To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Faecal coliforms.
Journal articles on the topic 'Faecal coliforms'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Faecal coliforms.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Mannapperuma, W. M. G. C. K., C. L. Abayasekara, G. B. B. Herath, and D. R. I. B. Werellagama. "Potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated from different tropical waters in Sri Lanka." Water Supply 13, no. 6 (September 12, 2013): 1463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.143.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated the bacteriological contamination of different water sources in Sri Lanka. Source waters (n = 74) including bottled water, well water and surface water were assessed for enumerating total coliforms and faecal coliforms using the membrane filtration method. The results showed that 18.5 and 14.8% of bottled water samples were contaminated with total coliforms and faecal coliforms, respectively. All the well water and surface water samples exceeded the WHO permitted levels for total coliforms and faecal coliforms. Bacteriological identification using biochemical tests and api 20E identification tests revealed the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in all water sources tested. Bottled water mainly contained three Enterobacter species, while well water samples showed the broadest spectrum of bacteria including eleven coliform species belonging to the genera Klebsiella, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Kluyvera, Pantoea, Rautella, and 10 non-coliform species in the genera Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Salmonella and Acinetobacter. Surface waters contained seven coliform species belonging to the genera Klebsiella, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Rautella and Serratia, and eight non-coliform species in the genera Pseudomonas, Aeromonas and Acinetobacter. Detection of higher bacteriological counts and identification of potentially pathogenic bacteria in different source waters suggest a potential health risk of the water sources used in Sri Lanka.
2
Borbolla-Vazquez, Jessica, Paul Ugalde-Silva, José León-Borges, and Job Alí Díaz-Hernández. "Total and faecal coliforms presence in cenotes of Cancun; Quintana Roo, Mexico." BioRisk 15 (December 2, 2020): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.15.58455.
Full textAbstract:
The large increase in population in Cancun, Mexico has increased domestic, agricultural and industrial activities, resulting in inadequate solid and liquid waste management that can affect underground aquifers. One of the factors which affects water quality is coliform bacteria. The present study focused on determining the presence of total and faecal coliforms in ten urban cenotes in Cancun. Sampling was carried out in the dry and rainy seasons of 2018. The Most Probable Number (MPN) technique was used to determine the concentration of coliform bacteria. The results from the analyses indicate that the ten cenotes are contaminated with total and faecal coliforms. Additionally, the concentration of coliforms increases during the rainy season. We conclude that all the cenotes are contaminated with faecal coliforms and suggest that more studies are necessary to determine the origin of this contamination and the impact on the ecosystem.
3
Osei, L. K., R. Asmah, S. Aikins, and A. Y. Karikari. "Effects of Fish Cage Culture on Water and Sediment Quality in the Gorge Area of Lake Volta in Ghana: A Case Study of Lee Fish Cage Farm." Ghana Journal of Science 60, no. 1 (July 31, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjs.v60i1.1.
Full textAbstract:
The study determined the impacts of fish cage farming on the gorge area of Lake Volta. Water and sediment samples were collected from six sites in the Lee Cage Farm; four from sections with cages and two from about 1300 m upstream of the farm which served as the control. Water quality variables monitored were pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrate-nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, orthophosphate, faecal coliforms and total coliforms. Variables monitored in the sediment were organic matter, total carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. There were variations in water quality between the farmed and control sites but the differences were not significant (p > 0.05). The mean counts of total coliform in the water ranged from 940 - 3318 cfu/100 ml while faecal coliforms ranged from 113 - 552 cfu/100 ml at the farmed site. The mean total coliform count at the control site ranged from 837 - 6960 cfu/100 ml while the faecal coliforms ranged from 48 - 120 cfu/100 ml. Therefore, there was significant variation between the faecal coliforms count at the two sites (p = 0.046). The results suggest that the general microbiological quality of the water at the study area was unacceptable.
4
Booth, J., and G. M. Brion. "The utility of the AC/TC ratio for watershed management: a case study." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0054.
Full textAbstract:
A human-impacted watershed was monitored during the dry summer seasons in 2002 and 2003 to investigate the impact of providing access to sewer mains to local village residences. Faecal coliform concentrations were monitored at select sites along the 30-mile stretch of creek, together with faecal streptococci, enterococci and total coliforms. Analysis of the results found that levels of faecal coliforms were inadequate at identifying significant known influxes of human and animal sewage established by sanitary survey. However, the bacterial ratio of atypical colonies to total coliform colonies (AC/TC), obtained from the total coliform membrane filter assay on m-Endo media, correctly indexed human faecal impact of inadequately sewered villages located along the creek. In addition, the AC/TC ratio correctly classified the predominant source of faecal runoff in the creek headwaters as agricultural, and indicated when aged agricultural faecal material was introduced by tributaries. An approach for watershed management that uses the AC/TC ratio in addition to levels of bacteria is proposed.
5
Loomer, Heather A., Karen A. Kidd, Tim Vickers, and Alison McAslan. "Swimming in Sewage: Indicators of Faecal Waste on Fish in the Saint John Harbour, New Brunswick." Water Quality Research Journal 43, no. 4 (November 1, 2008): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2008.032.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Despite increased recognition of the risks to the health of humans and the environment, untreated municipal wastewaters are still discharged into waterways worldwide. One of the primary concerns related to its discharge into surface waters is the risk to human health through the transmission of pathogens associated with faecal matter. Saint John, New Brunswick, is one of the few Canadian cities that still releases untreated sewage into its urban waterways and harbour. Water faecal coliform levels, an indicator of faecal waste and associated pathogens, are well above recreational guidelines in some of these areas. Although it is not encouraged by the municipality, recreational fishing occurs in these areas and this raises concerns regarding the potential for disease transmission during the handling of these fish. To investigate the potential for fish to be a vehicle of pathogen transmission to humans, the skin of wild fishes (smelt, Osmerus mordax, and mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus) and caged mummichog was sampled for faecal coliforms from several sites in Saint John between August and November of 2005. Water faecal coliform levels at sites used for caging studies and wild fish collections, and the duration of caging were compared with the number of faecal coliforms on the surface of the fish. Skin samples from the two fish species collected from the wild indicated elevated levels of fecal coliforms in some locations. Both wild and caged fish showed that the amount of faecal coliform on fish skin is influenced by the water faecal coliform levels.
6
Trott, Darren J., Lucio J. Filippich, John C. Bensink, Mary T. Downs, Suzanne E. McKenzie, Kirsty M. Townsend, Susan M. Moss, and James J. C. Chin. "Canine model for investigating the impact of oral enrofloxacin on commensal coliforms and colonization with multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli." Journal of Medical Microbiology 53, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.05473-0.
