahua NM, compared to WY2018. Levels in the third well at Chiricahua slightly decreased. By contrast, water levels declined in five of six wells at Coronado NMem over the same period, with the sixth well showing a slight increase over WY2018. Over the monitoring record (2007–present), groundwater levels at Chiricahua have been fairly stable, with seasonal variability likely caused by transpiration losses and recharge from runoff events in Bonita Creek. At Fort Bowie’s WSW-2, mean groundwater level was also relatively stable from 2004 to 2019, excluding temporary drops due to routine pumping. At Coronado, four of the six wells demonstrated increases (+0.30 to 11.65 ft) in water level compared to the earliest available measurements. Only WSW-2 and Baumkirchner #3 have shown net declines (-17.31 and -3.80 feet, respectively) at that park. Springs were monitored at nine sites in WY2019 (four sites at Chiricahua NM; three at Coronado NMem, and two at Fort Bowie NHS). Most springs had relatively few indications of anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbance included modifications to flow, such as dams, berms, or spring boxes. Examples of natural disturbance included game trails, scat, or evidence of flooding. Crews observed 0–6 facultative/obligate wetland plant taxa and 0–3 invasive non-native species at each spring. Across the springs, crews observed six non-native plant species: common mullein (Verbascum thapsus), spiny sowthistle (Sonchus asper), common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana), rabbitsfoot grass (Polypogon monspeliensis), and red brome (Bromus rubens). Baseline data on water quality and water chemistry were collected at all nine sites. It is likely that that all nine springs had surface water for at least some part of WY2019, though temperature sensors failed at two sites. The seven sites with continuous sensor data had water present for most of the year. Discharge was measured at eight sites and ranged from < 1 L/minute to 16.5 L/minute.
3
Hailiang, Zhang, Wang Fuxiang, Sha Shengyi, Dai Lianshuang, Xuan Wenbo, and Ren Zhong. PR-469-173823-R01 In Line Inspection and Evaluation of Pinholes in Oil and Gas Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011604.
Full textAbstract:
Pinhole leaks have been reported as a significant cause of oil and gas pipeline failures in recent years. From 2010 to 2015, at least 131 significant incidents involving oil and gas pipelines in the United States (101 and 30, respectively) were attributed to pinhole leaks. The 9th European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group Report states that as of 2013, the five-year moving average failure frequency for pinholes was equal to an approximate annual rate of 0.105 failures per 1,000 kilometers of pipeline(1). Pinholes may result from normal pipeline corrosion during routine operations, such as microbiologically induced corrosion, or can be created by third-party activities, such as illegal tapping. These small leaks have become a major risk for many pipeline companies. Pinhole leaks are more likely to lead to serious consequences than larger leaks because they are difficult to discover through normal monitoring and patrolling. An undetected pinhole leak can lead to significant soil and groundwater pollution over time. The research objective of this project was to investigate the applicability of magnetic flux leakage (MFL) to the inspection of oil and gas pipelines for pinhole defects. The MFL signal may be affected by pinhole diameter, depth, position, and so on. MFL inline inspection (ILI) technologies from five vendors were tested in blind scenarios involving pipeline with manufactured defects. Multiple pull through tests, field dig verification, and sampling were conducted to assess the effectiveness of MFL-ILI in pinhole detection. An optimal practice was developed by comparing the gap between MFL tracks, sampling frequency, intensity of magnetic field, etc. This report also outlines tests conducted to investigate the feasibility of using hydrostatic testing to detect pinholes.
4
Hailiang, Zhang. PR-469-173823-R02 In-Line Inspection and Evaluation of Pinholes in Oil and Gas Pipelines - Phase II. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011780.
Full textAbstract:
Pinhole leaks have been reported as a significant cause of oil and gas pipeline failures in recent years. From 2010 to 2015, at least 131 significant incidents involving oil and gas pipelines in the United States (101 and 30, respectively) were attributed to pinhole leaks. The 9th European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group Report states that as of 2013, the five-year moving average failure frequency for pinholes was equal to an approximate annual rate of 0.105 failures per 1,000 kilometers of pipeline. Pinholes may result from normal pipeline corrosion during routine operations, such as micro-biologically induced corrosion, or can be created by third-party activities, such as illegal tapping. These small leaks have become a major risk for many pipeline companies. Pinhole leaks are more likely to lead to serious consequences than larger leaks because they are difficult to discover through normal monitoring and patrolling. An undetected pinhole leak can lead to significant soil and groundwater pollution over time. The research objective of this phase is to improve the results based on the research of phase one. The major work of this phase are following. In response to the problems found in the pull test of phase one, a number of defects with different sizes have been designed, including pinhole, pitting and grooves, were added to further subdivide the detection boundary conditions. The NDT verification tool for pinhole defects was compared and selected, and the appropriate ultrasonic scanning system was selected as the NDT method for internal pinhole verification. According to the actual ILI report, two pinholes and three pittings were selected for dig verification, and the results were comprehensively compared and analyzed with the pull test.
