Journal articles: 'Faecal waste'

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HUGHES, KEVIN A., and SIMON J. NOBBS. "Long-term survival of human faecal microorganisms on the Antarctic Peninsula." Antarctic Science 16, no. 3 (September 2004): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410200400210x.

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Human faecal waste has been discarded at inland Antarctic sites for over 100 years, but little is known about the long-term survival of faecal microorganisms in the Antarctic terrestrial environment or the environmental impact. This study identified viable faecal microorganisms in 30–40 year old human faeces sampled from the waste dump at Fossil Bluff Field Station, Alexander Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Viable aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were predominantly spore-forming varieties (Bacillus and Clostridium spp.). Faecal coliform bacteria were not detected, indicating that they are less able to survive Antarctic environmental conditions than spore-forming bacteria. In recent years, regional warming around the Antarctic Peninsula has caused a decrease in permanent snow cover around nunataks and coastal regions. As a result, previously buried toilet pits, depots and food dumps are now melting out and Antarctic Treaty Parties face the legacy of waste dumped in the Antarctic terrestrial environment by earlier expeditions. Previous faecal waste disposal on land may now start to produce detectable environmental pollution as well as potential health and scientific problems.

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Campos, C., A. Guerrero, and M. Cárdenas. "Removal of bacterial and viral faecal indicator organisms in a waste stabilization pond system in Choconta, Cundinamarca (Colombia)." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0009.

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A major objective for domestic wastewater treatment using waste stabilization pond systems is the removal of pathogenic microorganisms. Traditional evaluation parameters for faecal contamination are the total and faecal coliforms. However, epidemiological studies, environmental resistance and the behaviour in the treatment systems, show that viruses are an important disease agent and even more resistant to disinfection than bacteria. Therefore, it is important to introduce viruses as a faecal indicator and to compare them with the traditional bacterial indicators. A waste stabilization pond system was evaluated in the municipality of Chocontá, Cundinamarca (Colombia), for the removal of faecal indicators (such as Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens) and viruses like F+, somatic and Bacteroides fragilis phages. The system includes two facultative ponds in series with a flow of 1555 m3/day. Samples were collected at the entrance of the system, in the two ponds and from the final effluent. Results show a decrease between 0.3 and 4.7 logarithmic units in the bacterial indicators and between 1 and 4.6 logarithmic units with viral indicators.

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Gibb, Karen, Xavier Schobben, and Keith Christian. "Frogs host faecal bacteria typically associated with humans." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 63, no. 7 (July 2017): 633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2017-0119.

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Tree frogs commonly access drinking water tanks; this may have human health implications. Although amphibians might not be expected to host mammalian faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), it is possible that they may have human FIB on their skin after exposure to human waste. We collected faeces and skin wash from green tree frogs (Litoria caerulea) from a natural environment, a suburban site, and a suburban site near a creek occasionally contaminated with sewage effluent. We used molecular techniques to test for FIB that are routinely used to indicate human faecal contamination. Enterococci colonies were isolated from both faecal and skin wash samples, and specific markers (Enterococcus faecium and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron) were found in frog faeces, demonstrating that these markers are not human- or mammalian-specific. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was detected in frogs from both natural and urban sites, but E. faecium was only associated with the sewage impacted site.

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Elmitwalli, Tarek, Grietje Zeeman, and Ralf Otterpohl. "Modelling anaerobic digestion of concentrated black water and faecal matter in accumulation system." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 9 (May 1, 2011): 2039–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.458.

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A dynamic mathematical model based on anaerobic digestion model no. 1 (ADM1) was developed for accumulation (AC) system treating concentrated black water and faecal matter at different temperatures. The AC system was investigated for the treatment of waste(water) produced from the following systems: vacuum toilet for black water (VBW), vacuum toilet for faeces with urine separation (VF), dry toilet (DT), dry toilets for faeces with urine separation (DF), separated faecal matter from conventional black water by filter bag (FB). For evaluation of the AC system treating the proposed waste(water) sources at 20 and 35°C, two options were studied: (1) The filling period of the AC system was constant for all waste(water) sources (either 1, 3 or 6 months) and for each period, the seed sludge volume was varied; (2) The volume of the AC system was constant for all proposed waste(water) sources. The results showed that the filling period of the AC system was the main parameter affecting the system performance, followed by operational temperature, while the increase of the seed sludge volume slightly enhanced the performance of the system. The model results indicated that the filling period of the AC system should be higher than 150 days for obtaining a stable performance. It was found that the hydrolysis of biodegradable particulate chemical oxygen demand (COD) is the rate limiting step, as volatile fatty acid concentration is very low in all experimental conditions (<200 mgCOD/L at 20 °C and <100 mgCOD/L at 35 °C). Based on the results of the two options, it was found that the concentrated waste(water) sources have better performance than the diluted waste(water) sources, like VBW waste(water). Furthermore, smaller volume will be required for the AC system.

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Vinnerås, B. "Separation efficiency in a whirlpool surface tension separator, separating faeces and toilet paper for nutrient recovery - pilot-scale study." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 6 (September 1, 2004): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0367.

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The main proportion of the plant nutrients in waste from society can be recycled in two unpolluted fractions if the urine and the faeces are collected separately. By using urine-diverting toilets combined with a whirlpool surface tension faecal separator, it is possible to achieve this. If the separator is installed correctly, with a gradual bend to minimise disintegration of the particles, it is possible to collect approximately 92% nitrogen, 86% phosphorus and 76% potassium of the content excreted in the faeces in a small separated fraction that only contains 10% of the flushwater used. The faecal separation is a robust system with no moving parts, which is not significantly affected by the flushwater volume, and almost no water is separated to the separated solids if neither toilet paper nor faeces are flushed.

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Basamykina, Alena, Ekaterina Kurkina, Maria Kameristaya, and Valeria Zelenina. "Integrative principles and criteria for implementation of faecal sludge management in Russian Federation." E3S Web of Conferences 265 (2021): 04021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126504021.

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Faecal sludge management (FSM) is an organized program that allows regularly to collect, transport, process and utilize faecal sludge as biological waste. A faecal sludge management in settlements in Russian Federation is so bad organized or only partially exist. There are significant gaps as well as general understanding of institutional roles and responsibilities at national, state and city levels. Planning should be done in a temporal and spatial context. Сities, while maintaining short-term stability, will be guided by the goals of a long-term vision of creation. Planning system of faecal sludge management in Russian Federation that involves these blocks: regulatory framework, selection of best available techniques (BAT), financing and planning mechanisms, is analyzed. Integrated approach to the creation and regulation of a faecal waste management are shown. For implementation such approach, a system of evaluation criteria is required in order to determine the end product and, accordingly, determine development direction of this industry in the geographical area where this system will operate.

