Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Facteurs de transcription NRF2'
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Fourquet, Simon. "Régulation redox des facteurs des transcription de la famille CNC-bZip Nrf2 et Bach2." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00553306.
Full textGenard, Romain. "Rôle du facteur de transcription Nrf2 dans l'immunomodulation induit par les adjuvants vaccinaux." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS230/document.
Full textVaccine adjuvants are able to boost immune response toward antigens when there are simultaneously injected. Some of these adjuvant mimic danger signals, such as Toll like receptors (TLR) agonists or NOD-like receptors agonists, required for dendritic cell (DC) activation. DC are essentiales for adaptative immune response against antigens : they acquire mature phenotype, controlled by MAPK and NF-kB signaling pathway, leading to antigen presentation and specific immune response. The Nrf2/keap1 signaling pathway, mainly involves in xenobiotics detoxication and oxidative stress control, can be activate by TLR agonists, such as LPS (TLR 4 agonist).We showed that R848 (TLR 7/8 agonist) and MDP (NOD2 agonist) could induce Nrf2’s target genes transcription in murines dendritic cells (BMDC). Nrf2 seems also to be part of inflammatory cytokines production in response to LPS or R848 and modulated T lymphocyte proliferation induced by MDP pre-treated BMDC. Moreover, Nrf2 appears to play a role in specific antibodies response against an antigen in mice. . In fact, Tetanus toxoid (TT) injection induces higher titer of antibodies anti-TT in nrf2-/- mice compared to nrf2+/+ mice. This increase is also correlated with more specific B lymphocytes in bone marrow and spleen after TT immunisation
Saliou, Alexa. "Study of cellular senescence in Glioblastoma : Application for the development of companion therapies." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL036.
Full textDiffuse gliomas are the most common primary tumor of the adult central nervous system. Glioblastoma (GBM) accounts for the most aggressive subtype. Conventional treatments remain ineffective as the vast majority of tumors relapse and patient survival remains limited (15 months). Due to a highly immunosuppressive microenvironment, immunotherapies also fail to treat GBM. Thus, the development of novel therapies is crucial to increase patient survival. To this end, we investigate the role of cellular senescence during gliomagenesis. In the first part of my project, we demonstrated the pro-tumoral action of malignant senescent cells in GBM using patient tumor specimens and a mouse GBM model. Indeed, partial removal of malignant senescent cells modulates the immune compartment and improves survival of GBM-bearing mice. In addition, we identified the NRF2 transcription factor, as a determinant of the senescent phenotype. Based on mouse GBM transcriptomic data, we defined a 31-gene senescence signature which is conserved in human lesions. Its high expression correlates with poor outcomes in patients. These findings highlight senolytics as a potential adjuvant therapy to treat GBM. In the light of these findings, we hypothesized that (i) exploring NRF2 signaling may provide new therapeutic insights and that (ii) senolytic-driven modulation of the immune compartment may prime GBM to respond to immunotherapy. Single cell analysis of malignant and immune paired fractions from control (miR-ctl) and NRF2-KD (miR-NRF2) immunocompetent mouse GBMs showed a decrease in the malignant senescent cluster upon NRF2-KD, strengthening NRF2 as a determinant of senescence. NRF2-KD in tumoral cells enhances cellular plasticity and enables the emergence of clusters, characterized by differential upregulation of genes coding for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. This suggests that NRF2 indirectly promotes immunogenicity in GBM. Immune transcriptomic analysis and immunophenotyping by flow cytometry will help confirming these results. Furthermore, we observed that GBM-bearing mice treated with a genetic senolytic (p16-3MR+GCV) displayed an upregulation of gene signatures associated to the antigen presentation machinery. Thus, we hypothesized that senolytic and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) might synergize and delay tumor growth. We subjected mouse cohorts to different combination of senolytic and ICBs and highlighted a specific cocktail which positively benefited mouse survival. Thus, our preliminary results suggest that senolytic might potentiates immune checkpoint blockade to hinder GBM progression. Further work is needed to immunophenotype control and treated tumors, investigate treatment-related microenvironment modifications as well as identify the immune subtype driving the response to immunotherapy. Altogether, these results open promising avenues for personalized therapies in the context of senescence enriched GBMs. Also, identification of novel senolytics associated to NRF2 could beneficiate several pathologies in which senescence role is critical
Fourquet, Simon. "Régulation redox des facteurs des transcriptions de la famille CNC-bZip Nrf2 et Bach2." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112305.
Full textIn mammalian cells, CNC-bZip family members Nrf2 and Bach2 participate in the cellular control of prooxidant species. Many classes of electrophilic compounds allow Nrf2 to transactivate ARE cis-regulated genes coding for detoxifying enzymes, so as to achieve a homeostatic control at non toxic levels for these compounds. Activation of Bach2, which is a transcriptional repressor, participate in cell killing in response to some electrophilic species, especially in B cell. We sought to determine the mechanisms involved in Nrf2 and Bach2 activation by oxidant molecules produced by activated macrophages during inflamation, such as hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide. We described the oxidation through disulfide bonds of Bach2 and Keap1, the main regulator of Nrf2 activation. Mutagenesis experiment identified the cysteines engaged in disulfides in the different oxidation forms of Keap1. We also showed that Keap1 oxidation leads to a derepression of Nrf2, thereby to its activation. The nature and function of Bach2 oxidation couldn't be completely understood. We described a positive regulation of peroxiredoxin Prx1 of Nrf2 and Bach2 oxidation, which as unexpected since the peroxidase activity sould have hampered other oxidation reactions. We propose a mechanistic model based on the Orp1-Yap1 peroxyde sensing system of S. Cerevisiae to rationalize this observation
Tertil, Magdalena. "Role of thymidine phosphorylase and Nrf2 transcription factor in non-small cell lung carcinoma growth and angiogenesis." Thesis, Orléans, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ORLE2043.
