Relevant bibliographies by topics / Faecal coliforms

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Faecal coliforms'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Faecal coliforms"

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Mannapperuma, W. M. G. C. K., C. L. Abayasekara, G. B. B. Herath, and D. R. I. B. Werellagama. "Potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated from different tropical waters in Sri Lanka." Water Supply 13, no. 6 (September 12, 2013): 1463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.143.

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This study investigated the bacteriological contamination of different water sources in Sri Lanka. Source waters (n = 74) including bottled water, well water and surface water were assessed for enumerating total coliforms and faecal coliforms using the membrane filtration method. The results showed that 18.5 and 14.8% of bottled water samples were contaminated with total coliforms and faecal coliforms, respectively. All the well water and surface water samples exceeded the WHO permitted levels for total coliforms and faecal coliforms. Bacteriological identification using biochemical tests and api 20E identification tests revealed the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in all water sources tested. Bottled water mainly contained three Enterobacter species, while well water samples showed the broadest spectrum of bacteria including eleven coliform species belonging to the genera Klebsiella, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Kluyvera, Pantoea, Rautella, and 10 non-coliform species in the genera Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Salmonella and Acinetobacter. Surface waters contained seven coliform species belonging to the genera Klebsiella, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Rautella and Serratia, and eight non-coliform species in the genera Pseudomonas, Aeromonas and Acinetobacter. Detection of higher bacteriological counts and identification of potentially pathogenic bacteria in different source waters suggest a potential health risk of the water sources used in Sri Lanka.
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Borbolla-Vazquez, Jessica, Paul Ugalde-Silva, José León-Borges, and Job Alí Díaz-Hernández. "Total and faecal coliforms presence in cenotes of Cancun; Quintana Roo, Mexico." BioRisk 15 (December 2, 2020): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.15.58455.

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The large increase in population in Cancun, Mexico has increased domestic, agricultural and industrial activities, resulting in inadequate solid and liquid waste management that can affect underground aquifers. One of the factors which affects water quality is coliform bacteria. The present study focused on determining the presence of total and faecal coliforms in ten urban cenotes in Cancun. Sampling was carried out in the dry and rainy seasons of 2018. The Most Probable Number (MPN) technique was used to determine the concentration of coliform bacteria. The results from the analyses indicate that the ten cenotes are contaminated with total and faecal coliforms. Additionally, the concentration of coliforms increases during the rainy season. We conclude that all the cenotes are contaminated with faecal coliforms and suggest that more studies are necessary to determine the origin of this contamination and the impact on the ecosystem.
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Osei, L. K., R. Asmah, S. Aikins, and A. Y. Karikari. "Effects of Fish Cage Culture on Water and Sediment Quality in the Gorge Area of Lake Volta in Ghana: A Case Study of Lee Fish Cage Farm." Ghana Journal of Science 60, no. 1 (July 31, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjs.v60i1.1.

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The study determined the impacts of fish cage farming on the gorge area of Lake Volta. Water and sediment samples were collected from six sites in the Lee Cage Farm; four from sections with cages and two from about 1300 m upstream of the farm which served as the control. Water quality variables monitored were pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrate-nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, orthophosphate, faecal coliforms and total coliforms. Variables monitored in the sediment were organic matter, total carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. There were variations in water quality between the farmed and control sites but the differences were not significant (p > 0.05). The mean counts of total coliform in the water ranged from 940 - 3318 cfu/100 ml while faecal coliforms ranged from 113 - 552 cfu/100 ml at the farmed site. The mean total coliform count at the control site ranged from 837 - 6960 cfu/100 ml while the faecal coliforms ranged from 48 - 120 cfu/100 ml. Therefore, there was significant variation between the faecal coliforms count at the two sites (p = 0.046). The results suggest that the general microbiological quality of the water at the study area was unacceptable.
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Booth, J., and G. M. Brion. "The utility of the AC/TC ratio for watershed management: a case study." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0054.