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Sihlangu, Ephodia, Dibungi Luseba, Khathutshelo A. Nephawe, and Florence V. Nherera-Chokuda. "Evaluation of Methane Production From Dairy Cow Manure and Vegetable Waste." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 4 (March 15, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n4p27.

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Dairy cow manure has high buffering capacity hence a substrate for anaerobic digestion, however the process is not optimised in mono-digestion system due to limited substrate. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of co-digesting animal waste and vegetable waste on methane production. Two systems were applied- batch and continuous anaerobic digestion system to determine effect on methane yield. The experiments were conducted with treatments as: manure alone (M), composite of manure with cabbage (MC), manure with potatoes (MP), manure with cabbage and potatoes (MCP), faecal alone (F), faecal with cabbage (FC), faecal with potatoes (FP) and faecal with cabbage and potatoes (FCP). Rectal grab samples were collected prior to incubation and manure was collected from the pens. All treatments were in replicates. Composite of manure or faecal with cabbage and potatoes produced the highest biogas (FCP: 32.1 mL/g DM, MCP: 29.5 mL/g DM) and methane (FCP: 3.13 mL/g DM, MCP: 2.36 mL/g DM) compared to manure alone or faecal alone (F: 27.0 biogas mL/g DM, M: 26.6 biogas mL/g DM) (F: 1.36 methane mL/g DM, M: 1.18 methane mL/g DM). Co-digesting dairy excreta with cabbage as only vegetable substrate affected anaerobic digestion (FC: 24.8 mL/g DM, MC: 24.9 mL/g DM), since it was the lowest in biogas production compared to all treatments. The anaerobic digestion system had an effect in methane production since continuous anaerobic digestion system produced the highest methane compared to batch anaerobic digestion system in all treatments. The results obtained in this study suggest that composite of manure with both cabbage and potatoes results in the highest biogas and methane production.

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Strauch, Ayron M. "Seasonal variability in faecal bacteria of semiarid rivers in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 10 (2011): 1191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11075.

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Humans and livestock are known contributors of faecal waste to surface water. However, little is known about natural fluctuations of faecal bacteria, especially where wildlife may contribute substantial amounts of waste. I tested the hypotheses that ecological factors, including seasonal animal impacts, rainfall and physiochemical water quality, influence the abundance of total coliform (TC) and Escherichia coli faecal bacteria in five rivers of the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. TC and E. coli are indicators commonly used to assess water quality and their abundance can be determined quantitatively by using defined-substrate technology. Results demonstrated substantial variation in faecal bacteria across rivers and seasons. In the southern two rivers, faecal bacteria increased significantly during the wet season, compared with dry-season levels, whereas there were few seasonal differences in the northern rivers, suggesting that large populations of resident wildlife in the north dampen the seasonal influence of migratory wildlife. Faecal bacteria were positively related to rainfall and total ammonia/ammonium, and had a negative quadratic relationship with salinity. The present results demonstrated that wildlife in protected regions can be major contributors of faecal bacteria to surface waters, and as demand for water resources increases, pose a significant threat to human health.

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Mills, S. W., G. P. Alabaster, D. D. Mara, H. W. Pearson, and W. N. Thitai. "Efficiency of Faecal Bacterial Removal in Waste Stabilisation Ponds in Kenya." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1992): 1739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0617.

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Results for faecal coliform die-off rates are presented for seven different waste stabilisation pond systems in Kenya, which were sampled as part of a national pond monitoring and evaluation study carried out during 1988-1989. The results showed that average die-off rates through each pond series were considerably lower than those predicted from traditional design equations which are based on temperature (Marais 1974). Die-off rates were surprisingly higher in the primary ponds, which are designed for BOD removal, than in the maturation ponds which are designed for pathogen removal. Good correlations were found between faecal coliform first order removal rate constants and (a) temperature for the pond series as a whole, and (b) influent faecal coliform concentration for individual ponds.

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Loomer, Heather A., Karen A. Kidd, Tim Vickers, and Alison McAslan. "Swimming in Sewage: Indicators of Faecal Waste on Fish in the Saint John Harbour, New Brunswick." Water Quality Research Journal 43, no. 4 (November 1, 2008): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2008.032.

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Abstract Despite increased recognition of the risks to the health of humans and the environment, untreated municipal wastewaters are still discharged into waterways worldwide. One of the primary concerns related to its discharge into surface waters is the risk to human health through the transmission of pathogens associated with faecal matter. Saint John, New Brunswick, is one of the few Canadian cities that still releases untreated sewage into its urban waterways and harbour. Water faecal coliform levels, an indicator of faecal waste and associated pathogens, are well above recreational guidelines in some of these areas. Although it is not encouraged by the municipality, recreational fishing occurs in these areas and this raises concerns regarding the potential for disease transmission during the handling of these fish. To investigate the potential for fish to be a vehicle of pathogen transmission to humans, the skin of wild fishes (smelt, Osmerus mordax, and mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus) and caged mummichog was sampled for faecal coliforms from several sites in Saint John between August and November of 2005. Water faecal coliform levels at sites used for caging studies and wild fish collections, and the duration of caging were compared with the number of faecal coliforms on the surface of the fish. Skin samples from the two fish species collected from the wild indicated elevated levels of fecal coliforms in some locations. Both wild and caged fish showed that the amount of faecal coliform on fish skin is influenced by the water faecal coliform levels.

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Oragui, J. I., T. P. Curtis, S. A. Silva, and D. D. Mara. "The Removal of Excreted Bacteria and Viruses in Deep Waste Stabilization Ponds in Northeast Brazil." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0108.

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The removal of excreted bacteria (faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci, Clostridium perfringens, total and sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria, salmonellae and thermophilic campylobacters) and viruses (enterovirus and rotavirus) in a series of deep anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds (depth range: 2.8 - 3.4 m), with an overall retention time of 21 days and a mean mid-depth temperature of 27°C, was studied. Thermophilic campylobacters, bifidobacteria and salmonellae were not detected after 11, 16 and 21 days' retention respectively. Faecal coliforms, faecal streptcocci and Cl. perfringens were reduced by 4, 4 and 2 orders of magnitude respectively, and enteroviruses and rotaviruses both by 3 orders. The results indicate that pathogen removal in deep ponds is similar to that in ponds of normal depth.

