Academic literature on the topic 'Faecal pollution indicator'
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Journal articles on the topic "Faecal pollution indicator"
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Balzer, M., N. Witt, H. C. Flemming, and J. Wingender. "Faecal indicator bacteria in river biofilms." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 5 (March 1, 2010): 1105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.022.
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Biofilms in surface waters primarily consist of allochthonous microorganisms. Under conditions of pollution faecally derived bacteria may interact with these biofilms. Total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci are used to monitor source water quality, indicating faecal pollution and the possible presence of enteric pathogens. In the present study the occurrence of faecal indicators was investigated in biofilms (epilithic biofilms, sediments) of German rivers. All of the biofilms contained significant concentrations of these bacteria, which were several orders of magnitude lower compared with the total cell number and the number of culturable heterotrophic plate count bacteria indicating that faecal indicator bacteria represented a minor fraction of the whole biofilm communities. The biofilms displayed approximately two orders of magnitude higher concentrations of total coliforms, E. coli and enterococci compared with the overlying water. Identification of coliform and enterococcal isolates from the biofilms revealed the presence of species which are known to be opportunistic pathogens. Overall, the results of the present study show that faecal indicator bacteria can survive in the presence of high cell densities of the authochthonous microflora in epilithic biofilms and sediments, suggesting that these biofilms may act as a reservoir for bacterial pathogens in polluted rivers.
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Mushi, Douglas, Denis Byamukama, Amelia K. Kivaisi, Robert L. Mach, and Andreas H. Farnleitner. "Sorbitol-fermenting Bifidobacteria are indicators of very recent human faecal pollution in streams and groundwater habitats in urban tropical lowlands." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 3 (February 3, 2010): 466–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.116.
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Sorbitol-fermenting Bifidobacteria (SFB) proved to be an excellent indicator of very recent human faecal pollution (hours to days) in the investigated tropical stream and groundwater habitats. SFB were recovered from human faeces and sources potentially contaminated with human excreta. SFB were undetectable in animal faeces and environmental samples not contaminated with human faeces. Microcosm studies demonstrated a rapid die-off rate in groundwater (T90 value 0.6 days) and stream water (T90 value 0.9–1.7 days). Discrimination sensitivity analysis, including E. coli, faecal coliforms, total coliforms and Clostridium perfringens spores, revealed high ability of SFB to distinguish differing levels of faecal pollution especially for streams although high background levels of interfering bacteria can complicate its recovery on the used medium. Due to its faster die-off, as compared to many waterborne pathogens, SFB cannot replace microbiological standard parameters for routine water quality monitoring but it is highly recommendable as a specific and complementary tool when human faecal pollution has to be localized or verified. Because of its exclusive faecal origin and human specificity it seems also worthwhile to include SFB in future risk evaluation studies at tropical water resources in order to evaluate under which situations risks of infection may be indicated.
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Baudišová, D. "Evaluation of escherichia coli as the main indicator of faecal pollution." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0755.
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The paper presented supports E. coli assessment as a major indicator of faecal pollution. Its assessment brings advantages when compared with assessment of total coliforms and faecal coliforms because (a) E. coli survives in river water for shorter period than other coliforms and faecal coliforms and (b) its occurrence in a stream (in an area without any significant point sources of pollution), in particular when compared with total coliforms, is more stable. Significant differences appear especially in the summer period when the elevated temperature allows development of non-faecal bacteria.
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Fujioka, R. S. "Monitoring coastal marine waters for spore-forming bacteria of faecal and soil origin to determine point from non-point source pollution." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 7 (October 1, 2001): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0419.
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The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have established recreational water quality standards limiting the concentrations of faecal indicator bacteria (faecal coliform, E. coli, enterococci) to ensure that these waters are safe for swimming. In the application of these hygienic water quality standards, it is assumed that there are no significant environmental sources of these faecal indicator bacteria which are unrelated to direct faecal contamination. However, we previously reported that these faecal indicator bacteria are able to grow in the soil environment of humid tropical island environments such as Hawaii and Guam and are transported at high concentrations into streams and storm drains by rain. Thus, streams and storm drains in Hawaii contain consistently high concentrations of faecal indicator bacteria which routinely exceed the EPA and WHO recreational water quality standards. Since, streams and storm drains eventually flow out to coastal marine waters, we hypothesize that all the coastal beaches which receive run-off from streams and storm drains will contain elevated concentrations of faecal indicator bacteria. To test this hypothesis, we monitored the coastal waters at four beaches known to receive water from stream or storm drains for salinity, turbidity, and used the two faecal indicator bacteria (E. coli, enterococci) to establish recreational water quality standards. To determine if these coastal waters are contaminated with non-point source pollution (streams) or with point source pollution (sewage effluent), these same water samples were also assayed for spore-forming bacteria of faecal origin (Cl. perfringens) and of soil origin (Bacillus species). Using this monitoring strategy it was possible to determine when coastal marine waters were contaminated with non-point source pollution and when coastal waters were contaminated with point source pollution. The results of this study are most likely applicable to all countries in the warm and humid region of the world.