5
Williams. L51671 Criteria for Dent Acceptability of Offshore Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010217.
Full textAbstract:
Extensive research has provided an understanding in the behavior of pipelines subjected to mechanical damage. The presence of a gouge or the combination of a gouge and a dent has been proven detrimental to the burst strength of pipelines. The research has also revealed that plain smooth dents, in the absence of a defect, do not significantly reduce the burst strength of pipelines. On the other hand, plain dents locally increase the pipe stress due to pressure. Thus, fatigue failures from dents can occur from normal operating pressure fluctuations in the lines over a period of time This report documents the testing and analysis work done to establish the effects of pipeline dents (without gouges) under cyclic internal pressure loading. The work consisted of several sub-tasks. First, operators were surveyed regarding the expected dent shapes and failures from dents that had been experienced. Secondly, a full scale test program utilizing 12-3/4" pipe was carried out. In this program eight pipes, each 20" long with diameter/thickness ratios of 18-50, were subjected to three dents each of various sizes and pressure cycled until failure or until 50,000 to 70,000 equivalent cycles of 0 - 1200 psi pressure was achieved. Next, elastic finite element analysis was utilized to determine the significance of dent shapes and lengths. Finally plastic finite element analysis was utilized to determine analytically the stress to pressure ratios so that a fatigue analysis could be done.
6
Aly, Radi, James H. Westwood, and Carole L. Cramer. Novel Approach to Parasitic Weed Control Based on Inducible Expression of Cecropin in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586467.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Our overall goal was to engineer crop plants with enhanced resistance to Orobanche (broomrape) based on the inducible expression of sarcotoxin-like peptide (SLP). A secondary objective was to localize small proteins such as SLP in the host-parasite union in order to begin characterizing the mechanism of SLP toxicity to Orobanche. We have successfully accomplished both of these objectives and have demonstrated that transgenic tobacco plants expressing SLP under control of the HMG2 promoter show enhanced resistance to O. aegyptiaca and O. ramosa . Furthermore, we have shown that proteins much larger than the SLP move into Orobanche tubercles from the host root via either symplastic or apoplastic routes. This project was initiated with the finding that enhanced resistance to Orobanche could be conferred on tobacco, potato, and tomato by expression of SLP (Sarcotoxin IA is a 40-residue peptide produced as an antibiotic by the flesh fly, Sarcophaga peregrina ) under the control of a low-level, root-specific promoter. To improve the level of resistance, we linked the SLP gene to the promoter from HMG2, which is strongly inducible by Orobanche as it parasitizes the host. The resulting transgenic plants express SLP and show increased resistance to Orobanche. Resistance in this case is manifested by increased growth and yield of the host in the presence of the parasite as compared to non-transgenic plants, and decreased parasite growth. The mechanism of resistance appears to operate post-attachment as the parasite tubercles attached to the transgenic root plants turned necrotic and failed to develop normally. Studies examining the movement of GFP (approximately 6X the size of SLP) produced in tobacco roots showed accumulation of green fluorescence in tubercles growing on transformed plants but not in those growing on wild-type plants. This accumulation occurs regardless of whether the GFP is targeted to the cytoplasm (translocated symplastically) or the apoplastic space (translocated in xylem). Plants expressing SLP appear normal as compared to non-transgenic plants in the absence of Orobanche, so there is no obvious unintended impact on the host plant from SLP expression. This project required the creation of several gene constructs and generation of many transformed plant lines in order to address the research questions. The specific objectives of the project were to: 1. Make gene constructs fusing Orobanche-inducible promoter sequences to either the sarcotoxin-like peptide (SLP) gene or the GFP reporter gene. 2. Create transgenic plants containing gene constructs. 3. Characterize patterns of transgene expression and host-to-parasite movement of gene products in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.). 4. Characterize response of transgenic potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) and tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill .) to Orobanche in lab, greenhouse, and field. Objectives 1 and 2 were largely accomplished during the first year during Dr. Aly's sabbatical visit to Virginia Tech. Transforming and analyzing plants with all the constructs has taken longer than expected, so efforts have concentrated on the most important constructs. Work on objective 4 has been delayed pending the final results of analysis on tobacco and Arabidopsis transgenic plants. The implications of this work are profound, because the Orobanche spp. is an extremely destructive weed that is not controlled effectively by traditional cultural or herbicidal weed control strategies. This is the first example of engineering resistance to parasitic weeds and represents a unique mode of action for selective control of these weeds. This research highlights the possibility of using this technique for resistance to other parasitic species and demonstrates the feasibility of developing other novel strategies for engineering resistance to parasitic weeds.