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Oragui, J. I., T. P. Curtis, S. A. Silva, and D. D. Mara. "The Removal of Excreted Bacteria and Viruses in Deep Waste Stabilization Ponds in Northeast Brazil." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1987): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0236.

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The removal of excreted bacteria (faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci, Clostridium perfringens, total and sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria, salmonellae and thermophilic campylobacters) and viruses (enterovirus and rotavirus) in a series of deep anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds (depth range: 2.8 - 3.4 m), with an overall retention time of 21 days and a mean mid-depth temperature of 27°C, was studied. Thermophilic campylobacters, bifidobacteria and salmonellae were not detected after 11, 16 and 21 days' retention respectively. Faecal coliforms, faecal streptcocci and Cl. perfringens were reduced by 4, 4 and 2 orders of magnitude respectively, and enteroviruses arid rotaviruses both by 3 orders. The results indicate that pathogen removal in deep ponds is similar to that in ponds of normal depth.

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Pearson, H. W., D. D. Mara, S. W. Mills, and D. J. Smallman. "Physico-Chemical Parameters Influencing Faecal Bacterial Survival in Waste Stabilization Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0139.

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In situ studies on waste stabilization ponds (in Portugal) showed that faecal coliform numbers were lowest at positions in the water column where pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen and algae were high. Numbers were not always lowest at the surface where light intensities were highest or in ponds where light penetration had increased through algal grazing by Daphnia. Laboratory studies showed that pH values approaching 9.0 or above increased faecal coliform die-off particularly under nutrient-poor conditions. Elevated temperatures enhanced the pH effect but the level of dissolved oxygen made little difference. Streptococcus, Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates all behaved similarly to the faecal coliforms. Daphnia grazing of the algal population in maturation ponds may reduce the microbial quality of the final effluent. These findings are discussed in relation to pond design.

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Bull, I. D., I. A. Simpson, P. F. van Bergen, and R. P. Evershed. "Muck ‘n’ molecules: organic geochemical methods for detecting ancient manuring." Antiquity 73, no. 279 (March 1999): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0008786x.

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The detection of manuring in antiquity can provide important information concerning the agricultural and waste disposal practices of ancient communities. Faecal biomarkers provide a reliable and highly diagnostic method for detecting ancient faecal inputs to soils irrespective of any morphological remnants of manuring.

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Davies-Colley, R. J., A. M. Donnison, and D. J. Speed. "Sunlight wavelengths inactivating faecal indicator microorganisms in waste stabilisation ponds." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0737.

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Waste stabilisation ponds (WSPs) are widely used in New Zealand for the treatment of domestic sewage and other organic wastes. Traditionally, faecal coliforms have been used as the faecal indicator in WSPs and their receiving waters but there is increasing interest in alternative indicators. We studied the comparative inactivation kinetics under sunlight of two bacterial indicators in WSP effluent, and also those of two F-specific bacteriophages that may be models of the behaviour of viral pathogens in WSPs. We investigated the wavelength-dependence of sunlight inactivation in rapidly-stirred, small reactors, with temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH control, using various plastics as “longpass” filters to screen different portions of the UV-visible spectrum. The UVB, UVA and blue-green visible radiation (<550nm wavelength) all contributed appreciably to inactivation of enterococci and possibly FRNA phage, consistent with a photooxidation mechanism of action. In contrast, E. coli and presumed FDNA phage were inactivated mainly by UVB, consistent with direct absorption by, and damage to, the DNA with minor or negligible contribution by longer wavelengths. Our results suggest that E. coli may be a better bacterial indicator in WSPs than enterococci.

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Collings, Dylan, Roman Tandlich, Cyril S. Dube, Phindile Madikizela, Nosiphiwe P. Ngqwala, and Mushtaque Ahmed. "Preliminary Study on the Potential Use of Fly Ash as a Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine Additive." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 45, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2019.395.

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This study describes the results of a series of laboratory experiments on aimed at developing of a protocol for the use of fly ash as a pit additive in the ventilated improved pit latrines (VIPs) in South Africa. Model VIP vaults were prepared in the laboratory and filled with synthetic faecal sludge; and dosed with fly ash in amounts ranging from 5 to 20 % (w/w). The maximum leachable chemical oxygen demand (COD) accounted for 3.2 % of the total organic matter, while the maximum leachable ammonium accounted for 1.4 % of the leachable ammonium present in the synthetic faecal sludge. All phosphate in the synthetic faecal material was leachable. Mixing of the 20 % dose of fly ash into the synthetic faecal sludge resulted a minimum 98.9 % reduction (or about two log units) in the faecal coliform concentration after 28 days of incubation. As a result, addition of fly ash can decrease microbial threats to public and environmental health threats from the VIP faecal wastes, but can cause environmental contamination with phosphate. The fly ash dose and the duration of the faecal sludge treatment require further optimisation. Relationship between the chemical composition of the fly ash used as an additive to stabilise the VIP faecal sludge and the leaching of phosphorus from the sludge will also have to be investigated further.

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Dey, D., I. Krukkert, and E. Osse. "Inclusion of innovative technology in integrated waste management of a city: case of Bogura, Bangladesh." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 3 (July 20, 2020): 608–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.046.

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Abstract Bogura is the largest municipality in Bangladesh by population. Its huge population and agri-industry produces a great deal of solid, faecal and industrial waste which has been a matter of concern for the municipality. IRC started working for a solution and completed a pre-feasibility and feasibility study to find innovative technologies and an operation model. The feasibility study has produced an integrated solution of faecal sludge, municipal solid waste, agri-waste and aerosol can recycling model which also helps to reduce surface and ground water contamination. The solution integrates conventional anaerobic digestion with new torrefaction and aerosol-propellant capture technologies which treats the municipality solid waste and aerosol cans to produce biofuel and liquid petroleum gas, respectively.

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Mushi, Douglas, Denis Byamukama, Amelia K. Kivaisi, Robert L. Mach, and Andreas H. Farnleitner. "Sorbitol-fermenting Bifidobacteria are indicators of very recent human faecal pollution in streams and groundwater habitats in urban tropical lowlands." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 3 (February 3, 2010): 466–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.116.

