Journal articles on the topic 'Failed states – Case studies'
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1
Çakır, Hilal Ezgi, and Senem Ertan. "Gender Violence in Failed and Democratic States: Besieging Perverse Masculinities." Kadın/Woman 2000, Journal for Women's Studies 19, no. 2 (October 10, 2017): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33831/jws.v19i2.281.
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In this book, Rodriguez aims to understand the roots of gender violence, more specifically men’s violence against women. For this purpose, throughout the book, she gives examples of specific cases such as Nicaragua, the U.S.S.R, Austria and the U.S.A., and examines these examples through mostly psychoanalysis and sometimes through by political science perspectives. The book is an easy read as the case studies - by utilizing newspaper articles- are used as a very useful tool to exemplify the theories behind. Moreover, some literary sources such as poems and novels, or even movies are utilized to reveal male desire and male view of violence against the women which are the true roots of gender violence against women.
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Natvig, Bent, Skule Sørmo, Arne T. Holen, and Gutorm Høgåsen. "Multistate reliability theory—a case study." Advances in Applied Probability 18, no. 4 (December 1986): 921–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1427256.
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Fortunately traditional reliability theory, where the system and the components are always described simply as functioning or failed, is on the way to being replaced by a theory for multistate systems of multistate components. However, there is a need for several convincing case studies demonstrating the practicability of the generalizations introduced. In this paper an electrical power generation system for two nearby oilrigs will be discussed. The amounts of power that may possibly be supplied to the two oilrigs are considered as system states.
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Natvig, Bent, Skule Sørmo, Arne T. Holen, and Gutorm Høgåsen. "Multistate reliability theory—a case study." Advances in Applied Probability 18, no. 04 (December 1986): 921–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800016219.
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Fortunately traditional reliability theory, where the system and the components are always described simply as functioning or failed, is on the way to being replaced by a theory for multistate systems of multistate components. However, there is a need for several convincing case studies demonstrating the practicability of the generalizations introduced. In this paper an electrical power generation system for two nearby oilrigs will be discussed. The amounts of power that may possibly be supplied to the two oilrigs are considered as system states.
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Quirós-Fons, Antonio. "Religious Persecution in Sub-Saharan Africa: Jihadism and ICC Prosecution." Religions 13, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13090784.
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The most intense violations of religious freedom have been recently perpetrated in Asia, by governments, and in Africa, by jihadist terrorists linked to intercommunal violence, especially in the Sub-Saharan region. This work focuses on African countries where states have failed to manage the threats to the most fundamental human rights, posed by terrorist groups on religious terms. It analyzes whether and how those atrocities perpetrated by both al-Qaeda and the Islamic State, and their associates, can be prosecuted by the International Criminal Court. For this purpose, the Al Mahdi case constitutes an exceptional precedent regarding jurisdiction, accountability, and judgement.
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Khatib, Dania Koleilat. "Arab Gulf lobbying in the United States: what makes them win and what makes them lose and why?" Contemporary Arab Affairs 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2015.1121647.
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This research looks at attempts by Arab Gulf states to lobby the US government effectively. It explores aspects of their lobbying behaviour in order to identify the factors that lead to success and those that lead to failure from their lobbying endeavours. In this respect, it utilizes two case studies: one in which Arab Gulf state lobbying was successful, and another in which lobbying failed. For each case study, the different elements involved in lobbying are analyzed and factors that lead to success as well as to failure are inferred. In tandem with an analysis of the strategies, or lack of them, behind Arab Gulf states’ lobbying, the research examines additional relevant factors such as the organization and activism of the US Arab American community, the strategic value of the Arab Gulf to the United States, and the negative image of Arabs in America. The research considers the obstacles facing the establishment of an effective Arab Gulf lobby in the United States, mainly the absence of a grassroots base of Arab Americans that is committed to foreign policy issues.
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Decaux, Loïc, and Gerrit Sarens. "Implementing combined assurance: insights from multiple case studies." Managerial Auditing Journal 30, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 56–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/maj-08-2014-1074.
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Purpose – This purpose of this paper is to investigate how to implement a combined assurance program. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses qualitative data obtained through semi-structured interviews with six multinationals at different stages of combined assurance implementation maturity. Findings – The paper finds that organizations are still learning through combined assurance implementation because no organization seems to have attained a mature combined assurance program. Nevertheless, our descriptive findings reveal that a successful combined assurance implementation follows six important components. Research limitations/implications – One limitation of this study is that, as the organizations studied are at different stages of combined assurance program implementation, data may have comparability issues. Another limitation is that different interviewees were studied from one case to another. Practical implications – The results have implications both for organizations that do not yet have a combined assurance program in place and for those currently at the implementation stage. It has also implications for chief audit executives who are good candidates to lead a combined assurance implementation and for regulators, as the study describes combined assurance as an important accountability mechanism that helps boards and audit committees exercise their oversight role properly. Originality/value – The study is the first to address combined assurance implementation. It complements the study of the Institute of Internal Auditors UK and Ireland (2010), which identifies the reasons for failed attempts to coordinate assurance activities, by illustrating combined assurance implementation through six international case studies of organizations at different combined assurance implementation stages.
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Joshi, Devin K. ""Do We Have a Winner? What the China-India Paradox May Reveal about Regime Type and Human Security"." International Studies Review 10, no. 1 (October 15, 2009): 73–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01001004.
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As the concept of human security spreads in the pose-Cold War period it is often presumed that non-democracies have worse human security than democracies. But the national human security (NHS) siruation in weak or failed democracies can be even worse than in some non-democracies. So how exactly do the NHS records of stares with different regime types like non-democratic China and democratic India compare? To address this question the paper assesses and compares NHS in terms of "freedom from want" (anti-poverty security) and "freedom from fear" (anti-violence securiry). It develops a theory of how different regime types might impact NHS based on how regimes differ along the 1) democratic-authoritarian and 2) predarory-developmental dimensions. It then conducts empirical testing of the theory through a global analysis of 178 countries and case studies of contemporary China and India. The study finds that while democracies and developmental states generally have higher NHS than autocracies and predatory states, developmental authoritarian states like China on average have slightly higher human security than predatory democracies like India.
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Goodman, Sara Wallace. "Fortifying Citizenship: Policy Strategies for Civic Integration in Western Europe." World Politics 64, no. 4 (October 2012): 659–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887112000184.
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Why have European states introduced mandatory integration requirements for citizenship and permanent residence? There are many studies comparing integration policy and examining the significance of what has been interpreted as a convergent and restrictive “civic turn,” a “retreat from multiculturalism,” and an “inevitable lightening of citizenship.” None of these studies, however, has puzzled over the empirical diversity of integration policy design or presented systematic, comparative explanations for policy variation. This article is the first to develop an argument for what, in fact, amounts to a wealth of variation in civic integration policy (including scope, sequencing, and difficulty). Using a historical institutionalist approach, the author argues that states use mandatory integration to address different membership problems, which are shaped by both existing citizenship policy (whether it is inclusive or exclusive) and political pressure to change it (in other words, the politics of citizenship). She illustrates this argument by focusing on three case studies, applying the argument to a case of unchallenged restrictive retrenchment and continuity (Denmark), to a case of negotiated and thus moderated restriction (Germany), and to a case that recently exhibited both liberal continuity (the United Kingdom, 2001–6) and failed attempts at new restriction (the United Kingdom, 2006–10). These cases show that although states may converge around similar mandatory integration instruments, they may apply them for distinctly different reasons. As a result, new requirements augment rather than alter the major contours of national citizenship policy and the membership association it maintains.
