Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Facteurs de virulence bactériens'
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Bertrand, Quentin. "Caractérisation de facteurs de virulence impliquant les systèmes de sécrétion bactériens." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAV058.
Full textPseudomonas aeruginosa is the causative agent of nosocomial infections. Those infections are a real threat to public health, considering that P. aeruginosa is a member of the ESKAPE pathogens family. Those pathogens developed numerous antibiotic resistance mechanisms that allow them to escape the lethality of common treatments. More than just resistant, P. aeruginosa is able to make use of several virulence factors, and among them, the type V secretion system, which is the main subject of my PhD.A new virulent P. aeruginosa strain was discovered in Grenoble University Hospital several years ago. This strain lacked the virulence factors of common studied cytotoxic strains but, still displayed high toxicity. This was related to the expression of two proteins, ExlB and ExlA, that are part of the T5SSb and display a complete new mechanism of action (no protein homologs are found). The ExlA toxin is able to form pores in the eukaryotic cell membrane leading to their death. The aim of my PhD was to understand on a molecular level the mechanism of ExlA toxicity.To decipher the activity of this toxin, we divided it in two domains, studied separately. Using NMR, SEC-MALLS, liposome floating assay, SAXS and AFM techniques, we were able to prove that the C-terminal domain of ExlA was a « molten globule » in solution and was able to form holes in reconstituted lipid bilayers. This domain seems to be the key to lipid interaction by the whole protein. Additional in vivo studies of the N-terminal domain and on full-length ExlA allowed us to propose a putative model of the mechanism of this novel toxin
Château, Alice. "Rôle de Cody dans la virulence de Bacillus anthracis." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077073.
Full textBacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium, is the etiological agent of anthrax. AtxA, a transcriptional regulator, is essential for toxin production and important for capsule biosynthesis, the major virulence factors. Toxin gene transcription is regulated by a bicarbonate/CO2 equilibrium and peaks during entry into stationnary phase, suggesting the implication of transition phase regulators. CodY is a transition phase regulator. In contrast to its role as a virulence repressor in many Gram-positive pathogens, in B. Anthracis CodY activates toxin gene expression by post-translationally regulating AtxA accumulation. Whereas the deletion of codY leads to a decrease of AtxA accumulation, the capsulation is not affected. In a mouse model, the lethal dose 50 of the commutant was strongly attenuated compared to those of the wild-type and the atxA deleted strains, the two latter displaying the same virulence. In fact, in contrast with in vitro culture, during which a ΔatxA strain is poorly encapsulated, the same strain is fully encapsulated in vivo. These results indicate that CodY controls the expression of virulence-associated factors other than the toxin. In fact, CodY has a role in B. Anthracis capacity to use heam iron. A link between bicarbonate/CO2 and AtxA induction toxin gene was sought. Deletion and substitution of residues at the C-terminal end of AtxA gave rise to an inactive and a constitutively active protein, respectively. AtxA purified from bacteria grown in absence or presence of bicarbonate/CO2 was mainly insoluble or soluble, respectively. These data suggest that bicarbonate/CO2 induces a change of conformation and activity of AtxA
Lourdault, Kristel. "Apport des modèles animaux pour la caractérisation de facteurs de virulence chez les leptospires." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077187.
Full textLeptospirosis is a Worldwide zoonosis, due to pathogenic leptospira strains. Virulence factors of leptospira are largely unknow because of the lack of genetic tools and because leptospira are poorly transformable. Recently, random transposon mutagenesis has been developed for pathogenic strains and a library with more than 1 000 mutants had been obtained. Beause the use of animal models is necessary to improve our understanding of virulence, we first assessed the kinetics of leptospira infection in the guinea pig model by quantitative PCR. Quantitative PCR was adapted to other susceptible animal models such as hamsters and gerbils and the reservoir model rats. We compared the susceptibility of animal models to pathogenic strains and gerbils have been choosen to study virulence of mutants. A clpB mutant had been obtained by random mutagenesis in a pathogenic strain of leptospira. We have shown that ClpB, a chaperone protein, is involved in leptospiral growth, in vitro thermic and oxidative stress resistance and in virulence in animal models. LigA and LigB are surface exposed lipoproteins. Competition experiments with ligA and ligB mutants have shown that LigB is involved in virulence and LigA in in vitro growth. LigB mutant shows a multiplication and dissemination defect when it is co-infected with the wild type strain. This work will help us to better understand the pathogenesis of leptospira
Georgiades, Kalliopi. "Phylogénomique des bactéries pathogènes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20690/document.
Full textThe virulence of pathogenic bacteria has been attributed to virulence factors and pathogenic bacteria are considered to have more genes compared to bacteria that do not cause disease. According to the first genomic studies, removing a certain number of genes from pathogenic bacteria impairs their capacity to infect hosts. However, more recent studies have demonstrated that the specialization of bacteria in eukaryotic cells is associated with massive gene loss, especially for allopatric endosymbionts that have been isolated for a long time in an intracellular niche. Indeed, bacteria living in sympatry often have bigger genomes and exhibit greater resistance and plasticity and constitute species complexes rather than true species. Specialists, including specific pathogenic bacteria, escape these bacterial complexes and colonize a niche; thereby gaining a species name. Their specialization allows them to adopt allopatric lifestyle and experience reductive genome evolution. These observations led us to design a study to quantify the rate of gene losses during the evolution of free-living bacteria to intracellular specialists. Our objective was to verify that what characterizes the evolution of intracellular bacteria is genomic reduction, taking under consideration all possible gene gain events. Furthermore, in another neutral study comparing the 12 most dangerous pandemic bacteria to Humans to their closest non-epidemic species, we wished to identify any genomic specificities associated to the virulent capacity of pathogenic bacteria and demonstrate that, besides toxins and surprisingly, toxin-antitoxin modules, pathogenic bacteria are not characterized by more virulence factors, but rather by a loss of regulatory genes. Finally, virulent bacteria exhibit a genomic repertoire in which absent genes are as important as present ones
Chassaing, Benoit. "Caractérisation de facteurs bactériens essentiels à la virulence des souches de Escherichia coli associées à la maladie de Crohn." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00855515.
Full textBenoît, Stéphanie. "Caractérisation moléculaire des facteurs de virulence de Rhodococcus equi." Caen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CAEN2026.
Full textTosi, Tommaso. "Etudes structurales de facteurs de virulence de la bactérie Helicobacter pylori." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00521213.
Full textSayes, Fadel. "Etude de l'influence du Système de Sécrétion de Type VII "ESX-5" de Mycobacterium tuberculosis sur l'Immunité Anti-Mycobactérienne." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077268.
Full textMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of human tuberculosis is responsible for ≈ 9 million new cases of infection and ≈ 1. 4 million deaths per year worldwide. The genome of Mtb encodes five potential type VII secretion systems, ESX-1 to ESX-5, most of which are associated with genes encoding PE/PPE proteins, named after their N-terminal Pro-Glu (PE) or Pro-Pro-Glu (PPE) motifs. Here, we have shown that the ESX-5-associated PE/PPE proteins are highly immunogenic for both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Indeed, we describe the strong T cell immunogenicity of the ESX-5-encoded PE/PPE proteins, which share a large panel of cross-reactive CD4+ T epitopes with substantial numbers of their ESX-5-nonassociated PE/PPE homologs. The immunogenicity of these numerous PE/PPE proteins is dependent on their export by a functional EccD5, the predicted trans-membrane channel of the ESX-5 secretion apparatus. The Mtb Δppe25-pe 19 mutant deleted for all ESX-5-associated pe and ppe genes, although highly attenuated in immunocompetent mice, remains able to induce immunity against the ESX-5-associated PE/PPE virulence factors, via cross-reactivity with their numerous homologs, and against the ESX-1 virulence factors ESAT-6/CFP-10. Moreover, the Mtb Δppe25-pe19 strain is as potent as WT Mtb of inducing phenotypic and functional maturation of innate immune cells. The Mtb Δppe25-pel9 strain is strongly protective against pathogenic Mtb infection in mice and represents a potential anti-tuberculosis vaccine candidate
Bertin, Marine. "Contrôle de l'expression du régulateur central AtxA chez Bacillus anthracis." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077029.