Full textAbstract:
A model was developed in dogs to determine the impact of oral enrofloxacin administration on the indigenous coliform population in the gastrointestinal tract and subsequent disposition to colonization by a strain of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (MDREC). Dogs given a daily oral dose of 5 mg enrofloxacin kg−1 for 21 consecutive days showed a significant decline in faecal coliforms to levels below detectable limits by 72 h of administration. Subsequently, faecal coliforms remained suppressed throughout the period of enrofloxacin dosing. Upon termination of antibiotic administration, the number of excreted faecal coliforms slowly returned over an 8-day period, to levels comparable to those seen prior to antibiotic treatment. Enrofloxacin-treated dogs were more effectively colonized by MDREC, evidenced by a significantly increased count of MDREC in the faeces (7.1 ± 1.5 log10 g−1) compared with non-antibiotic-treated dogs (5.2 ± 1.2; P = 0.003). Furthermore, antibiotic treatment also sustained a significantly longer period of MDREC excretion in the faeces (26.8 ± 10.5 days) compared with animals not treated with enrofloxacin (8.5 ± 5.4 days; P = 0.0215). These results confirm the importance of sustained delivery of an antimicrobial agent to maintain and expand the colonization potential of drug-resistant bacteria in vivo, achieved in part by reducing the competing commensal coliforms in the gastrointestinal tract to below detectable levels in the faeces. Without in vivo antimicrobial selection pressure, commensal coliforms dominated the gastrointestinal tract at the expense of the MDREC population. Conceivably, the model developed could be used to test the efficacy of novel non-antibiotic strategies aimed at monitoring and controlling gastrointestinal colonization by multidrug-resistant members of the Enterobacteriaceae that cause nosocomial infections.
7
Giácoman-Vallejos, G., C. Ponce-Caballero, and P. Champagne. "Pathogen removal from domestic and swine wastewater by experimental constructed wetlands." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 8 (March 4, 2015): 1263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.102.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined the performance of subsurface flow horizontal wetlands in total coliforms, faecal coliforms, enterococci and Salmonella removal from swine and domestic wastewaters. The effects of organic loading rate, contact time (CT) and the presence of aquatic macrophytes, Typha dominguensis and Typha latifolia, on treatment performance were evaluated. In general, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) were reduced by 66 and 72% after 24 h and 75 and 84% after 48 h in domestic wastewaters, and 73 and 71% after 24 h and 72 and 78% after 48 h in swine wastewater. Total coliform and faecal coliform reductions of 70–83% and 65–78% were observed in the vegetated systems after 24 h of CT, while after 48 h, total coliform and faecal coliform reductions of 80–82% and 86–91% were noted.
8
Sandhu, C., and T. Grischek. "Riverbank filtration in India – using ecosystem services to safeguard human health." Water Supply 12, no. 6 (October 1, 2012): 783–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.054.
Full textAbstract:
India has great potential to use riverbank filtration (RBF) for drinking water production as an ecosystem service for human health, principally through effective removal of common waterborne pathogens, even during monsoon. Water quality results from site investigations in North India have shown a removal of total and faecal coliform (indicator) bacteria in the range of 1.3 to >5.2 log for total coliforms and 2.3 to >4.2 log for faecal coliforms at the bank filtration schemes of Haridwar, Nainital, Patna, and Mathura. At rural RBF sites, where bank filtrate is collected and supplied by Koops (‘well’ in Hindi), a removal of 1.0–3.4 log and 0.3–2.8 log was observed for total and faecal coliforms respectively. At the RBF sites in Haridwar and Patna, there was only minimal breakthrough of coliforms during monsoon floods, for which disinfection using conventional chlorination was sufficient.
9
Fiksdal, L., I. Tryland, and H. Nelis. "Rapid detection of coliform bacteria and influence of non-target bacteria." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0769.
Full textAbstract:
Enzymatic hydrolysis of fluorogenic substrates (4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-galactoside, 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide) has been used for rapid (25min) detection of indicators of faecal water pollution, i.e. coliform and thermotolerant coliform bacteria. In the present work, enzymatic activities and different groups of bacteria (i.e. thermotolerant coliforms, coliforms, β-galactosidase positive and β-glucuronidase positive bacteria) from sewage effluent and polluted river water have been investigated. Ratios of the order of 1:10 between coliforms and β-galactosidase positive bacteria were demonstrated. The contribution from β-galactosidase positive non-coliform bacteria to the measured enzyme activity should not, therefore, be neglected. Numbers of β-glucuronidase positive non-coliforms indicate interference of this group in the rapid assay.
10
Alabi, D. A., and A. A. Adesiyun. "Studies on microbial quality of filtered water in households of a university community in Nigeria." Journal of Hygiene 96, no. 2 (April 1986): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400066018.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYWater samples from home filters in nine residential areas of a Nigerian university community were studied. The membrane filter technique was used to determine the total coliform and faecal coliform counts/100 ml of water. Most of the 100 samples studied were grossly contaminated with total coliform counts/100 ml ranging from 0–442, faecal coliform counts/100 ml, 0–216 and the total aerobic plate count per millilitre ranged from 3·0 × 103to 1·9 × 109c.f.u. The source (dams) of water, fitness of filter candles, frequency of cleaning candles and pH of water did not significantly (P> 0·05;X2) affect the microbial quality of either filtered boiled or unboiled tap water.Escherichia colitype I was isolated from 17·9% of the faccal coliforms tested but from only 2·3% of total coliforms.Enterobacter aerogeneswas most predominant (38·5%) amongst faecal coliforms isolated whileEnterobacter cloacaewas the most frequent (37·2%) of the total coliform isolates.The gross contamination of filltered water from all households sampled calls fpr am englightenment of residents on the proper use of home water filters.
11
Gibbs, R. A., C. J. Hu, G. E. Ho, and I. Unkovich. "Regrowth of faecal coliforms and salmonellae in stored biosolids and soil amended with biosolids." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0745.
Full textAbstract:
Stabilised wastewater sludge (biosolids) has beneficial re-use properties but these are limited by the presence of human pathogens. In this study soil amendment with biosolids and storage of biosolids prior to re-use were examined as disposal and treatment options. In a soil amendment trial biosolids were mixed with sandy soil and monitored for 37 weeks. In two storage trials biosolids were stored in piles 1m high and monitored for <60 weeks. Included in the monitoring programme were tests to determine the concentrations of faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and salmonellae. In both the soil amendment trials and biosolids storage trials, concentrations of indicator organisms and salmonellae decreased through an extended hot, dry summer period. Although these organisms were not detected in the majority of samples taken during the summer, repopulation of faecal coliforms and salmonellae occurred in the trials following rainfall at the beginning of the winter. In the case of one of the storage trials repopulation occurred following a period of 50 weeks when salmonellae and faecal coliforms were not detected. When repopulation occurred, faecal coliform concentrations increased to higher than those at the beginning of the trials. These results suggest that faecal coliforms and salmonellae were at undetectable concentrations through the summer period but were able to grow when provided with favourable conditions. From this limited trial it was concluded that soil amended with biosolids could not be considered free from pathogens for at least one year following amendment.
12
Baudišová, D. "Evaluation of escherichia coli as the main indicator of faecal pollution." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0755.
Full textAbstract:
The paper presented supports E. coli assessment as a major indicator of faecal pollution. Its assessment brings advantages when compared with assessment of total coliforms and faecal coliforms because (a) E. coli survives in river water for shorter period than other coliforms and faecal coliforms and (b) its occurrence in a stream (in an area without any significant point sources of pollution), in particular when compared with total coliforms, is more stable. Significant differences appear especially in the summer period when the elevated temperature allows development of non-faecal bacteria.
13
Baudišová, D. "Microbial pollution of water from agriculture." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 10 (October 21, 2009): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/131/2009-pse.