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BUCHHOLZ, U., B. BRODHUN, S. O. BROCKMANN, C. M. DREWECK, R. PRAGER, H. TSCHÄPE, and A. AMMON. "An Outbreak of Salmonella München in Germany Associated with Raw Pork Meat." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.2.273.
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In summer 2001, an outbreak of Salmonella München occurred in Germany. We conducted descriptive epidemiology and hypothesis-generating interviews among case patients, two retrospective cohort studies, and a case-control study of subout-breaks. We performed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) from selected patient isolates and a limited trace-back investigation for analytical purposes. Four states were consecutively affected: Saxonia (SX), Brandenburg (BB), Berlin (BE), and Baden-Württemberg (BW). Although hypothesis-generating interviews failed to identify a plausible food item, descriptive data and investigations of the suboutbreaks suggested pork meat as a probable source in three states (SX, BB, and BE) but not in BW. The PFGE profiles from isolates of case patients in the first three states were indistinguishable but differed from PFGE profiles of case patients in BW. Trace-back investigation suggested that contamination of pork meat occurred early in the rearing-production chain. This outbreak demonstrates how contamination early in the production process that can yield different end products may complicate multistate outbreaks. Investigation of suboutbreaks and use of the trace-back method as investigational tools may be useful adjuncts in solving the problem of multistate outbreaks.
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Medel, Robert, Johann R. Springborn, Deborah L. Crittenden, and Martin A. Suhm. "Hydrogen Delocalization in an Asymmetric Biomolecule: The Curious Case of Alpha-Fenchol." Molecules 27, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010101.
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Rotational microwave jet spectroscopy studies of the monoterpenol α-fenchol have so far failed to identify its second most stable torsional conformer, despite computational predictions that it is only very slightly higher in energy than the global minimum. Vibrational FTIR and Raman jet spectroscopy investigations reveal unusually complex OH and OD stretching spectra compared to other alcohols. Via modeling of the torsional states, observed spectral splittings are explained by delocalization of the hydroxy hydrogen atom through quantum tunneling between the two non-equivalent but accidentally near-degenerate conformers separated by a low and narrow barrier. The energy differences between the torsional states are determined to be only 16(1) and 7(1) cm−1hc for the protiated and deuterated alcohol, respectively, which further shrink to 9(1) and 3(1) cm−1hc upon OH or OD stretch excitation. Comparisons are made with the more strongly asymmetric monoterpenols borneol and isopinocampheol as well as with the symmetric, rapidly tunneling propargyl alcohol. In addition, the third—in contrast localized—torsional conformer and the most stable dimer are assigned for α-fenchol, as well as the two most stable dimers for propargyl alcohol.
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Green, Elliott D. "Understanding the Limits to Ethnic Change: Lessons from Uganda's “Lost Counties”." Perspectives on Politics 6, no. 3 (August 18, 2008): 473–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592708081231.
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The historically constructed nature of ethnicity has become a widely accepted paradigm in the social sciences. Scholars have especially have focused on the ways modern states have been able to create and change ethnic identities, with perhaps the strongest case studies coming from colonial Africa, where the gap between strong states and weak societies has been most apparent. I suggest, however, that in order to better understand how and when ethnic change occurs it is important to examine case studies where state-directed ethnic change has failed. To rectify this oversight I examine the case of the “lost counties” of Uganda, which were transferred from the Bunyoro kingdom to the Buganda kingdom at the onset of colonial rule. I show that British attempts to assimilate the Banyoro residents in two of the lost counties were an unmitigated failure, while attempts in the other five counties were successful. I claim that the reason for these differing outcomes lies in the status of the two lost counties as part of the historic Bunyoro homeland, whereas the other five counties were both geographically and symbolically peripheral to Bunyoro. The evidence here thus suggests that varying ethnic attachments to territory can lead to differing outcomes in situations of state-directed assimilation and ethnic change.
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Chiapella, Ariana M., Zbigniew J. Grabowski, Mary Ann Rozance, Ashlie D. Denton, Manar A. Alattar, and Elise F. Granek. "Toxic Chemical Governance Failure in the United States: Key Lessons and Paths Forward." BioScience 69, no. 8 (July 10, 2019): 615–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz065.
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AbstractOver 40 years of regulations in the United States have failed to protect human and environmental health. We contend that these failures result from the flawed governance over the continued production, use, and disposal of toxic chemicals. To address this failure, we need to identify the broader social, political, and technological processes producing, knowing, and regulating toxic chemicals, collectively referred to as toxic chemical governance. To do so, we create a conceptual framework covering five key domains of governance: knowledge production, policy design, monitoring and enforcement, evaluation, and adjudication. Within each domain, social actors of varying power negotiate what constitutes acceptable risk, creating longer-term path dependencies in how they are addressed (or not). Using existing literature and five case studies, we discuss four paths for improving governance: evolving paradigms of harm, addressing bias in the knowledge base, making governance more equitable, and overcoming path dependency.
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Brown, Sherrill J., Samantha F. Eichner, and Jennifer R. Jones. "Nebulized Morphine for Relief of Dyspnea Due to Chronic Lung Disease." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 39, no. 6 (June 2005): 1088–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1e328.
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of nebulized morphine for the management of dyspnea in chronic pulmonary diseases. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE (1966–May 2004), EMBASE (1980–May 2004), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–May 2004) searches were performed. Key search terms included morphine, dyspnea, and inhalation. DATA SYNTHESIS: Nine studies have evaluated the efficacy of nebulized morphine in relieving dyspnea. Three trials had positive resuts, but the rest failed to show improvement after treatment with doses ranging from 1 to 40 mg nebulized morphine. The small number of subjects, variety of disease states, and different outcome measures limit interpretation of the studies. CONCLUSIONS: Results from several small studies do not support the use of nebulized morphine for treatment of dyspnea; however, several positive case reports have been published.
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Zahlan, A. B. "Industrializing the Arab world: a speculative case study." Contemporary Arab Affairs 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2014.950081.
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Some of the challenges facing Arab countries could be solved if their economies were industrialized. They have made much progress in some fields, but have failed so far to industrialize. While this is obviously a complicated issue, there are, at the same time, many countries that have been very successful in doing so. Speculating about such complex issues is nothing new. A reader of Western literature is daily confronted with speculative articles on the rise or fall of American power. A number of writers appear to be concerned that China will soon displace the United States as the number 1 superpower. (For a review of three books by Edward Luce on this subject, see Financial Times February 2, 2014.) Some thoughtful writers propose various possibilities on some countries’ readiness to assume roles that may lead to a new political world order. Other writers frequently speculate on China possibly lacking sufficient creativity to displace the United States from its privileged position. There are no simple answers to such complex issues. Concern for the rise and fall of nations is of constant interest in Western literature, but by contrast concern in the Arab world is limited in scope and depth to the ultimate development of their own region. What is surprising in the Arab world is that despite the prevailing conditions the Arabs enjoy through their enormous assets, they seem oblivious to the rich possibilities that these resources provide. Arab countries are confronted with expanding populations, education, emigration and unemployment. It seems that unless they adopt a more serious interest in the challenges they face, they will be unable to escape from a state of permanent crisis. The purpose of this article is to speculate on the feasibility of utilizing the Gulf Cooperation Council's (GCC) railway system – estimated at approximately US$200 billion – as a tool for achieving industrialization. The railway system will be 1940 km long and include all GCC countries.
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Matveev, Igor. "Economy of an Intra-state Armed Conflict: The Case of Syria." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 3 (2022): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080020159-1.
