Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Factory and trade waste – Purification'
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文玉蘭 and Yuk-lan Catherine Man. "Cyanide waste management: technologies, economic aspects, and constraints." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253507.
Full textAng, Choon Jek, and choonjej@yahoo com au. "Treatment of printing ink wastewater using high liquid carryover mode function." Swinburne University of Technology. Environment and Biotechnology Centre, 2005. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20051017.115207.
Full textEloff, Estie. "Evaluation of hydrogen as energy source for biological sulphate removal in industrial wastewaters." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50344.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: Biological removal of sulphate from wastewater can be achieved by using a gas mixture consisting of 80% hydrogen and 20% carbon dioxide as energy and carbon sources. A novel reactor, including a venturi device for optimal hydrogen gas-liquid contact, and geotextile for immobilisation of the sulphate reducing bacterial community, was introduced. Efficient, relatively stable sulphate removal was obtained when the reactor was operated in continuous mode. The maximum sulphate removal rate obtained when the reactor was 8% packed with geotextile, was 1 g S04/(L.d) and 4 g S04/(L.d) when the reactor was 80% packed with geotextile. Kinetic batch studies showed that the highest sulphate removal rates were obtained at 29.5 °C; a pH of 7.5; initial sulphate concentration of 4000 mg/L; initial alkalinity of 1600 mg/L; cobalt concentration of 3 mg/L and when excess hydrogen gas was fed compared to what is stoichiometrically required (900 ml/min). Nickel addition showed inhibition at increased concentrations (>3 mg/L). The biofilm structure was observed on the geotextile with electron microscopy, while the viability of the biofilm was indicated with fluorescence microscopy. These observations indicated the suitability of the geotextile as a support material for biofilm formation in the sulphate reducing system. The stability of the sulphate reducing community was analysed, using the T-RFLP protocol. It was shown that the composition of the community changed after a period of 3 months, when the reactor was subjected to environmental changes. The reactor was also observed to be more efficient in terms of sulphate removal after the environmental changes, of which the temperature change from an average of 39 to 29.5 °C was the most prominent. Subsequently, it was speculated that the population shift was in favour of a more efficient system for sulphate removal. A dynamic, viable, mesophilic sulphate reducing community was therefore observed on the geotextile support, responsible for successful sulphate removal in a novel venturi-reactor. Defining optimal operating conditions, and a knowledge of biofilm structure and composition may contribute to the successful implementation of the biological sulphate removal component of the integrated chemical-biological process for the treatment of industrial wastewater, when hydrogen and carbon dioxide are supplied as the energy and carbon sources, respectively.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ongewenste industriële afval-water kan biologies behandel word deur 'n gasmengsel van 80% waterstof en 20% koolstofdioksied te gebruik vir sulfaat verwydering. 'n Reaktor wat 'n venturi apparaat bevat vir optimale waterstofgas-vloeistof kontak, asook geotekstiel vir die immobilisasie van die bakteriële sulfaatverwyderende gemeenskap, is bekend gestel. Effektiewe, relatief stabiele sulfaatverwydering is waargeneem sodra die reaktor op 'n kontinue basis gevoer is. Die optimale sulfaat verwyderingstempo wat bereik is as die reaktor 8% met geotekstiel gevul was, was 1 g S04/(L.d) en 4 g S04/(L.d) wanneer die reaktor 80% met geotekstiel gevul was. Kinetiese groepstudies het getoon dat die beste sulfaatverwydering bereik is by 'n gemiddelde temperatuur van 29.5 °C; pH van 7.5; aanvanklike sulfaatkonsentrasie van 4000 mg/L; aanvanklike sulfied konsentrasie van 268 mg/L; aanvanklike alkaliniteit van 1600 mg/L; kobalt konsentrasie van 3 mg/L, asook wanneer 'n oormaat waterstofgas gevoer is (900 ml/min), in vergelyking met wat stoichiometries benodig word. 'n Verhoogde byvoeging van nikkel by die voerwater (3 mg/L), het tekens van inhibisie getoon. Die biofilm struktuur is waargeneem op die geotekstiel met behulp van 'n elektronrnikroskoop, terwyl die lewensvatbaarheid van die biofilm aangedui is met behulp van fluoressensie mikroskopie. Hiermee is die bruikbaarheid van geotekstiel as 'n ondersteunings-matriks bevestig. Die stabiliteit van die sulfaatverwyderende gemeenskap is ondersoek deur die T-RFLP protokol te gebruik. Hiermee is aangedui dat die samestelling van die gemeenskap verander het na die 3 maande toets periode, toe die reaktor onderhewig was aan omgewings veranderinge. Die reaktor het ook 'n verbetering in sy sulfaatverwyderings vermoë getoon na hierdie tydperk van omgewingsveranderinge, waarvan 'n temperatuur verandering vanaf 'n gemiddeld van 39 na 29.5 °C die prominentste was. Dit is dus gespekuleer dat die populasie verskuiwing ten gunste was van 'n beter sisteem vir sulfaatverwydering. 'n Dinamiese, lewensvatbare, mesofiliese sulfaatreduserende gemeenskap, verantwoordelik vir die sulfaatverwydering in die venturi-reaktor, is dus waargeneem op die geotekstiel as 'n ondersteuningsmatriks. Met hierdie evaluasie kan die insig wat verkry is in die reaktor samestelling en die optimale kondisies vir die reaktor werking, bydra tot die suksesvolle implementasie van die biologiese komponent, in die geïntegreerde chemies-biologiese proses vir die behandeling van industriële afval water, wanneer 80% waterstof en 20% koolstofdioksied gas as energie en koolstofbron respektiewelik, gebruik word.
O'Kennedy, Onicha Deborah. "Application of biogranules in the anaerobic treatment of distillery effluents." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51617.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: The distillery industry produces large volumes of waste water with a high organic content throughout the year. These effluents must be treated in some manner before being discharged or recycled in the factory. Several treatment options are in use presently, but they all have disadvantages of some nature, such as long retention times, bad odours or the need for large areas of land. Considerable interest has been shown in the application of anaerobic digestion, especially the UASB design (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket), to treat this high strength waste water. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) bioreactor using full-strength distillery effluent. The activity of the bacteria in the biogranules was also evaluated by developing an easy and reliable activity method to estimate the general biogas and methanogenic activity and to calibrate this method using different anaerobic granules from different sources. The influence of high strength distillery effluent on the anaerobic digestion process was investigated using a mesophilic lab-scale UASB bioreactor. During the experimental study, the organic loading rate (OLR) was gradually increased from 2.01 to 30.00 kgCOD.m-3.d-1, and simultaneously, the substrate pH was gradually lowered from 7.0 to 4.7. It was found that at an OLR of 30.00 kgCOD. m-3.d-1,the pH, alkalinity and biogas production stabilised to average values of 7.8, 6 000 mg.l-1 and 18.5 I.d-1 respectively. An average COD removal> 90% was found indicating excellent bioreactor stability. The low substrate pH holds considerable implications in terms of operational costs, as neutralisation of the biorector substrate is no longer necessary. The accumulation of fine solids present in the distillery substrate was found at the higher OLR's and resulted in the granular bed increasing with subsequent biomass washout and a lowering in efficiency parameters. However, a possible pre-treatment filtration of these fine solids would eliminate this problem. The success of the upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) process is mainly due to the capability of retaining the active biomass in the reactor. Over the years, several methods have been developed to characterise and quantify sludge activity but each has advantages and disadvantages. There is thus an increasing need for a rapid method to evaluate the activity of the granular biomass. The activity method of Owen et al. (1979) as adapted by Lamb (1995), was thus evaluated in terms of efficiency and applicability in determining the activity of granular samples. The method was found to be inaccurate as well as time consuming and it was thus modified. Results obtained with the modified assay method were found to be more accurate and the impact of the different test substrates (glucose, lactate, acetate and formate) on activity, was more evident. The activity of seven different anaerobic granules, was subsequently evaluated. Biogas (Ss) and methanogenic (SM) activity was not measured in volume of gas produced per unit COD converted or volatile suspended solids (VSS), but as tempo of gas production (ml.h-1) in a standardised basic growth medium. The activity data obtained were also displayed as bar charts and "calibration scales". This illustrative depiction of activity data gave valuable information about population dynamics as well as possible substrate inhibition. The "calibration scales" can also be used to group the general biogas (Ss) and methanogenic activities (SM) of any new biogranule relative to active (O-type) and inactive (W-type) anaerobic granules, providing that the same method of activity testing is used. The "calibration scales" can thus be used to give a fast indication of how the activity value of one sample relates to the activity values of other granules, even when using different test substrates.