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Didier, Bah Ntutuwouo Gael, Betare Nam-Yona-Gunte, Chop Leonard Nkimih, Kengne Tanguebou Josiane, Eselacha Brice, Odi Nke Régine Sylvie, and Abena Ndongo Hervé. "Assessment of Ground Water Vulnerability to Pollution in the City of Bafoussam, Western Region-Cameroon." Environmental and Earth Sciences Research Journal 9, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/eesrj.090402.
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This work consisted in evaluating the vulnerability of groundwater to pollutants coming from the surface. This evaluation is done using the parametric method of SINTACS based on seven physiographic and hydrogeological parameters obtained from remote sensing data (DTM) and exogenous data (lithological, soil, rainfall, hydrogeological). The results obtained reflect the risk of pollution of water resources by various sources (urban, industrial and agricultural). Particularly in agricultural areas responsible for water pollution by nitrates and in urban centers where water pollution by faecal contamination is felt. A mapping of intrinsic vulnerability and specific vulnerability reveals with regard to specific vulnerability to faecal pollution with E-coli as a bio-indicator, that 51.78% of the area has an average specific vulnerability to faecal pollution, 30.24% a low vulnerability and 17.99% has a very low character to faecal pollution. Regarding agricultural pollution, the chemical indicator used is nitrate. The analyzes show that 8.37% of the area has a high specific vulnerability to agricultural pollution, 12.37% an average vulnerability and the rest a low or very low vulnerability.
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Marsalek, J., B. J. Dutka, and I. K. Tsanis. "URBAN IMPACTS ON MICROBIOLOGICAL POLLUTION OF THE ST. CLAIR RIVER IN SARNIA, ONTARIO." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0019.
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Urban impacts on faecal bacterial pollution of the near-shore zone of the St. Clair River in Sarnia were studied by means of field observations and computer modelling. Towards this end, water samples were collected at various sources of faecal pollution and at nine sampling stations in the river, and analysed for faecal coliform, faecal streptococci, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and coliphage. Probabilistic distributions of the observed microorganism densities were used to assess the levels of faecal bacteria pollution, describe the impacts of urban sources on faecal bacteria concentrations in the river, and make inferences about compliance with the recreational water quality guidelines. Relatively high probabilities of guideline violations (p > 30%, at most sites, in dry weather) indicated the need for remedial measures. The screening of such measures was accomplished by preliminary modelling of indicator bacteria in the receiving waters, using a bacteria loading model interfaced with a receiving water model.
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Park, J. E., T. S. Ahn, H. J. Lee, and Y. O. Lee. "Comparison of total and faecal coliforms as faecal indicator in eutrophicated surface water." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 3 (August 1, 2006): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.467.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of total coliforms (TC) and faecal coliforms (FC) using a membrane filtration method for precise monitoring of faecal pollution in Korean surface water. The samples were collected in Korea from both main rivers and their tributaries. Presumptive TC · FC were enumerated. The ratios of presumptive FC to TC were not constant, but varied widely, and TC were difficult to enumerate because of overgrowth by background colonies. For FC this was not the case. Seven hundred and three purified strains of presumptive TC · FC and their background colonies were biotyped using API 20E. Among 272 presumptive TC, non-faecal related species, Aeromonas hydrophila dominated (34.6%) and E. coli accounted for only 5.1%. In contrast, E. coli made up 89% of the 209 presumptive FC. Furthermore, of 164 background colonies on Endo Agar LES, 54.9% was A. hydrophila, while background colonies on m-FC Agar were few (58 strains), and despite their atypical colony appearance, most of them were biotyped as enteric bacteria. These results reveal that the detection of FC rather than TC using m-FC Agar is more appropriate for faecal pollution monitoring in eutrophicated surface water located in a temperate region.