Full textBacillus anthracis, the ethiological agent of anthrax, is a Gram positive spore forming bacterium. After entry into the mammalian host the bacilli multiply and produce key virulence factors, an immunomodulating tripartite toxin and an antiphagocytic poly-y-D-glutamate capsule, Genes responsible for synthesis of the key virulence factors are under AtxA contrai» a global transcriptional regulator. Toxin gene expression has been investigated but the mechanism by which is still undefined. With a set of deleted strains, we have determined that in cis elements located in the vicinity of atxA act on this gene expression. Regions located both upstream and downstream atxA are roquired for full expression of the gene, Upstream of atxA, a second promoter located before the initially identified promoter has been described by another team. An atxA copy deleted just after the translation stop codon gene is responsible for a defect m atxA and pagA expression and this phenotype is not restored by an in trans complementation of the deleted part. The truncated atxA gene produces an instable mRNA. We have determined that the atxA 3'UTR region of 520 bases ends with a rho-independent terminator. We hypothesized that the stem and loop structure is necessary for protection of the transcript against 3'-5' exoribonucleases. The stem end loop structure acts as a transcriptional repressor when inserted between an inducible promoter and a reporter gene. We have shown that the atxA gene, as now defined with a long 5'UTR, containing the described promoters, and the 3'UTR region, containing a stem, and loop follow by poly-T, is the only pXQl element required for pagA gene optimal expression
Mesclet-Cladière, Laurence. "Identification et analyse de facteurs de virulence d'une bactérie entomopathogène, Photorhabdus temperata." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112028.
Full textPhotorhabdus temperata is a Gram negative entomopathogenié bacterium of the Enterobactericae. P. Temperata lives in symbiosis in the intestine of nematodes of the family, Heterorhabditae, which, in turn, are capable of penetrating into the interior of insect larvae. Within the insect, nematodes release the bacteria which rapidly multiply, killing the larva then hydrolysing the internai structure, providing ideal conditions for nematode reproduction and development. Finally, nematodes and bacteria re-enter a symbiotic interaction and they leave 1the cadaver in search of a new hosto P. Temperata exhibits two distinct phenotypic phase variants in the laboratory, termed phase 1 and II. " ln an attempt to elucidate the factors and mechanisms implicated in phase variation we initially performed RAP PCR (RNA fingerprint by Arbitrarily Primed PCR) in order to identify genes specifically expressed in the two phase variant forms of P. Temperata in laboratory LB medium. Several genes were identified during this study, including two clones with homology to a major subunit and one similar to a minor subunit of mannose resistant fimbriae encoded by MR/P genes of Proteus mirabilis. Fimbriae typically play an important Tale in virulence and thus we continued with a more detailed study of these structures in P. Temperata. Concomitant with the above investigations, we also studied a zinc metalloprotease, : PrtA, secreted to the culture medium by P. Tempe rata. PrtA is a member of the RTX (Repeats. 1 in Toxin) family. Finally, a study was undertaken using the technique of genomic DNA subtractive C hybridisation between two species of Photorhabdus, P. Temperata K122 and the closely related P. Luminescens W14. Despite having a similar pathology in insect infections, they ~ exhibit many different phenotypic traits, leading to the hypothesis that, although they may ~ employ many similar virulence factors, some may be species specific
Schoonejans, Eric F. "Erwinia chrysanthemi: étude génétique d'une bactérie phytopathogène et de ses facteurs de virulence." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213456.
Full textBleibtreu, Alexandre. "Rôle des capacités de croissance et de la résistance aux stress dans la virulence extra intestinale d’Escherichia coli : de l’espèce au clone." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077244.
Full textThroughout long evolutionary time, we showed that at the species level the extra intestinal virulence is essentially explained by the number of virulence genes. Using a new collection, collected during the thesis, we have shown that mutations in the rpoS gene are essentially laboratory-acquired and the evolutionary history of rpoS is subjected to a pressure of purifying selection, that it respects the phylogeny of the species and that it follows a "source and sink" model. Moreover, the mode of acquisition is important. Strains responsible for pediatric community-acquired infections showed higher growth capacities officials pediatric nosocomial infection strains. We also showed that the ST131 clone had particularly high growth capacity may explain its spread in the community. In short evolutionary time, we studied vine isolates from a patient during a peritonitis with genetic and phenotypic microheterogeneity and different levels of RpoS. RpoS allele did not affect virulence. So it seems that across evolutionary time short growth capacities are predominant in the variations in virulence observed. Inactivation of virulence offset by increased resilience to stress must confer selective advantages in the unique : environment that is the peritoneal cavity during peritonitis E. Coli. Finally, data from the sequencing of complete genomes of isolates will better understand the mechanisms of microdiversité and its relationship with virulence
Perrin, Jackie. "Virulence bactérienne et défenses de l’hôte : contribution des cellules phagocytaires dans l’immunité innée chez la drosophile." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10098.
Full textIn eukaryotes, phagocytic cells are involved in the defense against pathogens by insuring the recognition of foreign bodies, their internalization and elimination. We developed the use of the fly Drosophila melanogaster for the prospective study of the phagocytes contribution in the innate immunity and their role in host-pathogen interactions. In phagocytes, the GTPases of the family Rho have an essential role in the actin cytoskeleton dynamics that take place during cellular adhesion and pathogen internalisation. We proved that the RhoGTPase Rac2 is specifically involved in drosophila cellular immune response and contributes to the resistance in infections by the pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This bacteria raises major public health problems, in particular at the patients affected by cystic fibrosis. I focused in the toxin ExoS of P. Aeruginosa which is injected in host cells targeting RhoGTPases. In particular, Rac2 is inhibited by this toxin resulting in reduced phagocytosis and resistance to infection. In parallel, I participated in the identification of new virulence factors of P. Aeruginosa in association with Pr P. Cosson (Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva). My work also concerned the research for new players of the cellular immune response. I looked into an evolutionary conserved family of proteins, the nonaspanins also called TM9SF proteins, who’s function in the phagocytosis had been previously shown in amoeba. We proved that TM9SF4 plays an important role in drosophila infection resistance via its implication in phagocytosis and cellular adhesion
Brest, Patrick. "Interaction entre les Escherichia coli pathogènes et la muqueuse intestinale : mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires de la réponse immunitaire innée induite par les facteurs de virulence bactériens." Nice, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NICE4038.
Full textJurzynski, Christophe. "Cytoadhérence de P. Falciparum : nouveaux facteurs de virulence et modifications des cellules endothéliales." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20657.
Full textMoussouni, Malika. "Facteurs bactériens impliqués dans la survie intramacrophagique de Pseudomonas aeruginosa et recherche d’inhibiteurs spécifiques : du modèle expérimental cellulaire au modèle vertébré Danio rerio." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT003.