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A human-impacted watershed was monitored during the dry summer seasons in 2002 and 2003 to investigate the impact of providing access to sewer mains to local village residences. Faecal coliform concentrations were monitored at select sites along the 30-mile stretch of creek, together with faecal streptococci, enterococci and total coliforms. Analysis of the results found that levels of faecal coliforms were inadequate at identifying significant known influxes of human and animal sewage established by sanitary survey. However, the bacterial ratio of atypical colonies to total coliform colonies (AC/TC), obtained from the total coliform membrane filter assay on m-Endo media, correctly indexed human faecal impact of inadequately sewered villages located along the creek. In addition, the AC/TC ratio correctly classified the predominant source of faecal runoff in the creek headwaters as agricultural, and indicated when aged agricultural faecal material was introduced by tributaries. An approach for watershed management that uses the AC/TC ratio in addition to levels of bacteria is proposed.
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Loomer, Heather A., Karen A. Kidd, Tim Vickers, and Alison McAslan. "Swimming in Sewage: Indicators of Faecal Waste on Fish in the Saint John Harbour, New Brunswick." Water Quality Research Journal 43, no. 4 (November 1, 2008): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2008.032.

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Abstract Despite increased recognition of the risks to the health of humans and the environment, untreated municipal wastewaters are still discharged into waterways worldwide. One of the primary concerns related to its discharge into surface waters is the risk to human health through the transmission of pathogens associated with faecal matter. Saint John, New Brunswick, is one of the few Canadian cities that still releases untreated sewage into its urban waterways and harbour. Water faecal coliform levels, an indicator of faecal waste and associated pathogens, are well above recreational guidelines in some of these areas. Although it is not encouraged by the municipality, recreational fishing occurs in these areas and this raises concerns regarding the potential for disease transmission during the handling of these fish. To investigate the potential for fish to be a vehicle of pathogen transmission to humans, the skin of wild fishes (smelt, Osmerus mordax, and mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus) and caged mummichog was sampled for faecal coliforms from several sites in Saint John between August and November of 2005. Water faecal coliform levels at sites used for caging studies and wild fish collections, and the duration of caging were compared with the number of faecal coliforms on the surface of the fish. Skin samples from the two fish species collected from the wild indicated elevated levels of fecal coliforms in some locations. Both wild and caged fish showed that the amount of faecal coliform on fish skin is influenced by the water faecal coliform levels.
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Trott, Darren J., Lucio J. Filippich, John C. Bensink, Mary T. Downs, Suzanne E. McKenzie, Kirsty M. Townsend, Susan M. Moss, and James J. C. Chin. "Canine model for investigating the impact of oral enrofloxacin on commensal coliforms and colonization with multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli." Journal of Medical Microbiology 53, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.05473-0.

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A model was developed in dogs to determine the impact of oral enrofloxacin administration on the indigenous coliform population in the gastrointestinal tract and subsequent disposition to colonization by a strain of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (MDREC). Dogs given a daily oral dose of 5 mg enrofloxacin kg−1 for 21 consecutive days showed a significant decline in faecal coliforms to levels below detectable limits by 72 h of administration. Subsequently, faecal coliforms remained suppressed throughout the period of enrofloxacin dosing. Upon termination of antibiotic administration, the number of excreted faecal coliforms slowly returned over an 8-day period, to levels comparable to those seen prior to antibiotic treatment. Enrofloxacin-treated dogs were more effectively colonized by MDREC, evidenced by a significantly increased count of MDREC in the faeces (7.1 ± 1.5 log10 g−1) compared with non-antibiotic-treated dogs (5.2 ± 1.2; P = 0.003). Furthermore, antibiotic treatment also sustained a significantly longer period of MDREC excretion in the faeces (26.8 ± 10.5 days) compared with animals not treated with enrofloxacin (8.5 ± 5.4 days; P = 0.0215). These results confirm the importance of sustained delivery of an antimicrobial agent to maintain and expand the colonization potential of drug-resistant bacteria in vivo, achieved in part by reducing the competing commensal coliforms in the gastrointestinal tract to below detectable levels in the faeces. Without in vivo antimicrobial selection pressure, commensal coliforms dominated the gastrointestinal tract at the expense of the MDREC population. Conceivably, the model developed could be used to test the efficacy of novel non-antibiotic strategies aimed at monitoring and controlling gastrointestinal colonization by multidrug-resistant members of the Enterobacteriaceae that cause nosocomial infections.
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Giácoman-Vallejos, G., C. Ponce-Caballero, and P. Champagne. "Pathogen removal from domestic and swine wastewater by experimental constructed wetlands." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 8 (March 4, 2015): 1263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.102.