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die stokery industrie produseer groot hoeveelhede afvalwater, wat hoë ladings van organiese materiaal gedurede die hele jaar bevat. Hierdie afvalwater moet op een of ander manier behandel word voordat dit gestort of vir hergebruik aangewend kan word. Daar is tans verskeie behandelingsmetodes wat gebruik kan word, maar elk het sy eie tekortkominge soos bv. lang retensie tye, onaangename reuke of die behoefte aan groot stukke oop grond. Groot belangstelling is getoon vir die gebruik van anaerobiese vertering, en meer spesifiek die "uflow anaerobic sludge blanket" UASB bioreaktor vir die behandeling van stokery uitvloeisels. Die doel van die studie was dus om die algehele effektiwiteit van 'n UASB bioreaktor, wat onverdunde stokery uitvloeisel behandel, te evalueer. Die methanogene- en algehele aktiwiteit van die bakterië in die biogranules was ook ge-evalueer deurdat 'n maklike en betroubare aktiwiteitsmetode omtwikkel is, waarna hierdie metode ook toegepas was op 'n reeks van verskillende tipe biogranules. Die invloed van volsterkte stokery uitvloeisel op die anaerobiese verteringsprosesse was ondersoek met die gebruik van 'n mesofiele laboratoriumskaal UASB bioreaktor. Gedurende die eksperimentele studie, was die organiese ladingstempo (OLT) verhoog van 2.01 na 30.00 kgCSB.m-3.d-1 (CSB = chemiese suurstof behoefte) met die gelyktydige verlaging in die pH van die bioreaktorsubstraat van 7.0 na 4.7. Dit was vasgestel dat met 'n OLT van 30.00 kgCSB.m-3.d-1, die pH, alkaliniteit en biogas geproduseer, gestabiliseer het na gemiddelde waardes van 7.8, 6000 mg.-1 en 18.5l.d-1 , respektiewelik, sowel as 'n gemiddelde CSB verwydering van> 90%. Al hierdie waardes dui uitstekende bioreaktor stabiliteit aan. Die lae bioreaktorsubstraat pH kan van groot waarde wees vir die industrie, aangesien neutralisering van die uitvloeisel nie meer nodig is nie en kan sodoende die operasionele koste van die proses verlaag. Die konsentrering van fyn opgeloste soliedes in die bioreaktor by hoë OLT's, kan egter problematies raak, aangesien dit die granule-bed kan vergroot en veroorsaak dat van die biomassa uitspoel en kan verlore gaan. Die verlies van aktiewe biomassa kan die effektiwiteitsparameters negatief beinvloed, maar die plasing van 'n filterings stap voor die verterings stap, behoort hierdie probleem op te los. The sukses van die UASB-stelsel rus op die versekering dat die aktiewe biomassa in die reaktor behoue bly. Oor die jare was daar 'n verskeidenheid van aktiwiteitstoetsings-metodes ontwikkel, elk met sy eie nadele. Daar bestaan dus nog steeds 'n groot behoefte vir die daarstelling van 'n aktiwiteitstoetsings-metode wat vinnig en maklik is om uittevoer. Die aktiwiteitstoetsings-metode van Owen et al. (1979) wat deur Lamb (1995) aangepas is, was in terme van sy effektiwiteit en toepaslikheid ten opsigte van die gebruik daarvan vir aktiwiteitstoetsing vir biogranules, ge-evalueer. Dit is bevind dat die metode onakkuraat sowel as tydsrowend was en gevolglik dus aangepas. Die aangepaste metode het meer akkurate resultate gelewer en die impak van die verskillende toetssubstrate (glukose, laktaat, asetaat en formaat) op die granules het ook meer duidelik na vore gekom. Gevolglik was die aktiwiteit van sewe verskillende anaerobiese biogranules ondersoek. Die eenheid waarin atiwiteitsresultate aangegee is, was nie in volume gas geproduseer per eenheid CSB verwyder of per hoeveelheid gesuspendeerde vlugtige vetsure in die biomassa nie, maar as tempo van biogas (S8)- of metaan (SM)produksie (ml.h-1). Die data wat op hierdie wyse bekom was, is gebruik om staafdiagramme sowel as "kalibrasie skale" daar te stel. Hierdie illustrerende wyse om aktiwiteitsdata uit te beeld verskaf waardevolle informasie ten opsigte van die interaksies tussen die verskillende populasies in die granule en kan ook die aanwesigheid van moontlike substraat inhibisie aandui. Die "Kalibrasie skale" kan ook gebruik word om die algehele (SB) en methanogene (SM)aktiwiteite van einge nuwe biogranule vinnig te klassifiseer ten op sigte van 'n aktiewe (O-tipe) en 'n minder aktiewe (W-tipe) anaerobiese granules, mits dieselfde metode gebruik word om die aktiwiteits data te bekom.
Paulsen, Cindy. "Determination of the methanogenic potential of an apple processing wastewater treatment system." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1154.
Full textBinner, Eleanor, and ebinner@iprimus com au. "Investigation of trichloroethene destruction for the degreasing industry." Swinburne University of Technology, 2005. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20051025.112548.
Full textLouis, Richard Joseph. "Utilization of a combined activated sludge fixed film media system for treatment of a high strength, high ammonia, industrial wastewater." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06112009-063901/.
Full textKo, Chi-ho, and 高志浩. "A study of industrial waste water treatment and the feasibility of recycling." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253398.
Full textVanzetto, Suelen Cristina. "Estudos de viabilidade de tratamento de efluente de indústria de celulose kraft por reator biológico com leito móvel (MBBR)." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2012. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/333.
Full textAs indústrias de celulose são caracterizadas pelo alto consumo de água em seus processos produtivos, gerando consequentemente grandes volumes de efluentes líquidos que apresentam na maior parte de sua composição compostos lignínicos, matéria orgânica, cor e toxicidade. O efluente de celulose, quando não tratado ou tratado de forma indevida, pode comprometer a qualidade da água dos corpos receptores, por conter substâncias tóxicas à comunidade aquática. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de tratamento de efluente de celulose e papel por reator MBBR, através da remoção de matéria orgânica (DQO e DBO5), compostos fenólicos, cor, compostos lignínicos e aromáticos. Para isso um reator MBBR em escala de bancada foi operado por 180 dias com diferentes velocidades de carga orgânica 0,2; 0,4; 1,2; 4,0; 9,0 kgDQO/L.d. Neste foi quantificada também a biomassa aderida e em suspensão na massa liquida. O efluente analisado apresentou 48 e 94% de remoção de DQO e DBO5 respectivamente, também houve remoção de compostos fenólicos e cor de 24 e 12% para VCO de 0,4 kgDQO/L.d, para mesma VCO a remoção de compostos lignínicos e aromáticos foi de 16 e 8,5 % respectivamente.
The pulp mills are characterized by high water consumption their production processes, thereby generating large volumes of effluents that present in most of composition lignínicos compounds, organic matter, color and toxicity. The wastewater from pulp, if left untreated or treated improperly, can compromise the water quality of receiving waters, which contain substances toxic to the aquatic community. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of wastewater treatment of pulp and paper by MBBR reactor, through the removal of organic matter (COD and BOD5), phenolic compounds, color, and aromatic compounds lignínicos. To this reactor MBBR bench scale was operated for 180 days with different speeds organic load 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 4.0, 9.0 kgCOD / Ld This was also quantified and attached biomass in suspension in the liquid mass. The wastewater analysis showed 48 and 94% removal of COD and BOD5 respectively, were also removing phenolic compounds and color of 24 and 12% for 0.4 kgDQO VCO / Ld VCO same for removal of aromatic compounds and was lignínicos 16 and 8.5% respectively.
Rajatanavin, Pajaree, and pajaree@sympatico ca. "Solid-stabilised foams produced using a mixed surfactant system." Swinburne University of Technology, 2005. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20060504.153041.
Full textMutambanengwe, Cecil Clifford Zvandada. "Hydrogenases from sulphate reducing bacteria and their role in the bioremediation of textile effluent." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004019.
Full textNdobeni, Afika. "Effect of temperature and carbon to nitrogen ratio on the performance of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor treating sugarcane molasses." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2622.
Full textThe sugar industry contributes to the development of the economy in many countries, including South Africa. The wastewater generated by this industry has a high pollution load, and therefore requires treatment before discharge to the environment. The primary aims of this study were to determine the performance of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating sugarcane molasses and to develop an empirical model to predict the behaviour of the UASB in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and biogas production. A UASB (46 L working volume) was inoculated with granular sludge from the brewery industry and was used to investigate the treatment of synthetic sugar industry wastewater with an average COD of 4101 mg/L. The experiments were designed using Design-Expert® Software Version 10. The analysis of variance for the models and the optimisation of reactor temperature and feed carbon to nitrogen (C/N ratio) were carried out using response surface methodology. The UASB was operated at constant hydraulic retention time and organic loading rate of 2.04 days and 2.01 kg/m3.d, respectively. A start-up period of 22 days was required to reach steady-state. The developed empirical models for total COD removal efficiency and biogas production rate were found to be statistically significant with Prob > F values of 0.0747 and 0.0495 and the determination coefficients (R2) were found to be 0.80 and 0.65, respectively. The optimal conditions were found to be at a temperature of 38oC and C/N ratio of 22 mgTOC/mgTN. The corresponding removal efficiencies in terms of total COD, five day biological oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and sulphate was 77.7, 85.9, 99.2, 44.4 and 57.2%, respectively. Biogas was produced at a rate of 0.832 L/L.d with a methane, carbon dioxide and molecular oxygen content of 65.2, 32.8 and 0.6%. Results suggest that UASBs may offer a feasible option for reducing the organic strength of sugar industry wastewater, while simultaneously generating methane-rich biogas.