Full textAbstract:
Microbial contamination of small streams in agricultural areas was monitored for two years. Microbiological indicators of faecal pollution (faecal coliforms, <I>Escherichia coli</I> and intestinal enterococci were detected by standard methods based on the cultivation of bacteria on selective media). The obtained results showed that running contamination of streams from agricultural areas was not extremely high, but it showed marked seasonal fluctuations (the average values and maximal values revealed great differences). Microbial contamination also increased several times in relation to high precipitation. The water quality in three (and/or four) localities exceeded the acceptable counts of faecal coliforms and enterococci given by the Czech legislation (40 CFU/ml for faecal coliforms and 20 CFU/ ml for enterococci). In agriculturally polluted streams, there were detected more enterococci than faecal coliforms, and also some less frequent species related to farm animals (<I>Streptococcus equines</I> and <I>S. bovis</I>) or plant rests (<I>E. mundtii, E. gallinarum, E. casseliflavus</I>) were present. <I>E. faecalis</I> and <I>E. faecium</I> strains (these are the most common species related to human faecal pollution) were less frequent there.
14
Davies, Cheryl M., and Simon C. Apte. "Rapid enzymatic detection of faecal pollution." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1996): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0618.
Full textAbstract:
Fields trials were carried out using a 1-hour fluorimetric assay of β-D-galactosidase activity alongside conventional membrane filtration to detect faecal coliforms in beachwater samples. The ultimate aim of the study was to test the reliability of the assay with a view to its use in the field to assess the compliance of coastal bathing waters with the guideline concentrations. The assay had a 99% success rate at detecting pass/fail at 300 faecal coliforms per 100 ml, using a threshold fluorescence of 60.3 nM. A good correlation (r=0.90) between faecal coliform concentration and fluorescence assay results was obtained. The assay provides a rapid, simple and inexpensive method for the detection of sewage pollution in marine waters, and with the aid of portable instrumentation, it may be performed in the field, allowing real time monitoring of water quality.
15
Gaya, Pilar, Margarita Medina, and M. Nuntez. "Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, faecal coliforms and salmonellas in raw ewes'milk." Journal of Applied Bacteriology 62, no. 4 (April 1987): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1987.tb04927.x.
Full text
16
Potgieter, N., L. S. Mudau, and F. R. S. Maluleke. "Microbiological quality of groundwater sources used by rural communities in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2006): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.890.
Full textAbstract:
A survey of the microbiological quality of water from 194 boreholes (97 privately owned and 97 communal boreholes) in the rural Thitale-Hlanganani area of the Limpopo Province, South Africa was carried out between August 2002 and August 2003. Very little information on the microbiological quality of privately-owned boreholes in rural communities is available raising concerns about the safety of these groundwater supplies. In this study, levels of total coliforms, thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms, faecal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens (vegetative cells and spores) and somatic coliphages were determined for community and privately-owned borehole water. The average counts for total coliforms, faecal coliforms, faecal enterococci and Clostridium perfringens exceeded the South African recommended guideline limits of 0–10 counts.100 ml−1 for total coliforms and 0 counts.100 ml−1 for faecal coliforms, faecal enterococci and Clostridium perfringens respectively. Comparisons between the levels of indicator bacteria present in private and communal boreholes during dry seasons indicated a statistical difference for faecal enterococci bacteria (p=0.005) and Clostridium perfringens (p=0.08). Comparisons between the levels of indicator bacteria present in private and communal boreholes during rainy seasons indicated statistical differences between total coliforms (p=0.05), faecal coliforms (p=0.03) and Clostridium perfringens (p=0.009) bacteria. No significant differences in the presence of somatic coliphages in both private and communal borehole water were see. The results indicated the need for environmental impact assessment studies to monitor the microbiological quality of groundwater sources in rural communities.
17
Abubakar, Muhammad M., and Ibrahim Khalil Abubakar. "Physicochemical and Microbiological Assessment of Drinking Water in Kari Estate Bauchi Nigeria." Journal of Biotechnology Research, no. 63 (March 20, 2020): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jbr.63.12.17.
Full textAbstract:
Some sources of drinking water in Kari Estate in Bauchi Metropolis were analyzed for physicochemical contents and coliform contamination. A total of five samples were collected from different sources as follows: 2 sachets water, 2 wells, and tap water. The physicochemical analysis included the determinations of temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, colour, suspended solids, odour, taste, total hardness, iron, nitrate, nitirite, manganese, ammonia, fluoride and cyanide. The two wells had total coliforms of 6 and 10 and faecal coliforms of 4 and 5 respectively. Tap water had total and faecal coliforms of 7 and 3 respectively. E. coli were identified in the samples from wells while Bacillus sp. were found in the tap water. Although the physicochemical contents of the samples were normal range, coliform counts of the wells and tap water were above those set by the Nigerian Industrial Standards (NIS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Presence coliforms above the standards indicates contamination and that the water may be unsafe for drinking. The presence of E. coli suggests that improvement in monitoring and water hygiene practices should be employed to improve the drinking water quality.
18
Khalil Abubakar, Ibrahim, Mustapha Mohammed Abubakar, and Muhammad M. Abubakar. "Assessment of the Coliform Bacterial Load of Some Drinking Water Sources in Dutse Metropolis of Jigawa State Nigeria." Scientific Review, no. 66 (June 25, 2020): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/sr.66.48.52.
Full textAbstract:
Drinking water samples from 5 sachet water companies, 3 boreholes and 2 taps, collected from different locations of Dutse Metropolis of Jigawa State, Nigeria were analysed for coliform bacterial counts using the Membrane Filtration Technique. All the samples contained some amounts of total coliforms, but mostly within permissible levels. Thirty three percent (33%) of the samples from borehole, 60% from sachet water and 100% from the taps contained faecal coliforms, which indicates contamination. Cultures of the faecal coliforms obtained were morphologically identified using the gram-staining procedure and some series of biochemical tests were carried out in order to identify the organisms. The identified organisms were Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter sp. Presence of coliforms above the regulatory set standards indicates contamination and un-safeness of the water for drinking. Presence of organisms such as E. coli, Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter sp. necessitates improvement in monitoring and water hygiene practices to improve the quality of drinking water in the study area.
19
Ikhlaq, Amir, Rida Fatima, Umair Yaqub Qazi, Rahat Javaid, Asia Akram, Sami Ibn Shamsah, and Fei Qi. "Combined Iron-Loaded Zeolites and Ozone-Based Process for the Purification of Drinking Water in a Novel Hybrid Reactor: Removal of Faecal Coliforms and Arsenic." Catalysts 11, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11030373.
Full textAbstract:
This study was carried out to provide a novel solution to treat drinking water at household levels, specifically removing arsenic (As) and faecal coliforms (microbes). In the current investigation, a synergistic iron-loaded zeolites and ozonation process (O3/Fe-ZA) was used for the first time in a modified batch reactor to remove coliform bacteria and arsenic in tap water. Moreover, the study utilizes the human health risk assessment model to confirm the health risk due to As intake in drinking water. The risk assessment study revealed a health risk threat among the residents suffering from the adverse effects of As through its intake in drinking water. Furthermore, the results also suggested that the O3/Fe-ZA process significantly removes faecal coliforms and As, when compared with single ozonation processes. Additionally, the ozone dose 0.2 mg/min and Fe-ZA dose of 10 g (in the O3/Fe-ZA process) gives the maximum removal efficiency of 100% within 15 min for faecal coliform removal. In 30 min, the removal efficiency of 88.4% was achieved at the ozone dose of 0.5 mg/min and 93% removal efficiency was achieved using 10 g Fe-ZA for the removal of As in the O3/Fe-ZA process. Hence, it was concluded that the O3/Fe-ZA process may be regarded as an effective method for removing faecal coliforms and As from drinking water compared to the single ozonation processes.