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Sorbitol-fermenting Bifidobacteria (SFB) proved to be an excellent indicator of very recent human faecal pollution (hours to days) in the investigated tropical stream and groundwater habitats. SFB were recovered from human faeces and sources potentially contaminated with human excreta. SFB were undetectable in animal faeces and environmental samples not contaminated with human faeces. Microcosm studies demonstrated a rapid die-off rate in groundwater (T90 value 0.6 days) and stream water (T90 value 0.9–1.7 days). Discrimination sensitivity analysis, including E. coli, faecal coliforms, total coliforms and Clostridium perfringens spores, revealed high ability of SFB to distinguish differing levels of faecal pollution especially for streams although high background levels of interfering bacteria can complicate its recovery on the used medium. Due to its faster die-off, as compared to many waterborne pathogens, SFB cannot replace microbiological standard parameters for routine water quality monitoring but it is highly recommendable as a specific and complementary tool when human faecal pollution has to be localized or verified. Because of its exclusive faecal origin and human specificity it seems also worthwhile to include SFB in future risk evaluation studies at tropical water resources in order to evaluate under which situations risks of infection may be indicated.

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Kase, Julie A., Maria T. Correa, and Mark D. Sobsey. "Detection and molecular characterization of swine hepatitis E virus in North Carolina swine herds and their faecal wastes." Journal of Water and Health 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 344–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.237.

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Recent findings of almost genetically indistinguishable swine and human strains, have suggested swine play a role in the transmission of hepatitis E virus (HEV). The extent to which HEV may be present and persist in the faecal waste generated from intensive swine operations is largely unknown. The fate of swine waste liquid is often land application, possibly resulting in unintentional seepage into groundwater or run-off into surface waters, hence validating concerns of human exposure risks. Freshly passed swine faeces, barn flush liquid waste, and lagoon liquid from production sites in North Carolina were surveyed periodically for HEV using RT-PCR primers located in ORF2. On three farms where HEV RNA was detected in swine faeces, it was also found in stored liquid waste on several occasions. HEV presence was related to swine age but not to animal management and waste management procedures, which varied amongst the farms. Seasonal patterns of HEV prevalence could not be established as viral RNA was isolated at all time points from two farms. Phylogenetic analysis of 212 bases of the genomic RNA indicated that isolates resembled the known US swine and human strains (percentage nucleic acid homology 91 to 94%), with one amino acid substitution.

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Herrera, L., and G. Castillo. "Dynamics of a waste stabilization pond in Chile." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2000): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0614.

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A 3-modular units facultative waste stabilisation pond was experimentally studied for performance and efficiency, in relation to its original design. The system was located at La Esmeralda, Melipilla a small town of the central region in Chile. It was found that treated water did not comply with treatment requirements due to overloading, flow dynamics, wrong assumptions regarding hydraulic mixing behaviour, and an overestimation of systems kinetics. The overloading in terms of flow led to a retention time which was 62% of original design. Furthermore, bad mixing further decreased the designed residence time to only 18%. The effluent did not meet the WHO faecal coliforms guidelines for unrestricted irrigation. The modelling work on the batch faecal coliforms and coliphage removal concluded that the effective decay rates were 1.359×1.087(T-20°C) day-1 for coliforms, and 0.439×1.044(T-20°C) day-1 for coliphages. The data was also well fitted by a model that incorporated solar radiation. However, model discrimination indicated that the dependence on temperature gave a better and more sensitive fit with the observed data. As the original design considered a lower faecal coliforms decay ratio, namely 0.7 day-1, the failure of the system had to relate more to mixing than overloading. Operational seasonal data (flow and retention time) and physical, chemical and microbiological parameters, and tracer studies are included. Some solutions for improving the La Esmeralda SWP performance are also discussed.

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Germer, Jörn, Michael Yongha Boh, Marie Schoeffler, and Philip Amoah. "Temperature and deactivation of microbial faecal indicators during small scale co-composting of faecal matter." Waste Management 30, no. 2 (February 2010): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.09.030.

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Nyakeri, E. M., M. A. Ayieko, F. A. Amimo, H. Salum, and H. J. O. Ogola. "An optimal feeding strategy for black soldier fly larvae biomass production and faecal sludge reduction." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 5, no. 3 (July 10, 2019): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2018.0017.

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The dual roles of efficient degradation and bioconversion of a wide range of organic wastes into valuable animal protein and organic fertiliser, has led to increased interest in black soldier fly (BSF) technology as a highly promising tool for sustainable waste management and alternative protein production. The current study investigated the potential application of BSF technology in the valorisation of faecal sludge (FS), a common organic waste in the urban informal settlements in low and middle-income countries. We evaluated the effect of different feeding rates (100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/larva/day), different feeding regimen and supplementation with other waste feedstock (food remains, FR; brewers waste, BW; and banana peelings, BP) on BSF larvae (BSFL) growth rates/yield and FS reduction efficiency. Results showed significantly (P<0.01) higher prepupal yield (179±3.3 and 190±1.2 g) and shorter larval development time (16.7 and 15 days) when reared on 200 and 250 mg/larva/day FS, respectively. However, different feeding regimes of FS did not significantly affect larval growth rate and prepupal yield (P=0.56). Supplementation of FS with other organic substrates resulted in significantly increased BSFL biomass production and substrate reduction, and shortened larval development time; with the effect was more pronounced when FS was supplemented with FR and at 30% supplementation. Protein:fat ratios for BSFL reared on FS, FS:FR, FS:BW were significantly (P<0.05) higher (2.51, 2.53, and 2.44, respectively) compared to FS:BP mixture (1.99). These results demonstrated that supplementation of FS with locally available organic waste can be used to improve its suitability as feedstock for BSF production and organic waste bioremediation from the environment. In conclusion, a daily feeding strategy of substrate containing FS supplemented with 30% organic waste co-substrate at feeding rate of 200 mg/larva/day can be used as a guideline for BSFL mass production and bioremediation of FS both at small- and large-scale level.

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Wicki, Melanie, Adrian Auckenthaler, Richard Felleisen, Marcel Tanner, and Andreas Baumgartner. "Novel Bacteroides host strains for detection of human- and animal-specific bacteriophages in water." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 1 (February 3, 2011): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.165.