Full textThe increased number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a real challenge for medical research. WHO has published a list of very high priority pathogens, which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium responsible for acute and chronic infections. P. aeruginosa is involved in nosocomial infections and is also the main pathogen responsible of the morbidity and mortality of patients with cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the cftr gene.The macrophage is in the first line of the innate immune defense. The role during infection of the ability of P. aeruginosa to resist to the bactericidal action of macrophages is poorly understood, both in the context of cystic fibrosis or in normal conditions. Virulence factors such as MgtC and OprF have been recently identified as important in the intramacrophage survival of P. aeruginosa. The main objective of our project is to better understand the role of these factors in the establishment of P. aeruginosa infection, to test the contribution of the CFTR channel at this stage, and to develop innovative therapeutic strategy.Since it is important to better control the infection, we propose here to develop a new strategy, in addition to antibiotic therapy, which aims to limit the ability of P. aeruginosa to survive within macrophages. This approach is based on the MgtC target and a natural MgtR inhibitor.We have tested for the first time the effect of MgtR synthetic peptide on P. aeruginosa. MgtR reduces bacterial survival in macrophages, through its action on the MgtC protein, thus validating the biological effect of the synthetic peptide. This antivirulence strategy is combined with a structural approach, to characterize the MgtC/MgtR interaction from a molecular point of view and to study the effect of MgtR on MgtC dimerization. This could ultimately lead to optimize the MgtR peptide in order to test it in an animal model (preliminary studies in the embryo of zebrafish were inconclusive).In addition, I contributed in a study to characterize the bacterial factors involved in the intramacrophage stage of P. aeruginosa. This work revealed the involvement of MgtC and OprF in the expression of the T3SS, itself responsible for a lysis of macrophages by intracellular bacteria. The use of oprF mutant as an "indicator" of the intramacrophage role in vivo, allowed us to show the importance of bactericidal action of macrophage (e.g. phagosomal acidification) in the control of P. aeruginosa infection, both in cultured macrophages and in zebrafish embryo. This vertebrate model is relevant for the study of P. aeruginosa infection, but also for the involvement of CFTR. cftr-/- embryos appear to be highly susceptible to P. aeruginosa infection, and this model could determine the specific contribution of CFTR to the bactericidal action of macrophage.In conclusion, a better understanding of the intramacrophage stage of P. aeruginosa and the bacterial factors involved, may provide a better control of P. aeruginosa infection
Hérault, Elodie. "Régulation de la synthèse des facteurs de virulence par la température chez la bactérie phytopathogène Dickeya dadantii." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10259/document.
Full textBacteria are colonizers of various environments and host organisms, and they are often subjected to drastic temperature variations. Dickeya dadantii is a Gram-negative pathogen infecting a wide range of plant species. Soft rot, the visible symptom, is mainly due to the production of pectate lyases (Pels) that can destroy the plant cell walls. Production of Pels is controlled by a complex regulation system and responds tovarious stimuli, such as presence of pectin, plant extracts, growth phase, temperature or iron concentration. Although many studies have been carried out, the mechanisms of control of Pels production by temperature have not yet been elucidated. In bacteria, thermoregulation acting at the level of transcription initiation occurs usually both via transcription factors and DNA topology. We show that PecT, a previously identified repressor, is involved in the thermoregulation of the pel gene expression. Using in vivo Chromatin ImmunoPrecipitation (ChIP) coupled to quantitative RT-PCR(qRT-PCR), we reveal that PecT binding to the pel gene promoters is modulated by temperature. By manipulating the DNA topology in vivo, we further show that DNA supercoiling state is involved in the thermoregulation of pel gene expression by PecT. In addition, we show that the development of the pathogenicity of the pecT mutant according to changes in temperature is different from that of the parental strain. This report presents a new example of how plant pathogenic bacteria use transcription factor and DNA topology to adjust synthesis of virulence factors in response to temperature variation
Rolhion, Nathalie. "Pouvoir d'adhésion et d'invasion des souches AIEC associées à la maladie de Crohn : facteurs de virulence et régulation de leur expression." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF1MM09.
Full textProvencher, Julie. "Identification et caractérisation de gènes codant pour des facteurs de virulence et des protéines antigéniques chez la bactérie Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2003. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/7347/1/000129888.pdf.
Full textGoarant, Cyrille. "Epidémiologie et facteurs de virulence des bactéries du genre Vibrio responsables de mortalité de crevettes d'élevage en Nouvelle-Calédonie : perspectives de lutte." Phd thesis, Polynésie française, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00495067.
Full textPéron-Cane, Caroline. "Suivi en temps réel des protéines bactériennes sécrétées." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS314.
Full textUpon infection, bacterial pathogens deploy an arsenal of virulence factors promoting the invasion of their host organisms. Although these bacterial effectors have been well characterized, the dynamics of their secretion and of their intracellular localization in the host remain poorly described due to the lack of appropriate tools allowing their visualization in real time. Indeed, common fluorescent tags like GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) are thought inactive after transport through bacterial secretion systems. To overcome these limitations, we took advantage of FAST (Fluorescence-Activating and absorption Shifting Tag), a tunable fluorescent probe where the fluorescence results from the rapid association with a membrane-permeant fluorogenic ligand. In this work, we showed that FAST can be used to visualize effectors secreted by several bacterial secretion systems (T3SS, T5SS and Sec). By measuring FAST secretion, we quantified the dynamics of formation and rupture of internalization vacuoles occupied by Listeria monocytogenes. Monitoring the location of LLO, a major virulence factor secreted by L. monocytogenes during invasion of epithelial cells, we identified a compartment in which bacteria can replicate, before colonizing the host cytoplasm. In addition to validating a fluorescent tool to monitor the real-time localization of bacterial proteins exported by various secretion systems, this study updates the model of the intracellular cycle of L. monocytogenes during epithelial cell infection
Ribeiro, Furtado Ana Rita. "A novel Chlamydia pneumoniae secreted protein with putative deubiquitinating activity." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077085.
Full textChlamydia pneumoniae is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that is a causative agent for several human respiratory diseases and is also associated with chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis. These bacteria survive within a membrane compartment, the inclusion, from where they are capable of diverting host cellular mechanisms for their own benefit. As other Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, C. Pneumoniae possess genes coding for a type III secretion (TTS) System that allows translocation of bacterial proteins into their host. These proteins are of great interest because of their possible role in virulence and persistence within the host. We have identified the chlamydial protein CPn0483 as a type III secretion substrate. The séquence analysis of CPn0483 and its orthologs in chlamydiae led to the identification of an ovarian tumor (OTU) protease motif in their amino termini. Members of the OTU family of proteases that are found in eukaryotes and viruses, have been shown to have deubiquitinase activity. CPn0483 reacts with activity-based probes directed against deubiquitinases, further supporting the hypothesis that this bacterial protein has deubiquitinase activity. A yeast two-hybrid screen identified NDP52 (nuclear dot protein 52) as a protein capable of interacting with CPn0483. We were able to validate a NDP52 as protein partner of CPN0483 by immunoprecipitation and GST-pulldown. Thus, we have identified a novel type III effector protein of Chlamydia pneumoniae and one of its cellular targets, the protein NDP52. Considering its kinetics of expression, CPnQ483 could play a role late in the infectious cycle, or very early during the next round of infection
Nanoukon, Chimène Nadège Mahoussi. "Importance des staphylocoques à coagulase négative dans les infections primitives sévères : recherche de nouveaux facteurs de virulence." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ059/document.
Full textCoagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are generally considered as opportunistic pathogens with low virulence. However, previous studies have reported pathogenicity of some strains similar to that observed in S. aureus. This thesis aims to contribute to the importance of SCN in severe primitive infections. First, we evaluated the pathogenic potential of clinical CNS strains in Benin. To achieve this objective, CNS associated with various severe clinical infections were collected over at the Hubert Koutoukou Maga National Hospital and University Center in Cotonou. These strains are identified as well as their susceptibility to antibiotics and their ability to produce virulence factors. This part of the study showed that the most involved species in Benin are: S. haemolyticus and S. epidermidis followed by other species such as S. cohnii, S. sciuri, S. arlettae, S. capitis. We also demonstrated the multi-resistance of strains to antibiotics, as well as the presence of potential virulence factors such as protease, esterase, hemolysin, leukotoxin and, enterotoxin Staphylococcal C in 44% of strains tested particularly in hospital strains isolated from blood cultures. We, then, characterized a new virulence factor identified in two strains of S. epidermidis: staphylococcal enterotoxin C called SECepi, which was secreted at ~100 μg/mL in bacterial culture supernatants. The secepi gene consists of 801 bp corresponding to 266 amino acids. On the basis of the comparison between the peptide chain of SECepi and the already known peptide sequences of the SEC, we found that SECepi is close to SEC3 of S. aureus Mu3 strain with three amino acids substitutions in the signal peptide and nine amino acid substitutions in the mature protein. However, most residues involved in formation of the tri-molecular complex CMH-SEC-TCR are conserved in SECepi. Analysis of the recombinant protein (rSECepi) revealed antigenic relationships and a strong structural homology is predicted with SECaureus. Moreover, this toxin exhibits the biological activities characteristic of a SAg including the stimulation of the mitogenicity and the concomitant production of high doses of pro-inflammatory and suppressive cytokines in activated human T lymphocytes. Moreover, SECepi is resistant to heating at 100 °C and digestion by gastrointestinal enzymes such as pepsin and trypsin. These results provide evidence that SECepi can act as a superantigen in humans although the wild type has several mutations in S. epidermidis. The study of the medical record of one of the patients showed that the enterotoxin produced by the strain of S. epidermidis might be at the origin of severity of the clinics presented at hospital admission. Finally, genomic analysis of the two toxigenic S. epidermidis strains confirms the varied possibilities of genetic exchange between this species and S. aureus. This thesis underscores the importance of monitoring CNS infections in humans because some strains, like S. aureus, produce virulence factors that can aggravate the overall host condition
Talagrand, Emilie. "Diversité, complexité et adaptation au comportement pathogène au sein du genre Aeromonas." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT123/document.