20
Bobanović-Ćolić, Svjetlana, Jakša Bolotin, Nikša Glavić, and Enis Hrustić. "Microbiological Quality of Seawater and Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lamarck 1819) in the Dubrovnik Coastal Area (Southeastern Adriatic)." Naše more 68, no. 3 (September 2021): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17818/nm/2021/3.1.
Full textAbstract:
This research was conducted between March 2016 and March 2017 as the first study on the water and mussel quality in the coastal area of Dubrovnik (Croatia). Bacteriological analyses were conducted simultaneously on wild mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) tissue and their ambient water. The total numbers of heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci in the water were determined. Concentrations of Escherichia coli were measured in mussel. The investigated stations are located in coastal water, which is particularly influenced by climatic and anthropogenic factors interacting at the boundaries between the land and freshwater and seawater environments. Seasonal variables, such as rainfall and riverine network characteristics, determine the delivery of bacteria (including E.coli) to coastal water. Direct methods of assessing the density of heterotrophic bacteria at all sampling stations showed the characteristics of an oligotrophic area. The abundance of faecal coliform bacteria was in all cases higher within mussel tissue than in the surrounding water where levels were sometimes undetectable. Maximum E. coli concentrations in mussels and seawater were regularly recorded through the summer, with the exceptions of April 2016 and January 2017 at two stations following precipitation. Minimum faecal coliform concentrations were recorded in the winter.
21
Halage, Abdullah Ali, Charles Ssemugabo, David K. Ssemwanga, David Musoke, Richard K. Mugambe, David Guwatudde, and John C. Ssempebwa. "Bacteriological and Physical Quality of Locally Packaged Drinking Water in Kampala, Uganda." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/942928.
Full textAbstract:
Objective. To assess the bacteriological and physical quality of locally packaged drinking water sold for public consumption.Methods. This was cross-sectional study where a total of 60 samples of bottled water from 10 brands and 30 samples of sachet water from 15 brands purchased randomly were analyzed for bacteriological contamination (total coliform and faecal coliform per 100 mL) using membrane filtrate method and reported in terms of cfu/100 mL.Results. Both bottled water and sachet water were not contaminated with faecal coliform. Majority (70%, 21/30) of the sachet water analyzed exceeded acceptable limits of 0 total coliforms per 100 mL set by WHO and the national drinking water standards. The physical quality (turbidity and pH) of all the packaged water brands analyzed was within the acceptable limits. There was statistically significant difference between the median count of total coliform in both sachet water and bottled water brands (U(24)=37.0,p=0.027).Conclusion. Both bottled water and sachet water were not contaminated with faecal coliforms; majority of sachet water was contaminated with total coliform above acceptable limits. Government and other stakeholders should consider intensifying surveillance activities and enforcing strict hygienic measures in this rapidly expanding industry to improve packaged water quality.
22
Balzer, M., N. Witt, H. C. Flemming, and J. Wingender. "Faecal indicator bacteria in river biofilms." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 5 (March 1, 2010): 1105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.022.
Full textAbstract:
Biofilms in surface waters primarily consist of allochthonous microorganisms. Under conditions of pollution faecally derived bacteria may interact with these biofilms. Total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci are used to monitor source water quality, indicating faecal pollution and the possible presence of enteric pathogens. In the present study the occurrence of faecal indicators was investigated in biofilms (epilithic biofilms, sediments) of German rivers. All of the biofilms contained significant concentrations of these bacteria, which were several orders of magnitude lower compared with the total cell number and the number of culturable heterotrophic plate count bacteria indicating that faecal indicator bacteria represented a minor fraction of the whole biofilm communities. The biofilms displayed approximately two orders of magnitude higher concentrations of total coliforms, E. coli and enterococci compared with the overlying water. Identification of coliform and enterococcal isolates from the biofilms revealed the presence of species which are known to be opportunistic pathogens. Overall, the results of the present study show that faecal indicator bacteria can survive in the presence of high cell densities of the authochthonous microflora in epilithic biofilms and sediments, suggesting that these biofilms may act as a reservoir for bacterial pathogens in polluted rivers.
23
Tryland, I., S. Surman, and J. D. Berg. "Monitoring faecal contamination of the Thames estuary using a semiautomated early warning system." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 3 (August 1, 2002): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0047.
Full textAbstract:
The Colifast Early Warning System, based on measuring β-galactosidase activity (2 h method), was evaluated for monitoring the level of faecal contamination in the upper tidal Thames. Two trials were performed, one following heavy rain in November 2000, the next during a dry and sunny period in July 2001. In general the b-galactosidase activity and the two coliform reference methods (recovery following membrane filtration with membrane lauryl sulphate broth (MLSB) and Colilert™ Quantitray) were comparable. However, in several samples in July the β-galactosidase activity seemed to overestimate the number of culturable coliforms, suggesting that the rapid enzymatic method detected β-galactosidase produced by other bacterial sources, such as Aeromonas spp. or Vibrio spp., or nonculturable coliforms. The latter could be attributed to sunlight-induced injury. Nevertheless, the rapid method based on β-galactosidase activity gave an estimate of the level of culturable coliforms, which did not differ from both coliform reference methods by more than one log. Monitoring of β-galactosidase activity in river water samples using the Colifast Analyser may therefore be useful as an early warning indicator of faecal contamination.
24
Gantzer, C., L. Gillerman, M. Kuznetsov, and G. Oron. "Adsorption and survival of faecal coliforms, somatic coliphages and F-specific RNA phages in soil irrigated with wastewater." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 12 (June 1, 2001): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0722.
Full textAbstract:
This study was carried out to compare the adsorption and survival of faecal coliforms, somatic coliphages and F-specific RNA phages in soil irrigated with wastewater. Adsorption isotherms showed that 3-10× more faecal coliforms than somatic coliphages were adsorbed from wastewater onto soil. The adsorption behavior of F-specific RNA phages was intermediate between those of these two microorganisms. In wastewater, the inactivation factor of somatic coliphages at 8-22°C was 5-7 lower than those of faecal coliforms. F-specific RNA phages have a decrease close to faecal coliforms. In soil, at temperatures of 8-22°C and at moistures of 15-35%, somatic coliphages survived longer than the two other microorganisms. These results seemed to be confirmed by the soil column experiments. The rate of inactivation of all microorganisms was lower in soil than in wastewater and depended extensively on soil temperature and moisture content. Survival was optimal at low temperature (8°C) and low moisture content (15%). Thus, somatic coliphages seemed to be a better indicator of faecal contamination than faecal coliforms under our experimental conditions and based only on the two criteria tested (survival and adsorption). Somatic coliphages were able to contaminate the soil over greater distances and survive better in both wastewater and soil than faecal coliforms. These results need to be confirmed by studies on several soil columns using different kinds of soil and different kinds of wastewater.
25
Gambrill, M. P., D. D. Mara, and S. A. Silva. "Physicochemical Treatment of Tropical Wastewaters: Production of Microbiologically Safe Effluents for Unrestricted Crop Irrigation." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1992): 1449–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0588.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this work was to find an alternative wastewater treatment technology to that of waste stabilization ponds which was capable of producing an effluent safe for reuse in irrigation, but which did not require the large land areas of such a system. Single-stage lime treatment of raw domestic wastewater in a continuous-flow pilot-plant produced an effluent suitable for reuse in unrestricted irrigation by attaining the Engelberg/WHO guidelines of ≤ 1 intestinal nematode egg per litre and ≤ 1000 faecal coliforms per 100 ml. Such treatment was achieved for a mean hydraulic retention time in the sedimentation tank of less than nine hours. The principal mechanism of bacterial removal was physical entrapment and sedimentation to the sludge layer: high pH was only a secondary mechanism for faecal coliform destruction. Faecal coliforms acted as good indicators of the removal of salmonellae in the lime flocculation-sedimentation system, but intestinal nematode eggs were not reliable indicators of the removal of protozoan cysts.
