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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Factory and trade waste'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Wessberg, Nina. "Teollisuuden häiriöpäästöjen hallinnan kehittämishaasteet /." [Espoo, Finland] : VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2007. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/2007/P650.pdf.

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2

Pramanik, Amit. "Evaluation of organic and hydraulic loading on the performance of a roughing trickling filter tower using sessil media to treat a high strength industrial wastewater." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10102009-020133/.

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3

Man, Yuk-lan Catherine. "Cyanide waste management : technologies, economic aspects, and constraints /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17665346.

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4

Lape, Jeffrey L. "A printed circuit board manufacturer's compliance with pretreatment requirements : case study /." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01202010-020301/.

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5

Kam, Kwok-hang Dave. "Review on the industrial wastewater management in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19945437.

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6

Ko, Chi-ho. "A study of industrial waste water treatment and the feasibility of recycling /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457749.

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7

Yung, Ka-wing. "Access to the environmental legislation : do the local manufacturers understand their legal obligations? /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21301542.

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8

Ramsay, Bruce A. "The use of complex toxic industrial waste as a fermentation substrate /." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75450.

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Two complex wastes were considered for biological conversion into a marketable product. One waste, peat runoff water (the waste-water that remains after the mining of peat), was found to be unsuitable for biological conversion to any product since it contained an insufficient quantity of carbon. The other waste, NVR (non-volatile residue, the major waste from the manufacture of nylon 6$ sp prime 6 sp prime$), was found to be a suitable carbon and energy source for the production of PHB (poly-$ beta$-hydroxybutyric acid) by Pseudomonas cepacia ATCC 17697. A general approach to the development of complex toxic wastes as fermentation substrates was formulated.
NVR was found to be toxic to microorganisms. None grew in enrichment culture containing 2.0% NVR. P. cepacia was the most resistant microorganism found. It could grow well in up to 1.3% NVR. It also grew on butanoic, pentanoic, and hexanoic acid as well as 6-hexanolactone. These were found to be the major toxic components of NVR. P. cepacia was grown in a NVR-limited chemostat with a NVR feed concentration well in excess of the toxic NVR concentration. In nitrogen-limited, batch fermentation on fructose, P. cepacia accumulated PHB in excess of 50% of its dry weight. A 2-stage chemostat process for the production of PHB from NVR by P. cepacia was investigated with encouraging results.

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9

Grassiano, James W. "Wastewater treatment alternatives for a vegetable and seafood cannery." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06082009-170735/.

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10

Kohler, Ulrich F. "Waste stream logistics : a strategic management model for waste-generating companies." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1999. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.714443.

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11

文玉蘭 and Yuk-lan Catherine Man. "Cyanide waste management: technologies, economic aspects, and constraints." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253507.

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12

Gosling, Christine. "Co-disposal of rejects from coal and sand mining operations in the Blue Mountains : a feasibility study /." View thesis, 1999. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030822.133548/index.html.

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13

Gouws, Jacques Francois. "Development of a complete process integration framework for wastewater minimisation in batch processes." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04082009-215001/.

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14

Pryll, Richard Leonard. "Solving the solid waste problem : pressure from the public sector for point source reduction /." Online version of thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10868.

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15

Niutanen, Ville. "Industrial ecosystem case studies : the potential of material and energy flow roundput in regional waste management /." Joensuu : Joensuun yliopisto, 2005. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0608/2005390556.html.

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16

Tao, Yingxiang. "An assessment of alternative wastewater treatment approaches in Guangzhou /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20868364.

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17

Jonchhe, Aman. "Solid waste management in Kathmandu : a review and proposal for improvement /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19906729.

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18

Paulsen, Cindy. "Determination of the methanogenic potential of an apple processing wastewater treatment system." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1154.

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19

Lau, Kin-wah. "Management, disposal and recycling of waste organic solvents in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19945139.

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20

Danzig, Andrew Jay. "Chromatographic and mass spectrometric characterization of a landfill leachate and an industrial wastewater." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03142009-040745/.

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21

Tisinger, Jessi Lind. "Treatment of clam-processing wastewater using upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10242009-020256/.

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22

Haker, Christopher D. "Dynamic properties of municipal solid waste using surface wave tests." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20294.

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23

Kirschner, Larry E. (Larry Evan). "Bioremediation potential of the microflora in a chlorinated alkene contaminated industrial leachate." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc798453/.

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Three major microbial subpopulations from an industrial leachate system were characterized with respect to their bioremediation potential, and particular aspects of a cometabolically active subpopulation were determined.

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24

O'Kennedy, Onicha Deborah. "Application of biogranules in the anaerobic treatment of distillery effluents." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51617.