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Contemporary international relations have been witnessing many armed conflicts. As usual, they do not cause dissolution of states due to the factors that include adaptation of economies to extraordinary conditions with common and specific features of country cases. The need of analyzing them to find ways for conflicts’ settlement explains the theoretical importance of the article. Facing the diversity of notions describing conflicts, the author assumes existence of a notion of economy of an intra-state armed conflict (EISAC). Such hypothesis looks new exploiting two groups of arguments based on content analysis and empiric materials accumulated during the author’s stints as a diplomat in Damascus. Firstly, any EISAC has closer links with the conflict itself than the relevant state. It can emerge under scenarios of “failed state” (Somalia), “partially failed state” (Afghanistan, Libya, Yemen), parallel economies (Syria), a formal split of a state (South Sudan), or in more than a country (ISIS). Secondly, Libya, Syria, and Yemen have proved that the EISAC does not mean manipulation with meanings of similar definitions including a wartime militarized economy or a peace-time defense sector (USSR, North Korea) not correlating with the crisis generating economy (Lebanon) or the sanctioned economy (Iraq:1980-2003, Iran). Also, it does not make a hyponym of the economy in a conflict inspired by foreign aggression (Kuwait: 1990-1991). Yet, the scale of damage caused by foreign aggressions could be compared with that resulting from intra-state conflicts. Syria has been chosen as its economy has acquired classical features of the EISAC.
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Poast, Paul. "Does Issue Linkage Work? Evidence from European Alliance Negotiations, 1860 to 1945." International Organization 66, no. 2 (April 2012): 277–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818312000069.
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AbstractThough scholars widely claim that issue linkage—the simultaneous negotiation of multiple issues for joint settlement—can help states conclude international agreements, there exist some notable skeptics. Resolving this debate requires empirical evidence. However, beyond a few case studies, there exists no direct and systematic evidence that issue linkages actually increase the probability of agreement. I address this lack of direct and systematic evidence by combing original data on failed alliance negotiations with data from the Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions (ATOP) database. Using matching techniques, I find that, for alliance negotiations between 1860 to 1945, offers of trade linkage did substantially increase the probability of agreement. Besides confirming issue linkage's ability to help clinch an agreement, this article's research design and evidence have far-reaching implications for the study of negotiations and alliances. The research design illustrates the value of considering the “dogs that didn't bark” as it identifies both successful and failed negotiations. The article's evidence explains the high rate of alliance compliance identified by previous scholars and highlights a need to rethink the alliance formation process.
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Maurer, Bill. "Incalculable Payments: Money, Scale, and the South African Offshore Grey Money Amnesty." African Studies Review 50, no. 2 (September 2007): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arw.2007.0109.
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Abstract:This article seeks to refine conceptually the social study of finance and thus to extend the argument of Jane Guyer's Marginal Gains (2004). Using the case of the South African “grey money” amnesty, this article argues that social studies of finance have failed to pay adequate attention to social payments, as opposed to market exchanges, in their pronouncements about the extension of the calculative rationality and universal commensuration that are supposedly intrinsic to modern money. The amnesty, which allowed forgiveness for offshore tax evasion in return for a one-time payment, reconfigured “tax minimizers” as law-abiding and rational economic actors hedging against risk. Most took the opportunity; they were granted amnesty to repatriate their funds, which generated a significant boost in revenue for the South African state, with social and symbolic implications. This article reflects on what purchase is gained on the amnesty and the social study of finance generally by considering the amnesty as a series of payments, rather than cross-boundary financial transactions between individuals, trusts, and states.
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Monico, Carmen, and Jovani Mendez-Sandoval. "Group and Child–Family Migration from Central America to the United States: Forced Child–Family Separation, Reunification, and Pseudo Adoption in the Era of Globalization." Genealogy 3, no. 4 (December 4, 2019): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy3040068.
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Intercountry adoption from Latin America became a sizable, “quiet” migration to the U.S., as evident in its historical evolution from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. The recent migration of unaccompanied minors and families traveling with children from these case countries has been characterized by child–family separation, prolonged detention and institutionalization of children, and adoption through various means. This study has been concerned with how both trends became intertwined in the era of globalisation. To address this question, the authors examined intercountry adoption literature and migration-related briefs, legal claims, and news reports. The study suggests that internationally recognized child rights have been violated in the border crisis. Forced family separation resulting from stricter immigration measures has met criteria for child abduction, violating international convention protecting families in transnational kinship and adoption. A child–family separation typology was inferred from individual case studies ranging from separation by death to prolonged or indefinitive separation to de facto adoption. Reunification has failed for migrant children in custody since relatives or kinship members may be undocumented or parents may be deported. The current immigration system for migrant children’s care only prolongs their detention and violates their human and civil rights while turning child abduction into de facto adoption.
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Stark, Susan A. "Home Birth and the Maternity Outcomes Emergency: Attending to Race and Gender in Childbirth." IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics 14, no. 1 (March 2021): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ijfab-14.1.01.
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Childbirth in the United States is in crisis. This is especially true for Black and brown mothers. This childbirth emergency constitutes a failure of the social contract: because society has failed to provide minimally decent care for all birthing mothers, but especially for Black and brown mothers, it is necessary to allow mothers to choose home birth. I amplify the voices of Black and brown scholars and midwives to defend home birth, and I argue that home birth is safe and empowering and that it is rational for those who desire it to choose it.
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Metre, Kanika. "Using Mobile Banking Services to Improve Financial Access for the Poor: Lessons from Kenya, the Philippines, the United States, Haiti, and India." Policy Perspectives 18, no. 1 (October 17, 2011): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4079/pp.v18i0.9351.
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As the number of mobile phone subscriptions has rapidly expanded in developing countries, so too has the use of mobile phones to facilitate small-scale financial transactions around the world. Microfinance experts have recognized these mobile banking services as a means for expanding access to financial services among poor and low-income populations. Innovations over the past few years have proven that mobile network operators and banks can cooperate to create successful business models for mobile banking services. Recognizing this success, this paper further explores the ways in which private sector, public sector, and non-profit sector actors can and should collaborate to meet the financial service needs of the poor through innovations in mobile banking. Case studies from Kenya, the Philippines, the United States, Haiti, and India provide relevant lessons on how these collaborations have succeeded or failed in the past.
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Anderson, Elisabeth. "Policy Entrepreneurs and the Origins of the Regulatory Welfare State: Child Labor Reform in Nineteenth-Century Europe." American Sociological Review 83, no. 1 (January 25, 2018): 173–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122417753112.
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Industrial child labor laws were the earliest manifestation of the modern regulatory welfare state. Why, despite the absence of political pressure from below, did some states (but not others) succeed in legislating working hours, minimum ages, and schooling requirements for working children in the first half of the nineteenth century? I use case studies of the politics behind the first child labor laws in Germany and France, alongside a case study of a failed child labor reform effort in Belgium, to answer this question. I show that existing structural, class-based, and institutional theories of the welfare state are insufficient to explain why child labor laws came about. Highlighting instead the previously neglected role of elite policy entrepreneurs, I argue that the success or failure of early nineteenth-century child labor laws depended on these actors’ social skill, pragmatic creativity, and goal-directedness. At the same time, their actions and influence were conditioned by their field position and the architecture of the policy field. By specifying the qualities and conditions that enable policy entrepreneurs to build the alliances needed to effect policy change, this analysis lends precision to the general claim that their agency matters.