Hendricks, Ashley Alfred. "Isolation and characterisation of lipolytic bacteria and investigation of their ability to degrade fats, oils and grease in grain distillery wastewater." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97059.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: The large volumes of effluent water generated by distillery industries is an issue of great concern as it contains pollutants that must be treated according to environmental legislation. It has been reported that grain distillery wastewater (GDWW) is high in fats, oils and greases (FOG) that can be reduced by treating with suitable microorganisms. The objective of this study was to investigate the biodegradability of FOG in GDWW. This was done by isolating lipolytic bacteria from soil, which was situated close to the GDWW treatment plant at a distillery in Wellington, South Africa. These isolates were screened for lipolytic activity on various fat substrates. Secondly, the most desirable isolates were subjected to batch biodegradation trials using GDWW as substrate and tested for their ability to biodegrade FOG. Each of the four isolates, Pseudomonas fluorescens (1), Pseudomonas luteola (2), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (3) and Bacillus licheniformis (4) were screened on three types of media: DifcoTM Spirit Blue Agar with Tributyrin (SBA-Tri); Victoria Blue B Agar with Cotton Seed Oil (VBB-CSO); and Victoria Blue B Agar with GDWW (VBB-GDWW) at different temperatures (25°C, 30°C, 37°C and 50°C) to determine optimal enzyme activity for lipolysis. Lipolysis was taken as positive when growth of dark blue colonies was formed or by the formation of a clear zone around the colony. Lipolysis was observed at all the aforementioned temperatures for P. fluorescens, P. luteola and S. maltophilia. Bacillus licheniformis failed to show any lipolytic activity at 50°C on the SBA-Tri. A decrease in lipolytic (clear) zone was observed at an increase in temperature from 25°C to 37°C for P. fluorescens. When VBB-GDWW was used as lipid substrate, isolates failed to indicate any clear zone of lipolysis, however, growth was present for all isolates in the form of a dark blue zone around colonies, which were also positive for lipolytic activity. Three lipolytic bacteria (P. luteola, S. maltophilia, and B. licheniformis) isolated from the above study were subjected to GDWW of various FOG concentrations (70 – 211 mg.L-1). These isolates were allowed to acclimatise to GDWW during a batch biodegradation period (18 – 21 d) at 37°C. Bacillus licheniformis showed the highest FOG reduction of 83% after 18 d exposure. All the strains showed that an initial acclimatisation phase improved the biodegradation of the FOG. A fatty acid profile was obtained for each batch biodegradation trial after the acclimatisation phase. It was found that these strains either biodegraded the fatty acids (FAs) or, as in the case of P. luteola, formed myristic and pentadecyclic acids from free FAs. The formation of FAs may have occurred through a process of inter-esterification. It was also found that certain precursors such as palmitoleic acid might be formed under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In this study it was shown that biodegradation of FOG can be improved by an initial acclimatisation period. Single cultures with the desirable properties can be used to lower the FOG in GDWW and need not be used in mixed cultures that could produce inhibitory components that would otherwise upset the biodegradation activity of isolates present. Bacillus licheniformis could be used as a FOG-degrading isolate during the treatment of wastewaters high in FOG. However, future studies should focus on bioaugmenting the FOG degrading bacteria from this study with other strains to monitor its activity and ensure survival and activity in larger scale studies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die groot volumes afloopwater wat opgelewer word deur die distilleer-industrie is ‘n kwessie wat groot kommer wek aangesien dit groot hoeveelhede besoedelende stowwe bevat. Daarom moet dit, volgens omgewingsverwante wetgewing, behandel word. Daar is voorheen gerapporteer dat graandistillerings-afloopwater (GDAW) hoog is in vette, olies en ghries (VOG) en dat hierdie VOG verminder kan word deur die GDAW te behandel met toepaslike mikroörganismes. Die oorhoofse doelstelling van hierdie studie was om die bioafbreekbaarheid van die VOG in GDAW te ondersoek. Dit is eerstens gedoen deur lipolitiese bakterieë uit grond wat naby ‘n graandistillerings-aanleg (Wellington, SuidAfrika) geleë is, te isoleer. Verskeie vetsubstrate is gebruik om hierdie isolate vir lipolitiese aktiwiteit te toets. Tweedens is die verkose isolate getoets vir lipolitiese aktiwiteit deur gebruik te maak van lot-bio-afbreekbaarheidsmetode. Tydens hierdie metode is GDAW as substraat gebruik en die verskillende bakterieë se vermoë om VOG af te breek is getoets. Om die optimale ensiemaktiwiteit vir lipolise van elk van die vier isolate nl. Pseudomonas fluorescens (1), Pseudomonas luteola (2), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (3) en Bacillus licheniformis (4), vas te stel, is elk getoets op drie verkillende media: “DifcoTM Spirit Blue Agar” met Tributirien (SBA-Tri); “Victoria Blue B Agar” met Katoensaadolie (VBB-KSO); en “Victoria Blue B Agar” met GDAW (VBB-GDAW) teen verskillende temperature (25°C, 30°C, 37°C en 50°C). Indien donker-blou kolonies gevorm is of ‘n deursigbare sone rondom ‘n kolonie waargeneem is, is lipolise as “positief” beskou. Lipolise is waargeneem teen alle voorafgenoemde temperature vir P. fluorescens, P. luteola en S. maltophilia. Bacillus licheniformis het nie lipolitiese aktiwiteit getoon teen 50°C op SBA-Tri. ‘n Afname in die deursigbare sone is waargeneem teenoor ‘n toename in temperatuur vanaf 25°C tot 37°C vir P. fluorescens. In die geval van VBB-GDAW as lipiedsubstraat, het isolate geen deursigbare sone vir lipolise getoon nie. Daar was egter ‘n donker-blou sone rondom kolonies teenwoordig, wat ook positief is vir lipolitiese aktiwiteit. Drie lipolitiese bakterieë (P. luteola, S. maltophilia, and B. licheniformis) is geïsoleer uit bogenoemde studie en is aan inkubasie in GDAW teen verksillende VOGkonsentrasies (70 – 211 mg.L-1) blootgestel. Hierdie isolate is toegelaat om te akklimatiseer tot die GDAW tydens ‘n lot-bio-afbreekbaarheidstydperk (18 – 21 d) teen 37°C. Bacillus licheniformis het die hoogste VOG-afname van 83% na 18 d blootstelling getoon. Alle bakterieë het getoon dat ‘n aanvanklike akklimatiserings-tydperk die bioafbreekbaarheid van die VOG verbeter. ‘n Vetsuur-profiel is verkry vir elk van die lot-bio afbreekbaarheidstoetse na die akklimatiserings-fase. Daar is bevind dat hierdie bakterieë óf die vetsure afgebreek het óf, soos in die geval van P. luteola, miristiese en pentadesikliese sure, vanaf vry-vetsure, gevorm het. Die vorming van vetsure is moontlik as gevolg van die proses van inter-esterifikasie. Dit is verder bevind dat sekere voorlopers, soos palmitoë-oleïensuur, gevorm kan word onder aërobies of anaërobiese toestande. In hierdie studie is getoon dan die bio-afbreekbaarheid van VOG verbeter kan word deur ‘n aanvanklike akklimatiserings-tydperk toe te pas. Enkel-kulture met die verkose eienskappe kan gebruik word om die VOG in GDAW te verminder. Gemengde kulture, wat inhiberende komponente produseer wat moontlik die bio-afbreekbaarheids proses negatief kan beïnvloed, hoef dus nie gebruik te word nie. Bacillus licheniformis kan gebruik word as ‘n VOG-afbrekende isolaat tydens die behandeling van afloopwater wat hoog in VOG is. Verdere studies moet egter fokus op die samevoeging van VOGafbrekende bakterieë vanuit hierdie studie asook ander bakterieë om die aktiwiteit daarvan te monitor en sodoende oorlewing en aktiwteit op ‘n groter skaal te verseker.
Ngwenya, Nonhlanhla. "Enzymatic recovery of rhodium(III) from aqueous solution and industrial effluent using sulphate reducing bacteria: role of a hydrogenase enzyme." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004015.
Full textAlmeida, Fernanda Salbego Colombari de. "Investigação do uso do processo fenton no tratamento terciário de efluente agroindustrial e na degradação do antibiótico norfloxacina." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1135.
Full textÉ crescente a presença de compostos persistentes, tais como fármacos, produtos de higiene pessoal, agrotóxicos, produtos de limpeza e derivados do petróleo, em efluentes industriais, por serem tóxicos causam uma série de danos ao meio ambiente, ao serem descartados de forma inadequada sem passar por um tratamento que os torne biodegradáveis. Em consequência, ocorre o aumento da contaminação de águas subterrâneas e de superfície, estações de tratamento de esgoto e de efluentes industriais. Em função disso, novas tecnologias capazes de degradar esta classe de compostos, como os processos de oxidação avançada, estão sendo investigadas, visto que os tratamentos mais comumente utilizados pelas indústrias, os biológicos, são incapazes de degradar compostos persistentes. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal investigar a eficiência da aplicação de um processo de oxidação avançada (Fenton) no tratamento terciário de um efluente de um frigorífico de suínos, e na degradação do antibiótico norfloxacina (NFX). Numa primeira etapa, o efluente agroindustrial foi caracterizado e os parâmetros operacionais do processo Fenton: pH de reação, razão [H2O2]/[DQO] (m/m), razão [Fe+2]/[H2O2] (m/m) e pH de coagulação foram investigados em função da eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica, por meio da avaliação da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO). Em uma primeira etapa os parâmetros foram investigados por meio dos ensaios definidos em planejamento fatorial fracionário 24-1 com três repetições no ponto central e, após a definição dos parâmetros significativos (p ≤ 0,05), pH de coagulação e razão [Fe+2]/[H2O2] (m/m), esses foram novamente investigados por meio do Delineamento Central Composto Rotacional (DCCR) 22, com três pontos centrais e quatro pontos axiais. A máxima remoção de DQO alcançada foi de 67,71%. Posteriormente realizou-se um estudo, no qual o antibiótico NFX foi submetido ao tratamento pelo processo Fenton. As variáveis [H2O2] e [Fe+2] foram investigadas por meio de um planejamento DCCR, 22, com três pontos centrais e quatro pontos axiais. A eficiência do processo foi avaliada em função da porcentagem de degradação do fármaco, avaliada a partir da sua concentração no decorrer do processo. A máxima degradação do fármaco alcançada foi de 96,41% para tempo reacional de 5 s e, após 10 s de reação a NFX já não foi mais detectada. A avaliação da cinética de degradação da NFX pelo processo Fenton foi investigada e o comportamento de pseudo-segunda ordem foi observado. A partir análise dos resultados obtidos, com remoções satisfatórias de matéria orgânica e NFX pelo processo Fenton, pode-se concluir de forma geral que esse processo é promissor para o tratamento terciário de efluentes agroindustriais com o objetivo de degradação de compostos persistentes ao tratamento biológico normalmente empregado nas indústrias de alimentos.
There is a growing presence of persistent compounds, such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, cleaning products, and petroleum in industrial wastewaters to be toxic cause a lot of damage to the environment, when improperly discarded without undergo a treatment that makes them biodegradable. As a result, is increase of contamination of groundwater and surface water, sewage treatment plants and industrial wastewater . Because of this, new technologies capable of degrading this class of compounds, such as advanced oxidation processes, are being investigated, since the treatments most commonly used by industries, biological, are unable to degrade persistent compounds. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of applying an advanced oxidation process (Fenton) in the tertiary treatment of wasterwaters from a swine slaughterhouse, and the degradation of the antibiotic norfloxacin (NFX). In a first step, the agro-industrial wasterwater and wherein the operating parameters of the process Fenton reaction pH, ratio [H2O2]/[COD] (w / w) ratio [Fe + 2]/[H2O2] (w/w) pH and coagulation were investigated depending on the removal efficiency of organic matter, through the evaluation of chemical oxygen demand (COD). In a first step the parameters were investigated by means of tests defined in 24-1 fractional factorial design with three replications at the center point and, after the definition of significant parameters (p≤0.05), pH and coagulation ratio [Fe + 2]/[H2O2] (w/w), these were again investigated by means of the rotational central composite design (RCCD) 22 with three center points and four axial points. The maximum COD removal achieved was 67.71%. Subsequently we performed a study in which the antibiotic norfloxacin was subjected to treatment by the Fenton process. The variables [H2O2], and [Fe 2 +] was investigated by means of a RCCD 22design with three center points and four axial points. Process efficiency was evaluated according to the percentage of degradation of the drug assessed from its concentration in the process. The maximum degradation of the drug achieved was 96.41% for reaction time of 5 if, after 10 s of reaction to NFX was no longer detected. The evaluation of the degradation kinetics of norfloxacin by Fenton process was investigated and the behavior of the pseudo-second order was observed. From analysis of the results obtained with satisfactory removal of organic matter and norfloxacin the Fenton process, it can be concluded that in general this process is promising for tertiary treatment of agroindustrial wasterwater for the purpose of degradation of the biological treatment persistent compounds usually employed in the food industries.