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This study examined the performance of subsurface flow horizontal wetlands in total coliforms, faecal coliforms, enterococci and Salmonella removal from swine and domestic wastewaters. The effects of organic loading rate, contact time (CT) and the presence of aquatic macrophytes, Typha dominguensis and Typha latifolia, on treatment performance were evaluated. In general, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) were reduced by 66 and 72% after 24 h and 75 and 84% after 48 h in domestic wastewaters, and 73 and 71% after 24 h and 72 and 78% after 48 h in swine wastewater. Total coliform and faecal coliform reductions of 70–83% and 65–78% were observed in the vegetated systems after 24 h of CT, while after 48 h, total coliform and faecal coliform reductions of 80–82% and 86–91% were noted.
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Sandhu, C., and T. Grischek. "Riverbank filtration in India – using ecosystem services to safeguard human health." Water Supply 12, no. 6 (October 1, 2012): 783–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.054.

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India has great potential to use riverbank filtration (RBF) for drinking water production as an ecosystem service for human health, principally through effective removal of common waterborne pathogens, even during monsoon. Water quality results from site investigations in North India have shown a removal of total and faecal coliform (indicator) bacteria in the range of 1.3 to >5.2 log for total coliforms and 2.3 to >4.2 log for faecal coliforms at the bank filtration schemes of Haridwar, Nainital, Patna, and Mathura. At rural RBF sites, where bank filtrate is collected and supplied by Koops (‘well’ in Hindi), a removal of 1.0–3.4 log and 0.3–2.8 log was observed for total and faecal coliforms respectively. At the RBF sites in Haridwar and Patna, there was only minimal breakthrough of coliforms during monsoon floods, for which disinfection using conventional chlorination was sufficient.
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Fiksdal, L., I. Tryland, and H. Nelis. "Rapid detection of coliform bacteria and influence of non-target bacteria." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0769.

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Enzymatic hydrolysis of fluorogenic substrates (4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-galactoside, 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide) has been used for rapid (25min) detection of indicators of faecal water pollution, i.e. coliform and thermotolerant coliform bacteria. In the present work, enzymatic activities and different groups of bacteria (i.e. thermotolerant coliforms, coliforms, β-galactosidase positive and β-glucuronidase positive bacteria) from sewage effluent and polluted river water have been investigated. Ratios of the order of 1:10 between coliforms and β-galactosidase positive bacteria were demonstrated. The contribution from β-galactosidase positive non-coliform bacteria to the measured enzyme activity should not, therefore, be neglected. Numbers of β-glucuronidase positive non-coliforms indicate interference of this group in the rapid assay.
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Alabi, D. A., and A. A. Adesiyun. "Studies on microbial quality of filtered water in households of a university community in Nigeria." Journal of Hygiene 96, no. 2 (April 1986): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400066018.

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SUMMARYWater samples from home filters in nine residential areas of a Nigerian university community were studied. The membrane filter technique was used to determine the total coliform and faecal coliform counts/100 ml of water. Most of the 100 samples studied were grossly contaminated with total coliform counts/100 ml ranging from 0–442, faecal coliform counts/100 ml, 0–216 and the total aerobic plate count per millilitre ranged from 3·0 × 103to 1·9 × 109c.f.u. The source (dams) of water, fitness of filter candles, frequency of cleaning candles and pH of water did not significantly (P> 0·05;X2) affect the microbial quality of either filtered boiled or unboiled tap water.Escherichia colitype I was isolated from 17·9% of the faccal coliforms tested but from only 2·3% of total coliforms.Enterobacter aerogeneswas most predominant (38·5%) amongst faecal coliforms isolated whileEnterobacter cloacaewas the most frequent (37·2%) of the total coliform isolates.The gross contamination of filltered water from all households sampled calls fpr am englightenment of residents on the proper use of home water filters.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Faecal coliforms"

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Curtis, Thomas Peter. "Mechanisms of removal of faecal coliforms from waste stabilization ponds." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291029.