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Coyne, Christopher J. "Rebuilding War-Torn States: The Challenge of Post-Conflict Economic Reconstruction, by Graciana Del Castillo." Perspectives on Politics 8, no. 1 (March 2010): 302–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153759270999288x.
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In this book, Graciana Del Castillo draws on theory, her own experiences as senior economist in the Cabinet of the United Nations secretary-general and as an International Monetary Fund staffer, and qualitative case studies to critically reconsider the challenges of postconflict economic reconstruction. The core argument is as follows. Countries making the shift from war to peace face a multipronged transition in the economic, legal, political, social, and security sectors. Given this multifaceted transition, economic reconstruction is fundamentally different from the “development as usual” approach taken by the international community to address typical socioeconomic challenges faced by peaceful developing countries. Instead, economic reconstruction in postconflict countries is a “development plus” challenge, meaning that these countries face the same challenges as other developing countries plus the added challenge of achieving reconciliation and peace. Del Castillo concludes that many post–Cold War reconstruction efforts have failed because of the development as usual approach to reconstruction, a lack of comprehensive planning, insufficient aid and assistance, and the inadequacies of international organizations (e.g., the United Nations and international financial institutions) in dealing with the challenges of reconstruction.
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Nasol, Katherine, and Valerie Francisco-Menchavez. "Filipino Home Care Workers: Invisible Frontline Workers in the COVID-19 Crisis in the United States." American Behavioral Scientist 65, no. 10 (March 17, 2021): 1365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027642211000410.
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Filipino home care workers are at the frontlines of assisted living facilities and residential care facilities for the elderly (RCFEs), yet their work has largely been unseen. We attribute this invisibility to the existing elder care crisis in the United States, further exacerbated by COVID-19. Based on quantitative and qualitative data with Filipino workers before and during the COVID-19 crisis, we find that RCFEs have failed to comply with labor standards long before the pandemic where the lack of state regulation denied health and safety protections for home care workers. The racial inequities under COVID-19 via the neoliberal approach to the crisis puts home care workers at more risk. We come to this analysis through Critical Immigration Studies framing Filipino labor migration as it is produced by neoliberalism and Racial Capitalist constructs. Last, while the experiences of Filipino home care workers during the pandemic expose the elder care industry’s exploitation, we find that they are also creating strategies to take care of one another.
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Weiss, Tomáš. "Too Limited, Too Late: Evaluating the Czech Republic's Performance as a Small-State Lobbyist in EU External Policy." New Perspectives 24, no. 1 (March 2016): 53–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2336825x1602400103.
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The article proposes a classification of interest promotion methods used by small EU member states which draws on lobbying literature in order for us to better understand how small states pursue their preferences in Council negotiations. It explores a single case study of the Czech Republic's efforts to influence the 2012 revision of the European Union's Generalised System of Preferences scheme through the lenses of this classification. The empirical part of the paper is based on original research interviews with European and Czech stakeholders who participated in the studied negotiations. While the dossier was considered important, the Czech Republic failed to employ more elaborate methods of interest promotion and thus came away with a sub-optimal outcome. Rather than explaining this by pointing to a lack of socialization of Czech representatives (and thus a lack of effective competence), this deficiency can be better explained by the low salience of the general policy area for the Czech Republic, which prevented the country from developing a favourable position from which to react promptly to the related developments and deploy the lobbying tools at its disposal. The article suggests that the lobbyist-like character of a small member state's performance in the Council may have wider consequences for the flexibility of the country's EU policy and the ability of its governments to pursue specific European policies.
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Shehadeh, Raja. "From Jerusalem to the Rest of the West Bank: Israel's Strategies of Annexation." Review of Middle East Studies 53, no. 01 (April 29, 2019): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2019.7.
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AbstractSince 1967, despite international legal restrictions, Israel has sought to annex Eastern Jerusalem. Fifty-one years later, it publicly declared in its Nation State Law: “Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel.” In the West Bank, Israel initiated on the ground changes that furthered annexation without formally declaring any part of it as annexed. For decades, Al-Haq has documented the gradual encroachment of occupation by successive Israeli administrations. And yet the Palestinian leadership failed to successfully utilize the law to support its case. Nor could the 190 states, parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention, be convinced to enforce the provision in the Convention which bids the High Contracting Parties to “ensure respect for the present convention in all circumstances.” During the Oslo negotiations, Israel succeeded in leaving Jerusalem and the Jewish settlements outside of the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority. Given these patterns across nearly a half-century of history, it seems likely that Israel will declare the full annexation of the West Bank in part or in its entirety precisely because it has succeeded in accomplishing this in the case of Jerusalem.
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Hu, Shun, Liangsheng Shi, Yuanyuan Zha, and Linglin Zeng. "Regional Yield Estimation for Sugarcane Using MODIS and Weather Data: A Case Study in Florida and Louisiana, United States of America." Remote Sensing 14, no. 16 (August 10, 2022): 3870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14163870.
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Sugarcane is an important sugar source in America and is mainly planted in the states of Florida and Louisiana. The purpose of this study was to predict the sugarcane yield in these two states from 2008 to 2016. Three statistical sugarcane yield models (i.e., the CNDVI, K–M, and SiPAR models) were applied to predict yield in America, using remote sensing and weather data. To verify the robustness of models, model parameters obtained in places (i.e., Reunion Island and Southwestern China) far away from America were used. The results showed that the SiPAR model outperformed the CDNVI and K–M models for yield prediction. Solar radiation was an important constraint factor to ensure the statistical model’s robustness under different conditions. The CNDVI model had the lowest robustness because of the absence of solar radiation, although it could reflect the yield trend to some extent. The K–M model failed to predict the low sugarcane yield, owing to the lack of consideration of temperature and soil water stresses. Florida had a low sugarcane yield in the west and southwest; however, Louisiana had high sugarcane yield in the same directions. This study demonstrated the robustness of the SiPAR model and investigated the sugarcane yield status in Florida and Louisiana. It can be a reference for similar studies in the future.
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Anderson, Nicholas D. "Push and Pull on the Periphery: Inadvertent Expansion in World Politics." International Security 47, no. 3 (January 1, 2023): 136–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00454.
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Abstract Why do great powers engage in territorial expansion? Much of the existing literature views expansion as a largely intentional activity directed by the leaders of powerful states. Yet nearly 25 percent of important historical instances of great power expansion are initiated by actors on the periphery of the state or empire without authorization from their superiors at the center. Periphery-driven “inadvertent expansion” is most likely to occur when leaders in the capital have limited control over their agents on the periphery. Through their actions, peripheral agents effectively constrain leaders from withdrawing from these newly captured territories because of sunk costs, domestic political pressure, and national honor. When leaders in the capital expect geopolitical consequences from regional or other great powers, such as economic sanctions, militarized crises, or war, they are far less likely to authorize the territorial claims. A mixed-methods research strategy combines new quantitative data on great power territorial expansion with three qualitative case studies of successful (and failed) inadvertent expansion by Russia, Japan, and France. Inadvertent expansion has not completely gone away, particularly among smaller states, where government authority can be weak, control over states’ apparatuses can be loose, and civil-military relations can be challenging.
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Johnston, Jessica. "Subscribing to Sex Edutainment." Television & New Media 18, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527476416644977.