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Bacteriophages active against specific Bacteroides host strains were shown to be suitable for detection of human faecal pollution. However, the practical application of this finding is limited because some specific host strains were restricted to certain geographic regions. In this study, novel Bacteroides host strains were isolated that discriminate human and animal faecal pollution in Switzerland. Two strains specific for bacteriophages present in human faecal contamination and three strains specific for bacteriophages indicating animal faecal contamination were evaluated. Bacteriophages infecting human strains were exclusively found in human wastewater, whereas animal strains detected bacteriophages only in animal waste. The newly isolated host strains could be used to determine the source of surface and spring water faecal contamination in field situations. Applying the newly isolated host Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ARABA 84 for detection of bacteriophages allowed the detection of human faecal contamination in spring water.

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Devane, M., B. Robson, F. Nourozi, D. Wood, and B. J. Gilpin. "Distinguishing human and possum faeces using PCR markers." Journal of Water and Health 11, no. 3 (May 27, 2013): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.122.

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Specificity testing of two published polymerase chain reaction (PCR) markers for the detection of human faecal pollution, revealed 100% false-positive rates to brush-tailed possum faeces (n = 10), but low false-positive rates against other potential pollution sources. Cross-reaction with possums could be a problem with other human-specific markers; therefore, a possum PCR marker was developed for use in conjunction with human PCR markers. The possum PCR marker was based on Bacteroidales 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequences, and was tested on 233 individual faecal samples from 11 other animal species. Sensitivity of the possum marker in possum faeces (n = 36) was high at 83.3%. Cross-reactivity of the possum marker was limited to black swan (7/20 samples), human (2/48 samples) and rabbit (1/10) faecal samples, all at marker concentrations at least four orders of magnitude lower than possum faeces. The possum marker was not detected in human sewage or the faeces of other animal species. Specificity of the possum PCR marker, therefore, was high at 95.7%. To exclude the possibility that only possum pollution is being detected, additional testing by other faecal source tracking methods is required where the water sample is positive for both human and possum markers.

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Strauss, M., S. A. Larmie, U. Heinss, and A. Montangero. "Treating faecal sludges in ponds." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2000): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0662.

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Waste stabilisation ponds are a widely accepted and proven technology to treat wastewater. It is often stipulated (and also practised) that the design of ponds for faecal sludges (FS), septage in particular, should follow the same principles as for wastewater. Field research conducted by SANDEC and its partners at the Water Research Institute in Ghana, and information gathered from the scarce literature on FS treatment, however, has shown that design principles should be taken into consideration, which are specific to the treatment of FS. These principles depend on the type of FS to be treated and on the type of pond system envisaged. Issues dealt with in this article are the handling of FS solids; the role of anaerobic ponds in FS treatment; the anaerobic degradability of septage; and ammonia (NH3–N) toxicity.

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Germer, Jörn. "Effect of transparent covers for collection chambers of urine-diverting dry toilets on dehydration of faecal waste." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2011.032.

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Urine-diverting dry toilets save water, reduce the demand for wastewater treatment and provide plant nutrients. The conditions in the collection chambers and the interlinked hygienic safety of subsequent faecal matter use in crop production are affected by the building design. Comparative experiments were carried out to evaluate the potential of transparent chamber covers in comparison with non-transparent chamber covers to increase temperature and ventilation in order to enhance faecal matter dehydration and sanitation. The air temperature in the chambers with transparent covers (TC) was 1.1–1.5 °C higher and the relative air humidity about 5–7% lower than in chambers with non-transparent covers. The advantage of TCs on temperature and humidity prevailed throughout the year, but was most pronounced in months with more sunshine hours and higher irradiation. Furthermore, the airflow out of the chambers through the ventilation pipes was increased by 60% in the TCs. During two-month collection and dehydration cycles the improved drying conditions in the TCs resulted in 7% lower faecal matter moisture. A trend towards an enhanced pathogen inactivation in the faecal material was observed. The results demonstrate that in the semi-arid tropics transparent covers for collection chamber of urine diverting dry toilets improve the dehydration of faecal matter.

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Taučer-Kapteijn, Maja, Wim Hoogenboezem, Remco Hoogenboezem, Sander de Haas, and Gertjan Medema. "Source tracking of Enterococcus moraviensis and E. haemoperoxidus." Journal of Water and Health 15, no. 1 (November 25, 2016): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2016.209.

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Enterococci were detected occasionally in 100 L samples of water abstracted from a shallow aquifer in a natural dune infiltration area for drinking water production. Enterococcus moraviensis was the species most frequently identified in these samples. Because there are no existing reports of faecal sources of E. moraviensis and the closely related E. hemoperoxidus, this study aimed to find such sources of these two species in the dunes. Faecal samples from various animal species living in the vicinity of abstraction wells, were analysed for enterococci on Slanetz and Bartley Agar. From these samples, enterococci isolates (1,386 in total) were subsequently identified using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. E. moraviensis was found in the faeces of geese, foxes and rabbits. Also, E. haemoperoxidus was isolated from goose faeces. Using hierarchical clustering, the species composition of Enterococcus spp. isolated from abstracted water formed one cluster with the species composition found in geese droppings. A sanitary survey supported the indication that feral geese may provide a substantial faecal load in particular parts of this dune infiltration area, close to the water abstraction system. This study confirms the faecal origin of E. moraviensis and E. haemoperoxidus from specific animals, which strengthens their significance as faecal indicators.

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da Silva, F. J. A., R. O. de Souza, F. J. F. de Castro, and A. L. C. Araújo. "Prospectus of waste stabilization ponds in Ceará, Northeast Brazil." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 6 (March 1, 2011): 1265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.106.

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WSP technology has been used in Ceará, Northeast Brazil, since middle 1970s. There are presently 96 ponds plants and most of them are comprised by single cells (40%) and series of 3 ponds (35%). They were under loaded due to incomplete house connections to the sewerage network and low per capita wastewater contributions. Highest removal rates of organic material, ammonia and faecal coliform were found in 3 pond series. Faecal coliform removal was in accordance with the literature and series of ponds reached numbers ≤105 cells/100 ml. In series with 4 and 5 ponds FC was below 103 cells/100 ml. Ammonia removal varied from 30 to 80% and total phosphorus the removal was not significant. An increase in the number of maturation ponds enhances nutrient and coliform removal. Up-grading schemes should be investigated as well as effluent reuse potential.

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Mrimi, Emmanuel C., Fatuma J. Matwewe, Christopher C. Kellner, and Jacqueline M. Thomas. "Safe resource recovery from faecal sludge: evidence from an innovative treatment system in rural Tanzania." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 6, no. 6 (2020): 1737–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ew01097a.