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Cavalcante, Fernanda Lima. "Avalia??o da efici?ncia de filtros anaer?bios na remo??o de coliformes fecais e ovos de helmintos." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2007. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15941.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FernandaLC.pdf: 619525 bytes, checksum: b172a729547f262e355961911646e833 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-19
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
The technology of anaerobic reactors for sanitary wastewater treatment has been extensively developed in Brazil, and today it is practically consolidated. They present several advantages, such as low construction and operating costs, and low sludge production, the anaerobic reactors are an attractive alternative to minimize problematic lack of basic sanitation in urban areas, and also of the rural areas. The anaerobic filters have been widely used in Brazil. It produces an effluent with low concentration of organic matter and solids suspended, besides conserving the nutrients, therefore, it is good for use in irrigation, but the practice must be associated with knowledge of the pathogens presence. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of anaerobic filters in removal faecal coliforms and helminth eggs, and to verify if the effluent can be used for agricultural purposes, according to the World Organization of Health (WHO, 1989). The protocol used to enumerate helminths eggs was the modified Bailenger method, (Ayres and Mara, 1996) recommended by WHO for evaluation of raw effluent and treated effluent. The membrane filtration method was utilized to determine the concentrations of faecal coliforms. Three different systems of sewer treatment composed by anaerobic filters were analyzed. The results, in a general analysis, showed that all the researched systems reached a larger removal than 93% to helminth eggs, resulting in an effluent with smaller average than 1 egg/L. One of these systems, Sistema RN, reached a larger removal than 99%, confirming the good performance of the anaerobic filters in removal helminths eggs. Even with low concentrations of eggs in the influent, the filters were capable to remove this parameter efficiently. About faecal coliforms, it was observed for all the researched systems an effluent with 106 CFU/100mL. The high concentrations to faecal coliforms in the effluent just allow reuse for restricted irrigation, in agreement with the guidelines of WHO. Although the researched systems have not removed faecal coliforms efficiently, the results indicated a good efficiency of the anaerobic filters in removal helminth eggs
A tecnologia de reatores anaer?bios para o tratamento de esgoto sanit?rio vem sendo extensivamente desenvolvida no Brasil, e hoje encontra-se praticamente consolidada. Apresentando diversas vantagens, como baixos custos de constru??o e opera??o, e baixa produ??o de lodo, os reatores anaer?bios s?o uma alternativa bastante atrativa para a mitiga??o dos problemas de saneamento b?sico urbano, e tamb?m das ?reas rurais. Os filtros anaer?bios v?m sendo bastante aplicados no Brasil. Sua utiliza??o produz um efluente com baixa concentra??o de mat?ria org?nica e s?lidos suspensos, al?m de conservar os nutrientes, sendo por isso muito bom para irriga??o com fins produtivos, desde que sejam resguardados os cuidados com a presen?a de organismos patog?nicos. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a efici?ncia de filtros anaer?bios na remo??o de coliformes fecais e ovos de helmintos, e verificar se os mesmos atendem ?s recomenda??es sanit?rias para reuso em irriga??o, segundo a Organiza??o Mundial de Sa?de - OMS (WHO, 1989). Para enumera??o dos ovos de helmintos foi utilizada a t?cnica de Bailenger modificada (Ayres e Mara, 1996), que deu origem ? metodologia atualmente recomendada pela OMS para avalia??o de ?guas residu?rias brutas e tratadas. Para determina??o de coliformes fecais foi utilizado o m?todo da membrana filtrante. Foram analisados tr?s diferentes sistemas de tratamento de esgoto compostos por filtros anaer?bios. Numa an?lise geral dos resultados, observou-se que todos os sistemas pesquisados atingiram efici?ncia maior que 93% para remo??o de ovos de helmintos, resultando em um efluente final com valor m?dio menor que 1 ovo/L. Um dos sistemas, o Sistema RN, alcan?ou uma remo??o maior que 99%, confirmando o bom desempenho dos filtros anaer?bios na remo??o de ovos de helmintos. Mesmo com baixas concentra??es de ovos no afluente, os filtros foram capazes de remover eficientemente este par?metro. Em rela??o ? contagem de coliformes fecais, foi observado, para todos os sistemas pesquisados um efluente final com cerca de 106 UFC/100mL. As altas concentra??es de coliformes fecais no efluente dos filtros permitem a reutiliza??o apenas para irriga??o restrita, de acordo com as diretrizes da OMS. Apesar dos sistemas pesquisados n?o removerem eficazmente coliformes fecais, os resultados encontrados no presente estudo indicaram uma boa efici?ncia dos filtros anaer?bios na remo??o de ovos de helmintos
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Ajibade, Adefisoye Martins. "Assessment of the prevalence of faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli o157:h7 in the final effluents of two wastewater treatment plants in Amahlathi Local Municipality of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016166.