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Although abstinence-only programs in the United States have historically failed to provide medically accurate information on sexual health, young people in the twenty-first century have turned to YouTube to answer their sex questions. The accessible and engaging format of the YouTube video has helped some sex educators achieve Internet fame among a mass audience of users devoted to watching their web series and interacting with them on social media. Using two sex education channels (Laci Green’s Sex Plus and Lindsey Doe’s Sexplanations) as case studies, this article investigates the ways in which YouTube stardom shapes the production of and engagement with online sex education videos. In doing so, the article uncovers how Internet fame helps to create a brand of sex education salient to audiences across media platforms that rely on the illusion of face-to-face interaction, the development of an authoritative yet approachable identity, and the cultivation of a virtual community.
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Xanthouli, Panagiota. "Dermatomyositis: Double trouble – Case Report." Kompass Autoimmun 3, no. 1 (2021): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000514046.
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<b>Background:</b> Each myositis-specific autoantibody (MSA) tends to have a distinct clinical presentation. Coexistence of MSAs do not commonly occur. If they do, it is unknown if there is an overlap of clinical features or prognostic implications. There are a few reported cases of overlap between these antibodies, mostly reported in patients with Japanese descent. Our aim for this case report is to turn more attention and interest for future MSA profile studies in the Hispanic population, which may hopefully spur better therapies if we realize the prognostic implications of certain myositis subsets including double-positive autoantibody syndromes. <b>Case presentation:</b> A 27-year-old Hispanic female was admitted to the medical intensive care unit due to acute hypoxemic respiratory failure secondary to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). She had failed conventional mechanical ventilation and was cannulated for venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) to manage her respiratory failure. She had erythematous scaly plaques on bilateral 3rd metacarpophalangeal joints on examination. Her autoimmune workup revealed positivity for both anti-PL-7(threonyl) and anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) autoantibodies. After extensive evaluation, it was concluded that she had rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RPILD) due to amyopathic dermatomyositis. Despite maximal medical management, she was ultimately transitioned to comfort care measures and expired. <b>Conclusion:</b> We would like to highlight the rarity of double antibody positive amyopathic dermatomyositis. This unique clinical presentation has only been reported in persons of Japanese descent. Our case is likely to be the first reported to occur in a person of Hispanic descent in the United States. The rarity of our case could stimulate further study of overlapping MSA to understand its varied presentations and prognoses including possible tendency toward a rapidly progressive ILD phenotype. Earlier detection of these clinical syndromes can lead to better outcomes for patients with RPILD. This case report could also herald an increased recognition and understanding of MSA profile in the Hispanic population in the USA.
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Xanthouli, Panagiota. "Dermatomyositis: Double trouble – Case Report." Kompass Pneumologie 9, no. 3 (2021): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000515143.
Full textAbstract:
<b>Background:</b> Each myositis-specific autoantibody (MSA) tends to have a distinct clinical presentation. Coexistence of MSAs do not commonly occur. If they do, it is unknown if there is an overlap of clinical features or prognostic implications. There are a few reported cases of overlap between these antibodies, mostly reported in patients with Japanese descent. Our aim for this case report is to turn more attention and interest for future MSA profile studies in the Hispanic population, which may hopefully spur better therapies if we realize the prognostic implications of certain myositis subsets including double-positive autoantibody syndromes. <b>Case presentation:</b> A 27-year-old Hispanic female was admitted to the medical intensive care unit due to acute hypoxemic respiratory failure secondary to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). She had failed conventional mechanical ventilation and was cannulated for venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) to manage her respiratory failure. She had erythematous scaly plaques on bilateral 3rd metacarpophalangeal joints on examination. Her autoimmune workup revealed positivity for both anti-PL-7(threonyl) and anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) autoantibodies. After extensive evaluation, it was concluded that she had rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RPILD) due to amyopathic dermatomyositis. Despite maximal medical management, she was ultimately transitioned to comfort care measures and expired. <b>Conclusion:</b> We would like to highlight the rarity of double antibody positive amyopathic dermatomyositis. This unique clinical presentation has only been reported in persons of Japanese descent. Our case is likely to be the first reported to occur in a person of Hispanic descent in the United States. The rarity of our case could stimulate further study of overlapping MSA to understand its varied presentations and prognoses including possible tendency toward a rapidly progressive ILD phenotype. Earlier detection of these clinical syndromes can lead to better outcomes for patients with RPILD. This case report could also herald an increased recognition and understanding of MSA profile in the Hispanic population in the USA.
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Reeves, Heather Dawn, and David J. Stensrud. "Synoptic-Scale Flow and Valley Cold Pool Evolution in the Western United States." Weather and Forecasting 24, no. 6 (December 1, 2009): 1625–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009waf2222234.1.
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Abstract Valley cold pools (VCPs), which are trapped, cold layers of air at the bottoms of basins or valleys, pose a significant problem for forecasters because they can lead to several forms of difficult-to-forecast and hazardous weather such as fog, freezing rain, or poor air quality. Numerical models have historically failed to routinely provide accurate guidance on the formation and demise of VCPs, making the forecast problem more challenging. In some case studies of persistent wintertime VCPs, there is a connection between the movement of upper-level waves and the timing of VCP formation and decay. Herein, a 3-yr climatology of persistent wintertime VCPs for five valleys and basins in the western United States is performed to see how often VCP formation and decay coincides with synoptic-scale (∼200–2000 km) wave motions. Valley cold pools are found to form most frequently as an upper-level ridge approaches the western United States and in response to strong midlevel warming. The VCPs usually last as long as the ridge is over the area and usually only end when a trough, and its associated midlevel cooling, move over the western United States. In fact, VCP strength appears to be almost entirely dictated by midlevel temperature changes, which suggests large-scale forcing is dominant for this type of VCP most of the time.
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Fuentealba Pooley, Andres, Hugo Henriquez Sazo, Leonardo Lagos Sepulveda, Christian Bastias Soto, Fernando Vargas Gallardo, and Sergio Fernandez Comber. "Talus reconstruction using fresh structural allograft after nontraumatic avascular necrosis: case report." Journal of the Foot & Ankle 15, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30795/jfootankle.2021.v15.1541.
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Avascular necrosis of the talus is a rare condition that can lead to important functional sequelae. There are few therapeutic alternatives for more advanced stages of this disease, the majority of which sacrifice the ankle joint. We report the case of a 50-year-old patient with nontraumatic avascular necrosis that compromised a large part of the talar surface. After non-structural autograft failed, it was reconstructed using fresh structural talar allograft. At one year of follow-up, the patient reported a considerable decrease in pain. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case in which fresh structural allograft was used in the treatment of nontraumatic avascular necrosis of the talus. Level of Evidence V; Therapeutic Studies; Expert Opinion.
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Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji. "From Pre-Colonial Past to the Post-Colonial Present: The Contemporary Clan-Based Configurations of Statebuilding in Somalia." African Studies Review 61, no. 2 (June 22, 2018): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2017.144.
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Abstract:This article is driven by an empirical paradox over where Somalia came from (pre-colonial clan-states) and where it ended up (return to pre-colonial clano-territorial conflicts). Existing academic studies on contemporary Somalia, which were supposed to provide critical analysis, continue to applaud the creation of clan-states within the failed state of Somalia. Based on a variety of unique primary sources, this article offers a new perspective on the current state formation processes occurring in the purview of the Somali State. Somali clans are determined to come to terms with the state collapse by averting the return to political power of the detested military regime, which was led by one clan-based leadership that tended to terrorize other rival clans and denied any equal power- and resource-sharing framework. Conceptualizing the contemporary Somali state as similar to pre-colonial clan-sultanates, this article argues that contemporary Somalis are reverting to a pre-colonial realm where each clan had its clan sultan seeking for a clan-state of its own right. Where else do clan-states compete against each other in entering into “treaties” with external entities intent on exploiting war-torn Somalia astabula rasa? It is towards the objective of answering this question and of providing a better understanding of the Somali conflict that this article is offered to add a comparative empirical understanding of the different trajectories of state formations in Somalia.