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Wicki, Melanie, Adrian Auckenthaler, Richard Felleisen, Fatma Karabulut, Isabel Niederhauser, Marcel Tanner, and Andreas Baumgartner. "Assessment of source tracking methods for application in spring water." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 2 (December 4, 2014): 473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.255.

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For discriminating between human and animal faecal contamination in water, microbial source tracking (MST) approaches using different indicators have been employed. In the current study, a range of 10 such MST indicators described in the scientific literature were comparatively assessed. Bacteriophages infecting host strains of Bacteroides (GA-17, GB-124 and ARABA 84) as well as sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria proved useful for indicating human faecal contamination while Rhodococcus coprophilus was associated with animal-derived faecal contamination. These potential source indicators were present in samples of faecal origin, i.e. either in human wastewater or animal waste, from many different regions in Switzerland and therefore showed a geographic stability. In addition, the MST indicators were abundant in surface water and were even sensitive enough to detect faecal contamination in spring water from two study areas in Switzerland. This is the first study that has compared and successfully applied MST methods in spring water.

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Utsev, J. T., and J. C. Agunwamba. "Modelling solar enhanced waste stabilization pond." Water Practice and Technology 15, no. 2 (March 11, 2020): 282–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.014.

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Abstract Solar enhanced waste stabilization pond (SEWSP) was modeled in this research. In the analysis, SEWSPs of varying sizes, made of metallic tanks with inlet and outlet valves and solar reflectors, were constructed to increase the incident solar intensity. Wastewater samples collected from the inlet and outlet of the SEWSPs were examined for physico-chemical and biological characteristics for a period of twelve (12) months. The parameters examined were temperature, pH, detention time, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), algae count, faecal coliforms and E. coli. The efficiencies of the SEWSPs with respect to these parameters fluctuated with depth, location of reflectors and variation in width. The SEWSP with a width of 0.2 m whose reflector was installed at the outlet position gave the highest treatment efficiency. The conventional model was modified to account for solar irradiation. The faecal bacteria removal was significantly higher in the enhanced pond than in the conventional pond at 0.10 level of significance. The verification of the conventional model gave a good correlation of r = 0.882 between the measured and calculated Ne/No with a low standard error of s = 0.010, while the irradiated pond gave a correlation and standard error of r = 0.959 and s = 0.012 respectively. The research revealed that with the incorporation of solar radiation in WSPs, a length/ width/depth ratio of 1:0.2:0.2 can be used in the design of SEWSPs for maximum treatment efficiency.

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Owen, J., S. LeBlanc, P. Toner, C. Nduwamungu, and E. Fava. "Chemical and microbiological properties of clam processing wastes in relation to national guidelines for wastes as soil additives." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 90, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss09124.

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With environmental concerns on the rise, clam processing plants in New Brunswick are being asked to dispose of waste shells in an environmental friendly manner. A previous study on clam processing wastes (CPW) showed their potential as an agricultural liming agent. However, CPW must meet provincial (e.g., New Brunswick and Québec) and national (e.g., Canada and United States of America) standards for the utilization of wastes as soil additives, particularly with regard to heavy metal and faecal coliform contamination, before they may be spread on agricultural lands. In this study, the chemical and microbiological properties of CPW were characterized. The presence of faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in the CPW was below the most probable number (MPN) method detection limit (< 3 MPN g-1 dry weight), indicating an absence of contamination by human or animal feces. Where total coliforms were detected, levels were far below the most restrictive standard for faecal coliforms (1000 MPN g-1, dry weight). Levels of all 11 heavy metals of interest were also below the most restrictive standards applied in New Brunswick and Québec, and below those in the national guidelines (Canada and United States of America). The liming potential of CPW, demonstrated in pot experiments, may therefore be tested in Canada as well as in the United States of America at the field conditions without restrictions, other than the conventional good agricultural practices.

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Firth, Clair, Katrin Kremer, Thomas Werner, and Annemarie Käsbohrer. "The Effects of Feeding Waste Milk Containing Antimicrobial Residues on Dairy Calf Health." Pathogens 10, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020112.

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A number of studies have reported that there is a high prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant faecal bacteria excreted by dairy calves. Although faecal shedding is influenced by a variety of factors, such as the environment and calf age, feeding milk with antimicrobial residues contributes significantly to an increased prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria, such as extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli. As a follow-up to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Scientific Opinion on the risk of AMR development in dairy calves published in January 2017, this review aims to illustrate more recent research in this area, focusing on the period 2016 to 2020. A total of 19 papers are reviewed here. The vast majority assess the commensal faecal bacteria, E. coli, isolated from dairy calves, in particular its antimicrobial-resistant forms such as ESBL-producing E. coli and AmpC-producing E. coli. The effect of waste milk feeding on the prevalence of pathogens such as Salmonella spp. has also been investigated. Current research findings include positive effects on daily liveweight gain and other advantages for calf health from feeding waste milk compared to milk replacer. However, the negative effects, such as the demonstrable selection for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, the shift in the intestinal microbiome and the possible negative consequences that these could have on global public health, should always be taken into consideration.

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34

Brands, Jordan, Leandra Rhodes-Dicker, Wali Mwalugongo, Ruthie Rosenberg, Lindsay Stradley, and David Auerbach. "Improving management of manually emptied pit latrine waste in Nairobi’s urban informal settlements." Waterlines 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.20-00003.

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Sanergy has offered reliable, non-sewered sanitation services in Nairobi, Kenya through the implementation of container-based, urine-diverting dry toilets. However, there remains a large volume of untreated faecal waste in urban informal settlements due to poorly managed pit latrines. With limited space in the settlements to bury old pits and dig new ones, management of faecal sludge requires manual pit emptying and safe discharge. Sanergy piloted the Mtaa Fresh project in the settlement of Mukuru Kwa Njenga, establishing a waste transfer station where manual pit emptiers could safely and reliably dispose of pit latrine contents. The most important factors in the successful implementation of this station were, first, the relationship established between Sanergy and the pit emptiers and, second, Sanergy’s commitment to iterating as new insights emerged. The relationship with the emptiers impacted the location, design, and adoption of the site, and aided in the formalization of a pit emptiers’ community-based organization. The commitment to iterating enabled Sanergy to respond to learnings gained from the emptiers. Additional factors that ensured the success of Mtaa Fresh included the implementation of full-time staff, security when the site is closed, support from local authorities, and an expansion to improve management of faecal sludge and trash. Improvements trialled during the expansion aim to minimize operation and maintenance costs, but sustainability will still rely on government support and external funding.