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The production of final effluents that meet discharged requirements and guidelines remain a major challenge particularly in the developing world with the resultant problem of surface water pollution. This study assessed the physicochemical and microbiological qualities of two wastewater treatment works in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in terms of the prevalence of faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli O157:H7 over a five month period. All physicochemical and microbiological analyses were carried out using standard methods. Data were collected in triplicates and analysed statistically using IBM SPSS version 20.0. The ranges of some of the physicochemical parameters that complied with set guidelines include pH (6.7 – 7.6), TDS (107 – 171 mg/L), EC (168 – 266 μS/cm), Temperature (15 – 24oC), NO3- (0 – 8.2 mg/L), NO2- (0.14 – 0.71 mg/L) and PO4 (1.05 – 4.50 mg/L). Others including Turbidity (2.64 – 58.00 NTU), Free Cl (0.13 – 0.65 mg/L), DO (2.20 – 8.48 mg/L), BOD (0.13 – 6.85 mg/L) and COD (40 – 482 mg/L) did not comply with set guidelines. The microbiological parameters ranged 0 – 2.7 × 104 CFU/100 ml for FC and 0 – 9.3 × 103 for EHEC CFU/100 ml, an indication of non-compliance with set guidelines. Preliminary identification of 40 randomly selected presumptive enterohemorrhagic E. coli isolates by Gram’s staining and oxidase test shows 100% (all 40 selected isolates) to be Gram positive while 90% (36 randomly selected isolates) were oxidase negative. Statistical correlation between the physicochemical and the microbiological parameters were generally weak except in the case of free chlorine and DO where they showed inverse correlation with the microbiological parameters. The recovery of EHEC showed the inefficiency of the treatment processes to effectively inactivate the bacteria, and possibly other pathogenic bacteria that may be present in the treated wastewater. The assessment suggested the need for proper monitoring and a review of the treatment procedures used at these treatment works.
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Kele, Benjamin Mark, and b. kele@cqu edu au. "On-site Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Using Recirculatory Evapotranspiration Channels in Regional Queensland." Central Queensland University. Biology, 2005. http://library-resources.cqu.edu.au./thesis/adt-QCQU/public/adt-QCQU20060831.113529.

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The Central Queensland University developed an on-site wastewater treatment and reuse technology. Septic tanks were used for primary treatment and the discharged effluent was then pumped though a series of contained channels. The channels were designed to be a modified evapotranspiration trench; they were comprised of an aggregate layer and a soil layer in which were planted a variety of plants. The aggregate and the soil provided physical filtration, the microorganisms within the effluent, aggregate and soil provided nutrient reuse and transformation and the plants also used the nutrients and reused the treated effluent through evapotranspiration. Any effluent that was not transpired was returned to a holding tank and pumped through the evapotranspiration again. The treatment technology was assessed in relation to its ability to treat effluent in a sustainable manner. The water and soil was examined for concentrations of nutrients, heavy metals, salts, sodium, and organic carbon %. The pH, temperature and number of colony forming units of certain microorganism potential pathogens were also inspected in the soil and the water. The plants grown within the evapotranspiration channels were assessed in regards to their health, water usage, and in some cases potential pathogens on fruit. The infrastructure that was used to construct the wastewater treatment and reuse system was also evaluated in regards to reliability and maintenance. Certain limiting factors, in particular sodicity and salinity were identified, but the trial was successful and a sustainable form of on-site wastewater treatment and reuse technology was developed.
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Rajkumar, Yasmin. "The fate of microbial contaminants in the subsurface with a South African case study." Thesis, Online Access, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/usrfiles/modules/etd/docs/etd_gen8Srv25Nme4_2581_1277756469.pdf.