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Moberg, Jessica. "Turning Aliens into Socialists." International Journal for the Study of New Religions 1, no. 1 (July 29, 2010): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v1i1.75.
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Immediately after the Second World War Sweden was struck by a wave of sightings of strange flying objects. In some cases these mass sightings resulted in panic, particularly after authorities failed to identify them. Decades later, these phenomena were interpreted by two members of the Swedish UFO movement, Erland Sandqvist and Gösta Rehn, as alien spaceships, or UFOs. Rehn argued that ‘[t]here is nothing so dramatic in the Swedish history of UFOs as this invasion of alien fly-things’ (Rehn 1969: 50). In this article the interpretation of such sightings proposed by these authors, namely that we are visited by extraterrestrials from outer space, is approached from the perspective of myth theory. According to this mythical theme, not only are we are not alone in the universe, but also the history of humankind has been shaped by encounters with more highly-evolved alien beings. In their modern day form, these kinds of ideas about aliens and UFOs originated in the United States. The reasoning of Sandqvist and Rehn exemplifies the localization process that took place as members of the Swedish UFO movement began to produce their own narratives about aliens and UFOs. The question I will address is: in what ways do these stories change in new contexts? Texts produced by the Swedish UFO movement are analyzed as a case study of this process.
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Barone, Joseph A., Nicholas G. Lordi, Wesley G. Byerly, and John L. Colaizzi. "Comparative Dissolution Performance of Internationally Available Piroxicam Products." Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy 22, no. 1 (January 1988): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808802200108.
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Piroxicam is a widely used nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug available worldwide under various trade names by several manufacturers. Only one brand of piroxicam (Feldene) is currently marketed in the U.S., and the United States Pharmacopeial Convention established an official dissolution requirement for piroxicam in 1985. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the dissolution performance of several internationally available piroxicam products using the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) dissolution test for piroxicam capsules. Of 25 brands of piroxicam capsules evaluated, 72 percent of the brands failed to meet the USP requirement, several by a wide margin. Although there is no specific USP dissolution test for tablets, the test for capsules was applied to five different brands of piroxicam tablets, and 80 percent of the tablet brands tested failed to meet the USP requirement. Although comparative bioavailability studies would be required to establish any definitive relationship between dissolution test performance and bioavailability, the failure of most of these products to meet the USP requirement for dissolution indicates formulation differences that could result in altered bioavailability. The substantial differences in dissolution performance observed among the piroxicam oral dosage forms tested have implications concerning the equivalency and standards of multisource products available on the international market, and should be taken into account by health care providers worldwide.
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NATVIG, BENT, and HANS W. H. MØRCH. "AN APPLICATION OF MULTISTATE RELIABILITY THEORY TO AN OFFSHORE GAS PIPELINE NETWORK." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 10, no. 04 (December 2003): 361–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539303001214.
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The basic multistate reliability theory was developed in the eighties and the beginning of the nineties, replacing traditional reliability theory where the system and the components are always described as functioning or failed. In Natvig et al.10 the theory was applied to an electrical power generation system for two nearby oilrigs, where the amounts of power that may possibly be supplied to the two oilrigs are considered as system states. However, there is still a need for several convincing case studies demonstrating the practicability of the generalizations introduced. In the present paper the theory is applied to the Norwegian offshore gas pipeline network in the North Sea, as of the end of the eighties, transporting gas to Emden in Germany. The system state depends on the amount of gas actually delivered, but also to some extent on the amount of gas compressed mainly by the compressor component closest to Emden.
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Georgiou, S., I. H. Langford, I. J. Bateman, and R. K. Turner. "Determinants of Individuals' Willingness to Pay for Perceived Reductions in Environmental Health Risks: A Case Study of Bathing Water Quality." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 30, no. 4 (April 1998): 577–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a300577.
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A contingent valuation (CV) study was undertaken to investigate individuals' stated willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce perceived risks of illness from the quality of bathing water at two beaches in East Anglia, United Kingdom. One beach, Great Yarmouth, failed to meet the EC (European Community) Bathing Water Quality Directive standard, whereas the other at Lowestoft passed. The analysis focuses on determinants of individuals' WTP, including measures of risk perception and attitudes to health not usually measured in CV studies. A conceptual model is then presented which sets the valuation of individual preferences in the context of personal worldviews, and external cultural, societal, and environmental factors which may influence, directly or indirectly, an individual's stated WTP.
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Abdelkhalek, Amira Ahmed Elsayed. "The Role of Gulf Cooperation Council in Conflict Management, 1981–2019: A Comparative Study." Contemporary Review of the Middle East 9, no. 1 (November 22, 2021): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23477989211057341.
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The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is considered one of the most important regional organizations in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region, which effectively solves some of the crises in the sub-region and the wider Middle East. GCC has employed many diplomatic procedures to address regional crises, including mediation, negotiation, and arbitration. Undoubtedly, GCC has successfully resolved some intrastate conflicts, particularly border conflicts among its member states. However, despite these achievements, the GCC has failed to resolve several regional disputes, and the continuation of such crises threatens the region’s security and stability. This article seeks to explore why the GCC institutions are ineffective in resolving some regional crises. In doing so, it addresses the comparative study by focusing on two case studies (the Iraq–Iran War and the ongoing Yemen Crisis) and provides three main results: first, the GCC has not directly intervened as an institution to resolve certain disputes; however, some GCC members have acted on its behalf and represented it. Second, despite the GCC member states’ efforts, they are still unable to resolve and settle some disputes because they prioritize self-interest over collaboration. Third, the conflict of interest of various regional actors contributes to the lack of significant progress in resolving crises.
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Steiner, Talya. "Engagement with rights in the making of counterterrorism legislation—Perspectives from three case studies: An introduction." International Journal of Constitutional Law 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 586–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moab045.
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Abstract Recent years have seen an emerging consensus on the important role non-judicial actors can play in protecting rights, and the potential benefits of integrating the compliance with constitutional standards into the legislative process. However, the study of actual practices of pre-enactment rights scrutiny has highlighted the need for deeper analysis of the factors that ultimately determine the extent to which rights considerations are effectively taken into account in policy design. The three case studies in this symposium contribute to the growing empirical literature on non-judicial constitutional review. Each article follows a particular counterterrorism legislation process and analyzes the ways in which consideration of rights effected or failed to effect policy design. These nuanced and empirically grounded perspectives on what rights review in the policymaking process actually entails help point out mechanisms that positively affect the ability to create proportionate policy, while documenting barriers at both the individual and organizational levels that can prevent rights from being afforded their optimal weight in the process. This introduction presents the main comparative insights arising from the three case studies in the symposium. The first point relates to the identity of and dynamic between the actors who engage with rights in the process, particularly the interaction between political and bureaucratic actors and its effect on the nature of the rights discourse and its impact. The second point characterizes three types of stages in the policy process—stages of deliberation, evaluation, and justification—and demonstrates how the nature of engagement with rights differs at each stage in terms of substance, scope, and influence. The third and final point relates to the ramifications of the layered nature of policymaking for the possibility of truly engaging with considerations of rights.
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Lee, Elizabeth, and Ella A. Kazerooni. "Lung Cancer Screening." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 43, no. 06 (November 28, 2022): 839–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1757885.