26
Mushi, Douglas, Denis Byamukama, Amelia K. Kivaisi, Robert L. Mach, and Andreas H. Farnleitner. "Sorbitol-fermenting Bifidobacteria are indicators of very recent human faecal pollution in streams and groundwater habitats in urban tropical lowlands." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 3 (February 3, 2010): 466–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.116.
Full textAbstract:
Sorbitol-fermenting Bifidobacteria (SFB) proved to be an excellent indicator of very recent human faecal pollution (hours to days) in the investigated tropical stream and groundwater habitats. SFB were recovered from human faeces and sources potentially contaminated with human excreta. SFB were undetectable in animal faeces and environmental samples not contaminated with human faeces. Microcosm studies demonstrated a rapid die-off rate in groundwater (T90 value 0.6 days) and stream water (T90 value 0.9–1.7 days). Discrimination sensitivity analysis, including E. coli, faecal coliforms, total coliforms and Clostridium perfringens spores, revealed high ability of SFB to distinguish differing levels of faecal pollution especially for streams although high background levels of interfering bacteria can complicate its recovery on the used medium. Due to its faster die-off, as compared to many waterborne pathogens, SFB cannot replace microbiological standard parameters for routine water quality monitoring but it is highly recommendable as a specific and complementary tool when human faecal pollution has to be localized or verified. Because of its exclusive faecal origin and human specificity it seems also worthwhile to include SFB in future risk evaluation studies at tropical water resources in order to evaluate under which situations risks of infection may be indicated.
27
Arias, C. A., A. Cabello, H. Brix, and N. H. Johansen. "Removal of indicator bacteria from municipal wastewater in an experimental two-stage vertical flow constructed wetland system." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 5 (September 1, 2003): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0274.
Full textAbstract:
The removal of sanitary indicator bacteria (total coliforms, faecal coliforms, and faecal streptococci) was studied in an experimental constructed wetland system consisting of (1) a 2-m3 three-chamber sedimentation tank, (2) a 5 m2 vertical flow constructed wetland, (3) a filter-unit with calcite aimed at removing phosphorus, and (4) a 10 m2 vertical flow constructed wetland. The indicator bacteria were enumerated before and after each unit of the wetland system during four monitoring episodes with different loading conditions. At a hydraulic loading rate of 520-1,370 mm/d, the first-stage vertical flow beds removed about 1.5 log-units of total coliforms, 1.7 log-units of faecal coliforms and 0.8 log-units of faecal streptococci. In the second stage bed receiving lower loadings both in term of concentration and quantity (260-690 mm/day), the eliminations were lower. It was not possible in the present study to identify any seasonal effects, but no measurements were done during summer. Recycling of treated effluent back to the sedimentation tank did not affect elimination. Area-based rate constants for the vertical flow wetland receiving effluent from the sedimentation tank averaged 3.2 m/d for total coliforms, 3.3 m/d for faecal coliforms and 2.1 m/d for faecal streptococci. The rate constants depended on loading rates. It is suggested that filtration is a major removal mechanism for bacterial indicator organisms in vertical flow constructed wetland systems.
28
Sitotaw, Baye, and Mulu Geremew. "Bacteriological and Physicochemical Quality of Drinking Water in Adis Kidame Town, Northwest Ethiopia." International Journal of Microbiology 2021 (February 10, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6669754.
Full textAbstract:
Drinking water pollution and the resulting waterborne diseases have been among the major public health burden in low-income countries such as Ethiopia. A high prevalence of waterborne diseases, up to 65%, has been reported in Adis Kidame Town (Ethiopia). Moreover, there have been poor waste disposal practices in this town. Thus, this study aimed to assess bacteriological and physicochemical drinking water quality in Adis Kidame Town to get insight into any potential health risks due to waterborne diseases. A total of 90 water samples were analyzed for enumeration of coliform bacteria and basic physicochemical parameters. In this study, total and faecal coliform counts (CFU/100 ml) ranged from 0 to 23 and 0 to 18, respectively. In all cases, 89 and 77% of the water samples in terms of total and faecal coliforms, respectively, did not comply with WHO guidelines. The highest level of coliforms was found in drinking water samples from households’ containers and taps, where 100% and 90% of samples were tested positive for total and faecal coliforms, respectively. Among the physicochemical parameters recorded, only temperature and residual chlorine did not comply with WHO guidelines. Temperature values in all samples ranged from 20 to 28°C, while the values of residual chlorine were below the recommended range in the 56.7% of water samples from the reservoir and almost in all (96.7%) water samples from the taps and households’ containers. High coliform count in the water system demands proper chlorination, regular inspection of the distribution line, and good hygienic practices to improve the microbiological quality of drinking water in Adis Kidame Town.
29
Higgins, Jennifer, Jan Warnken, Peter R. Teasdale, and J. Michael Arthur. "Decline in recycled water quality during short-term storage in open ponds." Journal of Water and Health 7, no. 4 (July 1, 2009): 597–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.134.
Full textAbstract:
Changes were assessed in urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent quality during short-term storage in open surface ponds. Water quality was monitored over five years at the inlets and outlets of open storage ponds located at three biological nutrient removal plants. Pond influent temperature, rainfall and sewage inflow were not found to be major factors. However, there was a trend for water temperature to be correlated negatively with nitrogenous nutrient and positively with faecal coliform values. The observed increases in faecal coliforms, nutrients and chemical oxygen demand were most likely caused through avian faecal contamination. These increases challenge the notion that pond storage has a positive or negligible effect on effluent quality. The observed one to two orders of magnitude increase in faecal coliforms may affect reuse scheme viability by limiting the range of uses under Australian water recycling guidelines. Potential improvements to short-term recycled water storage management at WWTPs could include the integration of monitoring requirements in WWTP discharge licences and recycling guidelines and the monitoring of all water quality parameters, including microbiological ones, at the point of entry into the recycled water distribution system, after WWTP storage, rather than directly post-disinfection.
30
Jiménez-Cisneros, B. E., C. Maya-Rendón, and G. Salgado-Velázquez. "The elimination of helminth ova, faecal coliforms, Salmonella and protozoan cysts by various physicochemical processes in wastewater and sludge." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 12 (June 1, 2001): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0733.
Full textAbstract:
The removal of helminth ova, faecal coliforms, Salmonella and protozoan cysts by the application of physicochemical treatment processes to municipal wastewater and sludge was studied. In the first case, the advanced primary treatment (APT) process was studied, as well as filtration of the APT effluent. The APT sludge was treated with either lime or acid. The initial values of helminth ova, faecal coliforms, Salmonella and protozoan cysts in the wastewater were 23-27 eggs/L, 7.8×107-6.5×108 MPN/100mL, 4.5×105-2.4×106 MPN/100mL, and 1,007-1,814 cysts/L respectively. After APT treatment, 96% of the helminth ova, 1 log of faecal coliforms and Salmonella, and 67% of the protozoan cysts were eliminated. To reduce the concentration of helminth ova from values >1.2 ova/L to <1 ova/L an additional filtration step was required. In the sludge, the initial values of helminth ova, faecal coliforms and Salmonella were 65-120 ova/g TS, 8.3×107-1.4×1011 MPN/g TS and 3.6×106-2.4×1010 MPN/g TS respectively. A 97% reduction of the helminth and an 8.5 log reduction of faecal coliforms and Salmonella was achieved by alkaline stabilisation, compared with a 98% and 4.5 log reduction by acid treatment.