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Bracho, Nibis. "Optimisation of faecal coliform removal performance in three tertiary maturation ponds." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397131.

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Mills, Stephen William. "Sewage treatment in waste stabilisation ponds : physiological studies on the microalgal and faecal coliform populations." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328437.

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Wutor, Victor Collins. "Development of a novel in situ CPRG-based biosensor and bioprobe for monitoring coliform β-D-Galactosidase in water polluted by faecal matter." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004003.

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The ultimate objective of this work was to develop a real-time method for detecting and monitoring β-D-galactosidase as a suitable indicator of the potential presence of total coliform bacteria in water environments. Preliminary comparison of the chromogenic substrate, chlorophenol red β-D-galactopyranoside and the fluorogenic substrate, MuGAL, revealed unreliable results with the fluorogenic technique due to interference from compounds commonly found in environmental water samples. Thus, the chromogenic assay was further explored. Hydrolysis of the chromogenic substrate chlorophenol red β-D-galactopyranoside by β-D-galactosidase to yield chlorophenol red was the basis of this assay. Fundamental studies with chlorophenol red β-Dgalactopyranoside showed that β-D-galactosidase occurs extracellularly and in low concentrations in the polluted water environment. A direct correlation between enzyme activity and an increase in environmental water sample volume, as well as enzyme activity with total coliform colony forming unit counts were observed. Spectrophotometric detection was achieved within a maximum period of 24 h with a limit of detection level of 1 colony forming unit 100 ml[superscript -1]. This enzyme also exhibited physical and kinetic properties different from those of the pure commercially available β-D-galactosidase. Cell permeabilisation was not required for releasing enzymes into the extracellular environment. PEG 20 000 offered the best option for concentrating β-D-galactosidase. The source of β-D-galactosidase in the polluted environmental water samples was confirmed as Escherichia coli through SDS-PAGE, tryptic mapping and MALDI-TOF, thus justifying the further use of this method for detecting and/or monitoring total coliforms. Several compounds and metal ions commonly found in environmental water samples (as well as those used in water treatment processes) did have an effect on β-D-galactosidase. All the divalent cations except Mg [superscript 2+], at the concentrations studied, inhibited the relative activity of β-D-galactosidase in both commercial β-D-galactosidase and environmental samples. Immobilisation of chlorophenol red β-D-galactopyranoside onto a solid support material for the development of a strip bioprobe was unsuccessful, even though the nylon support material yielded some positive results. A monthly (seasonal) variation in β-Dgalactosidase activity from the environmental water samples was observed, with the highest activity coinciding with the highest monthly temperatures. Electro-oxidative detection and/or monitoring of chlorophenol red was possible. Chlorophenol red detection was linear over a wide range of concentrations (0.001-0.01 μg ml[superscript -1]). Interference by chlorophenol red β-D-galactopyranoside in the reduction window affected analysis. A range of phthalocyanine metal complexes were studied in an attempt to reduce fouling and/or increase the sensitivity of the biosensor. The selected phthalocyanine metal complexes were generally sensitive to changes in pH with a reduction in sensitivity from acidic pH to alkaline pH. The tetrasulphonated phthalocyanine metal complex of copper was, however, more stable with a minimum change of sensitivity. The phthalocyanine metal complexes were generally stable to changes in temperature. While only two consecutive scans were possible with the unmodified glassy carbon electrode, 77 consecutive scans were performed successfully with the CuPc-modified glassy carbon electrode. Among the phthalocyanine metal complexes studied, the CuPc-modified glassy carbon electrode therefore provided excellent results for the development of a biosensor. The CuPc modified-glassy carbon electrode detected 1 colony forming unit 100 ml[superscript -1] in 15 minutes, while the plain unmodified glassy carbon electrode required 6 hours to detect the equivalent number of colony forming units. CoPc, ZnPc and CuTSPc required 2, 2.25 and 1.75 h, respectively, to detect the same numbers of colony forming units. The CuPcmodified glassy carbon electrode detected 40 colony forming units 100 ml[superscript -1] instantly. In general, a direct correlation between colony forming units and current generated in the sensor was observed (R2=0.92). A higher correlation coefficient of 0.99 for 0-30 coliform colony forming units 100 ml[superscript -1] was determined. Current was detected in some water samples which did not show any colony forming units on the media, probably due to the phenomenon of viable but non-culturable bacteria, which is the major disadvantage encountered in the use of media for detecting indicator microorganisms. This novel biosensor therefore presents a very robust and sensitive technique for the detection and/or monitoring of coliform bacterial activity in water.
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Swanepoel, Chantel. "Determination of the quality of environmental water using GC-MS based faecal sterol analysis / Chantel Swanepoel." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/15592.