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Afolabi, Emmanuel O., Richard S. Quilliam, and David M. Oliver. "Time since faecal deposition influences mobilisation of culturable E. coli and intestinal enterococci from deer, goose and dairy cow faeces." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 2, 2022): e0274138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274138.
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Mobilisation is a term used to describe the supply of a pollutant from its environmental source, e.g., soil or faeces, into a hydrological transfer pathway. The overarching aim of this study was to determine, using a laboratory-based approach, whether faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are hydrologically mobilised in different quantities from a typical agricultural, wildlife and wildfowl source, namely dairy cattle, red deer and greylag goose faeces. The mobilisation of FIB from fresh and ageing faeces under two contrasting temperatures was determined, with significant differences in the concentrations of both E. coli and intestinal enterococci lost from all faecal sources. FIB mobilisation from these faecal matrices followed the order of dairy cow > goose > deer (greatest to least, expressed as a proportion of the total FIB present). Significant changes in mobilisation rates from faecal sources over time were also recorded and this was influenced by the temperature at which the faecal material had aged over the course of the 12-day study. Characterising how indicators of waterborne pathogens are mobilised in the environment is of fundamental importance to inform models and risk assessments and develop effective strategies for reducing microbial pollution in catchment drainage waters and associated downstream impacts. Our findings add quantitative evidence to support the understanding of FIB mobilisation potential from three important faecal sources in the environment.
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Ellis, J. Bryan, and Yu Wang. "Bacteriology of urban runoff: the combined sewer as a bacterial reactor and generator." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 7 (April 1, 1995): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0246.
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Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) are widely recognised as being a primary source of faecal pollution indicator bacteria and pathogens to urban receiving waters. The discharge and in-stream accumulation of sediments from CSOs have also been considered to constitute a bacterial reservoir yielding a continuous inoculation to the receiving water. This paper reports the findings of a microbiological study of CSO discharges and sediments within a N London urban catchments focusing on bacterial indicators (Total and Faecal Coliforms, Faecal Streptococci and pathogens) and the role of somatic coliphages in typing sewage pollution. Evidence is provided for both extended in-stream bacterial survival and bacterial generation in the presence of nutrified organic sediment.
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Moriñigo, M. A., M. A. Muñoz, R. Cornax, E. Martinez-Manzanares, and J. J. Borrego. "Presence of Indicators and Salmonella in Natural Waters Affected by Outfall Wastewater Discharges." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 9 (May 1, 1992): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0200.
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The presence of the pathogenic microorganism Salmonella as well as indicator microorganisms (total and faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci, Clostridium perfringens, and coliphages) was investigated in three different aquatic environments affected by sewage discharges. The relationships between indicators and Salmonella depended mainly on the source of faecal discharges and on the survival capability of the microorganisms in aquatic environments. The microorganisms most closely related to Salmonella spp were faecal coliforms and C. perfringens, the latter yielding also the highest linear regression slope value. Detection percentages of Salmonella spp were high even at a low level of pollution, which allowed detection of the pathogens in the absence of classical indicator microorganisms in the sample. The results obtained in the present study showed that there were no differences in survival rates between the serotypes of Salmonella tested. Moreover, Salmonella spp exhibited a similar persistence to E. coli in aquatic ecosystems, particularly in marine environment.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Faecal pollution indicator"
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Obuseng, Veronica Conie. "Bile acids as indicator of faecal inputs into soils and sediments." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391155.
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Hussein, Khwam Reissan. "Source tracking of faecal indicator bacteria of human pathogens in bathing waters : an evaluation and development." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3011.