31
Byappanahalli, M. N., and R. S. Fujioka. "Evidence that tropical soil environment can support the growth of Escherichia coli." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0533.
Full textAbstract:
Concentrations of faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in environmental waters have historically been used to establish recreational water quality standards. When these bacteria are used as indices of water quality, it is assumed that there are no significant environmental sources of these bacteria which are unrelated to direct faecal contamination. However, we have previously reported that in tropical island environments such as in Hawaii, these faecal indicators are consistently found at high concentrations in all streams and the source of these faecal bacteria is the soil. To become so well established in soil we hypothesized that these faecal bacteria must have the ability to multiply in the natural soil environment at ambient temperature (23–25°C). Three lines of evidence support this hypothesis: (1) E. coli was shown to grow on 10% soil extract agar, (2) populations of faecal coliforms and E. coli from sewage were shown to immediately increase by about three logs when simple nutrients (glucose and salts) were added to natural soil and (3) faecal coliforms and E. coli increased by two logs within 24 h when a minimal amount of sewage was added to cobalt-irradiated soil. These results indicate that tropical soil environments provide sufficient means to support the growth of faecal coliforms and E. coli. However, under natural soil conditions, indigenous soil microorganisms are much more efficient in obtaining nutrients and we hypothesize that faecal bacteria grow sporadically in response to available nutrients.
32
Pearson, H. W., D. D. Mara, S. W. Mills, and D. J. Smallman. "Physico-Chemical Parameters Influencing Faecal Bacterial Survival in Waste Stabilization Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0139.
Full textAbstract:
In situ studies on waste stabilization ponds (in Portugal) showed that faecal coliform numbers were lowest at positions in the water column where pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen and algae were high. Numbers were not always lowest at the surface where light intensities were highest or in ponds where light penetration had increased through algal grazing by Daphnia. Laboratory studies showed that pH values approaching 9.0 or above increased faecal coliform die-off particularly under nutrient-poor conditions. Elevated temperatures enhanced the pH effect but the level of dissolved oxygen made little difference. Streptococcus, Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates all behaved similarly to the faecal coliforms. Daphnia grazing of the algal population in maturation ponds may reduce the microbial quality of the final effluent. These findings are discussed in relation to pond design.
33
Journal, Baghdad Science. "The origin of bacterial contamination in AL-Habania reservoir in Iraq." Baghdad Science Journal 8, no. 2 (June 5, 2011): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.8.2.243-247.
Full textAbstract:
Bacterial contamination of AL-Habania reservoir was studied during the period from February 2005 to January 2006; samples were collected from four stations (AL-Warrar, AL-Theban regulator, middle of the reservoir and the fourth was towards AL-Razzaza reservoir). Coliform bacteria, faecal Coliforms, Streptococci, and faecal Streptococci were used as parameters of bacterial contamination in waters through calculating the most probable number. Highest count of Coliform bacteria (1500 cell/100ml) was recorded at AL-Razaza during August, and the lowest count was less than (300 cell/100ml) in the rest of the collection stations for all months. Fecal Coliform bacteria ranged between less than 300 cells/100ml in all stations for all months to 700 cell/100ml in AL-Warrar, AL-Razaza and in the middle of the reservoir stations during August. Streptococci bacteria count ranged between less than 300 cell/100ml to 700 cell/100ml as a highest record in AL-Razaza station during August for both. The ratio between fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci (FC: FS) was detected to determined the origin of the pollution in the reservoir depending on Geldrich statistical law in this research, the ratio ranged between (1) to (2.3).
34
Lake, R., and S. Driver. "The role of algae in causing coliform problems within the distribution system." Water Supply 2, no. 4 (September 1, 2002): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0127.
Full textAbstract:
Coliforms are used as indicators of faecal pollution in water. Therefore, the presence of coliforms in drinking water causes concern as it indicates the potential presence of other bacteria. Coliforms have been seen in water within the Vivendi Water UK area during the summer months and their presence has previously been explained by localised pipe renovation. In this study, the influence that the algal bloom has on the presence of coliforms has been assessed. It has been shown that there is a strong link between the end of the algal bloom and coliforms being found in the distribution system. The algal bloom does not allow coliforms to pass through the treatment works. However, the high level of total organic carbon (TOC) in the treated water, made up of algal breakdown products, provides a good nutritional source for regrowth in the distribution system. Where there are high TOC levels, coliforms can grow even with high chlorine concentrations. However, where there is little TOC, then even a very low chlorine residual is adequate to prevent coliform growth.
35
Owen, J., S. LeBlanc, P. Toner, C. Nduwamungu, and E. Fava. "Chemical and microbiological properties of clam processing wastes in relation to national guidelines for wastes as soil additives." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 90, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss09124.
Full textAbstract:
With environmental concerns on the rise, clam processing plants in New Brunswick are being asked to dispose of waste shells in an environmental friendly manner. A previous study on clam processing wastes (CPW) showed their potential as an agricultural liming agent. However, CPW must meet provincial (e.g., New Brunswick and Québec) and national (e.g., Canada and United States of America) standards for the utilization of wastes as soil additives, particularly with regard to heavy metal and faecal coliform contamination, before they may be spread on agricultural lands. In this study, the chemical and microbiological properties of CPW were characterized. The presence of faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in the CPW was below the most probable number (MPN) method detection limit (< 3 MPN g-1 dry weight), indicating an absence of contamination by human or animal feces. Where total coliforms were detected, levels were far below the most restrictive standard for faecal coliforms (1000 MPN g-1, dry weight). Levels of all 11 heavy metals of interest were also below the most restrictive standards applied in New Brunswick and Québec, and below those in the national guidelines (Canada and United States of America). The liming potential of CPW, demonstrated in pot experiments, may therefore be tested in Canada as well as in the United States of America at the field conditions without restrictions, other than the conventional good agricultural practices.
36
Sobrinho da Silva, Frederico, Daniella da Costa Pereira, Leonisa Sanchez Nuñez, Natascha Krepsk, Luiz Francisco Fontana, José Antônio Baptista Neto, and Mirian Araújo Carlos Crapez. "Bacteriological study of the superficial sediments of Guanabara bay, RJ, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 56, no. 1 (March 2008): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592008000100002.
Full textAbstract:
Thirty sediment samples were collected in Guanabara Bay in August, November and December 2005. The material was analyzed for organic matter, total and faecal coliforms, heterotrophic bacteria, bacterial respiratory activity, esterase activity and electron transport system activity. The organic matter in the superficial sediments (2 cm) ranged from 4 to 6%. The highest level of total coliforms and faecal coliforms were 1.7 x 10(5) MPN/g and 1.1 x 10³ MPN/g, respectively. Heterotrophic bacteria presented the highest values at station 7 (4.1 x 10(6) CFU/g) and the lowest values at station 3 (7 x 10(4) CFU/g) (northwestern part of Guanabara Bay). Esterase enzyme activity showed activity in the sediment of all 30 stations. Electron transport system activity ranged between 0.047 muL O2/h/g and 0.366 muL O2/h/g at six stations. The benthic microbial foodweb is anaerobic. Anaerobic processes such as fermentation, denitrification and sulphate-reduction are responsible for the biogeochemical cycles in the sediment of Guanabara Bay. The input of untreated sewage in the Mangue Channel outflow in Guanabara Bay has favored the increase of the organic load, and the maintenance of the total coliforms and faecal coliforms in the sediment. Faecal coliforms have been reported to be a good indicator of aquatic pollution and organic contamination in the water column, but total coliforms may be an ideal candidate group for sediment quality tests as well.