Full textAeromonas groups ubiquitous bacteria mainly living in aquatic environments. These opportunistic pathogens for human and numerous animals have a large repertoire of virulence-associated factors. Although pathotypes were proposed and despite some species are more frequently isolated in human and animal infections, their pathogenicity is still poorly understood, mostly because very few comprehensive functional studies are available and because investigations taking into account the genetic diversity and the biological complexity within the genus are lacking.We assumed that for an opportunistic bacterial pathogen of environmental origin as versatile and ubiquitous as Aeromonas, the population structure in complex of species, the outstanding genetic/genomic diversity, the polymorphism of virulence factors and the interactions within pathogenic populations can act as factors driving the adaptation to a pathogenic behaviour. To test this hypothesis, we studied i) the diversification within “A. media”, a complex of species used as a model by a population study that included multilocus genetics, phylogenetics, evolutionary features, comparative genomics, as well as phenotypics, lifestyle and habitat ii) the patho-genomics of well-known virulence factors in aeromonads (aerolysin, thermolabile and thermostable enterotoxins, exotoxin A, serine protease, components and effectors of type III secretion system, and lateral flagellin) in a population that is representative of the known taxonomic diversity in the genus (30 species) and iii) the pathogenic behaviour using an in vivo model (Caenorhabditis elegans), an in vitro model (cytotoxicity, cytoadhesion, biofilm production, motility), and intercellular signals production (type I quorum-sensing) for populations involved in mixed aeromonosis, i.e. 5% of human aeromonosis defined by the isolation of at least 2 distinct clones.The phenomenon of speciation described in the complex “A. media” that aggregates 3 genomic species demonstrates that Aeromonas harbours a population structured in complexes of closely related species whose genetic and genomic diversity, as well as evolution mode (mutations and recombinations) reveal a wide adaptative and patho-adaptative potential linked to lineage emergence. Among the complex “A. media”, the species A. rivipollensis seems to be more adapted to a host-associated lifestyle and harbours specific genes for the resistance to environmental stress. Aeromonas has a wide range of virulence-associated genes, which presented diverse evolutive history. Some of them display a phylogeny linked to the core-genome evolution. These results suggest that these genes are involved in speciation processes probably related to niches adaptation. The evaluation of performances of virulence PCRs revealed major lacks of sensitivity of tested methods mainly due to the genetic polymorphism of the virulence factors. By using in vivo models and in vitro models, we also showed that Aeromonas mixed populations recovered from clinical samples could change the course of infection, likely through a cooperative or competitive mechanism that involves cell-to-cell signalling.The high complexity of Aeromonas results from its population structure, virulence factors polymorphism and multicellular behaviours. They are all putative adaptation factors to a pathogenic behaviour that may explain at least partially the difficulties encountered to elucidate pathogenicity of these bacteria
Lemaître, Chloé. "Région conservée des plasmides ColV/ColBM de Escherichia coli : mise en évidence d'un facteur de virulence auxiliaire des sidérophores et dissémination au sein des souches de E. coli responsables d'infections intra et extraintestinales." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077091.
Full textThe ColV plasmid pS88 plays a major role in the virulence of the neonatal meningitis Escherichia coli clone O45:K1:H7. This plasmid is characterized by a conserved virulence plasmidic (CVP) region including several known virulence factors as the iron uptake systems as well as genes of unknown function. The aims of this study were to identify new virulence genes and to better characterize the distribution of the CVP region within extraintestinal pathogenic E. Coli. Transcriptional analysis identified genes of unknown function including the gene csbLp whose transcription was strongly induced in iron-depleted conditions. This gene was present only in strains harboring the iro locus encoding salmochelins. By mutagenesis, mass spectrometry and experimental model, we showed that it was involved in the virulence of pS88 acting as a booster of catecholate/phenolate siderophores synthesis via the shikimate pathway. Furthermore, we have shown a high prevalence of the CVP region in the phylogenetic subgroup C, closely related to major group B1, which could explain the unexpected virulence of some B1 strains usually considered as commensal. Finally, we showed the presence of a CVP region in a Shiga toxin-producing E. Coli responsible for a hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with bacteremia. The functional and epidemiological analysis of the CVP region pointed the concept of siderophore auxiliary virulence factors and showed its dissemination within extraintestinal and intestinal pathogenic E. Coli
Nguyen, Van-Son. "Caractérisation structurale de la partie trans-périplasmique et de la plaque de base du système de sécrétion de type VI de EAEC 042 sci1." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4083.
Full textIn prokaryotes, proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm before being transported to various destinations, intra- or extra-cellular. Gram-negative bacteria have developed a large collection of mechanisms and systems, termed bacterial secretion systems, to secrete proteins through their cell wall to the exterior. The type VI secretion system, identified in years 2006-2008, is a versatile nano-machine prevalent in pathogenic bacteria. There have been many evidences that T6SS delivers toxic proteins directly into both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells to kill them. To prevent killing of sibling cells (cells from the same species), T6SS+ cells produce also immunity proteins that neutralize the toxic effects of their cognate effectors. T6SS contains 13 core-components (TssA-M), assembling a structure often quoted as an “inverted bacteriophage”. A phage-like tubular tail (the sheath and the internal tube) polymerizes from a baseplate-like complex, anchored to the cell internal and outer membranes via a membrane anchored complex spanning the periplasm. Contraction of the sheath provides the necessary energy to propel the internal tube through the wall towards the prey cells. In the framework of my PhD, I became involved in determining the structure and dynamics of some components of the EAEC sci1 T6SS, mostly on the membrane and baseplate subcomplexes. Several structures have been determined and analysed. Four articles have been published and two other are in preparation
Sivadon-Tardy, Valérie. "Analyse moléculaire des populations de Staphylococcus epidermidis associées aux infections ostéo-articulaires." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011VERS0018.
Full textIn a first prospective distribution study, we show that Staphylococcus epidermidis accounts for more than 80% cases of prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) associated with coagulase negative staphylococci. However, the prevalence of this species is also very high among per-operative "non-significant" isolates. Thus we tried to identify relevant pathogenicity markers by studying polymorphism of S. Epidermidis autolysin/adhesin AtlE cell wall anchoring domain and the presence of several markers (mecA, icaA/D, IS256, « ACME »), in association with « ST » as determined by MLST. ST2, atle allele 1, mecA, icaA/D, IS256 - but not ACME - were significantly associated with PJIs strains. Finally, we show using MLST and MLVA that strains with abnormal susceptibility to glycopeptides belong to a limited number of STs but are genetically diverse
Kelle, Karine. "Un facteur de virulence potentiel chez Campylobacter Jejuni : la p95." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11017.