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Bacterial water pollution is a significant problem because it is associated with reduction in the ‘quality’ of water systems with a potential impact on human health. Faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are usually used to monitor the quality of water, and to indicate the presence of pathogens in water bodies. However, enumeration alone does not enable identification of the precise origin of these pathogens. This study aimed to monitor the quality of bathing water and associated fresh water in and out of the ‘bathing season’ in the UK, and to evaluate the use of microbial source tracking (MST) such as the host-specific based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) to recognize human and other animal sources of faecal pollution. The culture-dependent EU method of estimating FIB in water and sediment samples was performed on beach in the South Sands, Kingsbridge estuary, Devon, UK- a previously ‘problematic’ site. FIB were present at significant levels in the sediments, especially mud, as well as fresh water from the stream and pond flowing onto South Sands beach. However, the quality of bathing water was deemed to be ‘good’ and met with the EU bathing water directive 2006. Using MST it was possible to successfully classify the nature of the source from which the bacteria came. PCR was applied to detect the Bacteroides species 16S rRNA genetic markers from human sewage and animal faeces. All water and sediment samples displayed positive results with a general Bacteroides marker indicating the presence of Bacteroides species. Host-specific PCR showed the human Bacteroides genetic marker only in the sediment of the stream. However, limitations in the ‘types’ of probes available and in the persistence of these markers were identified. Thus, novel dog-specific Bacteroides conventional PCR and qPCR primer sets were developed to amplify a section of the 16S rRNA gene unique to the Bacteroides genetic marker from domestic dog faeces, and these were successfully used to quantify those markers in water samples at a ‘dog permitted’ and ‘dog banned’ beach (Bigbury-on-Sea, Devon, UK). Generic, human and dog Bacteroides PCR primer sets were also used to evaluate the persistence of Bacteroides genetic markers in controlled microcosms of water and sediment at differing salinities (< 0.5 and 34 psu) and temperature (10 and 17 ºC). The rates of decline were found did not differ significantly over 14 and 16 days for the water and sediment microcosms, respectively. Beach sediments which were studied in this project may act as a reservoir for adhesive FIB, and this was confirmed using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). The similarity in the persistence of these Bacteroides 16S rRNA genetic markers in environmental water and sediment suggests that viable but non-culturable (VBNC) Bacteroides spp. do not persist in the natural environment for long. Therefore, 16S rRNA genetic markers can be of value as additional faecal indicators of bathing water pollution and in source tracking. Thus, in this study MST methods were successfully used and in future applications, dog-specific primer sets can be added to the suite of host-specific Bacteroides genetic markers available to identify the source(s) of problem bacteria found on failing beaches.
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Nguyen, Huong Thi Mai. "Faecal indicator bacteria and organic carbon in the Red River, Viet Nam : measurements and modelling." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066179/document.
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Dans de nombreux pays en développement, la qualité médiocre de l'eau constitue une menace majeure pour la santé humaine. Par ailleurs, le manque d'accès à l'eau potable et à l'assainissement sont un frein majeur au développement. La Fleuve Rouge est le deuxième plus grand fleuve au Vietnam et constitue la principale source d'eau pour la population du Nord-Vietnam. Cette thèse présente les résultats des observations et de la modélisation des bactéries indicatrices de la contamination fécales (BICF) et du carbone organique (CO) dans la Fleuve Rouge. Le modèle Seneque/RIVERSTRAHLER utilisant l’ensemble des données recueillies a permis d'étudier la dynamique et la répartition saisonnière des BICF et du CO dans la Fleuve Rouge et ses affluents. Un scénario, basé sur l’évolution démographique et les changements d’usage des terres prévus à l'horizon 2050, a montré une augmentation limitée des nombres des BICF par rapport à la situation actuelle. Ceci est particulièrement le cas pour la ville d’Hanoi même si la population devrait tripler d'ici 2050. Les apports en CO et la respiration hétérotrophe résultant du CO abouti à un système qui est une forte source en CO2 pour l’atmosphère. Les résultats du modèle reflètent également l'importance des différents usages des terres, le débit et la prédominance des sources diffuses relatifs aux sources ponctuelles sur les BIFC et CO dans le Fleuve Rouge. Cette thèse fournit de nouvelles informations sur les teneurs en BICF et CO dans la Fleuve Rouge ainsi qu’une base de discussion pour les décideurs sur la gestion future des eaux usées rejetés dans ce FleuveIn many developing countries, poor water quality poses a major threat to human health and the lack of access to clean drinking water and adequate sanitation continues is a major brake on development. The Red River is the second largest river in Vietnam and constitutes the main water source for the population of North Vietnam. This thesis presents the results from observations and modeling of both faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and organic carbon (OC) in the Red River system, North Vietnam. The objective of this work was to measure FIB numbers and OC concentrations in this system and then to model these parameters in order to investigate scenarios for 2050 when population in the area is estimated to have doubled. The dataset was then modeled using the Seneque/Riverstrahler model in order to investigate the dynamics and seasonal distribution of FIB and OC in the Red River and its upstream tributaries. A scenario, based on the predicted changes in future demographics and land use in the Red River system for the 2050 horizon, showed only a limited increase of FIB numbers compared with the present situation. This was particularly the case in Hanoi even though the population is expected to triple by 2050. The OC inputs and the resulting heterotrophic respiration of this OC resulted in a system that was a strong CO2 source. The model results also reflected the importance of land use, discharge and the dominance of non-point sources over point sources for FIB and OC in the Red River. This thesis provides some new information on FIB in the Red River as well as providing a base for discussion with decision makers on the future management of wastewater in the Red River
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Wyness, Adam James. "The influence of sediment characteristics on the abundance and distribution of E. coli in estuarine sediments." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/10158.