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Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The distillery industry produces large volumes of waste water with a high organic content throughout the year. These effluents must be treated in some manner before being discharged or recycled in the factory. Several treatment options are in use presently, but they all have disadvantages of some nature, such as long retention times, bad odours or the need for large areas of land. Considerable interest has been shown in the application of anaerobic digestion, especially the UASB design (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket), to treat this high strength waste water. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) bioreactor using full-strength distillery effluent. The activity of the bacteria in the biogranules was also evaluated by developing an easy and reliable activity method to estimate the general biogas and methanogenic activity and to calibrate this method using different anaerobic granules from different sources. The influence of high strength distillery effluent on the anaerobic digestion process was investigated using a mesophilic lab-scale UASB bioreactor. During the experimental study, the organic loading rate (OLR) was gradually increased from 2.01 to 30.00 kgCOD.m-3.d-1, and simultaneously, the substrate pH was gradually lowered from 7.0 to 4.7. It was found that at an OLR of 30.00 kgCOD. m-3.d-1,the pH, alkalinity and biogas production stabilised to average values of 7.8, 6 000 mg.l-1 and 18.5 I.d-1 respectively. An average COD removal> 90% was found indicating excellent bioreactor stability. The low substrate pH holds considerable implications in terms of operational costs, as neutralisation of the biorector substrate is no longer necessary. The accumulation of fine solids present in the distillery substrate was found at the higher OLR's and resulted in the granular bed increasing with subsequent biomass washout and a lowering in efficiency parameters. However, a possible pre-treatment filtration of these fine solids would eliminate this problem. The success of the upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) process is mainly due to the capability of retaining the active biomass in the reactor. Over the years, several methods have been developed to characterise and quantify sludge activity but each has advantages and disadvantages. There is thus an increasing need for a rapid method to evaluate the activity of the granular biomass. The activity method of Owen et al. (1979) as adapted by Lamb (1995), was thus evaluated in terms of efficiency and applicability in determining the activity of granular samples. The method was found to be inaccurate as well as time consuming and it was thus modified. Results obtained with the modified assay method were found to be more accurate and the impact of the different test substrates (glucose, lactate, acetate and formate) on activity, was more evident. The activity of seven different anaerobic granules, was subsequently evaluated. Biogas (Ss) and methanogenic (SM) activity was not measured in volume of gas produced per unit COD converted or volatile suspended solids (VSS), but as tempo of gas production (ml.h-1) in a standardised basic growth medium. The activity data obtained were also displayed as bar charts and "calibration scales". This illustrative depiction of activity data gave valuable information about population dynamics as well as possible substrate inhibition. The "calibration scales" can also be used to group the general biogas (Ss) and methanogenic activities (SM) of any new biogranule relative to active (O-type) and inactive (W-type) anaerobic granules, providing that the same method of activity testing is used. The "calibration scales" can thus be used to give a fast indication of how the activity value of one sample relates to the activity values of other granules, even when using different test substrates.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die stokery industrie produseer groot hoeveelhede afvalwater, wat hoë ladings van organiese materiaal gedurede die hele jaar bevat. Hierdie afvalwater moet op een of ander manier behandel word voordat dit gestort of vir hergebruik aangewend kan word. Daar is tans verskeie behandelingsmetodes wat gebruik kan word, maar elk het sy eie tekortkominge soos bv. lang retensie tye, onaangename reuke of die behoefte aan groot stukke oop grond. Groot belangstelling is getoon vir die gebruik van anaerobiese vertering, en meer spesifiek die "uflow anaerobic sludge blanket" UASB bioreaktor vir die behandeling van stokery uitvloeisels. Die doel van die studie was dus om die algehele effektiwiteit van 'n UASB bioreaktor, wat onverdunde stokery uitvloeisel behandel, te evalueer. Die methanogene- en algehele aktiwiteit van die bakterië in die biogranules was ook ge-evalueer deurdat 'n maklike en betroubare aktiwiteitsmetode omtwikkel is, waarna hierdie metode ook toegepas was op 'n reeks van verskillende tipe biogranules. Die invloed van volsterkte stokery uitvloeisel op die anaerobiese verteringsprosesse was ondersoek met die gebruik van 'n mesofiele laboratoriumskaal UASB bioreaktor. Gedurende die eksperimentele studie, was die organiese ladingstempo (OLT) verhoog van 2.01 na 30.00 kgCSB.m-3.d-1 (CSB = chemiese suurstof behoefte) met die gelyktydige verlaging in die pH van die bioreaktorsubstraat van 7.0 na 4.7. Dit was vasgestel dat met 'n OLT van 30.00 kgCSB.m-3.d-1, die pH, alkaliniteit en biogas geproduseer, gestabiliseer het na gemiddelde waardes van 7.8, 6000 mg.-1 en 18.5l.d-1 , respektiewelik, sowel as 'n gemiddelde CSB verwydering van> 90%. Al hierdie waardes dui uitstekende bioreaktor stabiliteit aan. Die lae bioreaktorsubstraat pH kan van groot waarde wees vir die industrie, aangesien neutralisering van die uitvloeisel nie meer nodig is nie en kan sodoende die operasionele koste van die proses verlaag. Die konsentrering van fyn opgeloste soliedes in die bioreaktor by hoë OLT's, kan egter problematies raak, aangesien dit die granule-bed kan vergroot en veroorsaak dat van die biomassa uitspoel en kan verlore gaan. Die verlies van aktiewe biomassa kan die effektiwiteitsparameters negatief beinvloed, maar die plasing van 'n filterings stap voor die verterings stap, behoort hierdie probleem op te los. The sukses van die UASB-stelsel rus op die versekering dat die aktiewe biomassa in die reaktor behoue bly. Oor die jare was daar 'n verskeidenheid van aktiwiteitstoetsings-metodes ontwikkel, elk met sy eie nadele. Daar bestaan dus nog steeds 'n groot behoefte vir die daarstelling van 'n aktiwiteitstoetsings-metode wat vinnig en maklik is om uittevoer. Die aktiwiteitstoetsings-metode van Owen et al. (1979) wat deur Lamb (1995) aangepas is, was in terme van sy effektiwiteit en toepaslikheid ten opsigte van die gebruik daarvan vir aktiwiteitstoetsing vir biogranules, ge-evalueer. Dit is bevind dat die metode onakkuraat sowel as tydsrowend was en gevolglik dus aangepas. Die aangepaste metode het meer akkurate resultate gelewer en die impak van die verskillende toetssubstrate (glukose, laktaat, asetaat en formaat) op die granules het ook meer duidelik na vore gekom. Gevolglik was die aktiwiteit van sewe verskillende anaerobiese biogranules ondersoek. Die eenheid waarin atiwiteitsresultate aangegee is, was nie in volume gas geproduseer per eenheid CSB verwyder of per hoeveelheid gesuspendeerde vlugtige vetsure in die biomassa nie, maar as tempo van biogas (S8)- of metaan (SM)produksie (ml.h-1). Die data wat op hierdie wyse bekom was, is gebruik om staafdiagramme sowel as "kalibrasie skale" daar te stel. Hierdie illustrerende wyse om aktiwiteitsdata uit te beeld verskaf waardevolle informasie ten opsigte van die interaksies tussen die verskillende populasies in die granule en kan ook die aanwesigheid van moontlike substraat inhibisie aandui. Die "Kalibrasie skale" kan ook gebruik word om die algehele (SB) en methanogene (SM)aktiwiteite van einge nuwe biogranule vinnig te klassifiseer ten op sigte van 'n aktiewe (O-tipe) en 'n minder aktiewe (W-tipe) anaerobiese granules, mits dieselfde metode gebruik word om die aktiwiteits data te bekom.