Myburgh, Dirk Petrus. "The treatment of biodiesel wastewater using an integrated electrochemical and adsorption process." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2693.
Full textThe production of biodiesel is an energy and water intensive process. The wastewater that is produced during this process is high in concentrations of COD, BOD, FOG and various other contaminants. Since it contains low levels of nutrients, it is difficult to degrade using natural processes such as conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment. The discharge of untreated biodiesel wastewater also raises serious environmental concern. It interferes when remediated with biological processes and results in additional costs during the production of biodiesel when penalties and fines are applied. Conventional treatment processes are not capable of treating contaminants and pollutants in biodiesel to satisfactory concentrations and hence advanced treatment processes are necessary. In this research, a lab scale integrated treatment process was used to investigate the successful reduction of contaminants, in particular COD, BOD and FOG. The integrated treatment process used in this study consisted of three consecutive steps; acidification, electrochemical oxidation and adsorption using chitosan as an adsorbent. The electrochemical oxidation process with IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti anodes was applied to treat biodiesel wastewater. Different operating conditions were tested to establish favourable conditions. The current density applied as well as the concentration of NaCl as the supporting electrolyte greatly affected the process. A NaCl concentration of 0.08M was deemed sufficient, whereas a current density of 1 mA/cm² showed superior performance compared to lower or higher current densities. Adsorption of pollutants in biodiesel wastewater was investigated using Chitosan as the adsorbent. Various chitosan concentrations, initial pH of the wastewater and repetitive adsorption stages were investigated. It was discovered that all three operating conditions greatly affect the performance of the process. The three consecutive adsorption stages using a chitosan concentration of 4.5 g/L at a pH of 2 resulted in the highest pollutant removal. It was observed that the integrated treatment process could reduce COD, BOD and FOG levels by 94%, 86% and 95% respectively. This concludes that the treated effluent complies with local industrial effluent discharge standards, which could be disposed safely without further treatment.
Sadagopan, Rishi S. "Effect of copper and nickel on the performance of an activated sludge system treating cellulose acetate wastewater." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09292009-020122/.
Full textKam, Kwok-hang Dave, and 甘國恒. "Review on the industrial wastewater management in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254044.
Full textGonçalves, Leandro Vicente. "Tratamento eletroquímico e físico-químico para efluente de lavanderia industrial têxtil." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1229.
Full textA lavanderia industrial têxtil é caracterizada pela variedade dos processos aplicados, pelo alto volume de efluentes gerados e pela carga poluidora. A caracterização física e química destes efluentes é de suma importância para determinação do tratamento apropriado, bem como para avaliação dos agentes poluentes e seus impactos potenciais. Desta forma, o desenvolvimento do presente estudo permite o aperfeiçoamento do conhecimento acerca dos processos eletroquímicos e físico-químico para a remoção de cor e carga orgânica em efluentes de lavanderia industrial têxtil. Os experimentos foram realizados em quatro processos: - 1: ensaios de eletrocoagulação / eletrofloculação / eletroflotação utilizando reator em escala de laboratório tipo tanque agitado, com o emprego de eletrodos de alumínio e carbono. - 2: ensaios físico-químicos utilizando o processo de flotação por ar dissolvido (FAD) em unidade de escala de bancada (flotateste) com o uso de tanino “Tanfloc SG”. - 3: ensaios FAD com o uso de policloreto de alumínio (PAC) e polímero aniônico. - 4: ensaios FAD com o uso de sementes de Moringa Oleífera. A metodologia utilizada para os ensaios de todos os processos foram o planejamento experimental do delineamento composto central rotacional DCCR com dois parâmetros avaliados para cada processo: - 1: corrente elétrica, e tempo de eletrocoagulação; - 2: dosagem de coagulante tanino e pH da solução; - 3: dosagem de coagulantes PAC e polímero aniônico; - 4: dosagem de coagulante moringa e pH da solução. Após o término dos ensaios, amostras do efluente tratado foram analisadas para determinação da eficiência de remoção das variáveis cor aparente, turbidez, demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e sólidos suspensos totais (SST). No processo 1, o eletroquímico foi obtido uma eficiência ótima para a remoção de cor aparente, turbidez, DQO e SST de 86%; 58,93%; 75,2% e 66,3%, respectivamente. Para os ensaios FAD, a eficiência máxima para a remoção de cor aparente, turbidez, DQO e SST foi de 90%; 96,90%; 61,4% e 94,1%, respectivamente, para o processo 2, de 93%; 93,65%; 71,8% e 88,8%, respectivamente, para o processo 3, e de 65%; 80,00%; 40,2% e 62,3%, respectivamente, para o processo 4. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que apenas o experimento utilizando o processo FAD com o coagulante moringa oleífera não foi uma opção viável por ultrapassar o padrão de qualidade da variável cor aparente exigido pela a resolução CONAMA 357. Os demais processos e coagulantes estudados neste trabalho podem ser utilizados como alternativas tecnicamente viáveis para a remoção de cor aparente, turbidez, DQO e SST de efluentes de lavanderia têxtil.
The textile industrial laundry is characterized by the variety of existing processes, the large volume of wastewater and high polluting load. Physical and chemical characterization of these effluents is important to determine the appropriate treatment and to assess pollutants and their potential impacts. Thus, the development of this study allows contribute to the knowledge of the electrochemical processes and physical chemistry in order to remove the color and organic load in textile industrial laundry wastewater. The experiments were performed in four processes: - 1: electrocoagulation / electroflocculation / electrocoagulation tests using reactor at laboratory scale stirred tank with the use of aluminum and carbon electrodes. - 2: physico-chemical tests using process by dissolved air flotation (DAF) with a bench scale unit (flotatest) using tannin "Tanfloc SG". - 3: tests DAF using polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and anionic polymer. - 4: tests DAF using seeds of Moringa oleífera. The methodology used for the testing of all processes was the experimental design central composite rotational design (RCCD) with two parameters assessed for each process: - 1: electric current and electrocoagulation time; - 2: tannin dosage as coagulant and pH solution; - 3: PAC dosage as coagulant and anionic polymer; - 4: moringa dosage as coagulant and pH solution. At the end of the tests, samples of treated wastewater were analyzed to determine the removal efficiency of apparent color, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS). In the process 1, optimal efficiency the electrochemical of process for the removal of apparent color, turbidity, COD and TSS 86%; 58.93%; 75.2% and 66.3%, respectively. For the DAF tests, the maximum efficiency for the removal of apparent color, turbidity, COD and TSS for process 2 was 90%; 96.90%; 61.4% and 94.1%, respectively, for process 3 was 93%; 93.65%; 71.8% and 88.8%, respectively; and for process 4 was 65%; 80.00%; 40.2% and 62.3%, respectively. The results indicated that only the experiment using the DAF process with the moringa oleífera coagulant was not a viable option, because it exceeds the quality standard of the apparent color required by the resolution CONAMA 357. The processes and coagulants studied in this work can be used as technically feasible alternatives to removal apparent color, turbidity, COD and TSS of textile industrial laundry wastewater.
Ko, Chun-wa Johnason, and 高振華. "Sewage treatment in private sector." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253404.
Full textLovatel, Rosa Helena. "Preparação, caracterização e aplicação de híbridos de montmorilonita-alginato-nanopratas na desinfecção de efluentes industriais para águas de reuso." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2014. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/908.
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Different techniques have been developed to eliminate microorganisms from industrial wastewater and improve its final quality for reuse. Among them, the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) anchored on montmorillonite (MMT) has shown good results. In this context, the aim of this study was to prepare hybrid materials from sodium alginate (ALG) and MMT, decorated with AgNPs, for application in the disinfection of industrial wastewater for reuse. Initially, AgNPs were synthesized by chemical reduction of silver ions with sodium borohydride in the presence of sodium citrate. Then, a suspension containing AgNPs, MMT, and ALG was prepared. The hybrid MMT-ALG-AgNPs was obtained from dripping the suspension in an aqueous solution of calcium chloride (4.0% w/V).The AgNPs and the hybrids were characterized by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).The set of results confirmed the presence of MMT decorated with AgNPs of spherical shape dispersed in the ALG matrix. The evaluation of the bactericidal potential of the hybrids was performed by the agar diffusion assay with two types of micro-organisms (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). The tests evidenced the formation of a prominent zone of inhibition (ZOI) for both bacteria. The hybrids were then used in the disinfection of an industrial wastewater. The results indicated a reduction of up to 98.5% of total coliforms. For comparison bases, the industrial wastewater was subjected to another disinfection process using ultraviolet radiation (UV), which is very common in the treatment of water and wastewater. It was found that the removal of total coliforms with the hybrids was approximately 16% higher than the UV radiation, thus confirming the potential of these materials for the purpose of this work.
Lima, Roberto Albuquerque. "Tratamento de efluentes líquidos de unidades produtoras de farinha de mandioca." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2010. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=515.