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Microbiological water quality monitoring of bathing waters does not account for faecal bacteria in sediments. Intertidal deposits are a significant reservoir of faecal bacteria and this indicates there is a risk to human health through direct contact with the sediment, or through the resuspension of bacteria to the water column. This project investigated factors influencing the relative abundance of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) in intertidal estuarine sediments. The effects of physical, biogeochemical and biological sediment characteristics, environmental variables and native microbial communities were explored through field campaigns on the Ythan and Eden estuaries, Scotland. The contributory role of sediments to adverse water quality was investigated by combining FIO abundance and measurements of sediment stability. The importance of strain and sediment characteristics in the adhesion of E. coli to suspended sediments was also examined using laboratory experiments. E. coli concentrations up to 5.9 log₁₀ CFU 100 g dry wt⁻¹ were observed, confirming that intertidal sediments are an important reservoir of faecal bacteria. The variability of E. coli abundance in estuarine sediments was successfully explained with multiple stepwise linear regression (Adjusted R² up to 87.4) using easily-obtainable measurements of sediment characteristics and environmental variables, with variability most heavily influenced by salinity and particle size gradients. Native microbial community population metrics and community constituent composition correlated with environmental gradients, but did not influence FIO abundance. The amount of E. coli adhering to suspended sediments ranged from 0.02 to 0.74 log₁₀ CFU ml⁻¹, and was dependant on strain characteristics and sediment type rather than zeta potential, with higher cell-particle adhesion at 2 and 3.5 PSU than 0 and 5 PSU. Monitoring of sediment characteristics will lead to more informed bathing water quality advisories to protect public health. Future research should focus on applying the findings here to the modelling of bacterial fate and transport on a catchment scale.
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Andrianjakarivony, Felana Harilanto. "Caractérisation du virome d’un écosystème tropical fortement anthropisé : la lagune Ebrié en Côte d’Ivoire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0579.
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Dans cette thèse, nous avons choisi d’étudier la composante virale d’un site lagunaire exposé aux rejets domestiques, agricoles et industriels : la Lagune Ebrié bordée par la ville d’Abidjan, en Côte d’Ivoire. Les objectifs de cette thèse visaient (1) à caractériser les viromes benthiqes et planctoniques dans 7 sites de cette lagune présentant des niveaux d'eutrophisation contrastés, en distinguant les viromes ADN et ARN, et (2) à examiner les stratégies de reproduction virale. Pour cela, une approche métagénomique shotgun combinée à des analyses bioinformatiques a été utilisée. Nous avons montré que la composition des viromes ADN était spécifique à chaque compartiment (plancton/benthos). À l’inverse, la composition des viromes ARN était plus influencée par le niveau d’eutrophisation du milieu. Les viromes des sites les plus eutrophisés présentaient des séquences associées aux pathogènes humains d'origine fécale et aux indicateurs de pollution fécale humaine. L’étude des interactions entre les virus et leurs hôtes bactériens, a permis de montrer que cette lagune tropicale était plus propice aux stratégies lytiques de reproduction virale dans les stations les plus eutrophes. Enfin, en utilisant une approche basée sur la prédiction théorique des hôtes bactériens, nous avons pu montrer la fiabilité de l’approche choisie générant des profils taxonomiques bactériens comparables à ceux obtenus par l’approche classique basée sur le métabarcoding ciblant le gène ARN 16S. Ce travail de thèse a donc permis d’apporter un jeu de données unique, mais aussi de nouvelles connaissances fondamentales sur la composition du virome de sites aquatiques soumis à de forts niveaux de pollution.uIn this thesis, we chose to study the viral community in a tropical lagoon exposed to domestic, agricultural and industrial discharge : the Ébrié Lagoon bordering the city of Abidjan in the Ivory Coast. The objectives of this study were (1) to characterize the benthic and planktonic viromes in seven sites in the lagoon with contrasting levels of eutrophication, distinguishing between DNA and RNA viromes, and (2) to examine the reproductive strategies of viruses. To this end, we used shotgun metagenomic sequencing combined with bioinformatics analysis. The key findings showed that the composition of DNA viromes was specific to each compartment (plankton/benthos). Conversely, the composition of RNA viromes was more influenced by the level of eutrophication than by the compartment. Viromes of the most eutrophicated sites contained sequences associated with human pathogens of faecal origin and with