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25

Chapin, Rodney Wayne. "Substrate induced failure of biological phosphorus removal." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12162009-020220/.

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26

Louis, Richard Joseph. "Utilization of a combined activated sludge fixed film media system for treatment of a high strength, high ammonia, industrial wastewater." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06112009-063901/.

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27

杜國良 and Kwok-leung Dao. "Development of sample decomposition methods, preconcentration techniques and separation methods for high performance liquidchromatographic analysis of environmental pollutants and industrialwastes." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31233545.

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28

Dao, Kwok-leung. "Development of sample decomposition methods, preconcentration techniques and separation methods for high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of environmental pollutants and industrial wastes /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13793871.

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29

Schllemer, Magalí Aparecida. "Preparação e caracterização de biofilmes à base de manipueira para imobilização de caulinita intercalada com ureia." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/628.

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CAPES
A problemática da geração de resíduos industriais vem se agravando, principalmente pelo fato de que somente uma pequena parcela desses resíduos é corretamente tratada e devidamente destinada em locais próprios. Um exemplo de resíduo com grande potencial poluidor é a manipueira, efluente líquido gerado em grandes quantidades no processamento de mandioca para a produção de farinha e de fécula. A manipueira contém uma elevada carga orgânica na sua composição, com alto teor de fécula residual, resultante do baixo rendimento do processo de extração. Outro grande problema ambiental é a perda de nutrientes aplicados no solo por meio de fertilizantes, principalmente do nitrogênio, decorrente dos processos de lixiviação pela água das chuvas e volatilização pelo aquecimento do solo, que trazem prejuízos financeiros aos agricultores e danos ambientais pelo excesso de nutrientes levados aos corpos hídricos. Aliando-se essas duas questões, o objetivo desse trabalho foi preparar e caracterizar biofilmes à base de manipueira pura, e também de manipueira com a incorporação dos aditivos poli-(álcool vinílico) e alginato de sódio, avaliando-se assim, a influência desses aditivos nas características finais dos biofilmes. Após esta etapa, avaliou-se qual dos biofilmes produzidos obteve características compatíveis para a imobilização da caulinita intercalada com ureia, visando avaliar esse conjunto como fertilizante de liberação lenta de nitrogênio, que prioriza a liberação gradual do nutriente. A partir da caracterização da manipueira utilizada, determinou-se que a mesma possui um teor de 3% de fécula na sua composição, dessa forma, o resíduo foi utilizado como solução filmogênica para formação dos biofilmes. Esses biofilmes foram caracterizados e apresentaram baixas propriedades de barreira ao vapor de água, entretanto, os biofilmes de manipueira pura e de manipueira com poli-(álcool vinílico) possuem boas propriedades mecânicas e alta estabilidade térmica. Os biofilmes de manipueira com alginato de sódio apresentaram características mecânicas inferiores aos citados acima e com menor estabilidade térmica. A partir das características apresentadas, o biofilme de manipueira pura foi escolhido para ser o meio imobilizante da caulinita intercalada com ureia, onde, além da caracterização realizada como nos demais biofilmes, foi também avaliada a liberação do nitrogênio por meio de ensaios de lixiviação e de aquecimento. Observou-se que nos ensaios de lixiviação a imobilização não foi efetiva, perdendo 73,37% do nitrogênio incorporada já no menor tempo empregado no ensaio, entretanto, no ensaio de aquecimento, o biofilme de manipueira pura apresentou uma alta imobilização até 170 ºC, com uma perda de nitrogênio de somente 14,93%. A análise dos resultados mostra que os biofilmes à base de manipueira são uma alternativa viável de reaproveitamento desse resíduo, apresentando boas características, entretanto, quando o emprego é a imobilização da caulinita intercalada com ureia é necessário um maior estudo buscando meios para reduzir as perdas por lixiviação.
The problem of industrial waste generation has aggravating mainly by the fact that only a small portion of that waste is properly treated and properly designed in suitable places. An example of waste with high pollution potential is manipueira, liquid effluent generated in large quantities in manihot processing for the production of flour and starch. Manipueira contains a large organic load in its composition, with high levels of residual starch, resulting in low yield of the extraction process. Another major environmental problem is the loss of nutrients applied to the soil through fertilizers, especially nitrogen, resulting from leaching processes by rain water and volatilization soil heating, which brings financial damage to farmers and environmental damage by excess nutrients carried to water bodies. Allying these two issues, the objective of this work was to produce biofilms based on pure manipueira, and too manipueira with incorporation of additives poly (vinyl alcohol) and sodium alginate, thus assessing the influence of these additives in the final characteristics of biofilms. After this step, we evaluated which of biofilms produced consistent characteristics obtained for the immobilization of kaolinite intercalated with urea, to evaluate this set as a slow release fertilizer nitrogen, which prioritizes the gradual release of the nutrient. From the characterization of cassava used, it was determined that it has a content of 3% starch in composition, thus the residue was used as filmogenic solution for the formation of biofilms.These biofilms were described and presented barrier properties to water vapor low, however, the biofilm manipueira and pure manipueira and manipueira with poly (vinyl alcohol) have good mechanical properties and high thermal stability. Biofilms manipueira with sodium alginate showed inferior mechanical characteristics to those cited above and with lower thermal stability. From the characteristics presented, the biofilm pure manipueira was chosen to be the means of immobilizing kaolinite intercalated with urea, which, besides the characterization performed as in other biofilms was also investigated the release of nitrogen through leaching tests and heating. It was observed that the leaching tests was not effective immobilization, losing 73.37% of the nitrogen already incorporated in the shortest time employed in the assay, however, a test of heating, the biofilm pure manipueira showed high immobilization to 170 ° C, with a loss of nitrogen of only 14.93%. The analysis suggests that biofilms based manipueira are a viable reuse of this waste, with good features, however, when employment is immobilization of kaolinite intercalated with urea requires a larger study looking at ways to reduce leaching losses.