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35

Basamykina, Alena, Marianna Kharlamova, and Sharon Yeukai Mada. "Dewatering as a primary treatment of faecal sludge in individual residential sector (a technologies review)." E3S Web of Conferences 169 (2020): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016902008.

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Dewatering of faecal sludge (FS) is the most efficient method of pretreatment of bioorganic human waste for minimizing the faecal sludge volume. This process may be considered as one of management tool in service chain of Faecal Sludge Management (FSM). For this purpose technological features of methods, the advantages, disadvantages and possibilities of the use have been analysed. The article provides a review of the most efficiently methods of faecal sludge dewatering generated in the individual residential sector (unplanted drying beds, planted drying beds, solar drying, mechanical dewatering, geotubes) and their analysis in order to select the best available technology in accordance with the selection criteria. We used the analytic hierarchy process to determine the most multi-operated and effective processing method of faecal sludge dewatering. The final ranking for each dewatering technology was based on the global weights of 10 criteria (dewatering efficiency, operation time, process automation, required space, climate dependent, capital expenditures, operating costs, energy efficiency and environmental impact). The results identify dewatering method with the highest priority result based on priority eigenvalues of criteria.

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36

Radford, J. T., C. Underdown, K. Velkushanova, A. Byrne, D. P. K. Smith, R. A. Fenner, J. Pietrovito, and A. Whitesell. "Faecal sludge simulants to aid the development of desludging technologies." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 3 (June 10, 2015): 456–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.014.

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This paper presents a review of currently available data from the literature on the undrained shear strength, bulk density, stickiness and debris content of faecal sludge. Those data have been used to develop two different simulants that replicate the full range of shear strengths and densities reported for faecal sludge. Comprehensive specifications are also presented for the debris or solid waste found in latrines to more closely replicate the challenge of pumping faecal sludge. Finally, a design guide has been produced to capture these results and support quantitative performance testing of desludging pumps. The simulants have already been used as part of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's Faecal Sludge Omni-Ingestor project and by Water for People's SaniHub in developing improved desludging pumps. The wider use of these simulants could accelerate the development of pit emptying technologies and help standardize the quantitative evaluation of their performance.

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Thomas, P. R., and H. O. Phelps. "Aeration and Water Hyacinths in Waste Stabilization Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0155.

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The investigation was based on two facultative stabilization ponds initially designed to operate in parallel, and now receive wastewater in excess of their capacities from a fast expanding housing estate in the Caribbean Island of Trinidad. Because of the deterioration of the effluent quality relative to acceptable standards, an attempt was made to upgrade the ponds using water hyacinths at the early stages. However, from the results, it was clear that the introduction of water hyacinths in the test pond did not lead to any substantial improvement in the effluent because of the high loading on the pond. Therefore the ponds were modified to operate in series with surface aerators installed in the first pond. Initially, the effluent quality was monitored in terms of total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, faecal coliform bacteria, pH and dissolved oxygen with aeration in the first pond and no aquatic plants in the second pond. Although there was a significant improvement in the effluent quality, the values remained above the standards. As a result, water hyacinths were introduced in the second pond and the effluent quality monitored together with aeration in the first pond. The effluent quality improved with total suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand values both as low as 10 mg/l in certain months, but additional treatment was needed to reduce faecal conforms.

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Osuntade, O. B., and D. A. Babalola. "Credit access and faecal management practices among poultry farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria: Implications for climate change." Agro-Science 20, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/as.v20i2.9.

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This research identified the sources of credit available and utilized by the respondents, evaluated the socioeconomic factors determining farmers’ access to credit, constraints encountered by respondents and the influence of access to credit on management practices of poultry farmers in Obafemi Owode Local Government of Ogun State. The data collected from 90 poultry farmers were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the logit regression model, to evaluate the socio-economic factors determining the respondents’ access to creditand also to analyze the influence of access to credit on faecal management practices in the study area. The descriptive result showed the farmers earned less than N100, 000 monthly (mean = 61,402±12,127.17, ca. $290) and up to 48% still lacked access to credit. The major use of credit among the farmers was for operational activities (53%) which included waste management. Only 48% of the farmers had access to quality extension service and 46% do not participate in any cooperative. Despite the fact that most of the farmers were aware of impact of farming activities on climate change, about 80% still practiced open dumping of faecal waste without proper treatment because of credit constraint. The logit result (all at p < 0.05) showed that farming experience, farm size, awareness of credit source, cooperative participation, access to extension service and farm income were associated with both access to credit and farmers’ use of appropriate waste management practice. Based on the findings, it is recommended that better waste management practices among poultry farmers should be enhanced by facilitating increased access to credit and this is sine qua non to mitigating climate change. Key words: climate change, credit access, faecal management, Nigeria, poultry

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39

Olapeju, Olasunkanmi Olusola, and M. Rafee Majid. "The Viability of Reuse as a Motivation for Sustainable Management of Faecal Waste in Ogun State, Nigeria." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 12, no. 37 (October 10, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2019/v12i37/147137.

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40

Donde, Oscar Omondi, and Bangding Xiao. "Understanding wastewater treatment mechanisms: a review on detection, removal, and purification efficiencies of faecal bacteria indicators across constructed wetlands." Environmental Reviews 25, no. 4 (December 2017): 444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2017-0017.

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The specific mechanisms of faecal bacterial removal by constructed wetland (CW) mechanisms are inadequately understood. In several circumstances, CWs have been compared to “black box” systems involving poorly understood waste removal mechanisms despite being an emerging environmentally friendly waste management approach. This has therefore attracted numerous scientific studies to further unlock CWs’ functional mechanisms and to increase its efficiencies. This review paper covers detailed information on the status of detection techniques and removal efficiencies of faecal coliforms, with an emphasis on Escherichia coli. A comprehensive literature search was undertaken that involved a comparative review of various study results and critical analysis of previous scientific and review papers. The ultimate objective is to shed further light on the role of wetlands on wastewater purification for improved aquatic ecosystem health and clean water for humans and other organisms.

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41

Pearson, H. W., D. D. Mara, and H. A. Arridge. "The influence of pond geometry and configuration on facultative and maturation waste stabilisation pond performance and efficiency." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0474.