7
Seginer, Ido, Louis D. Albright, and Robert W. Langhans. On-line Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Greenhouse Environmental Control. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575271.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Background Early detection and identification of faulty greenhouse operation is essential, if losses are to be minimized by taking immediate corrective actions. Automatic detection and identification would also free the greenhouse manager to tend to his other business. Original objectives The general objective was to develop a method, or methods, for the detection, identification and accommodation of faults in the greenhouse. More specific objectives were as follows: 1. Develop accurate systems models, which will enable the detection of small deviations from normal behavior (of sensors, control, structure and crop). 2. Using these models, develop algorithms for an early detection of deviations from the normal. 3. Develop identifying procedures for the most important faults. 4. Develop accommodation procedures while awaiting a repair. The Technion team focused on the shoot environment and the Cornell University team focused on the root environment. Achievements Models: Accurate models were developed for both shoot and root environment in the greenhouse, utilizing neural networks, sometimes combined with robust physical models (hybrid models). Suitable adaptation methods were also successfully developed. The accuracy was sufficient to allow detection of frequently occurring sensor and equipment faults from common measurements. A large data base, covering a wide range of weather conditions, is required for best results. This data base can be created from in-situ routine measurements. Detection and isolation: A robust detection and isolation (formerly referred to as 'identification') method has been developed, which is capable of separating the effect of faults from model inaccuracies and disturbance effects. Sensor and equipment faults: Good detection capabilities have been demonstrated for sensor and equipment failures in both the shoot and root environment. Water stress detection: An excitation method of the shoot environment has been developed, which successfully detected water stress, as soon as the transpiration rate dropped from its normal level. Due to unavailability of suitable monitoring equipment for the root environment, crop faults could not be detected from measurements in the root zone. Dust: The effect of screen clogging by dust has been quantified. Implications Sensor and equipment fault detection and isolation is at a stage where it could be introduced into well equipped and maintained commercial greenhouses on a trial basis. Detection of crop problems requires further work. Dr. Peleg was primarily responsible for developing and implementing the innovative data analysis tools. The cooperation was particularly enhanced by Dr. Peleg's three summer sabbaticals at the ARS, Northem Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, in Sidney, Montana. Switching from multi-band to hyperspectral remote sensing technology during the last 2 years of the project was advantageous by expanding the scope of detected plant growth attributes e.g. Yield, Leaf Nitrate, Biomass and Sugar Content of sugar beets. However, it disrupted the continuity of the project which was originally planned on a 2 year crop rotation cycle of sugar beets and multiple crops (com and wheat), as commonly planted in eastern Montana. Consequently, at the end of the second year we submitted a continuation BARD proposal which was turned down for funding. This severely hampered our ability to validate our findings as originally planned in a 4-year crop rotation cycle. Thankfully, BARD consented to our request for a one year extension of the project without additional funding. This enabled us to develop most of the methodology for implementing and running the hyperspectral remote sensing system and develop the new analytical tools for solving the non-repeatability problem and analyzing the huge hyperspectral image cube datasets. However, without validation of these tools over a ful14-year crop rotation cycle this project shall remain essentially unfinished. Should the findings of this report prompt the BARD management to encourage us to resubmit our continuation research proposal, we shall be happy to do so.