indicators of human faecal pollution. The study of interactions between the viruses and their bacterial hosts showed that the most eutrophic sites in this tropical lagoon were more conducive to lytic viral reproductive strategies, while lysogeny was more common in the most oligotrophic sites. Lastly, the results of an approach based on the theoretical prediction of bacterial hosts via the Prokaryotic virus Host Predictor indicated the reliability of this tool in generating taxonomic profiles of bacterial hosts comparable to those obtained by the classical approach based on metabarcoding targeting the 16S rRNA gene. This study provided not only a unique dataset, but new fundamental knowledge on the composition of the virome of aquatic sites subjected to high levels of pollution
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Pratt, Catherine, and n/a. "Investigations into Faecal Sterols and E.Coli as Indicators of Sewage and Non-Sewage Inputs into a Subtropical Estuarine Embayment System in South Eastern QLD, Australia." Griffith University. School of Environmental and Applied Science, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070124.111827.
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Sewage pollution from humans, animal and domestic sources (land and agricultural run-off) are recognized as a major cause of deteriorating water quality along Australia's coastline. Management of water quality has primarily relied on the use of bacterial indicator methods. However the validity and source-specificity of these methods have been met with increasing reservations for several years now. A relatively recent methodology uses a different chemical biomarker approach using 'sterols', a group of compounds related to the common bio-membrane lipid cholesterol and its derivatives. Sterols can offer an additional diagnostic tool to distinguish and discriminate between sources of faecal contamination in marine, freshwater and estuarine environments in both sediments and the water column. This study investigates for the first time, the degradation of coprostanol and selected faecal sterols in 'natural' sediments from a highly mixed (marine and estuarine) sub-tropical environment following a simulated pollution event (primary effluent); the use of faecal sterols as an additional indicator for determining non-point source sewage discharges at popular anchorages in the Moreton Bay and Gold Coast Broadwater system; and the use of sterol ratios in the determination of the fate and transportation of nutrients from a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) point-source outlet pipe during plant malfunction. The microcosm degradation experiment revealed that faecal and selected sterols are continually synthesised and degraded over time by auto- and hetero trophic organisms within the sediment matrix. Coprostanol was the only sterol to degrade continually, with only minor fluctuations over a time period of two months. Results from this degradation experiment further revealed a sharp decline of coprostanol within the first week. From this it could be concluded that, without any further addition, external inputs of coprostanol are reduced to background levels within this time period. Therefore, removal of coprostanol after six days was 94% and 73% in mud and sand, respectively. The removal of coprostanol was much higher in mud than sand, reflecting a higher level of microbial activity in muddy sediments for assimilation of sterols. The field study undertaken at popular anchorages in Moreton Bay and the Gold Coast Broadwater revealed extremely low levels of sterols and bacterial indicators over both a spatial and temporal scale consistent with a shallow, oligotrophic, highly dynamic sand dominated system. Even though sterols analysed were found at extremely low levels (mostly in the nano-gram range), they were found to be highly correlated and were successful in identifying an unexpected once off pollution event from a point source at Moreton Bay Island. Other than this one incident, both sterol and bacterial levels were consistently low even when anchorages were at full capacity. Thus, sewage from recreational vessels was found to have very little, if any, effect on the water quality at anchorages in Moreton Bay and Gold Coast Broadwater. The point-source study conducted during a local sewage treatment plant malfunction revealed that even though absolute concentrations of sterols did not change during this event, the distribution of sterols within the samples changed, hence changing the sterol ratios. Further, nutrients (mainly nitrogen) can be transported several kilometres by currents, flocculate out of the water column and settle out into the sediment in areas with low tidal and hydrological flushing. There, the nutrients can cause in situ production of sterols in sediments changing sterol ratios. Overall, this study revealed that analyses of sterol biomarkers have the potential to indicate nutrient inputs (such as nitrogen) as well as sewage, post-hoc pollution events at extremely low levels/high dilutions in coastal sediments.