Full textA mandioca (Manihot esculenta) é a terceira cultura mais importante do país na alimentação básica da população. A produção de farinha de mandioca gera um efluente denominado manipueira que contem elevada quantidade de matéria orgânica e cianeto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a remoção da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), turbidez e cianeto da manipueira por tratamentos físico-químico e biológico. No tratamento físico-químico por coagulação-floculação, três planejamentos fatoriais completos foram realizados para investigar os fatores: pH, tanino e o polímero sintético auxiliar da floculação (Polipan) sobre as variáveis respostas: DQO, turbidez e cianeto. A eficiência máxima de remoção de DQO foi 91 % a pH 8,0, na presença de tanino 1,0 mL/L e Polipan 0,030 ppm. A maior remoção de turbidez (75 %) foi determinada a pH 8 e tanino 0,8 mL/L, na ausência do Polipan para diminuir os custos do tratamento. Nessas condições, a redução máxima de cianeto foi de 12 %. Nos tratamentos biológicos aeróbios durante 48 h, as eficiências máximas de redução de DQO 88 % e de turbidez 69 % foram determinadas na presença de consórcio microbiano 20 % v/v, cloreto de amônio 5 - 6 % e a pH 8,0. Para os tratamentos físico-químico e biológico, os resultados obtidos mostram que o pH 8 foi fator chave para remoção de compostos orgânicos e do cianeto da manipueira. Os tratamentos da manipueira por coagulação-floculação e por consórcio microbiano diminuem a carga orgânica desse efluente antes de ser lançado nos recursos hídricos
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the third most important crop in the basic food of the Brazilian population. The production of cassava flour generates an effluent, called manipueira, containing high organic matter and cyanide. The objective of this study was to investigate the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity and cyanide from cassava wastewater by physical-chemical and biological treatments. In the physicalchemical treatment by coagulation-flocculation, three full factorial designs were carried out to investigate the factors: pH, tannin concentration and the flocculation polymer (Polipan) concentration on the response variables: COD, turbidity and cyanide. The maximum efficiency for COD removal was 91 % at pH 8.0 in the presence of tannin 1.0 mL/L and Polipan 0.030 ppm. The highest removal of turbidity (75 %) was determined at pH 8 and tannin 0.8 mL/L in the absence of Polipan to reduce the costs of treatment. Under these conditions, the maximum removal of cyanide was 12 %. In the aerobic biological treatment for 48 h, the maximum efficiencies for COD reduction of 88 % and for turbidity reduction of 69 % were determined in the presence of the microbial consortium 20 % v/v, ammonium chloride 5 6 % and at pH 8.0. For the treatments, physical-chemical and biological, the results show that pH 8 is a key factor for removal of organic compounds and cyanide from cassava wastewater. The treatments of the manipueira by coagulation-flocculation and by microbial consortium decrease the pollution of this effluent before being launched in the water resources
Belo, Micheline Oliveira de Menezes. "Degradação hidrólitica dos concentrados obtidos pelo processo de flotação de efluentes da indústria láctea." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2009. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=200.
Full textA primeira etapa do presente trabalho consistiu em caracterizar um efluente lácteo industrial (soro de queijo) em termos microbiológicos e físico-químicos visando à obtenção de um consórcio de microrganismos para a sua biodegradação. Foram determinadas a contagem padrão de bactérias heterotróficas e a contagem de fungos filamentosos e leveduras de acordo com as metodologias oficiais, e a caracterização físico-química foi realizada em termos do teor de proteínas, cinzas, lipídios, carboidratos, pH e demanda química de oxigênio (DQO). O consórcio microbiano foi obtido em biorreator operando em batelada e contendo 1,5L do efluente, a 200rpm, aeração de 1vvm e temperatura de 28 - 30oC. Os cultivos foram realizados em duplicata durante onze dias, sendo realizado um pulso de 150mL do efluente (10% do volume útil do biorreator) no sétimo dia do cultivo. Foram obtidas concentrações iniciais de 3x109UFC/mL e 8x104UFC/mL para contagem total de bactérias e de fungos e leveduras, respectivamente. O efluente apresentou uma DQO inicial de 64.000mgO2/L, pH 5,0, e concentrações correspondentes a 5g/100mL de carboidratos, 0,8g/100 mL de proteínas e 0,6g/100 mL de lipídios. Os cultivos do efluente no biorreator demonstraram um aumento da concentração de bactérias ao longo do tempo, atingindo 1x1013UFC/mL após oito dias, enquanto que as concentrações de fungos filamentosos e de leveduras foram inibidas. Foi observada uma redução da DQO de 47 a 63,5% após 11 dias de cultivo, demonstrando a potencialidade da utilização do consórcio microbiano no tratamento do efluente. Ensaios qualitativos demonstraram a presença das enzimas: lipase, amilase, protease e celulase no extrato metabólito do consórcio microbiano. No entanto, foram obtidos baixos valores de atividade lipolítica quando comparados com a atividade da enzima comercial, sendo observado ainda que a atividade decresce ao longo do tempo. Na segunda etapa do trabalho foi avaliada a hidrólise enzimática de material flotado, obtido a partir do processo de flotação em coluna do efluente, utilizando a técnica de planejamento de experimentos. Inicialmente, foi avaliado o desempenho de uma lipase comercial (lipolase), sendo investigados os efeitos da agitação e da concentração de enzima sobre a hidrólise. Foi realizada a análise estatística considerando os efeitos significativos para um nível de confiança de 95%. Concentrações maiores de enzima dentro da faixa investigada (1 a 7%) maximizam a hidrólise de óleos e gorduras do material flotado, bem como para níveis de agitação entre 100 e 150rpm. Em todos os experimentos houve a liberação de ácidos graxos no meio em percentuais próximos a 100% apenas após 4 horas de reação. Vale salientar ainda que percentuais de liberação de ácidos graxos superiores a 92% foram obtidos para toda a faixa de concentração testada. Uma agitação de 150rpm foi utilizada em um segundo planejamento experimental, avaliando-se a concentração da enzima comercial associada a um consórcio microbiano, sendo verificado que a adição do consórcio não influenciou de maneira positiva o aumento do teor de ácidos graxos livres no meio.
The first step of the present work was characterizing a dairy effluent in terms microbiological and physical-chemical used to obtain a microbial consortium for its biodegradation. Microbiological characterization was performed by total heterotrophic bacteria, filamentous fungi and yeasts count according to the official methodologies. Physical-chemical characterization was accomplished by content of protein, ash, lipids, carbohydrates, pH and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Microbial consortium was obtained in batch using a bioreactor containing 1,5L of dairy effluent, at 200 rpm, 1vvm, at 28 - 30oC. Cultivations were performed in duplicate for eleven days, being applied a pulse of 10% (v/v) of effluent on the seventh day of the experiment. Cellular growth kinetics, chemical oxygen demand concentration and lipolytic activity were determined. Initial concentrations of bacteria and fungi and yeasts were equal to 3x109CFU/mL and 8x104CFU/mL, respectively. Effluent presented a COD of 64.000mgO2/L, pH 5,0 and concentrations of 5g/100mL of carbohydrates, 0,8g/100mL of protein and 0,6g/100mL of lipids. Cultivations showed an increase on the bacteria concentration, reaching 1x1013CFU/mL after eight days, while filamentous fungi and yeast concentrations were inhibited. An reduction of COD concentration in the range of 47 to 63,5% was observed after eleven days of cultivation, demonstrating the potentiality of use of microbial consortium for effluent treatment. Qualitative assays showed the presence of the enzymes lipase, amylase, protease and cellulase in the metabolic extract of the microbial consortium. However, low values of lipolytic activity were obtained as compared to the commercial enzyme, being observed that activity decreases along time. In the second step of this study, was evaluated the enzymatic hydrolysis of floated material, obtained from the column flotation of a dairy industry, using the technique of experimental design. Initially, performance was evaluated by a commercial lipase (lipolase), being investigated the effects of agitation and enzyme concentration on hydrolysis. A statistical analysis was performed considering the significance of effects to a confidence level of 95%. Higher enzyme concentrations in the range investigated (1 to 7%) maximize the hydrolysis of oils and fats in the floated material, and to agitation levels between 100 and 150rpm. In all experiments, fatty acids were released in rates near to 100% only after 4 hours of reaction. Moreover, rates of released fatty acids were greater than 92% in all the concentration range tested. An agitation of 150rpm was used in a second experimental design, evaluating the concentration of commercial enzyme associated with a microbial consortium. The kinetic monitoring of the process showed that the addition of the consortium did not influence in a positive manner the increase the content of free fatty acids.
Van, Schalkwyk Antoinette. "Characterization and engineering of Bacillus megaterium AS-35, for use in biodegradation of processed olive wastewater." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
Full textThe popularization and health benefits associated with the &ldquo
Mediterranean diet&rdquo
saw a world wide increase in the production and consumption of processed olives and olive oil. During the brining of table olives large quantities of processed olive waste water is seasonally generated. This blackish-brown, malodours liquid is rich in organic and phenolic compounds, which cause environmental problems upon discarding. Currently, processed wastewater is discarded into large evaporation ponds where it poses serious environmental risks. The biodegradation of organic substrates present in the olive wastewater is inhibited by the high concentrations of phenolic compounds. In order to identify organisms which could potentially be used in the bioremediation of olive wastewater, 36 microbial strains were isolated from evaporation ponds in the Boland region of South Africa. Twenty five isolates were capable of growth on 50% olive wastewater and their bioremediation potential as well as their ability to produce valuable intermediate compounds were subsequently characterized. Based on the RPHPLC results, which showed that a number of chemical intermediates were produced in fermentation of olive wastewater, isolate AS-35 was selected for further analysis. Strain AS-35, identified as a Bacillus megaterium, was significantly influenced by the exposure to olive waste. The total cellular protein profile, generation time and cellular morphology of this isolate were dramatically affected by the introduction of olive waste. This study investigated the differential gene display of Bacillus megaterium following exposure to olive wastewater. Proteomic and transcriptomic differences of the organism cultured in nutrient rich LB and olive wastewater were compared. These results indicated that AS-35 expressed genes involved in glycolysis, tryptophan and nucleotide synthesis as well as the chaperones GroEL and DnaK during its growth in LB. In contrast, genes induced following the abolishment of glucose dependent catabolite repression, genes involved in biotin synthesis and ß
-oxidation of fatty or organic acids as well as a gene whose expression is regulated by stress induced sB-dependent regulon were expressed during olive waste growth.
Segall, Martha. "The effects of cations on activated sludge characteristics." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45911.