Full textWeckel, Antonin. "Molecular mechanisms of Streptococcus pyogenes tissue colonization and invasion The N-terminal domain of the R28 protein promotes emm28 Group A Streptococcus adhesion to host cells via direct binding to three integrins Group A Streptococcus efficiently colonizes and invades a human tissue and limits its immune response during the early steps of infection." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=2090&f=14189.
Full textStreptococcus pyogenes, also known as Group A Streptococcus (GAS), is a Gram-positive pathogen responsible for a wide range of diseases. GAS induces superficial infections such as pharyngitis, with 700 million cases/year worldwide, life threatening invasive infections such as necrotizing fasciitis, with 160 000 deaths, and post-infectious sequelae such as rheumatic fever. Altogether, GAS is responsible for 517 000 deaths in the world annually. GAS strains are genetically diverse and their genotyping involves the sequencing of the emm gene 5' end; emm encodes the M protein, a major virulence factor. More than 250 emm-types have been identified and they harbor specific virulence factor repertoires. During the pathogenesis of GAS infections, GAS adheres to the tissue, multiplies, affects the tissue integrity and invades it, resists and controls the immune response. During my PhD, we focused on deciphering the molecular mechanisms involved in GAS early critical steps of human tissue infection, with gyneco-obstetrical sphere infections, including endometritis, as a model. The first to third most prevalent emm-types eliciting invasive infections in Europe, emm28, is associated with these infections. In a first part of my project, we sought receptors for the emm28 specific R28 surface protein and which domains are involved in promoting adhesion to cells. In the second part, we set up an innovative ex vivo model of human decidual infection and we characterized the contribution of virulence factors to the colonization and invasion of this tissue. By cell adhesion experiments, we show that the R28 N-terminal domain (R28Nt) is responsible for an increase of GAS adhesion to human primary decidual cells. We have subdivided R28Nt into two subdomains; each is involved in binding to decidual, cervical and epithelial endometrial cells. We identified several putative R28Nt receptors and focused on R28Nt interaction with integrins. R28Nt and both subdomains directly interact with the integrins alpha3beta1, alpha6beta1 and alpha6beta4. Since R28Nt also increases the binding to the surface of pulmonary and skin epithelium cells, tissues encountered in GAS induced infections, we suggest that the R28Nt-integrin interactions contribute not only to emm28 endometritis, but also to the overall prevalence of the emm28 strains. In the second part of my project, to better characterize the mechanisms involved in GAS infections, we developed an ex vivo model of tissue infection, using human decidua, a tissue encountered during endometritis. We infected the maternal side of feto-maternal membrane, i. e. decidua, from healthy caesarians with an emm28 endometritis clinical isolate and its derived mutants. Using state of the art imaging set-up, image processing and analysis, we followed and quantified in real time different early infection steps. The bacteria multiply until they colonize the entire tissue surface in up to eight hours and this multiplication is triggered by the tissue. The bacteria form a multilayer biofilm of up to 14 µm thick. GAS readily and actively invades the decidua in a time-dependent manner, which depends on the presence of the cysteine protease SpeB. GAS induces dramatic cell cytotoxicity, with up to 50% of cells killed in the first four hours of infection; Streptolysin O (Slo) is involved in this cytotoxicity, confirming the critical importance of this factor in the early steps of infection. Cytokine overexpression and secretion in the tissue after infection indicate that GAS induces a limited immune response and the inflammatory response does not critically depend on the presence of Slo or SpeB. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the importance of several virulence factors, R28, SpeB and Slo, in the GAS emm28 early steps of infection, such as colonization, biofilm formation, cytotoxicity and tissue invasion, indicating their involvement not only in endometritis, but in other emm28 infections
Corelli, Barbara. "Investigation of Klebsiella virulence : the role of capsule in Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis pathogenesis and characterization of a Klebsiella pneumoniae capsule mutant unable to produce colibactin toxin." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC265/document.
Full textThe recent emergence and global expansion of hypervirulent and multidrug-resistant clones of K. pneumoniae have increased general interest in Klebsiella. However, knowledge of Klebsiella pathogenesis at the molecular and cellular level is still scant. We pursued two lines of research focused on Klebsiella pathogenesis. The first aimed to characterize a K. pneumoniae capsule mutant unable to produce a functional colibactin. Colibactin is a genotoxic secondary metabolite produced mainly by commensals and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli strains, but also by some K. pneumoniae strains. It induces double-strand DNA breaks leading to tumor formation in colorectal cancer and contributes to increased virulence. However, its structure, biosynthesis, secretion and mode of action have yet to be fully defined. Previous work from our laboratory showed that a K. pneumoniae capsule mutant was unable to produce a functional colibactin, suggesting a role for capsule in this process. We report herein that capsule does not in fact have a role in the colibactin effect and that the inability of the capsule mutant to induce DNA damage is due to a strong dominant negative mutation in ClbD, an essential enzyme of the colibactin biosynthetic pathway. We are currently characterizing this mutation to understand how it deeply affects ClbD structure and function. The second project explored the role of capsule (CPS) in K. rhinoscleromatis pathogenesis. K. rhinoscleromatis is a K. pneumoniae subspecies responsible for rhinoscleroma, a human specific chronic granulomatous disease of the upper airways characterized by the formation of atypical foamy macrophages called Mikulicz cells. However, little is known about the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this disease. Using our mouse model, we report that a K. rhinoscleromatis CPS mutant is attenuated in vivo but also that Mikulicz cells are observed upon infection with higher doses of K. rhinoscleromatis CPS mutant. Altogether, our data indicate that 1) CPS is a virulence factor of K. rhinoscleromatis, which is not involved in the specific appearance of Mikulicz cells and that 2) the K. rhinoscleromatis specific factors controlling the appearance of Mikulicz cells remain to be identified. The new insights brought to Klebsiella pathogenicity by this work represent a significant contribution to the understanding of rhinoscleroma pathogenesis and of the role of an enzyme implicated in colibactin biosynthesis. This opens new lines of research on K. pneumoniae and K. rhinoscleromatis pathogenesis
Personnic, Nicolas. "Caractérisation du facteur de virulence InIH de Listeria monocytogenes : un activateur bactérien de la signalisation Ras/Ral." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066228.
Full textAlix, Eric. "Régulation, fonction et polymorphisme de MgtC : un facteur de virulence conservé chez différentes bactéries pathogènes intracellulaires." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20028.
Full textMgtC is a virulence factor shared by several intracellular pathogenic bacteria, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Brucella suis and Burkholderia cenocepacia. The ΔmgtC mutants of these species are attenuated for replication in macrophages and for growth in a culture medium depleted in Mg2+. In this work, I studied function, regulation and polymorphism of MgtC, in order to get insight into its role in virulence. Analysis of point mutations in S. Typhimurium MgtC protein on conserved residues showed that MgtC function for intramacrophage replication can be dissociated from its function for growth in a Mg2+-depleted medium. This result is interesting for the comprehension of the currently unknown conditions undergone by S. Typhimurium in the phagosome. The major result of this thesis concerns the discovery of a new post-translational regulation mechanism. Indeed, S. Typhimurium MgtC stability is regulated by a 30 aminoacids transmembrane peptide, MgtR, that directly interacts with MgtC to induce its degradation by FtsH protease. This finding highlights the misestimated importance of transmembrane peptides in bacteria. Finally, I studied mgtC polymorphism in M. Tuberculosis, and identified a single nucleotide polymorphism specifically linked to Haarlem genotype, that could be used as an epidemiological marker of this genotype. Altogether, these results confirm MgtC as an interesting target in an antivirulence strategy, and identify MgtR as a potential antagonist of MgtC
Angely, Christelle. "Propriétés mécaniques et fonctionnelles des cellules épithéliales respiratoires exposées à une toxine bactérienne : l’adénylate cyclase." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC0058/document.