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Faecal indicator bacteria have traditionally been used in the detection of faecal pollution in water, but due to concerns about the lack of reliability of these indicators, alternative methods have been developed. One of which is the detection of sterols present in human and animal excreta via GC-MS analysis of water in this study. The Szűcs method was used to detect six target sterols (coprostanol, cholesterol, dehydrocholesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and stigmastanol) in environmental water samples. An initial study was done by analysing raw sewage and effluent (human faecal sterol biomarkers) and water samples were spiked with excreta from cattle, chickens, horses, pigs, and sheep to determine faecal sterol fingerprints. The method was evaluated for quantitation and differences between the water samples from each species. Following liquid-liquid extraction, silylation and derivatization, samples were analysed by GC-MS. Standard curve assays were linear up to 160ng and the limit for quantification was 20ng. The human faecal sterol biomarker was coprostanol, while herbivore profiles were dominated by terrestrial sterol biomarkers (stigmasterol and stigmastanol). Sterol fingerprints and differences in concentrations of sterols between various animals and between animals and humans occurred, providing the opportunity to determine whether faecal pollution was from humans or from animals. The method proved sensitive enough to evaluate faecal contamination in environmental water. Groundwater was collected from bore-holes and surface water samples were collected from the Baberspan Inland Lake. Physico-chemical parameters analysed indicated that pH for surface water samples was above 6.9. The total dissolved solids (TDS) in groundwater indicated that the water was not suitable for human consumption, but could be used for livestock watering. Surface water electrical conductivity (EC) and inorganic nitrates was too high to be used for irrigational purposes. Nitrates in groundwater were too high to be consumed by humans. In groundwater, the total coliform target water quality range (TWQR) was exceeded at 53% of sites analysed and faecal coliform TWQR were exceeded at 77% sites. Surface water samples complied with TWQR with regards to faecal coliforms for full contact recreational activities and livestock watering. The TWQR for E. coli, with regards to full contact recreational activities, was within a safe range for surface water. Faecal streptococci were found in 85% of groundwater sampling sites. And surface water faecal streptococci counts exceeded the TWQR for full contact recreational activities. There is no TWQR for faecal sterols in water, but concentrations of cholesterol and coprostanol was found at three of the groundwater sites analysed. This indicates faecal contamination from possible animal and human origin. Surface water samples analysed showed that the Harts River water is clean and free of faecal sterols, while the water analysed from the inflow, hotel and outflow, cholesterol eluted, which showed faecal contamination, possibly from animals. Faecal sterol markers could be detected in groundwater and surface water, adding an extra dimension to determining the quality of water systems. An optimization and sensitivity study of the method was done on waste water treatment plant (WWTP) raw sewage and effluent. The WWTP sample analysed form Potchefstroom and Carletonville WWTP yielded all six target sterols in the raw sewage water samples, but no sterols eluted in the effluent samples. The raw sewage water sample taken from the Fochville WWTP yielded all six target sterols as well, however, the effluent yielded an unknown compound as well as cholesterol. An alternative study was done where the effluent sample volume was increased. By increasing the volume of water, one can possibly increase the amount (“load”) of sterols extracted and analysed, resulting in a higher abundance of target sterols. By using the target qualifier ions of the six target sterols, and the GC-TOF/MS software, the target sterols could still be qualitatively determined. Optimal volume for raw sewage is 300 ml water sample as this is enough to yield all 6 target sterols. For optimum water quality monitoring via faecal sterol analysis of effluent and other environmental samples, at least 1L sample volume needs to be collected and analysed. The methods described here can be applied to the analysis of environmental water samples. The technical advantages also make it suitable for routine environmental monitoring of faecal pollution.
MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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10