Full textThis research was prompted by a field study performed at the Celanese Corporation Wastewater Treatment Plant, Narrows, VA., in which calcium chloride addition had improved sludge characteristics that were believed to have deteriorated because of sodium hydroxide additions for pH control.
Research objectives were to determine whether the observed improvements during the full-scale plant study were caused by the addition of divalent cations and whether the deterioration of the sludge was due to sodium ion additions.
Bench-scale, activated sludge reactors were fed wastewater from the Celanese plant to model plant conditions. Sodium was added in an attempt to cause deterioration of the sludge characteristics. Magnesium and calcium were used as divalent cations to try to improve the sludge characteristics.
Results of the study indicated that the magnitude of the effects seen in the full-scale plant study could not be reproduced in the laboratory. Magnesium produced little or no effect on the system and calcium improved the sludge characteristics slightly. Sodium caused deterioration of the sludge but not as dramatically as the full-scale study. This suggested that sodium alone did not adversely affect the sludge but rather, sodium hydroxide might have been combined with organics in the waste which then affected the system.
Master of Science
Moore, Bronwyn Ann. "Metal bioaccumulation and precious metal refinery wastewater treatment by phoma glomerata." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009441.
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Gie, Lowna-Marie. "Enhancement of the biodegradability of grain distillery wastewater to improve upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor efficiency." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2933.
Full textThe distillery industry generates large volumes of heavily polluted wastewater and thus effective wastewater treatment is essential. It has been reported that a chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of more than 90% can be achieved when wine distillery wastewater (WDWW) is treated in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The first objective of this study was to investigate UASB treatment of WDWW and to try to enhance the efficiency by using ozonation treatments. Secondly, the impact of grain distillery wastewater (GDWW) on UASB granules was determined. The third objective was to determine whether ozonation and enzymatic treatment combinations might improve the biodegradability of GDWW and thus make GDWW more amenable to UASB treatment. It was found that UASB treatment combined with ozonation improved the WDWW treatment efficiency. When diluted WDWW (chemical oxygen demand COD = 4 000 mg.L-1) was ozonated (dose = 47 mg.L-1) in a 50 L venturi circulating contactor system, the COD reduction was 7%. When WDWW was treated in a laboratory-scale UASB reactor (substrate pH = 7.0, COD = 4 000 mg.L-1 and organic loading rate (OLR) = 4.0 kg COD.m-3.d-1), the COD reduction was 92%. When the UASB treatment was combined with either pre- or postozonation, the COD reduction was 94 and 96%, respectively. When UASB treatment was combined with pre- and post-ozonation, a COD reduction of 98% was achieved. The activity of the UASB granules was also found to improve over time, despite the addition of the ozonation treatment. It has been reported that operational problems occur when GDWW is treated in an UASB reactor as a result of the encapsulation of the granules. This was confirmed when granules from a full-scale UASB treating WDWW became encapsulated in a layer after being exposed to GDWW (COD = 4 000 mg.L-1) for 24 d. The results showed that the lipid content of the granules increased from 1.25 to 60.35 mg lipid.g-1 granule over the 24 d exposure period. Therefore, granules exposed to GDWW were encapsulated in a lipid-rich layer and as a result the contact between the GDWW and microbial consortium in the granules was reduced. The operational problems found during the industrial UASB treatment of GDWW were ascribed to the encapsulation of the granules. Combinations of ozonation (dose = 1 476 mg.L-1) generated in a 2 L bubble column and enzymatic treatments (1% FogFreeTM (FF) dosage and 2 d incubation at 35°C) were found to improve the biodegradability of GDWW. This improvement was in terms of lipid reduction in GDWW, granule activity and visual appearance of the encapsulating layer of the granules. The highest lipid reduction (90%), highest granule activity, lowest lipid content of the granules (3.74 ± 0.10 mg.g-1 granule) and best visual appearance were achieved in ozonated GDWW treated with 1% FF, followed by just ozonation. The higher lipid reduction and subsequent higher granule activity were ascribed to the reduction in lipids which resulted in the fact that fewer lipids were available to encapsulate the granules. As a result of the lipid reduction, the granule activity improved and the GDWW was made more amenable to UASB treatment. This study proved that UASB treatment combined with ozonation led to an enhancement of the treatment efficiency of WDWW. It was also found that the cause of the operational problems during UASB treatment of GDWW was as a result of the granules being encapsulated in a lipid-rich layer. It was established that treating GDWW prior to UASB treatment improved the biodegradability of GDWW. The data from the study showed that high lipid reduction in the GDWW directly led to better granule activity, lower granule lipid content and a thinner encapsulating layer. Based on the data from this study, it is recommended that GDWW be ozonated prior to other treatments because it can be done inline and the costs would be lower than that of enzymatic treatments.
Andrade, Helisson Henrique Borsato de. "Avaliação do desempenho de sistemas de zona de raízes (wetlands construídas) em escala piloto aplicados ao tratamento de efluente sintético." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2012. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1292.
Full textArranjos tecnológicos que integram sistemas de zona de raízes apresentam-se como uma opção plausível para adequação de efluentes, devido principalmente a sua simplicidade construtiva, baixo custo de implantação/operação e eficiência na remoção de poluentes. Estes sistemas atuam como filtros biológicos cultivados com macrófitas aquáticas, aplicados ao tratamento de esgotos domésticos e industriais. O presente estudo teve por objetivo a construção e o monitoramento de dois sistemas pilotos de tratamento de esgotos por zonas de raízes de fluxo hidráulico vertical livre e afogado, montados em recipientes plásticos com volume total de 220L cada. Neles foi cultivada a espécie vegetal Canna x generalis L.H Bailey (cana- indica), planta heliófita rizomatosa, com folhagens ornamentais e de inflorescências coloridas, cultivada sobre meio suporte com camadas de brita e areia. Os sistemas foram alimentados com substrato sintético tendo glicose como fonte de carbono, sob taxa hidráulica de aplicação de 125,8 L.m-2.dia-1 e matéria orgânica em termos de DQO de 300,93± mg.L-1. O sistema de fluxo afogado apresentou eficiências na remoção de Nitrogênio Total Kjeldahl, DQO e PO 4 de, 55±17%, 95±6% e 46±11% respectivamente. No sistema de fluxo livre as eficiências para remoção de Nitrogênio Total Kjeldahl, DQO e PO4 foram de 57±11%, 96±6% e 41±11%, demonstrando elevada remoção de matéria orgânica e nutrientes para os dois modelos estudados.
Technological arrangements that integrate systems root zone are presented as plausible option for effluents treatment, mainly because of their simplicity in construction, low cost of implementation/operation and efficiency in removing pollutants. These systems act as biological filters planted with macrophytes, applied to the treatment of domestic and industrial sewage. The present study aimed at the construction and monitoring of two pilot systems for sewage treatment of the roots zones of free vertical hydraulic flow and drowned, mounted in plastic containers with a total volume of 220L each. They were cultivated plant species Canna x generalis LH Bailey (cana indica), heliophytic rhizomatous plant with ornamental foliage and colorful flowers, grown on the support medium with layers of gravel and sand. The systems were fed synthetic substrate with glucose as carbon source, under hydraulic application rate of 125,8 L.m-2.day-1 an organic material and in terms of COD of 300,93± mg.L-1. The drowned system flow had removal efficiencies of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, COD and PO4 de, 55±17%, 95±6% e 46±11%respectively. In the system of free flow efficiencies for Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen removal, COD and PO4 were 57 ± 11%, 96 ± 6% and 41 ± 11%, showing high removal of organic matter and nutrients for the two models studied.
Manipura, Walappuly Mudiyanselage Janakasiri Aruna Shantha Bandara. "Bioprocess development for removal of nitrogenous compounds from precious metal refinery wastewater." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007341.
Full textReynaldos, i. Sistané Ricard. "Desenvolupament de vies de valorització per a un residu industrial." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/403920.
Full textThe metal obtaining using extraction with solvents was initiated during the Second World War to satisfy the high purity nuclear resource requirements and exploit poor minerals uneconomically using conventional techniques. Thereafter, solvent extraction has quickly spread in hydrometallurgy field, not only applied in the nuclear energy developing, but also in metal synthesis process of copper, nickel, zinc… With the growing demand of metals as raw materials, has dedicated big efforts to develop new extractor solvents, diluents and industrial scale equipment, improving and offering new applications for this technique. Actually, despite of the attempts to minimize the waste, a big number of industries are producing hazardous residues during their workflow. The growing waste generation, associated with the increase of consumption, and shortage of raw materials make necessary the implementation of valorization and recycle process. These processes are able to manage part of the produced waste achieving the reintroduction to the industry as raw materials. In this thesis the metal extraction using solvents has been applied to recover value from a plating sludge containing Cu(II), Ni(II), Cr(III) and Fe(III). Acorga M5640 has been used to separate Cu(II) and Ni(II) with high selectivity from leach solution at pH 1,50 and 3,50, respectively. Also there is possible to increase the value of the content of Cr(III) in the sludge. The Cr(III) extraction has been performed with Primene 81R at pH 3,50. The products obtained with solvent extraction are high concentrated and purity solutions. This solutions are able to be reintroduced to the market or transformed to another valuable products like metals, oxides and salts. The application of solvent extraction technique has proved the feasibility of the metal waste recovery from leached plating sludge.
Pizato, Everton. "Avaliação da capacidade de remoção de corante têxtil pelo fungo Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI em efluente sintético e industrial." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/672.