Full textThe increase in respiratory infections involving virulent factors of bacterial origin has become a major public health issue. A better knowledge of the cell respiratory response in the course of the initial cell invasion by bacterial toxins is important from the pathophysiological and therapeutical point of views.The purpose of this work is to decipher the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the exposition of respiratory epithelial cells to the adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) produced by Bordetella pertussis which is the whooping cough agent. We have chosen this toxin for its multiple capacities of penetrating a wide range of eukaryotic cells. Indeed, this toxin enables direct translocation of its catalytic domain across the plasma membrane of target cells using the endogen calmoduline to increase the cAMP rate at supraphysiological levels. However, the effects of these changes on mechano-chemical signaling (mechanotransduction) pathways remain largely unknown while it affects cellular functions and cell integrity. So, we perform an evaluation of cellular functions as well as mechanical and adhesion properties of respiratory epithelial cells exposed to CyaA toxin in order to detect some critical modifications in the mechanotransduction processes.In a preliminary study aiming at defining physiopathological concentrations of CyaA toxin used in our experiments, we determined the cell viability degree for 3 concentrations of CyaA toxin (0.5; 5 and 10 nM). We found that the smallest concentration (0.5 nM) did not affect cell viability whereas inducing supraphysiological cAMP levels in less than one hour.Then, we assessed the effects of CyaA toxin on cell migration and repair phenomenon, on ciliary beating and on cell permeability of epithelial cells representative of the different levels of the respiratory tract. The toxin induces a decrease in cell migration and repair, an increase in cell permeability suggesting a weakening of lateral cell-cell junctions.Immunostaining was performed on intracellular and interfacial structures of alveolar epithelial cells exposed to the 3 concentrations of CyaA toxin. Results show that CyaA toxin is able to induce cytoskeleton remodeling and a decrease in the number of focal adhesions. Finally, a refined analysis of mechanical properties and adhesion parameters was performed on the same cells by 2 techniques of micro/nanomanipulation modified to permit at the same time, an evaluation of cell adhesion and cell rigidity (Atomic Force Microscopy with indentation and force spectroscopy to characterize the number of bond during adhesion reinforcement and multiscale Magnetic Twisting Cytometry). To evaluate the role of cAMP on cellular and molecular changes, we tested the enzymatically inactive form of CyaA toxin called CyaAE5 which could not permit to increase the intracellular cAMP rate.The AFM experiments have revealed that the main effect of CyaA toxin is to decrease the number of associated integrin-ligand bounds (meaning an alteration of clustering) while, at the smallest concentration of CyaA toxin, we observe an increase in cell rigidity with an individual bound reinforcement, a result consistent with MTC results. Nevertheless, CyaE5 does not exhibit such cellular effects. On the whole, these results suggest that CyaA toxin affects the mechanotransduction pathways of cells exposed to the toxin, a result which is in agreement with the expected effects of cAMP increase (notably cytoskeleton remodeling, lateral junction alteration and inhibition of Rac1 expression) what brings a new vision of the cytotoxicity induced by the adenylate cyclase toxin
Beye, Mamadou. "Génomique en temps réel appliquée aux isolats bactériens cliniques atypiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0558.
Full textRapid and accurate diagnosis, characterization and identification of pathogens are essential to guide treatment and detect transmission events or treatments failures. However, the biomedical field is confronted with emerging and re-emerging pathogens. Some of these clinical bacterial strains exhibit specificities concerning the virulence, contagiousness and / or resistance to antibiotics. High-throughput sequencing and comparative analysis of bacterial genomes is a reliable strategy enabling the rapid study of the characteristics of these emerging pathogens. In a short period, not exceeding 20 years, genomics has known a considerable revolution. In effect the introduction of the new high-throughput sequencingtechnologies and the increased concern of the scientist into this field, led to an exponential increase of number of available sequenced bacterial genomes in public databases. Real-time genomics is a strategy consisting on rapid analysis of the genome of a clinical bacterial strain in order to identify the genetic determinants justifying its unusual phenotypic characteristics. Thus, the objectives of this thesis project were: to rapidly exploit whole-genome sequencing data for identification of the virulence or resistance repertoire; to compare genomes from atypical clinical bacteria to those of other bacteria of the same species in order to identify their specific features; to use genomes as a taxonomic tool to rapidly describe the new bacterial species isolated in the laboratory by culturomics approach
Duprey, Alexandre. "Régulation de la transcription des gènes de virulence bactériens : dynamique des complexes nucléoprotéïques." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1201/document.
Full textBacteria face frequent environmental changes. Transcriptional regulation plays a major role in the adaptation to these changes. In particular, the phytopathogen bacteria Dickeya have recently adapted to vegetal hosts. They produce Pecate lyases (Pel), among others, to degrade pectin in plant cell walls, which is necessary for disease development. The pelD and pelE genes, despite the strong divergence in their expression, originate from a horizontal gene transfer followed by a recent duplication. This raises the question of their integration into the preexisting regulatory networks.Detailed molecular mechanisms of the transcriptional regulation of pelD were studied first. It was shown that this regulation relies on a high-affinity but low transcription efficiency divergent promoter and a strategic arrangement of four FIS repressor binding sites and two CRP activator binding sites. These elements interact together to fine-tune the expression of pelD. Next, the origin of the regulatory divergence between the paralogous genes pelD and pelE was explored. Surprisingly, their divergence and selection relies mostly on a TSS turnover which happened on the pelE regulatory region and transformed pelE into an initiator of pectin degradation. This widespread phenomenon in multicellular eukaryotes (human, fly, mouse…) had not yet been seen in bacteria. To conclude, through the study of D. dadantii pelD and pelE promoters, new mechanisms highlighting the relevance of transcriptional regulation in adaptation were discovered in this work
Basso, Pauline. "Exolysine, un facteur de virulence majeur de Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV063/document.
Full textPseudomonas aeruginosa is a human opportunistic pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections associated with high mortality. The type III secretion system (T3SS) and T3SS-exported toxins have been considered as key infectivity virulence factors. Our team recently characterized a group of strains lacking T3SS, but employing a new pore-forming toxin of 172 kDa, named Exolysin (ExlA) that provokes cell membrane disruption. In this work we demonstrated that the ExlA secretion requires ExlB, a predicted outer membrane protein encoded in the same operon, showing that ExlA-ExlB define a new active Two-Partner Secretion (TPS) system. In addition to the TPS secretion signals, ExlA harbors several distinct domains, which comprise hemagglutinin domains, five Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic acid (RGD) motifs and a non-conserved C-terminal region lacking any identifiable sequence motifs. Cytotoxic assays showed that the deletion of the C-terminal region abolishes host-cell cytolysis. Using liposomes and eukaryotic cells, including red blood cells, we demonstrated that ExlA forms membrane pores of 1.6 nm. Based on a transposon mutagenesis strategy and a high throughput cellular live-dead screen, we identified additional bacterial factors required for ExlA-mediated cell lysis. Among 7 400 mutants, we identified three transposons inserted in genes encoding components of the Type IV pili, which are adhesive extracellular appendices. Type IV pili probably mediate close contact between bacteria and host cells and facilitate ExlA cytotoxic activity. These findings represent the first example of cooperation between a pore-forming toxin of the TPS family and surface appendages to achieve host cell intoxication. Using mice primary bone marrow macrophages we showed that ExlA pores provoke activation of Caspase-1 via the NLRP3-inflamasomme followed by the maturation of the pro-interleukin-1ß. Mining of microbial genomic databases revealed the presence of exlA-like genes in other Pseudomonas species rarely associated with human infections P. putida, P. protegens and P. entomophila. Interestingly, we showed that these environmental bacteria are also able to provoke Caspase-1 cleavage and pro-inflammatory cell death of macrophages. Finally, genome-wide loss-of-function CRISPR/cas9 RAW library screen revealed that several components of the immune system response, indirectly linked to Caspase-1 are involved in the ExlA-mediated cell lysis. Moreover, we found at least three sgRNAs targeting miRNA, mir-741 were highly enriched in resistant macrophages challenged by ExlA. This miRNA regulates enzymes (St8sIa1 and Agpat5) in the sphingolipids and glycerophololipids biosynthesis pathways, suggesting that ExlA activity may require proper lipid environment
Samrakandi, Moulay Mustapha. "Biofilms bactériens : croissance, facteurs de résistance au chlore et état de stress." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30031.