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AbstractLung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in the United States and globally with the majority of lung cancer cases attributable to cigarette smoking. Given the high societal and personal cost of a diagnosis of lung cancer including that most cases of lung cancer when diagnosed are found at a late stage, work over the past 40 years has aimed to detect lung cancer earlier when curative treatment is possible. Screening trials using chest radiography and sputum failed to show a reduction in lung cancer mortality however multiple studies using low dose CT have shown the ability to detect lung cancer early and a survival benefit to those screened. This review will discuss the history of lung cancer screening, current recommendations and screening guidelines, and implementation and components of a lung cancer screening program.
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McCoy, Laurel P., Patrick S. Market, Chad M. Gravelle, Charles E. Graves, Neil I. Fox, Scott M. Rochette, Joshua Kastman, and Bohumil Svoma. "Composites of Heavy Rain Producing Elevated Thunderstorms in the Central United States." Advances in Meteorology 2017 (2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6932798.
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Composite analyses of the atmosphere over the central United States during elevated thunderstorms producing heavy rainfall are presented. Composites were created for five National Weather Service County Warning Areas (CWAs) in the region. Events studied occurred during the warm season (April–September) during 1979–2012. These CWAs encompass the region determined previously to experience the greatest frequency of elevated thunderstorms in the United States. Composited events produced rainfall of >50 mm 24 hr−1 within the selected CWA. Composites were generated for the 0–3 hr period prior to the heaviest rainfall, 6–9 hours prior to it, and 12–15 hours prior to it. This paper focuses on the Pleasant Hill, Missouri (EAX) composites, as all CWA results were similar; also these analyses focus on the period 0–3 hours prior to event occurrence. These findings corroborate the findings of previous authors. What is offered here that is unique is (1) a measure of the interquartile range within the composite mean fields, allowing for discrimination between variable fields that provided a strong reliable signal, from those that may appear strong but possess large variability, and (2) composite soundings of two subclasses of elevated thunderstorms. Also, a null case (one that fits the composite but failed to produce significant rainfall) is also examined for comparison.
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NEKOLA, ANNA, and BILL KIRKPATRICK. "Cultural Policy in American Music History: Sammy Davis, Jr., vs. Juvenile Delinquency." Journal of the Society for American Music 4, no. 1 (January 14, 2010): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752196309990824.
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AbstractIn 1956 entertainer Sammy Davis, Jr., attempted to organize the music industry in a campaign against juvenile delinquency, using musical public service announcements to encourage teens to stay on the right side of the law. Although popular with the public and some industry insiders, Davis's idea failed, officially because of opposition from the Recording Industry Association of America. Although Davis's campaign went nowhere, we argue that this episode provides an important illustration of the need to broaden our understanding of cultural policy studies in the context of American music history. Specifically, we argue for an approach to policy analysis that draws on poststructuralist historiography to capture the forms that cultural policy takes in the United States, including the specific factors of race, intra-industry struggles, and the persona of Sammy Davis, Jr., himself, a pivotal figure who has been largely neglected by music historians despite embodying many of the key cultural tensions of postwar U.S. society. By examining the case of Sammy Davis, Jr., vs. Juvenile Delinquency, we can achieve a better understanding of how U.S. music, U.S. culture, and cultural policy intersect.
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Noble, Rachel T., Stephen B. Weisberg, Molly K. Leecaster, Charles D. McGee, John H. Dorsey, Patricia Vainik, and Victoria Orozco-Borbón. "Storm effects on regional beach water quality along the southern California shoreline." Journal of Water and Health 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2003.0004.
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Two regional studies conducted during dry weather demonstrated that the Southern California Bight (SCB) shoreline has good water quality, except near areas that drain land-based runoff. Here, we repeat those regional studies 36 h after a rainstorm to assess the influence of runoff under high flow conditions. Two hundred and fifty-four shoreline sites between Santa Barbara, California and Ensenada, Mexico were sampled using a stratified-random sampling design with four strata: sandy beaches, rocky shoreline, shoreline adjacent to urban runoff outlets that flow intermittently, and shoreline adjacent to outlets that flow year-round. Each site was sampled for total coliforms, fecal coliforms (or E. coli), and enterococci. Sixty percent of the shoreline failed water quality standards after the storm compared to only 6% during dry weather. Failure of water quality standards increased to more than 90% for shoreline areas adjacent to urban runoff outlets. During dry weather, most water quality failures occurred for only one of the three bacterial indicators and concentrations were barely above State of California standards; following the storm, most failures were for multiple indicators and exceeded State of California standards by a large margin. The condition of the shoreline in Mexico and the United States was similar following rainfall, which was not the case during dry weather.
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Jacques, Olivier, and Alain Noël. "The case for welfare state universalism, or the lasting relevance of the paradox of redistribution." Journal of European Social Policy 28, no. 1 (February 2018): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928717700564.
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In 1998, Walter Korpi and Joakim Palme proposed a political and institutional explanation to account for the greater redistributive success of welfare states that relied more on universal than on targeted programmes. Effective redistribution, they argued, resulted less from a Robin Hood logic – taking from the rich to give to the poor – than from a broad and egalitarian provision of services and transfers. Hence, the paradox: a country obtained more redistribution when it took from all to give to all than when it sought to take from the rich to help the poor. Recent studies, however, failed to confirm the existence of this paradox. This article suggests that the original argument was theoretically sound but inadequately operationalized. Korpi and Palme measured universalism indirectly, not by the design or character of social programmes, but rather by their outcomes, namely, by their income effects. These outcomes, however, are influenced by exogenous factors. We use two new Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) indicators to capture universalism directly, through the institutional design of social programmes: (1) the percentage of social benefits that are means or income tested and (2) the proportion of private spending in total social expenditures. These two indicators are combined into a universalism index and tested with a time-series cross-sectional design for 20 OECD countries between 2000 and 2011. This approach, we argue, better captures institutional design, in a way that is consistent with Korpi and Palme’s original argument, and it suggests that there is still a paradox of redistribution in the 21st-century welfare state.
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Uslu, Aykut, and Jürgen Stausberg. "Value of the Electronic Medical Record for Hospital Care: Update From the Literature." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 12 (December 23, 2021): e26323. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/26323.
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Background Electronic records could improve quality and efficiency of health care. National and international bodies propagate this belief worldwide. However, the evidence base concerning the effects and advantages of electronic records is questionable. The outcome of health care systems is influenced by many components, making assertions about specific types of interventions difficult. Moreover, electronic records itself constitute a complex intervention offering several functions with possibly positive as well as negative effects on the outcome of health care systems. Objective The aim of this review is to summarize empirical studies about the value of electronic medical records (EMRs) for hospital care published between 2010 and spring 2019. Methods The authors adopted their method from a series of literature reviews. The literature search was performed on MEDLINE with “Medical Record System, Computerized” as the essential keyword. The selection process comprised 2 phases looking for a consent of both authors. Starting with 1345 references, 23 were finally included in the review. The evaluation combined a scoring of the studies’ quality, a description of data sources in case of secondary data analyses, and a qualitative assessment of the publications’ conclusions concerning the medical record’s impact on quality and efficiency of health care. Results The majority of the studies stemmed from the United States (19/23, 83%). Mostly, the studies used publicly available data (“secondary data studies”; 17/23, 74%). A total of 18 studies analyzed the effect of an EMR on the quality of health care (78%), 16 the effect on the efficiency of health care (70%). The primary data studies achieved a mean score of 4.3 (SD 1.37; theoretical maximum 10); the secondary data studies a mean score of 7.1 (SD 1.26; theoretical maximum 9). From the primary data studies, 2 demonstrated a reduction of costs. There was not one study that failed to demonstrate a positive effect on the quality of health care. Overall, 9/16 respective studies showed a reduction of costs (56%); 14/18 studies showed an increase of health care quality (78%); the remaining 4 studies missed explicit information about the proposed positive effect. Conclusions This review revealed a clear evidence about the value of EMRs. In addition to an awesome majority of economic advantages, the review also showed improvements in quality of care by all respective studies. The use of secondary data studies has prevailed over primary data studies in the meantime. Future work could focus on specific aspects of electronic records to guide their implementation and operation.