Full textThe industrial processes of textile production are characterized by the use of large volumes of water during the steps of washing and dyeing fabric, resulting in effluent with enormous diversity and chemical complexity. The presence of dye dissolved in the effluent is quite noticeable and problematic, considering its recalcitrance and slow degradation kinetics. In this work, the fungus ascomiceto L. theobromae MMPI were evaluated for the ability to color removal from synthetic effluent containing blue dye reactive and industrial effluent. The tests with synthetic effluent were performed in incubator orbital shaker and in bioreactor with tub of 5L. The media was supplemented with MgSO4.7H2O 2 g L-1, K2HPO4 2 g L-1, autoclaved (121 C/15 min), plus sucrose, ammonium nitrate and stirring speed according to central composite design (CCDR), temperature 28 C, inoculum standardized and time to withdrawal of samples 72h. The color removal efficiency ranged from 31.58% to 91.60% and the biomass yield 0.40 g L-1 to 8.70 g L-1. It was still observed the production of an exopolysaccharide (EPS) in the range of 0.66 g L-1 to 9.70 g L-1. In the analysis of estimated effects (p <0.05) only the linear effect of sucrose concentration (p <0.000) and quadratic effect of the concentration of ammonium nitrate (p <0.018) were significant. The model was evaluated by ANOVA, with high regression coefficient considering a biological system (R2 0.8483). This model was validated by experiment retrospectively, indicating excellent correlation between the predictive value (74.8%) and the observed value (73.8%). The tests in bioreactor ratified the behavior observed in an incubator shaker to give 86% decolorization of synthetic effluent at the end of 72 hours of treatment of discoloration and 91.3% at the end of 168 hours of treatment for industrial effluent. After 168 h of incubation was observed laccase enzyme activity (0.0563 U / ml). The acute toxicity tests with brine shrimp showed that the LC50 was approximately 14.72% (v / v) for the raw wastewater, while the effluent subjected to the treatment eight days was approximately 4.98% (v / v). Several authors relate the processes of bleaching enzyme activity, however the results suggest that the color removal is related to the adsorption of the dye in the biomass produced. Further studies should be performed for better understanding and confirmation that the color removal is not associated with the biosynthesis of phenolic structures degrading enzymes such as laccases.
Grötzner, Mariana de Bittencourt. "Tratamentos de efluente de processo de polpa quimiotermomecânica CTMP." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1184.
Full textPulp and paper sector contributes significantly to Brazilian economy, accordingly to the crescent grow in production of pulp and paper in the last years. Effluent generated in mills of this sector is commonly formed by organic compounds originated from lignin molecules degradation. In general, contaminants are measured through color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total organic carbon (TOC), lignin compounds, turbidity, solids and phenolic compounds contents. The aim of this study was to run a technically feasible treatment for an effluent from CTMP (chemiothermalmechanical pulping) plant. According to the literature, different methods can be applied for this kind of effluent. Physical-chemical treatment of coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation was performed and the conditions of pH, coagulant type and concentration and settling time were optimized. Coagulant concentration and pH curves verified the best treatment condition, which were: pH 3.0, aluminum sulphate as coagulant, concentration of coagulant at 750 mg.L-1 and settling time of 60 minutes. The removal efficiencies obtained for these condition were 20, 40 and 50% for COD, color and turbidity, respectively. The TOC removal was 78% and toxicity was not changed due to the treatment. For the optimized condition of the treatment, it was testes a high molar mass cationic flocculant, which demonstrated improvements in the removal efficiencies in 10% (average). The effluent treated using the most efficient condition of the physical-chemical treatment passed through a oxidative process – Fenton. In this sense, it was obtained removal of COD and TOC of 51.6 and 78.9%, respectively. Finally, the combined methods lead to a total removal of 74% for turbidity, 53% for color, 61% for COD and 95% for TOC.
Heinz, Otto Lucas. "Aplicação do fungo de degradação branca Pleurotus ostreatus (EB 016) na biorremediação do efluente da indústria de compensado." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2377.
Full textO presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar o efluente da Indústria de Compensado e avaliar a utilização do fungo filamentoso Pleurotus ostreatus no tratamento deste resíduo em reator air lift, além de verificar a potencialidade da complementação do tratamento do efluente utilizando um POA do tipo Fenton, a fim de ajustar valores em concordância com os padrões legais estabelecidos pelos órgãos regulamentadores. O efluente bruto apresentou 12.192 ± 100 mgO2L-1 de DQO, 8.849 ± 60 mgO2L-1 de DBO5,20(Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio), 8.333 ± 30 unidades de cor, 1.220 ± 5 mgL-1 de fenóis totais e pH 4,63. O teor de sólidos totais no efluente foi de 18,45 ± 0,15 gL-1, sendo que desse total 2,73 ± 0,04 gL-1 correspondia a cinzas, 1,36 ± 0,03 gL-1 a lignina klason solúvel, 49 ± 3 mgL-1 de lignina klason insolúvel e aproximadamente 71% de toxicidade aguda expressa em inibição de E. coli. A espectrometria por FTIR dos sólidos do efluente indicou bandas em 3430–3440 cm-1, 2938 cm-1, 1603 cm-1, que puderam ser atribuídas aos grupos O-H, C-H e C=C, respectivamente. O tratamento biológico utilizando o fungo Pleurotus ostreatus inicialmente foi otimizado em incubadora orbital (shaker) por meio de delineamento fatorial(23) obtendo-se as melhores condições reacionais para a redução da DQO (pH 5,7, concentração de sacarose 7,5 gL-1 e concentração de nitrato de amônio igual a 4,0 gL-1). O tratamento biológico após 40 dias em reator air lift foi capaz de remover 87 % da DQO, 92 % da DBO5, 73 % de fenóis totais, 36 % de cor e ainda 99 % da toxicidade aguda. A análise espectrométrica por FTIR confirmou a degradação por meio da redução de picos característicos. Apesar dos resultados do tratamento fúngico terem se apresentados bastante significativos, houve necessidade de complementação com processo Fenton, o que resultou numa redução de 99 % da DQO, 92 % do teor de fenóis e 96 % da cor do efluente. Desta forma, a biorremediação utilizando o fungo Pleurotus ostreatus e a combinação com o processo Fenton, apresentou resultados promissores, para enquadramento dentro da maioria dos parâmetros exigidos pela legislação.
The present work had the objective of characterizing the effluent from the Plywood Industry and evaluate the use of filamentous fungus Pleurotus ostreatus in the treatment in an air lift reactor, besides verifying the potentiality of the complementation of effluent treatment using a POA, Fenton type, in order to adjust it to the legal parameters to release it into water bodies in accord to the regulatory authorities. The brute effluent present 12.192 ± 100 mgO2L-1 of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), 8.849 ± 60 mgO2L-1 of BOD5,20 (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), 8.333 ± 30 color units, 1.220 ± 5 mgL-1 of total phenols and pH 4,63. The total solids content in the effluent was 18, 45 ± 0, 15 gL-1, in this total 2,73 ± 0,04 gL-1 corresponds to ashes, 1,36 ± 0,03 gL-1 soluble klason lignin and 49 ± 3 mgL-1 of insoluble klason lignin and approximately 71% toxicity expressed as inhibition to E.coli. The FTIR spectrometry of the solids of the effluent, indicated bands in 3430-3440 cm-1, 2938 cm-1, 1603 cm-1, that could be attributed to groups O-H, C-H, C=C. The biological treatment using the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus was initially optimized in an orbital incubator (shaker) by factorial design (2³) that getting the best reactional conditions to COD reduction (pH 5,7 and sucrose concentration of 7,5 gL-1 and nitrate concentration of 4,0 gL-1), being estimated a reduction of 64% of COD of effluent in 10 days. The biological treatment after 40 days in optimized conditions in air lift was capable of remove 87 % of COD of the effluent, 92 % of the BOD5,20, 72 % of reduction of total phenols, 36 % of color removal and acute toxicity reduced. The spectrometric analysis by FTIR confirmed the biological degradation by the correspondent peak reduction in relation to the characteristic peaks. Despite the results of fungal treatment being quite significant, there was a need of a complementation of treatment using AOP Fenton type, showing a reduction of 99 % of COD, 92 % of phenols content and 96 % effluents color. In this way, the bioremediation using the Pleurotus ostreatus combined with the Fenton process, presented promising results, in order to fit the majority of the parameters required by the legislation.
De, Jager Debbie. "Membrane bioreactor application within the South African textile industry: pilot to full-scale." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/926.
Full textTo date, limited information has been published on textile wastewater treatment, for re-use, in South Africa (SA), with treatment processes focusing on conventional wastewater treatment methods. A large contributor to the contamination of water within textile industries is from dyehouse processes. A major concern in textile wastewater treatment is the release of azo dyes and their metabolites, some of which are carcinogenic and mutanogenic, into the environment since they are xenobiotic and aerobically recalcitrant to biodegradation. A necessity therefore exists to find an effective treatment method capable of removing both the strong colour and the toxic organic compounds from textile wastewater. Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are favoured when treating high-strength wastewater, since the membrane area is determined by the hydraulic throughput and not the biological load; no sludge is wasted and all bacteria are retained within the reactor, including specific bacteria capable of degrading the toxic, non-biodegradable constituents present in textile wastewater. MBR systems, using various configurations have been utilised extensively in the rest of the world to treat textile wastewater at both lab and pilot-scale. This DTech project formed part of a collaborative Water Research Commission (WRC) funded project K5/1900 - Pilot application of a dual-stage membrane bioreactor (dsMBR) for industrial wastewater treatment. The main purpose of this study was the on-site evaluation of a pilot-scale dsMBR incorporating two ultrafiltration (UF) sidestream membrane modules for the treatment, recovery and re-use of textile wastewater. The objectives of this project were to determine the treatment efficiency of the system; to evaluate the degree of colour removal from the textile wastewater; to improve residual colour removal within the system using treatment processes, such as NF and RO, as well as to propose a design and cost for a full-scale plant. A textile industry located in Bellville, Western Cape, was chosen as the industrial partner for the on-site evaluation of a semi-automated pilot wastewater treatment MBR plant using two 5.1 m2 Norit X-flow AirliftTM membrane modules. Since the wastewater treatment system was located on the premises, real continuously changing industrial wastewater was being treated. The industrial textile wastewater was treated in a series of tanks: 1) an anaerobic tank, which cleaved the azo bonds of the reactive dyes; 2) an anoxic tank containing reduced amounts of dissolved oxygen, in which denitrification occurred; and 3) an aerobic tank, in which i) nitrification, as well as ii) mineralisation of the aromatic amines occurred. The UF-membrane modules would account for the removal of any organic material. The wastewater stream was characterised by a chemical oxygen demand (COD) range of between 45 to 2,820 mg/L and an average biological oxygen demand (BOD) of 192.5 mg/L. The dsMBR achieved an average COD reduction of 75% with a maximum of 97% over the 220 day test period. The COD concentration obtained after dsMBR treatment averaged at 191 mg/L, which was well within the City of Cape Town industrial wastewater discharge standard. The average reduction in turbidity and TSS was 94% and 19.6%, respectively, during the UF-MBR stage of the system. Subsequent treatment of the UF permeate with nanofiltration (NF) for 4 days, alternated with reverse osmosis (RO) for 14 days removed both the residual colour and salt present in the UF permeate. A consistent reduction in the colour of the incoming wastewater was evident. The colour in the wastewater was reduced from an average of 659 ADMI units to ~12 ADMI units in the NF permeate, a lower American dye manufacturing index (ADMI) (i.e. method of colour representation) compared to the potable water (~17 ADMI units) utilised by the industrial partner in their dyeing processes. The colour was reduced from an average of 659 to ~20 ADMI units in the RO permeate, a lower ADMI and therefore colour when compared to the potable water. An average conductivity rejection of 91% was achieved with conductivity being reduced from an average of 7,700 to 693 μS/cm and the TDS reduced from an average of 5,700 to 473 mg/L, which facilitated an average TDS rejection of 92%. Based on the composition of the UF permeate fed to the RO membrane a maximum removal of 98.7% was achieved for both conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS). The proposed full-scale plant would incorporate a UF-MBR system, followed by NF, RO, flocculation and a filter press. Therefore, the two waste products produced during operation of the proposed full-scale plant, would be the solid filter cakes and the liquid filtrate from the filter press. Implementing the proposed full-scale plant it would cost the industrial partner an operating cost of ZAR 113.85 and ZAR 3,415.49 to treat 97.1 m3 and 2,913 m3 of textile wastewater, respectively, per day and per month. This results in an annual saving of ZAR 845,848 on potable water expenses. This research, would provide SA textile industries, with an option to: 1) reduce their water consumption, thereby utilising less of a valuable decreasing commodity; 2) meet the SA government discharge standards and reduce their discharge costs; 3) reduce their carbon footprint (i.e. reduce their impact on the environment) by re-using their treated wastewater and therefore using less water from the municipality; and 4) decrease their annual expenditure on water, since the treated wastewater would be available for re-use.