Full textLebrun, Pierre. "Etude structurale de HBHA, une adhésine majeure de Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Thesis, Lille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL2S044.
Full textTuberculosis is a leading cause of mortality due to an infectious agent worldwide: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. One of the most recently characterized mycobacterial cell wall protein is the Heparin binding Haemagglutinin (HBHA). Roughly 10 years ago, it was identified in M. tuberculosis as one of the major adhesin involved in binding of mycobacteria to the epithelial cells by interaction with sulphated polysaccharides. This interaction induced internalization of M. tuberculosis in pulmonary epithelial cells leading to serious forms of disease. HBHA have 198 residues organized in four domains: a hydrophobic domain (residue 12 to 36), a coiled-coil domain (36 to 111), a linker domain (111-160) and a poly-lysine rich domain (161 to 198) (or Heparin Binding Domain, HBD) which forms the independent interaction domain between HBHA and sulphated polysaccharides. The approximately 40 amino acid residues long C-terminal domain is essentially composed of alanines, prolines and lysines, arranged in repeated motifs. This domain is mono or di methylated on the lysines in Mycobacteria, this post-traductional modification does not occur when expressing HBHA in Escherichia coli. Circular dichroïsm, DLS and SAXS studies indicated that HBHA is an IPD (Intrinsically Disordered Protein). This feature is not compatible with crystallography. Two approaches have been used in our study. In the first one, we studied the quaternary structure of HBHA by crosslink, SAXS and gel-filtration. All data showed that the oligomerization state of HBHA in mycobacteria is larger than after purification in E. coli. In the second part, we studied the binding mechanism between the HBD of HBHA and GAGs. This study was carried out by circular dichroïsm and NMR. Our data showed that the GAGs binding is not homogeneous, two specific rearrangements of the domain have been observed; GAGs binding induced a more extended structure in the first part of the HBD and induce an alpha helix stabilization in the second part. These data helped us to understand the specificity of this interaction and maybe the role of this interaction in the bacterial tropism in the host
Coutanceau, Emmanuelle. "Fonctions immunomodulatrices de la mycolactone, principal facteur de virulence de Mycobacterium ulcerans." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077214.
Full textMycobacterium ulcerans (Mu) is the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, a skin disease destroying both cutaneous and sub-cutaneous tissues. The pathology is linked to bacterial production of mycolactone, a lipophilic toxin. During my PhD thesis, the immune responses developed by host during infection by Mu, and the mycolactone contribution to these processes were studied. Firstly, the humoral and cellular responses developed in a mouse model of infection by Mu were characterized. These studies revealed Hsp65 immunogenicity and we tested the efficiency of a DNA vaccine encoding this antigen. Phagocytic cells internalized Mu during the primary stages of infection. This was a surprising result because Mu bas always been described as strictly extracellular. In addition, macrophages infected by Mu had a different expression profile for cytokines and chemokines compared to cells infected with a mycolactone deficient mutant. These observations led us to suggest that endogenous production of mycolactone may modulate the host immune response. Then, mycolactone impact on immune cells was characterized. Mycolactone blocked TNF-α production by macrophages in vitro. Furthermore, its immunosuppressive effect was also observed in dendritic cells, in which it causes cytotoxic effects, inhibition of maturation and inhibition of lymphocyte priming. In vivo, our preliminary pharmacological study shows that mycolactone is transported to lymphoid organs, where it acts by blocking lymphocyte proliferation. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that mycolactone is a novel immunosuppressive molecule, with a mode of action distinct from other well-known immunosuppressors such asFK506
Bergonzi, Céline. "Étude, caractérisation et ingénierie de lactonases pour l'inhibition de la virulence et des biofilms bactériens." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0241.
Full textNumerous microorganisms are able to communicate using molecules and use this signaling system to coordinate behaviors in a cell-density-dependent manner. This communication system, dubbed quorum sensing (QS), regulates bacterial behaviors such as biofilm formation. The most popular system utilizes acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) as signals. Enzymes that can degrade these signaling molecules can effectively disrupt bacterial signaling, and thereby behave as potent biofilm and virulence inhibitors. Therefore, the inhibition of QS, termed quorum quenching (QQ) by these enzymes is a promising approach to control microbes without killing them and develop therapies on multidrugs resistant strains. During this thesis, I have isolated and characterized biochemically, enzymatically and structurally novel lactonases from thermophilic sources. I have determined the structures of three lactonases in complex with different types of lactones. This enabled me to elucidate their catalytic mechanisms, as well as the unique binding modes of structurally different lactones. These data revealed the extreme catalytic versatility of the active sites of these enzymes, and allowed for the determination of residues possibly involved in substrate specificity. These data, in combination with structural data obtained on improved lactonase mutants, will serve as a foundation to guide future engineering studies aiming at altering lactonases’ specificity. Lastly, isolation and characterization work on these thermostable lactonases allowed to demonstrate the importance of bacterial signaling in complex biological processes, in the field, including biofilm formation and biocorrosion
Haas, Bruno, and Bruno Haas. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de facteurs de virulence chez "Streptococcus suis"." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26937.
Full textLes progrès technologiques dans l'industrie de la viande ont des répercussions considérables sur les agents pathogènes de ces environnements. Parmi ceux-ci, Streptococcus suis occupe une place prédominante dans l’industrie porcine. En effet, S. suis, colonisateur naturel des voies respiratoires et digestives du porc, peut infecter son hôte en provoquant des méningites, septicémies, endocardites, arthrites ou pneumonies. De surcroît, S. suis peut également infecter l’humain en provoquant majoritairement des méningites et septicémies, et a notamment été la cause de deux épidémies en Chine en 1998 et 2005. La pathogenèse des infections à S. suis demeure partiellement connue à l’heure actuelle, rendant difficile le contrôle des infections. Il est par conséquent essentiel de caractériser les facteurs de virulence chez S. suis puisqu'ils pourraient représenter des cibles d’intérêt pour des applications préventives ou thérapeutiques. Ce projet de doctorat consiste donc en la caractérisation fonctionnelle de facteurs de virulence chez S. suis. Dans un premier temps, la capacité de S. suis à moduler son potentiel pro-inflammatoire en présence de concentrations sous-inhibitrices d'amoxicilline a été mise en évidence. Dans un second temps, la caractérisation plus avancée de la hyaluronate lyase de S. suis a permis de démontrer que son activité ne contribue pas à la virulence de la bactérie étant donné son absence au sein de souches les plus virulentes, mais que les interactions avec l'acide hyaluronique pourraient moduler la virulence de S. suis. Par la suite, l'étude fonctionnelle d’une DNase de S. suis a permis de démontrer son implication comme facteur de virulence et suggère son intérêt dans le développement de vaccins. Finalement, le dernier objectif du projet a permis la mise en évidence de la production de microvésicules fortement immunogéniques par S. suis. La présence de facteurs de virulence dans leur contenu protéique représente un élément encourageant dans le développement de vaccins contre l'agent pathogène. Ce projet a donc permis d'élargir les connaissances sur le potentiel néfaste de l'utilisation des antibiotiques à faible concentration dans l'industrie porcine, sur le rôle des activités hyaluronate lyase et DNase dans la virulence de S. suis, et de découvrir un nouveau mécanisme impliqué dans la virulence de la bactérie par le biais des microvésicules.