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Pratt, Catherine. "Investigations into Faecal Sterols and E.Coli as Indicators of Sewage and Non-Sewage Inputs into a Subtropical Estuarine Embayment System in South Eastern QLD, Australia." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366621.
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Sewage pollution from humans, animal and domestic sources (land and agricultural run-off) are recognized as a major cause of deteriorating water quality along Australia's coastline. Management of water quality has primarily relied on the use of bacterial indicator methods. However the validity and source-specificity of these methods have been met with increasing reservations for several years now. A relatively recent methodology uses a different chemical biomarker approach using 'sterols', a group of compounds related to the common bio-membrane lipid cholesterol and its derivatives. Sterols can offer an additional diagnostic tool to distinguish and discriminate between sources of faecal contamination in marine, freshwater and estuarine environments in both sediments and the water column. This study investigates for the first time, the degradation of coprostanol and selected faecal sterols in 'natural' sediments from a highly mixed (marine and estuarine) sub-tropical environment following a simulated pollution event (primary effluent); the use of faecal sterols as an additional indicator for determining non-point source sewage discharges at popular anchorages in the Moreton Bay and Gold Coast Broadwater system; and the use of sterol ratios in the determination of the fate and transportation of nutrients from a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) point-source outlet pipe during plant malfunction. The microcosm degradation experiment revealed that faecal and selected sterols are continually synthesised and degraded over time by auto- and hetero trophic organisms within the sediment matrix. Coprostanol was the only sterol to degrade continually, with only minor fluctuations over a time period of two months. Results from this degradation experiment further revealed a sharp decline of coprostanol within the first week. From this it could be concluded that, without any further addition, external inputs of coprostanol are reduced to background levels within this time period. Therefore, removal of coprostanol after six days was 94% and 73% in mud and sand, respectively. The removal of coprostanol was much higher in mud than sand, reflecting a higher level of microbial activity in muddy sediments for assimilation of sterols. The field study undertaken at popular anchorages in Moreton Bay and the Gold Coast Broadwater revealed extremely low levels of sterols and bacterial indicators over both a spatial and temporal scale consistent with a shallow, oligotrophic, highly dynamic sand dominated system. Even though sterols analysed were found at extremely low levels (mostly in the nano-gram range), they were found to be highly correlated and were successful in identifying an unexpected once off pollution event from a point source at Moreton Bay Island. Other than this one incident, both sterol and bacterial levels were consistently low even when anchorages were at full capacity. Thus, sewage from recreational vessels was found to have very little, if any, effect on the water quality at anchorages in Moreton Bay and Gold Coast Broadwater. The point-source study conducted during a local sewage treatment plant malfunction revealed that even though absolute concentrations of sterols did not change during this event, the distribution of sterols within the samples changed, hence changing the sterol ratios. Further, nutrients (mainly nitrogen) can be transported several kilometres by currents, flocculate out of the water column and settle out into the sediment in areas with low tidal and hydrological flushing. There, the nutrients can cause in situ production of sterols in sediments changing sterol ratios. Overall, this study revealed that analyses of sterol biomarkers have the potential to indicate nutrient inputs (such as nitrogen) as well as sewage, post-hoc pollution events at extremely low levels/high dilutions in coastal sediments.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environmental and Applied Science
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Books on the topic "Faecal pollution indicator"
1
Kay, David, and C. Fricker. Significance of Faecal Indicators in Water: A Global Perspective. Royal Society of Chemistry, The, 2012.
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Kay, David, C. Fricker, and Khwan Hussein. Significance of Faecal Indicators in Water: A Global Perspective. Royal Society of Chemistry, The, 2012.
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3
Jenkins, Sally. Evaluation of escherichia coli, faecal streptococci and bacteriophages as sewage pollution indicators in shellfish and overlay waters. 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Faecal pollution indicator"
1
Harwood, Valerie, Orin Shanks, Asja Korajkic, Matthew Verbyla, Warish Ahmed, and Mercedes Iriarte. "General and host-associated bacterial indicators of faecal pollution." In Global Water Pathogen Project, edited by Andreas Farnleitner and Anicet Blanch. Michigan State University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/waterpathogens.6.
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Jebri, Sihem, Maite Muniesa, and Juan Jofre. "General and host-associated bacteriophage indicators of faecal pollution." In Global Water Pathogen Project, edited by Andreas Farnleitner and Anicet Blanch. Michigan State University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/waterpathogens.7.
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