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30

Ko, Chun-wa Johnason. "Sewage treatment in private sector /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457750.

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31

Jonchhe, Aman. "Solid waste management in Kathmandu: a reviewand proposal for improvement." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31259674.

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32

Vanzetto, Suelen Cristina. "Estudos de viabilidade de tratamento de efluente de indústria de celulose kraft por reator biológico com leito móvel (MBBR)." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2012. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/333.

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CAPES
As indústrias de celulose são caracterizadas pelo alto consumo de água em seus processos produtivos, gerando consequentemente grandes volumes de efluentes líquidos que apresentam na maior parte de sua composição compostos lignínicos, matéria orgânica, cor e toxicidade. O efluente de celulose, quando não tratado ou tratado de forma indevida, pode comprometer a qualidade da água dos corpos receptores, por conter substâncias tóxicas à comunidade aquática. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de tratamento de efluente de celulose e papel por reator MBBR, através da remoção de matéria orgânica (DQO e DBO5), compostos fenólicos, cor, compostos lignínicos e aromáticos. Para isso um reator MBBR em escala de bancada foi operado por 180 dias com diferentes velocidades de carga orgânica 0,2; 0,4; 1,2; 4,0; 9,0 kgDQO/L.d. Neste foi quantificada também a biomassa aderida e em suspensão na massa liquida. O efluente analisado apresentou 48 e 94% de remoção de DQO e DBO5 respectivamente, também houve remoção de compostos fenólicos e cor de 24 e 12% para VCO de 0,4 kgDQO/L.d, para mesma VCO a remoção de compostos lignínicos e aromáticos foi de 16 e 8,5 % respectivamente.
The pulp mills are characterized by high water consumption their production processes, thereby generating large volumes of effluents that present in most of composition lignínicos compounds, organic matter, color and toxicity. The wastewater from pulp, if left untreated or treated improperly, can compromise the water quality of receiving waters, which contain substances toxic to the aquatic community. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of wastewater treatment of pulp and paper by MBBR reactor, through the removal of organic matter (COD and BOD5), phenolic compounds, color, and aromatic compounds lignínicos. To this reactor MBBR bench scale was operated for 180 days with different speeds organic load 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 4.0, 9.0 kgCOD / Ld This was also quantified and attached biomass in suspension in the liquid mass. The wastewater analysis showed 48 and 94% removal of COD and BOD5 respectively, were also removing phenolic compounds and color of 24 and 12% for 0.4 kgDQO VCO / Ld VCO same for removal of aromatic compounds and was lignínicos 16 and 8.5% respectively.

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33

Fonseka, K. C. M. (Kosmafonsekage Chintha Mirani) 1960. "Characterization of dissolved organic matter in industrial wastewaters." Monash University, Dept. of Chemistry, 2000. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8932.

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34

Weber, Michelle Lynn. "Pretreatment and biodegradation of wastewater from a textile dyeing and finishing industry." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07102009-040334/.

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35

Pearce, Annie R. "Sustainability and the built environment : a metric and process for prioritizing improvement opportunities." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19611.