37
Medema, G. J., I. A. van Asperen, and A. H. Havelaar. "Assessment of the exposure of swimmers to microbiological contaminants in fresh waters." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0727.
Full textAbstract:
As part of a prospective cohort study among triathletes to determine a relationship between the microbiological quality of fresh bathing water and the risk of acquiring an intestinal infection, the exposure of the triathletes to microbiological contaminants was assessed. Waters were collected at seven triathlons (swimming course 1–1.5km) held in the summer of 1993 and 1994 to have a range of water qualities. All were influenced by sewage effluents, most also by agricultural run-off. Samples were collected several weeks before the event to establish a sampling programme (1993) and during the actual exposure of the triathletes (1993 and 1994) and examined for thermotolerant coliforms alone (samples preceding the event) and for E. coli, faecal enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, F-specific RNAphages, enteroviruses (1993 and 1994) and for thermophilic Campylobacter, Salmonella, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1993). The samples taken in the weeks before the exposure showed significant differences in thermotolerant coliform concentration between locations, depths and times. Also during swimmer exposure, significant differences occurred in microorganism levels at the different sampling points over the swimming course. As the triathletes swam as a group, they were exposed to approximately the same water at the same time. The geometric mean concentration was used to characterise each site. In the epidemiological study, the risk of an intestinal infection correlated with the concentration of thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli but not with the other parameters. The geometric mean concentration of thermotolerant coliforms at the triathlons ranged from 11–330/100mL and 54–1,200/100mL E. coli. Ranking of the seven sites by faecal pollution level, based on the geometric mean concentration of a faecal indicator, resulted in a different ranking for each indicator. At the fresh water sites studied, only the ratio between the geometric mean density of E. coli and thermotolerant coliforms was constant. The ratio between the other parameters related to faecal pollution (faecal enterococci, F-specific RNA phages, enteroviruses) varied considerably. Water quality standards relating to faecal pollution can only be based on parameters that show a significant correlation with risk of intestinal illness.
38
Hadjianghelou, Angelos, and Efthymios Darakas. "Survival of faecal coliforms in diluted sewage." International Journal of Environmental Studies 58, no. 1 (December 2000): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207230008711317.
Full text
39
Araujo, Rosa M., Rosa M. Arribas, Francisco Lucena, and Ramon Pares. "Relation betweenAeromonasand faecal coliforms in fresh waters." Journal of Applied Bacteriology 67, no. 2 (August 1989): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb03398.x.
Full text
40
Obi, C. L., N. Potgieter, P. O. Bessong, and G. Matsaung. "Scope of potential bacterial agents of diarrhoea and microbial assessment of quality of river water sources in rural Venda communities in South Africa." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 3 (February 1, 2003): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0161.
Full textAbstract:
The microbial quality of several, usually untreated, surface domestic water sources, used by rural communities in the Venda Region of South Africa, was assessed to gauge their fitness for human consumption and to highlight the possible impact of waterborne diseases. The water sources studied were six points on the Levubu River and the rivers Mutale, Ngwedi, Tshinane, Makonde, Mutshindudi and Mudaswali. Total and faecal coliform, heterotrophic bacteria, enterococci and coliphage counts were used as indicators/surrogates to estimate the degree of bacterial and viral contamination respectively by standard methods. The presence of potential bacterial agents of diarrhoea such as Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Plesiomonas, Aeromonas and Vibrio was also determined. Results showed that the ranges of counts with regard to all the water sources investigated were 2.9 × 102 - 6.3 × 104 CFU/100 mL for faecal coliforms, 6.0 × 102 - 3.7 × 104 CFU/100 mL for total coliforms, 1.8 × 102 - 1.3 × 106 CFU/mL for heterotrophic plate count, 1.0 × 101 - 3.7 × 104 CFU/100 mL for enterococci and 0-13 PFU/100 mL for coliphages. These values are far higher than the acceptable maximum limits prescribed for South Africa by the Dept of Water & Forestry and the Water Research Commission - 0 CFU/100 mL, 5 CFU/100 mL, 1.0 × 102 CFU/mL, 0 CFU/100 mL and 1 PFU/100 mL for faecal coliforms, total coliforms, heterotrophic bacteria, enterococci and coliphages respectively. Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Aeromonas and Plesiomonas were isolated from several of the water sources investigated. The use of these water sources for drinking and domestic purposes poses a serious threat to the health and well being of the users and calls for urgent government intervention.
41
Moriarty, EM, M. Downing, J. Bellamy, and BJ Gilpin. "Concentrations of faecal coliforms,Escherichia coli,enterococci andCampylobacterspp. in equine faeces." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 63, no. 2 (February 2, 2015): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2014.952789.
Full text
42
Kfir, R., J. S. Burger, and G. K. Idema. "Detection of Salmonella in Shellfish Grown in Polluted Seawater." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 3-4 (February 1, 1993): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0318.
Full textAbstract:
Three bays along the South African coast were studied for the presence of Salmonella spp in seawater, effluent and stormwater discharges into the bays and in shellfish harvested at the same sites. The microbial quality of water and shellfish samples was studied using faecal coliforms and enterococci as indicators of pollution. A combination of Rappaport-Vassiliadis enrichment broth and bismuth sulphite agar was found to provide the best enumeration method for Salmonella spp in samples from a wide range of origins. A poor relationship between levels of indicator organisms and the presence of Salmonella spp was observed at both low and high densities of indicators. A correlation between the presence of Salmonella spp in shellfish and surrounding seawater was frequently found and in most instances Salmonella contamination could be traced to discharges in the vicinity. The findings of this study question the suitability of faecal coliform limits as guidelines for microbial quality of shellfish and shellfish harvesting grounds. Most seawater sites did not comply with the recommended indicator limits. Salmonella spp were detected in seawater and shellfish samples which were free of faecal coliforms.
43
Opisa, Selpha, Maurice R. Odiere, Walter G. Z. O. Jura, Diana M. S. Karanja, and Pauline N. M. Mwinzi. "Faecal contamination of public water sources in informal settlements of Kisumu City, western Kenya." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 2674–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.503.
Full textAbstract:
High levels of environmental contamination, often associated with improper waste and excreta management, are widespread among informal settlements within urban areas in developing countries. We determined the level of faecal contamination in domestic water sources and evaluated the potential contribution of these water sources to intestinal helminthiases in seven informal settlements of Kisumu City, western Kenya. Membrane filtration technique was used for enumeration of total and faecal (Escherichia coli) coliform bacteria in water samples collected from dams, rivers, springs and wells. Out of the 80 water sources sampled, 76 (95%) were highly contaminated with E coli. All water samples from unprotected wells (26) and 92.6% of samples from protected wells (25) were positive for E. coli. The highest and lowest E. coli densities were observed in samples from dams (3,800 ± 1,807 coliforms per 100 ml) and boreholes (419 ± 223 coliforms per 100 ml), respectively (p = 0.0321). Distance from pit latrines was negatively associated with E. coli coliform density for wells (r = −0.34, n = 53, p = 0.0142). Untreated well-water may not be suitable for human consumption, and its continued use constitutes a major health risk for the inhabitants of these informal settlements.