Technological progress in the meat industry has a substantial impact on pathogens within these environments. Among these pathogens, Streptococcus suis is of utmost importance in the swine industry. S. suis, natural colonizer of the respiratory and digestive tracts of porks, can infect its host causing mainly meningitis and septicemia as well as endocarditis, arthritis and pneumonia. Furthermore, S. suis can infect humans causing mainly meningitis and septicemia, and was the cause of two major outbreaks in China in 1998 and 2005. The pathogenesis of S. suis infections remains partially understood, making the control of infections challenging. Consequently, it is of utmost importance to characterize virulence factors that could represent targets of interest for preventive or therapeutic applications. This project focused on the functional charaterization of virulence factors produced by S. suis. First, the ability of S. suis to modulate its pro-inflammatory potential in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of amoxicillin was demonstrated. Then, a further characterization of S. suis hyaluronate lyase brought evidence that this activity does not contribute to the bacterium's virulence since it is absent in most virulent strains. However, interactions with hyaluronic acid could modulate S. suis virulence. The functional study of S. suis DNase showed its implication as a virulence factor and suggested its interest in vaccine development. Finally, the last objective of this project lead to the discovery of the production of highly immunogenic microvesicles by S. suis. The presence of major virulence factors associated with these structures also represents an exciting fact for the development of vaccines against S. suis. This project allowed to expand the knowledge on the noxious potential of the use of low concentrations of antibiotics in the swine industry, on the role of hyaluronate lyase and DNase activities in S. suis virulence as well as on the production of microvesicles by S. suis that represents a new virulence mechanism.
Technological progress in the meat industry has a substantial impact on pathogens within these environments. Among these pathogens, Streptococcus suis is of utmost importance in the swine industry. S. suis, natural colonizer of the respiratory and digestive tracts of porks, can infect its host causing mainly meningitis and septicemia as well as endocarditis, arthritis and pneumonia. Furthermore, S. suis can infect humans causing mainly meningitis and septicemia, and was the cause of two major outbreaks in China in 1998 and 2005. The pathogenesis of S. suis infections remains partially understood, making the control of infections challenging. Consequently, it is of utmost importance to characterize virulence factors that could represent targets of interest for preventive or therapeutic applications. This project focused on the functional charaterization of virulence factors produced by S. suis. First, the ability of S. suis to modulate its pro-inflammatory potential in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of amoxicillin was demonstrated. Then, a further characterization of S. suis hyaluronate lyase brought evidence that this activity does not contribute to the bacterium's virulence since it is absent in most virulent strains. However, interactions with hyaluronic acid could modulate S. suis virulence. The functional study of S. suis DNase showed its implication as a virulence factor and suggested its interest in vaccine development. Finally, the last objective of this project lead to the discovery of the production of highly immunogenic microvesicles by S. suis. The presence of major virulence factors associated with these structures also represents an exciting fact for the development of vaccines against S. suis. This project allowed to expand the knowledge on the noxious potential of the use of low concentrations of antibiotics in the swine industry, on the role of hyaluronate lyase and DNase activities in S. suis virulence as well as on the production of microvesicles by S. suis that represents a new virulence mechanism.
Provost, Bertille. "Génome et facteurs de virulence d'un polydnavirus d'hyménoptère parasitoïde." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00103667.
Full textAu cours de ma thèse, le séquençage et l'analyse du génome du bracovirus de Cotesia congregata ont été réalisés (Espagne et al 2004). L'existence de plusieurs familles multigéniques a été mise en évidence, notamment la famille des protéines tyrosines phosphatases (PTP) composée de 27 gènes (Provost et al 2004), la famille des cystatines composée de 3 gènes (Espagne et al soumis) et enfin celle des protéines à motif ankyrine composée de 6 gènes (Pennacchio et al en préparation). La caractérisation détaillée de la famille des PTP a été effectuée. La technique d'électrophorèse en champs inversés (FIGE) a permis la localisation physique de ces gènes sur l'ensemble du génome viral, et leur expression a été analysée dans une série de tissus de l'hôte parasité grâce à une méthode de PCR multiplex. Enfin, des tests d'activité biochimique de PTP de bracovirus produites in vitro grâce à un système d'expression en baculovirus.
Les gènes des familles décrites sont exprimés dans l'hôte parasité et les protéines possèdent, en général, la fonction biochimique prédite grâce aux domaines conservés qu'elles contiennent. Ceci suggère que ces protéines virales jouent un rôle actif dans les modifications de la physiologie de l'hôte induite par le parasitisme. La caractérisation des gènes viraux exprimés dans l'hôte est une étape indispensable vers l'identification du rôle individuel de chaque protéine dans le contrôle de la physiologie des chenilles parasitées.
Bonifait, Laetitia. "Caractérisation de nouveaux facteurs de virulence chez Streptococcus suis." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28279/28279.pdf.
Full textCrozat-Grosleron, Sylvie. "Approche biologique des facteurs de virulence de brucella suis." Montpellier 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON11003.
Full textBen, Hafsia Abdelhafidh. "Facteurs de virulence des bordetellae : le modèle de Bordetella parapertussis." Paris 11, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA114806.
Full textDoléans-Jordheim, Anne. "Facteurs de virulence et d'endémicite chez legionella pneumophila sérogroupe 1." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10087.
Full textRogemond, Véronique. "Antigènes, enzymes antigéniques et lectine-adhésine des bactéroïdes du groupe fragilis." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO1T125.
Full textBouchiat, Coralie. "Facteurs bactériens impliqués dans la survenue de l’endocardite infectieuse au cours d’une bactériémie à Staphylococcus aureus." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10187.
Full textInfective endocarditis (IE) is a severe condition complicating 10-25% of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Although host-related IE risk factors have been identified, the involvement of bacterial features in IE complication is still unclear. This PhD work aimed to characterize strictly defined IE and bacteremia isolates and searched for discriminant features. Phenotypic traits previously reported or hypothesized to be involved in staphylococcal IE pathogenesis were tested. In parallel, the genotypic profiles of all isolates, obtained by microarray, were analyzed. No significant difference was observed between IE and bacteremia strains, regarding either phenotypic or genotypic univariate analyses, suggesting a multifactorial process. However, the discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC), applied on microarray data, segregated IE and bacteremia isolates. The performance of this model was confirmed with an independent collection of IE and bacteremia isolates. Finally, a simple linear discriminant function based on a subset of 8 genetic markers retained valuable performance both in study collection and in the independent validation collection. At last, IE and bacteremia isolates were compared based on whole genome sequence data from a subset of 40 isolates. When applied to this dataset, DAPC confirmed a possible segregation between the two groups of isolates. All in all, this PhD work provides the proof of concept that bacterial characteristics may contribute to the occurrence of IE in patients with S. aureus bacteremia
Collin, Nicolas. "Etude biologique et fonctionnelle de la scrapine MV-LAP, facteur d'évasion immune du virus myxomateux." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30170.
Full textDorémus, Tristan. "Caractérisation et complémentarité des facteurs de virulence du parasitoïde Hyposoter didymator (Ichneumonidae)." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20033/document.
Full textParasitic wasps must deal with physiological features of their host such as mobility, an efficient immune system and a variable metabolism. To ensure successful parasitism in a large range of arthropod hosts, parasitoids display a huge diversity of lifestyle and rely in a variety of virulence factors. In this document, we introduce parasitoid lifestyle in an evolutionary context in order to better understand the parasitoid complexity. As the parasitoid lifestyle drives the host/parasitoid interaction outcome, we discuss for all how the virulence factors such as venom, polydnaviruses and many others are used to ensure successful development of the parasitoid. In this study, we focused on the endoparasitoid Hyposoter didymator (Hym., Ichneumonidae) virulence factors. We thus identified venom proteins and the genes from the associated polydnavirus, HdIV using proteomics, genomics and transcriptomics approaches. Studies on the effect of the venom and the calyx fluid containing the polydnavirus HdIV, reveal that only the calyx fluid is necessary for Spodoptera frugiperda host physiological alteration and parasitism success. Futhermore, this work presents the discovery of a local immune-evasive property of the H. didymator egg exochorion. All these data permitted us to design an effective spatio-temporal model of the virulence factor complementarity used by H. didymator during the parasitism time course. Finally, studies on the H. didymator host range reveals the inefficiency of the different virulence factors in non-permissive hosts, opening insights on the host permissiveness molecular mechanisms