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36

Semoli, Belemane Petrose. "Assessment of the practice and potential of industrial solid waste minimisation : case study of Stellenbosch." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50281.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There is increasing pressure on factories and government to practise cleaner technology. The public is becoming more and more environmentally aware and external pressure from international competitors is also forcing companies to adopt environmentally sound production practices. Our natural resources and the environment need environmentally friendly practices. Waste minimisation is not only prudent practice for manufacturing industries, but is also an integral part of environmental regulations in many countries, including South Africa. This research seeks to investigate the extent and potential for industrial waste minimisation in Stellenbosch. The objectives of this thesis are, firstly to establish and evaluate the present range and extent of industrial solid waste minimisation practices; secondly to identify and evaluate potential industrial solid waste minimisation measures that could (if necessary) be instituted in future; and finally to propose a general strategy for the minimisation of industrial solid waste in Stellenbosch. The findings reflect that currently there is little waste minimisation awareness and practice in Stellenbosch. The most common method of waste minimisation currently practised by industries is recycling through the selling of recyclables. The least common method is the equipment-related change method, due to the high costs involved in adopting this method. Based on the findings, a suitable regional waste management strategy was developed and this strategy could possibly be adopted elsewhere in South Africa. Key words: waste minimisation, waste management, re-use, recycling, factory, environment, practice, participation, cleaner technology, awareness, Stellenbosch
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is toenemende druk op fabrieke sowel as op die regering om skoner tegnologie te beoefen. Die publiek raak ook toenemend meer omgewingsbewus en druk vanaf die kant van internasionale mededingers forseer maatskappye om praktyke in te stel wat gunstig is ten optigte van die omgewing. Ons natuurlike hulpbronne en die omgewing benodig omgewingsvriendelike vervaardigingspraktyke. Die beperking van afvalstowwe is nie net vir die fabriekswese 'n wyse praktyk nie, maar maak ook in vele lande, met inbegrip van Suid-Afrika, 'n integrale deel uit van regulasies met betrekking tot die omgewing. Hierdie navorsingsprojek poog om die omvang en potensiaal van beperking van afvalstowwe in Stellenbosch te ondersoek. Die doelwitte van die ondersoek is eertens om ondersoek in te stel na die huidige reikwydte en omvang van praktyke om vaste industriële afvalstowwe te beperk en dit te evalueer; tweedens om potensiële industriële vaste afvalstofbeperkingsmaatreëls wat, indien nodig, in die toekoms ingestel sou kon word, te indentifiseer en te evalueer; en dan uiteindelik 'n algemene strategie vir die beperking van vaste industriële afvalstowwe in Stellenbosch voor te stel. Die bevindings in hierdie tesis bewys dat daar tans gennge bewustheid van die noodaaklikheid van afvalstofbeperking in Stellenbosch is en dat dit ewe min in die praktyk toegepas word. Die mees algemene vorm van beperking van afvalstowwe in die fabriekswese is deur middel van verkoop van herwinbare afvalstowwe. Die mins algemene vorm van beperking van afvalstowwe hou verband met die vervanging van toerusting. Die rede hiervoor het te doen met die koste verbonde aan die strategie. Vanuit hierdie bevindings is toepaslike strategie vir die bestuur van afvalstowwe op streeksvlak ontwikkel. Hierdie strategie sou moontlik ook elders in Suid-Afrika toegepas kon word. Sleutelwoorde: beperking van afvalstowwe, afvalstofbestuur, hergebruik, herwinning, fabriek, omgewing, praktyk, deelname, skoner tegnologie, bewustheid, Stellenbosch

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Ntiribinyange, Mary Solange. "Degradation of textile wastewater using ultra-small Β-Feooh/Tio2 heterojunction structure as a visible light photocatalyst." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2467.

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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
The worldwide high demand for drinking water has led to the development of numerous advanced wastewater treatment processes. Photocatalysis has recently become an alternative and attractive technique for green energy production and environmental remediation. It is also a wastewater treatment technique which is considered reliable and is expected to provide a sustainable solution to the scarcity of clean water. In particular, heterogeneous photocatalysts based on TiO2 nanoparticles and sunlight have been proposed as a powerful technique for degradation and mineralisation of persistent organic pollutants (POP`s). Although this method seems promising, some critical challenges are still to be addressed: namely, low photoefficiencies, faster electron and hole (𝑒−⁄ℎ+) pair recombination, utilisation of UV light and catalyst removal after treatment of pollutants.

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38

Carley, Brian Neal. "The effect of excess carbon in the anoxic basin of a biological pre-denitrification system for the treatment of landfill leachate." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28371.