8
Phillips, Donald, and Yoram Kapulnik. Using Flavonoids to Control in vitro Development of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613012.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and other beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms, such as Rhizobium bacteria, must locate and infect a host plant before either symbiont profits. Although benefits of the VAM association for increased phosphorous uptake have been widely documented, attempts to improve the fungus and to produce agronomically useful amounts of inoculum have failed due to a lack of in vitro production methods. This project was designed to extend our prior observation that the alfalfa flavonoid quercetin promoted spore germination and hyphal growth of VAM fungi in the absence of a host plant. On the Israeli side of the project, a detailed examination of changes in flavonoids and flavonoid-biosynthetic enzymes during the early stages of VAM development in alfalfa found that VAM fungi elicited and then suppressed transcription of a plant gene coding for chalcone isomerase, which normally is associated with pathogenic infections. US workers collaborated in the identification of flavonoid compounds that appeared during VAM development. On the US side, an in vitro system for testing the effects of plant compounds on fungal spore germination and hyphal growth was developed for use, and intensive analyses of natural products released from alfalfa seedlings grown in the presence and absence of microorganisms were conducted. Two betaines, trigonelline and stachydrine, were identified as being released from alfalfa seeds in much higher concentrations than flavonoids, and these compounds functioned as transcriptional signals to another alfalfa microsymbiont, Rhizobium meliloti. However, these betaines had no effect on VAM spore germination or hyphal growth i vitro. Experiments showed that symbiotic bacteria elicited exudation of the isoflavonoids medicarpin and coumestrol from legume roots, but neither compound promoted growth or germination of VAM fungi in vitro. Attempts to look directly in alfalfa rhizosphere soil for microbiologically active plant products measured a gradient of nod-gene-inducing activity in R. meliloti, but no novel compounds were identified for testing in the VAM fungal system in vitro. Israeli field experiments on agricultural applications of VAM were very successful and developed methods for using VAM to overcome stunting in peanuts and garlic grown in Israel. In addition, deleterious effects of soil solarization on growth of onion, carrot and wheat were linked to effects on VAM fungi. A collaborative combination of basic and applied approaches toward enhancing the agronomic benefits of VAM asociations produced new knowledge on symbiotic biology and successful methods for using VAM inocula under field conditions
9
Miller, Gad, and Jeffrey F. Harper. Pollen fertility and the role of ROS and Ca signaling in heat stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598150.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The long-term goal of this research is to understand how pollen cope with stress, and identify genes that can be manipulated in crop plants to improve reproductive success during heat stress. The specific aims were to: 1) Compare heat stress dependent changes in gene expression between wild type pollen, and mutants in which pollen are heat sensitive (cngc16) or heat tolerant (apx2-1). 2) Compare cngc16 and apx2 mutants for differences in heat-stress triggered changes in ROS, cNMP, and Ca²⁺ transients. 3) Expand a mutant screen for pollen with increased or decreased thermo-tolerance. These aims were designed to provide novel and fundamental advances to our understanding of stress tolerance in pollen reproductive development, and enable research aimed at improving crop plants to be more productive under conditions of heat stress. Background: Each year crop yields are severely impacted by a variety of stress conditions, including heat, cold, drought, hypoxia, and salt. Reproductive development in flowering plants is highly sensitive to hot or cold temperatures, with even a single hot day or cold night sometimes being fatal to reproductive success. In many plants, pollen tube development and fertilization is often the weakest link. Current speculation about global climate change is that most agricultural regions will experience more extreme environmental fluctuations. With the human food supply largely dependent on seeds, it is critical that we consider ways to improve stress tolerance during fertilization. The heat stress response (HSR) has been intensively studied in vegetative tissues, but is poorly understood during reproductive development. A general paradigm is that HS is accompanied by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of ROS-scavenging enzymes to protect cells from excess oxidative damage. The activation of the HSR has been linked to cytosolic Ca²⁺ signals, and transcriptional and translational responses, including the increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and antioxidative pathways. The focus of the proposed research was on two mutations, which have been discovered in a collaboration between the Harper and Miller labs, that either increase or decrease reproductive stress tolerance in a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana (i.e., cngc16--cyclic nucleotide gated channel 16, apx2-1--ascorbate peroxidase 2,). Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. Using RNA-seq technology, the expression profiles of cngc16 and apx2 pollen grains were independently compared to wild type under favourable conditions and following HS. In comparison to a wild type HSR, there were 2,776 differences in the transcriptome response in cngc16 pollen, consistent with a model in which this heat-sensitive mutant fails to enact or maintain a normal wild-type HSR. In a comparison with apx2 pollen, there were 900 differences in the HSR. Some portion of these 900 differences might contribute to an improved HSR in apx2 pollen. Twenty-seven and 42 transcription factor changes, in cngc16 and apx2-1, respectively, were identified that could provide unique contributions to a pollen HSR. While we found that the functional HS-dependent reprogramming of the pollen transcriptome requires specific activity of CNGC16, we identified in apx2 specific activation of flavonol-biosynthesis pathway and auxin signalling that support a role in pollen thermotolerance. Results from this study have identified metabolic pathways and candidate genes of potential use in improving HS tolerance in pollen. Additionally, we developed new FACS-based methodology that can quantify the stress response for individual pollen in a high-throughput fashion. This technology is being adapted for biological screening of crop plant’s pollen to identify novel thermotolerance traits. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. This study has provided a reference data on the pollen HSR from a model plant, and supports a model that the HSR in pollen has many differences compared to vegetative cells. This provides an important foundation for understanding and improving the pollen HSR, and therefor contributes to the long-term goal of improving productivity in crop plants subjected to temperature stress conditions. A specific hypothesis that has emerged from this study is that pollen thermotolerance can be improved by increasing flavonol accumulation before or during a stress response. Efforts to test this hypothesis have been initiated, and if successful have the potential for application with major seed crops such as maize and rice.