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Nguyen, Nga, Colin Clark, and John Juriansz. "Effects of resit exams on student progression: An Australian case study." Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice 20, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53761/1.20.01.06.
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Resit exams allow students who have failed a subject a second chance to demonstrate achievement of the academic standards required for program progression. Contrary to previous studies in this field, this paper reports on the value of resit exams with a comprehensive discussion of the lessons learned from the implementation of resits in different conditions and is intended to assist educators to decide whether such exams are a useful and fair way to promote student progression. The data were obtained from student academic performance metrics, a survey with a total of 444 students, six student focus group interviews with a total of 29 students, and three individual staff interviews. The study suggests the benefits of resit exams as a tool to improve student learning outcomes and progression, especially with the close relationship between resit exams and threshold and high-stakes assessment requirements. While the psychological and progression benefits of resit exams were acknowledged by the participants, concerns were expressed about some aspects of the way the school offered the resits and the issue of inequality. Alternatives were proposed to avoid unnecessary failure and promote learning.
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Storrs, Christopher. "Health, Sickness and Medical Services in Spain's Armed Forces c.1665–1700." Medical History 50, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 325–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300010012.
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The early modern era saw important changes in the character of warfare in Europe, including the development of larger, permanent armies and navies. Historians have studied many key aspects of what some call the “military revolution”, whose character and timing have become a matter of debate; but some important features of these emerging military communities remain largely unexplored. One subject which has not attracted the attention it merits is that of the health of soldiers and sailors and of medical provision in the new armies and navies. The issue has not been entirely neglected, either generally, or as it relates to specific states, but focused studies are rare. This is unfortunate, not least because of the importance attached to the issue of sickness and medical provision by contemporaries, and the value of medical provision as a sort of test case by which to measure the effectiveness of medical services and hence to contribute to the “military revolution” debate. For some historians the later seventeenth and eighteenth centuries saw the first significant efforts to develop a structure of military and naval hospitals; for others, however, the extent of illness and the inadequacy of medical support services before the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era suggests that many states failed to meet the organizational challenge posed by the growth of standing armed forces in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. What follows is an investigation of the extent and nature of illness, and the effectiveness of medical provision in the armies and navies of one major player of the period, Spain in the reign of the last Habsburg, Charles II (1665–1700).
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Skorospelov, Petr P. "“A Special Form of Making Foreign Policy by the Threat of War to Imperialists”. A Case Study of Military-Political Activity of Central Committee Presidium under N.S. Khrushchev, 1953–1964. Part 2." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 3 (2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080020574-8.
Full textAbstract:
The results of Khrushchev's foreign policy can be considered, albeit not in everything and even more modest than planned, on the whole quite successful. To resolve the 2nd Berlin crisis (1958–1963), Khrushchev in 1960 reduced the Soviet ground forces by a third, thereby trying to encourage the United States to reduce its military presence in Europe. However, at the Paris Summit of the heads of the 4 powers (1960), due to the active opposition of France and Germany, he failed to push through an agreement on West Berlin on Soviet terms. Mao Zedong, who himself dreamed of leadership among socialist countries after Stalin's death, took advantage of the convenient situation to start a conflict with Moscow. In such an environment, Khrushchev escalated the Berlin crisis by threatening to conclude a peace treaty with the GDR and block Western powers' access to West Berlin (at the same time he conducts command and staff exercises “Storm”, 5–15.10.1961, together with the armies of the ATS countries). He hoped that the United States would not dare to start a war because of West Berlin, and this, in turn, would help to break off Western European states from NATO, showing them that the United States is not a reliable defender for them. His plan partially succeeded: in 1966, France will withdraw from NATO. In order to divert the attention and forces of the United States from West Berlin, the USSR has been actively creating distracting situations around the world since 1961. One of these situations was the Caribbean crisis, which almost led to a nuclear war (1962) and was a heavy defeat for the USSR, which had to fulfill all the conditions of the United States, but in return received Kennedy's promise to remove missile bases from Turkey. It will be possible to remove them only in 1963 in exchange for Turkey's support in its war with Greece over Cyprus. From Iran, due to the harsh Anglo-American pressure on the Shah, the USSR was able to achieve only an obligation not to deploy foreign missiles on its territory, but not to withdraw from the Baghdad Pact, nevertheless, the latter's activities were paralyzed. Under Brezhnev, despite the rejection of Khrushchev's tactics of nuclear bluff, the main directions and strategic goals of foreign policy remained the same as under Khrushchev: ensuring security on the western and southern borders of the USSR by splitting the opposing military blocs and establishing ties with Western European countries, especially France, improving relations with Turkey, Iran and Pakistan, linking them economically. The program of naval construction and the permanent presence of the Soviet Navy in all oceans, begun in 1959, continued.
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Habibah, Yasmin Nur, Januar Aditya Pratama, and Teduh Gentar Alam. "Sekuritisasi Pandemi COVID-19 dan Tatanan Neoliberal: Menuju Deliberalisasi Ekonomi Global?" Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 14, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jhi.v14i1.19670.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is aimed to find the potential trends of the protectionism of countries and their independence on global economic chains in the midst of the COVID-19 outbreak. Securitization is a state action to increase the status of an issue into an existential threat. In accordance with the theory of securitization, since the spread of COVID-19 becomes a pandemic and threatens health security of the people, countries take part in securitization actions through the application of rules on limiting medical industry transactions, whose products are urgently needed by other countries together with the securitization of the COVID-19 pandemic issues. Thus, the authors examine the acts of securitization from case studies of three countries: Britain, France, and the United States, as samples from countries supporting neoliberal order who has done this action. So, it is known that during the pandemic, countries in the world failed to maintain their liberal economic practices. Then, weaknesses are found in the global liberal economic system, where the dependency of the production and distribution chains on one another can lead to vulnerability to unilateral termination by several involved countries which prioritize their national interests and re-implement economic nationalism.
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Twomey, Miriam. "Parents as Nomads: Journeys, In-Betweenness and Identity." Education Sciences 12, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci12020130.
Full textAbstract:
When considering the parent voice as an individual subjective reality, it is observed as unique to the parent and not shared by others. This research sought to explore if parent voices could constitute intersubjective realities; inviting narratives from parents and professionals that may reveal a shared existence. The first theme explored the journeys of the parent as a nomad in their search for services to support their children. The second theme describes the position of the parent during the period of their child’s assessment, diagnosis and intervention, as that of ‘in-betweenness’. The third theme describes parents’ experiences as those of journeys, during which their identities change. Qualitative, in-depth, longitudinal case studies were undertaken with parents of young children with ASD and professionals over eighteen months. Semi-structured interviews (n-83) were conducted. Autoethnography was critical as a methodological tenet in defense of a position that states that research is an extension of our lives. The findings of this research show evidence of parental isolation and marginalization when procuring services for their children or when children failed to experience inclusion. This research suggests that nomads navigate (difficult) ways of forming new multiple selves and identities.