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This study investigated the effect of excess carbon loading in the anoxic reactor on the nitrogen removal capacity of a biological pre-denitrification system for the treatment of a high ammonia leachate. The influent leachate was low in degradable organic carbon, thus an external carbon source was needed for denitrification requirements. Four different carbon sources were studied: methanol, glucose, acetate, and a waste brewer's yeast. The carbon loading was increased over the duration of the experimental period. The COD:NOx added to the anoxic reactor reached more than three times the carbon loading required to just achieve complete denitrification. All four carbon sources were found to support denitrification, but the glucose system showed erratic behaviour and ultimately failed after reaching a CODrNOx loading of about 23:1. The system using acetate appeared to require the least amount of COD:NOx (5.9:1) for complete denitrification, followed closely by methanol (6.2:1), then the yeast waste (8.5:1), and finally by glucose (9:1). Carbon breakthrough, the bleeding of carbon from the anoxic reactor into the aerobic reactor, was observed to occur just after complete denitrification was reached. The excess carbon did not appear to have any effect on denitrification, except in the case of the glucose system. The unit nitrification was found to decrease as the CODrNOx was increased, even though the ammonia removal remained at 100%. The decrease in nitrification, with respect to the COD:NOx, was most pronounced in the system that used methanol, and about equal in the other three systems. The cause of the decrease in nitrification is suspected to be due to increased ammonia assimilation by the heterotrophs rather than an inhibition of the nitrifiers. Nitrification ceased in the glucose system, but was restored within 12 days after the glucose addition was halted. The cause of the failure of the nitrogen removal process in the glucose system was not determined. Nitrite accumulation was observed in all the systems except the methanol system. The yeast waste system had nitrite accumulation in the aerobic reactor at C0D:N0x loadings over 25:1. Free ammonia inhibition of Nitrobacter is suspected to be the cause of aerobic nitrite buildup. The glucose and acetate systems had nitrite buildup in the anoxic reactor until complete denitrification was achieved. Facultative anaerobic bacteria are suspected of causing this nitrite accumulation. This theory was supported by observations in the glucose system, such as low anoxic pH; this may have been due to volatile fatty acids produced from fermentation.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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39

Ang, Choon Jek, and choonjej@yahoo com au. "Treatment of printing ink wastewater using high liquid carryover mode function." Swinburne University of Technology. Environment and Biotechnology Centre, 2005. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20051017.115207.

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The aim of this project is to investigate the feasibility of the use of a novel process of high liquid carryover (HLC) mode flotation to treat wastewater from a cardboard printing and coating plant. This is conducted by characterising the process conditions with the purpose of achieving a set condition that have a low susceptibility to variability in the wastewater composition. Information pertaining to the surface and physical characteristics of the solid contained in the wastewater sample were used to explain the flotation outcomes. Fe(II) was found to be more suited for industrial use as coagulant over the more commonly known coagulants, Al(III) and Fe(III), as it has the advantages of having a constant optimum flotation pH (6.5) regardless of wastewater characteristics, as well as having a much lower detrimental effect on the flotation outcome when present in excess of the minimum requirement for flocculation of wastewater solids. This allows the setting of a coagulant dose (5 mM) that will treat both high and low solids content wastewater samples. The use of cationic surfactant (CTAB) was found to require lower coagulant dosages compared to those required for anionic (SDS) or non-ionic (TericG12A8) surfactants in order to achieve good flotation outcomes. A CTAB concentration of 300 ppm was required to achieve a stable foam that can sustain for a prolonged period to allow solid (in foam)/liquid separation. The optimum batch mode conditions for HLC flotation were found to be pH 6.5, 5 mM Fe(II) and 300 ppm CTAB. This was found to correspond to a small and negative electrophoretic mobility at the wastewater solid surface and large floc size. Batch mode flotation of individual ink components under the optimum conditions for industrial wastewater treatment revealed that the presence of large quantities of either blue or yellow inks in the wastewater can lead to poor removal. Their combined presence, however, did not have detrimental effects. Continuous mode flotation at 5 mM Fe(II), 300 ppm CTAB and pH 6.5 was found to remove above 96% of contaminants at cell residence times of 6 minutes and 88% of contaminants at cell residence times of 1.5 minute. Greater than 87% of the initial wastewater volumes were recovered as treated effluent (i.e. < 13% disposed as waste foam sludge), yielding a waste foam sludge containing between 12 and 17% solids. The best flotation outcomes were achieved when all the wastewater volume entering the flotation cell leaves the cell with the foam.

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40

Gillette, Justin D. "Evaluation of current wastewater treatment practices at Company XYZ." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2007. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2007/2007gillettej.pdf.

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41

Betteker, James Michael. "A laboratory study of solidification/stabilization technology for contaminated dredged material." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45748.

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Safe disposal of contaminated dredged material has become a significant issue especially as public environmental awareness and concerns increase. Solidification/ stabilization technology potentially may provide for a safer, more effective and more economical means of disposal. This research investigated the technical feasibility of applying solidification/stabilization technology to contaminated sediment from Indiana Harbor Canal, Indiana. Specifically, physical strength and reduction of chemical leachability resulting from solidification/stabilization A with various cement based, pozzolanic, and proprietary additives were analyzed. Also investigated was the immobilization capability of a proprietary polymer for selected organic contaminants when used in conjunction with solidification/stabilization processes. Physical strength is an important parameter in determining the ultimate bearing capacity, stability of embankments and pressure against retaining walls. Physical stabilization of contaminated dredged material is a viable treatment option. Application of cement-based and pozzolanic—based processes uses the sediment moisture to form hydration products, therefore dewaterimg is not required. All process formulations produced a solidified sediment.
Master of Science

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42

Tuan, Tong Anh Sittipong Dilokwanich. "Industrial wastewater management of Nhue river, Vietnam /." Abstract, 2006. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2549/cd387/4737900.pdf.

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43

Szeinbaum, Nadia. "Assessment of anaerobic treatment of select waste streams in paper manufacturing operations." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34847.