Wutor, V. C., C. A. Togo, and B. I. Pletschke. "Suitability of total coliform beta-D-galactosidase activity and CFU counts in monitoring faecal contamination of environmental water samples." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006165.

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Total coliforms are a group of bacteria found in high numbers in mammalian intestines; hence their presence in water indicates the possible contamination with faecal material. Total and faecal coliform counts were monitored over a period of 18 months using mFC, m-Endo and CM1046 media together with enzymatic assays on 215 environmental water samples obtained from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. A positive correlation, with an R2 value of 0.9393 was observed between faecal and total coliform colony units employing mFc and m-Endo media, and 0.8818 using CM1046 media. Also, a positive correlation was observed between Escherichia coli colony-forming units and β-D-galactosidase (B-GAL) activity (R2=0.8542). Overall, this study indicated that faecal contamination of environmental water samples could be monitored by measuring total coliform β-galactosidase activity and total coliform colony-forming units.
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Books on the topic "Faecal coliforms"

1

Seyfried, P. L. Humber River bacteriological study: Identification of faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci and verification of newer tests to determine human and non-human faeces : RAC project no. 113 PL. Toronto: University of Toronto, Dept. of Microbiology, 1987.

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Melcher, Heather A. Concentration of faecal coliform bacteria in Prince Edward Island headwater streams. Charlottetown: Prince Edward Island, Fisheries, Aquaculture and Environment, 2001.

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Melcher, Heather A. Concentrations of faecal coliform bacteria in Prince Edward Island headwater streams. Charlottetown, P.E.I: Dept. of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Environment, 2001.

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Smith, Chris. Seasonal aspects of faecal coliform concentrations in nine springs in the Ramallah Area. Bir Zeit, West Bank: Community Health Unit, Birzeit University, 1985.

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Smith, Chris. Faecal coliform concentrations of cistern and stored household water in the Palestinian village of Abu Shkheidem. Bir Zeit, West Bank: Community Health Unit, Birzeit University, 1985.

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Jeremy, Wilkinson, and Institute of Hydrology, eds. Modelling faecal coliform concentrations in streams. Wallingford: Institute of Hydrology, 1995.

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Jeremy, Wilkinson, and Institute of Hydrology (Great Britain), eds. Modelling faecal coliform concentrations in streams. Wallingford: Institute of Hydrology, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Faecal coliforms"

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Ahmad, Asmat, Ayokunle Christopher Dada, Gires Usup, and Heng Lee Yook. "Enterococci Concentrations in Tropical Coastal Beaches in Malaysia Correlate Better With Pathogen Levels and Other Water Quality Indicators than Faecal Coliforms." In From Sources to Solution, 1–6. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-70-2_1.

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García-Barcina, Jose Ma, Mikel Oteiza, and Alejandro de la Sota. "Modelling the faecal coliform concentrations in the Bilbao estuary." In Nutrients and Eutrophication in Estuaries and Coastal Waters, 213–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2464-7_18.

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Kansiime, F. "Transport and fate of faecal coliforms in the Nakivubo swamp." In Wastewater Treatment by a Natural Wetland: The Nakivubo Swamp, Uganda, 139–67. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003072782-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Faecal coliforms"

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Teh, Su Yean, Hock Lye Koh, Elizabeth Lee, Wing Thye Woo, and Wai Kiat Tan. "Faecal coliform simulation on sewage discharge for an environmentally sustainable township in Medini Iskandar Johor Malaysia." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 13TH IMT-GT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS, STATISTICS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS (ICMSA2017). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5012216.

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