44
Kansiime, F., and J. J. A. van Bruggen. "Distribution and retention of faecal coliforms in the Nakivubo wetland in Kampala, Uganda." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0829.
Full textAbstract:
Nakivubo wetland, which has been receiving wastewater from the capital of Uganda for more than 40 years is a tropical wetland dominated by Cyperus papyrus and Miscanthidium violaceum. Field, pilot and laboratory studies were carried out to assess the distribution of faecal coliforms and factors responsible for their retention in different compartments of the two macrophytes in the wetland. There were higher coliform numbers in the free water column below the mat of zones dominated by Miscanthidium (1.1±0.6×105 MPN/100 ml) compared to those dominated by papyrus (8.9±3.1×104 MPN /100 ml). The thick (1.3 m) and compact mat of Miscanthidium restricts vertical transport of wastewater into the mat, resulting in flow-through of wastewater under the mat. The papyrus mat is loose, open and thin (0.5 m) and allows easy vertical penetration of wastewater into the mat. The unrestricted interaction between the wastewater in the water column and that in the mat of papyrus in addition to plant debris and detritus continuously sedimenting out of the mat to the wetland bottom are responsible for the retention of coliforms in the papyrus dominated zones. Attachment, sedimentation and natural die-off were found to be important mechanisms responsible for the retention of coliforms in the Nakivubo wetland.
45
Oragui, J. I., T. P. Curtis, S. A. Silva, and D. D. Mara. "The Removal of Excreted Bacteria and Viruses in Deep Waste Stabilization Ponds in Northeast Brazil." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0108.
Full textAbstract:
The removal of excreted bacteria (faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci, Clostridium perfringens, total and sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria, salmonellae and thermophilic campylobacters) and viruses (enterovirus and rotavirus) in a series of deep anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds (depth range: 2.8 - 3.4 m), with an overall retention time of 21 days and a mean mid-depth temperature of 27°C, was studied. Thermophilic campylobacters, bifidobacteria and salmonellae were not detected after 11, 16 and 21 days' retention respectively. Faecal coliforms, faecal streptcocci and Cl. perfringens were reduced by 4, 4 and 2 orders of magnitude respectively, and enteroviruses and rotaviruses both by 3 orders. The results indicate that pathogen removal in deep ponds is similar to that in ponds of normal depth.
46
Oragui, J. I., T. P. Curtis, S. A. Silva, and D. D. Mara. "The Removal of Excreted Bacteria and Viruses in Deep Waste Stabilization Ponds in Northeast Brazil." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1987): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0236.
Full textAbstract:
The removal of excreted bacteria (faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci, Clostridium perfringens, total and sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria, salmonellae and thermophilic campylobacters) and viruses (enterovirus and rotavirus) in a series of deep anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds (depth range: 2.8 - 3.4 m), with an overall retention time of 21 days and a mean mid-depth temperature of 27°C, was studied. Thermophilic campylobacters, bifidobacteria and salmonellae were not detected after 11, 16 and 21 days' retention respectively. Faecal coliforms, faecal streptcocci and Cl. perfringens were reduced by 4, 4 and 2 orders of magnitude respectively, and enteroviruses arid rotaviruses both by 3 orders. The results indicate that pathogen removal in deep ponds is similar to that in ponds of normal depth.
47
Bernard, A. G. "The Bacteriological Quality of Tidal Bathing Waters in Sydney (Australia)." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0029.
Full textAbstract:
The bacteriological quality of Sydney's tidal bathing waters has been regularly monitored during summer months over the past decade. Tests for faecal coliforms have been supplemented in the last 5 years with tests for faecal streptococci, Salmonella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results show that higher levels of faecal coliforms are associated with increased concentrations of faecal streptococci and P. aeruginosa and an increase in the incidence of Salmonella. The extent of bacteriological contamination of a bathing water is influenced by distance from the point of pollution discharge and the occurrence of rainfall. The availability of detailed survey data enables more effective recognition of incidents of significant pollution and the likelihood of an increased public health risk.
48
Owoeye, Josiah Abolade, and Joseph Onaolapo Akinneye. "Assessment of well water pollution by sewage contaminants: A case study of Akure South, Ondo State, Nigeria." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 10 (2018): 549–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.051030.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated the extent of well water contamination in dry and rainy seasons through infiltration of coliform bacteria from sewage pits in their proximity in Akure. Total and Faecal coliform counts of twenty household wells were investigated between the months of March and July with respect to proximity of wells to sewage pits, orientation of wells to sewage pits, and other well characteristics. All wells studied were assessed to be vulnerable to contamination with observable differences in characteristics, physicochemical parameters, total coliform counts and faecal coliform counts. Asides pH which was higher in the dry season, all other parameters had lower values in the dry season. At an average distance of 17.6 m from the sewage pits, all well water sampled had greater coliform counts than the WHO recommended level for drinking water (< 1 cfu/mL). Correlations between coliform counts of water samples and the distances of the wells to sewage pits was positive and not significant for both total and faecal coliform in dry season, while it was negative and significant for both total and faecal coliform in the rainy season. Topography, and distance between wells and sewage pits were prominent factors responsible for well water contamination. Amounts of coliforms found in wells were significantly affected by seasonal variation. It is thus suggested that wells be sited up-gradient and at safer distances away from sanitary systems in the ultimate bid to reduce groundwater pollution and the occurrence of water borne diseases.
49
Stratton, Helen, Warish Ahmed, and Mohammad Katouli. "A consensus: microbial source tracking (MST) in water." Microbiology Australia 30, no. 1 (2009): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma09030.
Full textAbstract:
Traditionally, water quality regulation and protection of public health has relied on culture-based methods that quantify faecal indicators such as the coliforms. Since Escherichia coli represents over 97% of the thermotolerant coliforms, it has been used extensively as a key indicator of faecal contamination in water testing industry. However the presence of E. coli or other coliforms (and more recently enterococci) does not provide any information regarding the source of contamination and therefore is not always an effective indicator of actual risk to humans. While human/animal faecal contamination of water can pose a serious health risk to public, the risk can be managed more efficiently and effectively if the source is known. In this respect, microbial source tracking (MST) can be used as an efficient tool by water managers to improve management of public health.
50
Le Guyader, F., L. Miossec, L. Haugarreau, E. Dubois, H. Kopecka, and M. Pommepuy. "RT-PCR evaluation of viral contamination in five shellfish beds over a 21-month period." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0496.
Full textAbstract:
Five shellfish beds were sampled for 21 months and evaluated for microbial contamination. Viral extraction was performed on dissected tissues and the clinically most important enteric viruses (hepatitis A virus, small round structured virus, rotavirus and enterovirus) were searched for by RT-PCR and hybridization. Among the 104 samples analysed, 66% were contaminated by at least one virus and 34% were negative for any virus. The two sites regularly contaminated by faecal coliforms had the highest percentage of viral contamination and HAV was detected only in these sites. However, sampling sites meeting the criteria for commercialisation showed occasional viral contamination and viruses were detected in samples with no faecal coliform contamination.