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The most common strategy for handling paper mill solid waste is typically disposal in landfills. However, several drawbacks are associated with this type of solid waste management, such as increasing costs due to oil price rise, governmental restrictions on land use, and environmental concerns such as leaching of disposed contaminants into groundwater, as well as methane generation of and release to the atmosphere, thus contributing to global warming. An alternative to reduce solids prior to disposal and to recover methane as a renewable fuel is anaerobic digestion, but it is not yet clear whether such an approach is feasible in paper mills. In this study, the anaerobic digestion of paper mill waste streams was evaluated for a paper plant located in Belen, Costa Rica, to investigate up to what extent certain waste streams can be anaerobically digested, to what extent energy can be produced in the form of methane for implementation in a wastewater treatment plant and to evaluate the conditions that will favor methane generation from select waste streams. Batch assays were performed to evaluate the biodegradability of single and combined waste samples under ideal, laboratory conditions. Samples were obtained from the manufacturing plant as well as the wastewater treatment plant at the paper mill under study. The ultimate biodegradability ranged 25 to 85% in terms of volatile solids destruction, corresponding to the waste activated sludge (WAS) and Flotation Cell rejects, respectively. The COD destruction of single samples ranged from 45 to 63%, corresponding to WAS and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) dissolved air flotation (DAF) skimmings, respectively. Methane generation ranged from 80 to 190 ml at 35oC/g COD added for all single samples (excluding underflows). In combination Feed 1 was reduced by 46 and 52% and Feed 2 by 27 and 38%, respectively. Two combinations of two single samples each (Feed 1 and 2), formulated according to plant operational data, and their solids and COD destruction as well as methane generation in semicontinuous flow anaerobic digesters were evaluated at different solids retention times (30, 20, 15, and 7 days). Nutrients (N, and P) availability as well as alkalinity in the plant waste streams were evaluated and minimum supplements were used to support an efficient anaerobic digestion process. The reactors reached stable operation at all retention times evaluated. Methanogenesis was the predominant, terminal metabolic process under anaerobic, mesophilic conditions, but the overall process rate was determined by the hydrolysis of the particulate substrate. Reactors fed with Feed 1 achieved the highest level of destruction, which amounted to 85% of phosphorus that is typically present in paper mill wastes. Alkalinity addition to the feed (3.5 mg NaHCO3/L) was necessary to maintain the reactors pH above 6.9.

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44

McCurdy, Michael W. "Chemical reduction and oxidation combined with biodegradation for the treatment of a textile dye wastewater." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10102009-020050/.

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45

Kamaludeen, Sara Parwin Banu. "Biotic-abiotic transformations of chromium in long-term tannery waste contaminated soils : implications to remediation." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk15.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 166-180. Determines the effect of chromium on the soil microbial community and its activity, the biotic-abiotic mechanisms involved in chromium oxidation, and phytostabilization of chromium using plants and organic amendment in tannery-waste contaminated soil.

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46

Ko, Chi-ho, and 高志浩. "A study of industrial waste water treatment and the feasibility of recycling." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253398.

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47

Mutambanengwe, Cecil Clifford Zvandada. "Hydrogenases from sulphate reducing bacteria and their role in the bioremediation of textile effluent." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004019.

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The continuing industrial development has led to a corresponding increase in the amount of waste water generation leading to a consequential decline in levels and quality of the natural water in the ecosystem. Textile industries consume over 7 x 10[superscript 5] tons of dyes annually and use up to 1 litre of water per kg of dye processed and are third largest polluters in the world, the problem being aggravated by the inefficiencies of the dye houses. An abundance of physio-chemical methods are in use world wide, however, there is increasing concern as to their impact in effectively treating textile effluents as they introduce secondary pollutants during the ‘remediation’ process which are quite costly to run, maintain and clean up. Research on biological treatment has offered simple and cost effective ways of bioremediating textile effluents. While aerobic treatment of textile dyes and their effluents has been reported, its major draw back is commercial up-scaling and as such anaerobic systems have been investigated and shown to degrade azo dyes, which form the bulk of the dyes used world wide. However, the mechanisms involved in the bioremediation of these dyes are poorly understood. The aims of this study were to identify and investigate the role of enzymes produced by sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) in bioremediating textile dye and their effluents. Sulphate reducing bacteria were used in this study because they are tolerant to harsh environmental conditions and inhibit the proliferance of pathogenic micro-organisms. The appearance of clear zones in agar plates containing azo dye concentrations ranging from 10 – 100 mgl[superscript -1] showed the ability of SRB to decolourize dyes under anaerobic conditions. Assays of enzymes previously reported to decolourise azo dyes were not successful, but led to the identification of hydrogenase enzyme being produced by SRB. The enzyme was found to be localised in the membrane and cytoplasm. A surface response method was used to optimize the extraction of the enzyme from the bacterial cells resulting in approximately 3 fold increase in hydrogenase activity. Maximum hydrogenase activity was found to occur after six days in the absence of dyes but was found to occur after one day in the presence of azo dyes. A decline in hydrogenase activity thereafter, suggested inhibition of enzymatic activity by the putative aromatic amines produced after azo cleavage. Purification of the hydrogenase by freeze drying, poly ethylene glycol, and Sephacryl – 200 size exclusion- ion exchange chromatography revealed the enzyme to have a molecular weight of 38.5 kDa when analyzed by a 12 % SDS-PAGE. Characterisation of the enzyme revealed optimal activity at a pH of 7.5 and temperature of 40 °C while it exhibited a poor thermal stability with a half-life of 32 minutes. The kinetic parameters V[subscript max] and K[subscript m] were 21.18 U ml[superscript -1} and 4.57 mM respectively. Application of the cell free extract on commercial dyes was not successful, and only whole SRB cells resulted in decolourisation of the dyes. Consequently trials on the industrial dyes and effluents were carried out with whole cells. Decolourisation rates of up to 96 % were achieved for the commercial dyes and up to 93 % for the industrial dyes over a period of 10 days.