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Differences in length:breadth ratios (in the range of 1:1 to 6:1) and depths (from 1 to 2 m) had little effect on the performance and effluent quality (i.e. BOD, SS and FC) of secondary facultative ponds. Shallow maturation ponds (0.4 m) were more efficient at microbiological disinfection than deeper ones and could actually reduce land area requirements. KT values for faecal coliforms, salmonellae and rotavirus differed from one another in the same ponds and for different pond types. The Marais design equation for predicting faecal coliform numbers in pond effluents, although not perfect, does provide a reasonable design approach for systems containing more than two ponds in series.

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42

Thomas, P. R., and H. O. Phelps. "A Study of Upgrading Waste Stabilization Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1987): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0190.

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A study was carried out in one of the two facultative stabilization ponds operating in parallel and receiving domestic sewage in excess of their capacities. Effluent quality from the pond was monitored in terms of the parameters total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, dissolved oxygen and faecal coliform bacteria before and after the introduction of water hyacinths. No significant improvement in effluent quality was observed after the introduction of the water hyacinths. High loading on the pond did not permit to upgrade the effluent quality to acceptable standards by the use of water hyacinths. Although the research is continuing some results and recommendations are given.

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43

Saim, Norashikin, Rozita Osman, Dayang Ratena Sari Abg Spian, Mohd Zuli Jaafar, Hafizan Juahir, Md Pauzi Abdullah, and Fuzziawati Ab Ghani. "Chemometric approach to validating faecal sterols as source tracer for faecal contamination in water." Water Research 43, no. 20 (December 2009): 5023–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.08.052.

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Schönning, Caroline, Rhys Leeming, and Thor Axel Stenström. "Faecal contamination of source-separated human urine based on the content of faecal sterols." Water Research 36, no. 8 (April 2002): 1965–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00427-4.

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45

Leeming, R., A. Ball, N. Ashbolt, and P. Nichols. "Using faecal sterols from humans and animals to distinguish faecal pollution in receiving waters." Water Research 30, no. 12 (December 1996): 2893–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(96)00011-5.

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46

do Nascimento, M. Jenny. "Microorganism Removal in Waste Stabilization Ponds in Portugal." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0138.

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This study has evaluated the removal of traditional biological indicators of faecal pollution and two new indicators: Pseudomonasaeruginosa and Clostridiumperfringens in waste stabilization ponds which were installed at the waste treatment plant of Loures, at Frielas, near Lisbon. The removal efficiency for indicator organisms was 10/100 ml in the anaerobic pond A1, except for one of them, and less in A2. In facultative ponds the removal was 10/100 ml while in maturation pond M2 the removal efficiency was higher for traditional indicators than for the new indicators; in pond Ml the removal was less than in M2.

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47

Borbolla-Vazquez, Jessica, Paul Ugalde-Silva, José León-Borges, and Job Alí Díaz-Hernández. "Total and faecal coliforms presence in cenotes of Cancun; Quintana Roo, Mexico." BioRisk 15 (December 2, 2020): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.15.58455.

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The large increase in population in Cancun, Mexico has increased domestic, agricultural and industrial activities, resulting in inadequate solid and liquid waste management that can affect underground aquifers. One of the factors which affects water quality is coliform bacteria. The present study focused on determining the presence of total and faecal coliforms in ten urban cenotes in Cancun. Sampling was carried out in the dry and rainy seasons of 2018. The Most Probable Number (MPN) technique was used to determine the concentration of coliform bacteria. The results from the analyses indicate that the ten cenotes are contaminated with total and faecal coliforms. Additionally, the concentration of coliforms increases during the rainy season. We conclude that all the cenotes are contaminated with faecal coliforms and suggest that more studies are necessary to determine the origin of this contamination and the impact on the ecosystem.

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Shah, Vikaskumar G., R. Hugh Dunstan, Phillip M. Geary, Peter Coombes, Timothy Roberts, and Ellak Von Nagy-Felsobuki. "Erratum to “Evaluating potential applications of faecal sterols in distinguishing sources of faecal contamination from mixed faecal samples” [Water Res. 41 (2007) 16]." Water Research 42, no. 4-5 (February 2008): 1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.09.021.

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Lee, Chang Soo, Jason W. Marion, and Jiyoung Lee. "A novel genetic marker for the rapid detection of Bacteroides fragilis in recreational water as a human-specific faecal indicator." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 2 (April 25, 2011): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.120.

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Bacteroides spp. has gained substantial interest among the suggested potential candidates for alternative faecal indicators for untreated recreational waters by the US EPA. Interest in Bacteroides as a faecal indicator is based upon the relative abundance of selected members of the Bacteroides genus in the human colon and human faeces. In this study, we developed a real-time PCR detection system based on gyrase B subunit genes (gyrB) specific to Bacteroides fragilis. The gryB-based method was compared with previously described 16S rRNA-based real-time qPCR methods and evaluated for specificity, sensitivity and robustness in detecting B. fragilis from untreated recreational water impacted by human and non-human faecal sources. The new gyrB-based system only detected B. fragilis, whereas the 16S rRNA-based methods generated cross-amplifications with other Bacteroides and Prevotella species. We used a procedure of prefiltration, filtration, sonication and DNA concentration in order to improve the DNA extraction efficiency and the sensitivity of the real-time PCR while removing interference. The amplification and sequencing of PCR products generated by the gyrB-based method confirmed that gyrB-amplified sequences only contained B. fragilis. This rapid method is useful for quantifying faecal contamination and may assist beach and watershed managers in elucidating possible contamination sources.

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Boot, N. L. D., and R. E. Scott. "Faecal sludge in Accra, Ghana: problems of urban provision." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.441.

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Urban on-site sanitation services present challenges for emptying, transporting, disposing and treating faecal waste. Transfer stations can be used by household-level emptiers to safely dispose of faecal sludge, but they rarely exist. Accra's use of transfer stations has provided an opportunity to research their functioning, as part of broader faecal sludge management arrangements. The paper discusses the benefits offered by use of transfer stations, as well as reasons currently limiting their operation. While costs associated with operating and emptying these stations are passed to householders, an illegal sector thrives offering lower cost emptying services, typically with disposal of faecal sludge directly into the environment. At present, bucket latrines offer sanitation services to low-income households unable to afford higher service levels, such as septic tanks. The local government aims to phase-out all bucket latrines by 2010, but affordable alternatives have not been found. Where limited access to land inhibits investment in permanent facilities, families may abandon household sanitation altogether. The paper concludes that correct use of transfer stations can provide improvements for existing faecal sludge management and reduce indiscriminate dumping. They must be made available to all workers, through effective public-private arrangements for ownership and operation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Faecal waste'

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