Wessberg, Nina. "Teollisuuden häiriöpäästöjen hallinnan kehittämishaasteet /." [Espoo, Finland] : VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2007. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/2007/P650.pdf.
Full textPramanik, Amit. "Evaluation of organic and hydraulic loading on the performance of a roughing trickling filter tower using sessil media to treat a high strength industrial wastewater." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10102009-020133/.
Full textLape, Jeffrey L. "A printed circuit board manufacturer's compliance with pretreatment requirements : case study /." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01202010-020301/.
Full textKam, Kwok-hang Dave. "Review on the industrial wastewater management in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19945437.
Full textKo, Chi-ho. "A study of industrial waste water treatment and the feasibility of recycling /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457749.
Full textYung, Ka-wing. "Access to the environmental legislation : do the local manufacturers understand their legal obligations? /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21301542.
Full textRamsay, Bruce A. "The use of complex toxic industrial waste as a fermentation substrate /." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75450.
Full textNVR was found to be toxic to microorganisms. None grew in enrichment culture containing 2.0% NVR. P. cepacia was the most resistant microorganism found. It could grow well in up to 1.3% NVR. It also grew on butanoic, pentanoic, and hexanoic acid as well as 6-hexanolactone. These were found to be the major toxic components of NVR. P. cepacia was grown in a NVR-limited chemostat with a NVR feed concentration well in excess of the toxic NVR concentration. In nitrogen-limited, batch fermentation on fructose, P. cepacia accumulated PHB in excess of 50% of its dry weight. A 2-stage chemostat process for the production of PHB from NVR by P. cepacia was investigated with encouraging results.
Visser, Hendrik Petrus. "Biodiesel production from a butter factory effluent / H.P. Visser." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9250.
Full textThesis (MIng (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
Grassiano, James W. "Wastewater treatment alternatives for a vegetable and seafood cannery." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06082009-170735/.
Full textKohler, Ulrich F. "Waste stream logistics : a strategic management model for waste-generating companies." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1999. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.714443.
Full textGosling, Christine. "Co-disposal of rejects from coal and sand mining operations in the Blue Mountains : a feasibility study /." View thesis, 1999. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030822.133548/index.html.
Full textMan, Yuk-lan Catherine. "Cyanide waste management : technologies, economic aspects, and constraints /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17665346.
Full textHinojosa, Eduardo Alberto Lazo. "Remoção de matéria orgânica e cor de efluente kraft por adsorção usando carvão ativado e argila." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1302.
Full textAtualmente há preocupação da sociedade em relação aos impactos gerados pelas indústrias ao meio ambiente. Para produção de celulose e de papel é usada grande quantidade de água, madeira e produtos químicos, sendo gerado efluente nos diferentes processos produtivos da indústria. A matéria orgânica e a cor do efluente do processo Kraft se devem à presença de moléculas derivadas da lignina que são difíceis de serem removidas ou biodegradadas. Com vistas à remedição deste efluente, o presente trabalho busca avaliar a remoção de cor e matéria orgânica residual de efluente de celulose Kraft pré-tratado biologicamente, usando carvão ativado de casca de coco e argila montmorilonita pelo método de adsorção através de delineamentos experimentais. Para remoção de cor e matéria orgânica foram avaliados os fatores: a) pH do efluente; b) massa do material adsorvente no processo de adsorção e c) temperatura. A capacidade de adsorção de matéria orgânica e cor no carvão ativado e argila montmorilonita foram determinados pelo modelo matemático de Langmuir e Freundlich, por meio de ensaios de construção de isotermas de adsorção em efluente Kraft. O efluente foi caracterizado quanto a DQO, DBO5,20, COT e cor verdadeira antes e depois do tratamento terciário. Para o tratamento do efluente foram empregadas duas temperaturas: 25 e 40°C, seguiu-se planejamento fatorial completo 32 em triplicata com ponto central tendo como variáveis pH (5,0; 6,0 e 7,0) e massa de material adsorvente (0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 g). O planejamento experimental utilizado permitiu obter os melhores resultados com carvão ativado em 40 °C, pH 7,0 e 1,5 g de adsorvente com remoção de: 98% de COT, 83% de DQO, 97% de DBO5,20 e 95% de cor verdadeira e para argila em temperatura de 40 oC, pH 7, e 1,5 g de adsorvente com remoção de: 55% de COT, 50% de DQO, 90% de DBO5,20, e 56% de cor verdadeira. A principal variável responsável pela remoção de cor e matéria orgânica foi a massa de adsorvente seguida do pH. Também foi avaliada a possibilidade de aproveitamento do resíduo obtido a partir do processo de adsorção na incorporação de cinzas de carvão na produção de argamassas com teores de 0,4%, 1,0% e 1,2%; em cimento portland, areia e água com tempos de cura de 7 e 28 dias fazendo testes de resistência à compressão. Para a reutilização da argila foram utilizados 15% de argila do processo de adsorção, 25% de vidro e 60% de argila vermelha, para a confecção de corpos de prova cerâmico à temperatura de 1100 oC a 1150 oC. De modo geral, o processo de tratamento proposto neste trabalho utilizando carvão ativado, demostrou ser boa alternativa comparado com argila montmorilonita para redução de cor e matéria orgânica residual do efluente de processo Kraft, tendo-se em vista a utilização da cinza do carvão utilizado no processo de adsorção como um agregado para formação de argamassas na construção civil e argila utilizada na adsorção como material cerâmico.
Nowadays, there is a concern of society regarding the impacts caused by the industries on the environment. Large amounts of water, wood and chemichal are used to produce cellulose and paper, and contaminated effluents are generated through the various industrial processes associated. The organic matter and the color of the Kraft effluent are due to the presence of lignin-derived molecules that are difficult to be removed or biodegraded. With intent to remediate this effluent, this study aim to evaluate the removal of color and residual organic matter from biologically pretreated Kraft effluent, using activated carbon from coconut shell and montmorillonite clay by adsorption method through experimental designs. For the color and organic matter removal, the following factors were evaluated: a) pH of the effluent; b) the mass of the adsorbent material in the adsorption process and c) temperature. The adsorption capacity of organic matter and color in the activated carbon and in the montmorillonite clay were determined by the mathematical model of Langmuir and Freundlich, by means of isotherm adsorption construction in Kraft effluent.The effluent was characterized by COD, DBO5,20, COT and true color before and after the tertiary treatment. For it treatment two temperatures were employed: 25 °C and 40 °C, followed by a 32 full factorial design with center point in triplicate, using pH (5.0, 6.0 and 7.0) and masses of adsorbent material (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g) as variables. The experimental design used showed that the best results with activated carbon are obtained at 40 ° C, pH 7.0 and 1.5 g of adsorbent with removals of 98% of TOC, 83% of COD, 97% of BOD5,25 and 95% of true color. With clay, the best results occurred at temperature of 40 ° C, pH 7, and 1.5 g of adsorbent to remove 55% of COT, 50% of COD, 90% of BOD5,20 and 56% of true color. The main responsible for the removal of color and organic matter was the mass of adsorbent, followed by the pH. It was also evaluated the possibility of using the residue obtained from the adsorption process in the incorporation of carbon ash to produce mortars with levels of 0.4%, 1.0% and 1.2% in Portland cement, sand and water, with curing times of 7 and 28 days, for which compressive strength tests were performed. To reuse the clay, 15% of the clay from the adsorption process was used, together with 25% of glass and 60% of red clay, in order to construct ceramics bodies specimen generated at temperatures from 1100 °C to 1150 °C. The treatment process proposed in this work using activated carbon demonstrated to be, in general, a good alternative compared to montmorillonite clay for the color reduction and residual organic matter removal from Kraft process effluent, while residues from both process can be used as aggregates for mortars and ceramic body production.
Gouws, Jacques Francois. "Development of a complete process integration framework for wastewater minimisation in batch processes." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04082009-215001/.
Full textNiutanen, Ville. "Industrial ecosystem case studies : the potential of material and energy flow roundput in regional waste management /." Joensuu : Joensuun yliopisto, 2005. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0608/2005390556.html.
Full textTao, Yingxiang. "An assessment of alternative wastewater treatment approaches in Guangzhou /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20868364.
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