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Binner, Eleanor, and ebinner@iprimus com au. "Investigation of trichloroethene destruction for the degreasing industry." Swinburne University of Technology, 2005. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20051025.112548.

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The major objective of this project was to assess the application of atmospheric pressure microwave induced plasmas to the control of trichloroethene vapour emissions from industrial cleaning processes. Laboratory experiments, chemical modelling and chemical analysis were the three major elements of the project. A typical stream to be treated, as measured at the project test site, was 60 lmin-1 of air contaminated with 2 % trichloroethene vapour. The practical experiments carried out were trichloroethene dissociation by microwave plasma, propane-assisted microwave plasma and conventional propane combustion. Flow rates of 4 � 12 lmin-1, trichloroethene concentrations of 0 � 6 % in air and plasma powers of up to 3 kW were investigated. The processes were simulated using both equilibrium and kinetic modelling in CHEMKIN. Chemical analysis was done using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector, with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to identify eluted compounds. The destruction and removal efficiencies, by-products, temperature and robustness of each process were investigated. A simple economic and environmental analysis was done, and the results were compared with currently available processes.

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49

Masur, Deanne Christine. "Microbial and geochemical processes controlling the oxidation and reduction of arsenic in soils." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/masur/MasurD0507.pdf.

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50

Pasa, Carine Cristiane Machado Urbim. "Utilização de modelo de referência para a melhoria dos processos construtivos de edificações buscando a redução da geração de resíduos no setor de construções residenciais." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2012. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/590.

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A indústria da construção civil gera grande volume de resíduos durante a execução de seus empreendimentos e a causa desta geração está muitas vezes relacionada à forma de execução das tarefas inerentes ao processo construtivo. Na maioria dos empreendimentos não existe formalização do processo produtivo e problemas como alterações de projeto, especificação inadequada de materiais, erros de execução e falta de planejamento contribuem para agravar o problema. O processo produtivo na construção civil se caracteriza por constante ciclo de produção de novos empreendimentos, alterações no processo durante o desenvolvimento da obra, o processo produtivo é organizado por empreendimento, pouca interação entre os membros da equipe de projeto e prazo de desenvolvimento do produto bastante variável. Nesta pesquisa utiliza-se o Modelo de Referência Trevo Fractal para mapear o processo produtivo na construção de edificações residenciais com o objetivo de se propor melhores práticas que venham a reduzir a geração de resíduos. O processo de aplicação deste modelo de referência é interativo e iterativo, a escolha do ponto de partida para sua aplicação é aleatória e depende do caso que esteja sendo analisado. A abordagem do problema foi qualitativa e empregou-se como técnica a pesquisa de campo com caráter exploratório descritivo. A coleta de dados se deu através de entrevistas com engenheiros e mestres de obras e observações em obras residenciais na cidade de Ponta Grossa. Observou-se que as duas grandes causas de geração de resíduos são os erros envolvidos nas atividades de projeto e execução dos empreendimentos. Com relação aos projetos, as principais falhas são a falta de compatibilização dos mesmos e alterações no projeto durante a execução do empreendimento. Durante a execução, a geração de resíduos está relacionada a erros durante a execução das atividades devido à falta de qualificação da mão de obra e falta de planejamento e gestão da execução do empreendimento. A aplicação do modelo apontou como melhores práticas a compatibilização de projetos, o repasse de informações e possibilidade do projeto ao cliente, a qualificação da mão de obra e o gerenciamento e planejamento adequado para a execução do empreendimento.
The construction industry produces large amount of waste during the execution of their projects and the cause of this generation is often related to the way of executing the construction processes tasks. In most businesses there is no formalization of the production process and problems such as design changes, inadequate specification of materials, execution errors and lack of planning contribute to this situation. The production process in construction is characterized by constant production cycle of new developments, changes in process during the development of the work, the production process is organized by project, little interaction between team members design and product development period quite variable. In this research it was used the Fractal Clover Reference Model to map the production process in construction of residential buildings in order to propose best practices to reduce waste generation. The application process of the reference model is an interactive and iterative process, the choice of starting point for its application is random and depends on the case which is being analyzed. The approach to the problem was qualitative and employed as a technical field research with an exploratory descriptive. Data collection was through interviews with engineers, workers and observations in residential construction in Ponta Grossa city. It was observed that the two main causes of waste generation are the errors involved in project activities and implementation of projects. Regarding to projects, the main flaws are the lack of compatibility and design changes during the execution of the project. During the task execution, the generation of waste is related to errors during the performance of activities due to worker’s lack of qualification and lack of planning and management of the implementation of the project. The application of the Fractal Clover Reference Model showed as best practices the compatibility of projects, the transfer of information and feasibility of the project to the client, the qualifications of the workforce and proper management and planning for the implementation of enterprise.

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