Full textNrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and thymidine phosphorylase (TP) are considered as potential targets for combinatorial anti-cancer therapies. The aim of the study was to investigate the interplay of these proteins in regulation of growth and angiogenesis in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells NCI-H292. Stable overexpression of Nrf2 (NCI-Nrf2 cell line) resulted in decreased cell proliferation and migration in vitro, upregulation of tumor suppressor microRNAs and downregulation of oncogenic miR-378 and many MMPs. Silencing of HO-1 in NCI-Nrf2 cells partially reversed the effect on MMP-1, MMP-3 and miR-378. NCI-Nrf2 cells exhibited increased expression of proangiogenic factors IL-8, angiopoietin-1 and TP, which was also upregulated in cell overexpressing HO-1. In both models, the effect was TP reversible by siRNA targeted at HO-1 and possibly mediated by modulation of oxidative status of the cell. Moreover, it was observed that overexpression of TP in vitro attenuated proliferation and migration of NSCLC cells, but increased their angiogenic potential. In vivo, NCI-TP tumors tended to grow faster, were better oxygenated and exhibited increased expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. Correlation of TP with IL-1β and IL-6 was also confirmed in clinical samples from NSCLC patients. Overall, our results enforce the notion of targeting TP for treatment of NSCLC
Olagnier, David. "Rôle des facteurs de transcription PPARgamma et Nrf2 dans la modulation de l'expression du récepteur scavenger CD36 des macrophages : implication dans la physiopathologie du paludisme." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1308/.
Full textMalaria remains the deadliest parasitic disease in the world. The introduction of new pharmacological approaches in the fight against this pathogen is essential. Macrophages through the expression of CD36 receptor play a crucial role in the recognition and the elimination of P. Falciparum infected erythrocytes. Therefore, maintaining an elevated level of CD36 receptor on the surface of macrophages is a crucial element in the struggle against the parasite. The establishment of malaria infection is always associated with an excessive production of pro-inflammatory mediators. In this work, we show in vitro that inflammatory processes negatively regulate the expression of CD36 receptor on the surface of human and mouse macrophages and hence decrease the clearance of parasitized erythrocytes. In these inflammatory conditions, we demonstrate that PPARgamma activators are ineffective to promote CD36 expression on macrophages, a phenomenon directly associated with a defect of both PPARgamma expression and activation. However, we highlight here for the first time that the activation of the Nrf2 transcription factor controls independently of PPARgamma the expression of CD36 receptor and its antiplasmodial function. All these results have been reproduced in vivo in a murine malaria model where only Nrf2 activators and not PPARgamma ligands contribute to improve the outcome of infection. Collectively, these data highlight the important role of the Nrf2 transcription factor in the control of malaria through the modulation of CD36 expression on macrophages
El, ali Zeina. "Rôle du facteur de transcription Nrf2 dans le contrôle de l'allergie cutanée en réponse aux molécules allergisantes." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA114847/document.
Full textAllergic reactions such as contact hypersensitivity (CHS) are a problem of public health occurring after repeated exposures to contact sensitizers. CHS is a common skin disease involving dendritic cells (DC) playing a key role in this pathology. Contact sensitizers, like dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) or cinnamaldehyde (CinA) are known to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The Nrf2/Keap1 pathway is central for detoxification. In the absence of a chemical stress, Keap1 associates with Nrf2 and leading to its degradation. In the presence of an electrophilic compound like contact sensitizers, Keap1’s conformation is modified leading to Nrf2 translocation to the nucleus and transcription of its target genes [heme-oxygénase 1 (ho-1), NADPH quinone oxydoreductase (nqo1), glutathione-s-transferase (gst)]. We showed, for the first time, that Nrf2 controls the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and caspase-3/7 activity in DC activated by contact sensitizers. In the absence of Nrf2, DNCB and CinA induced DC apoptosis via caspase activation involved in intrinsic pathway of apoptosis also called ‘mitochondrial pathway’. This apoptosis was mainly mediated by the production of ROS in response to DNCB. However, ROS faintly control CinA-induced cell death. We also showed that Nrf2 controls the transcription of the anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2 in response to DNCB or CinA and also the transcription of immune related and antioxidant genes that could be implicated in DC apoptosis.Otherwise, we also showed that Nrf2 plays a key role in sensitization and elicitation phases of CHS and even in the irritation phase. Adoptive transfer experiments showed that Nrf2 plays a crucial role in DC during CHS.Finally, we showed that Nrf2 regulates skin Treg and participates to skin tolerance
Helou, Doumet. "Rôle du facteur de transcription Nrf2 dans la régulation des fonctions du neutrophile in vitro et dans l’allergie cutanée." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS305/document.
Full textNeutrophils form the first line of defense against infectious agents. However, their uncontrolled activation may exacerbate certain inflammatory conditions such as cutaneous allergies. Our team has previously shown that Nrf2 transcription factor known for its antioxidant role, regulates skin inflammation in contact hypersensitivity (CHS). Thus, our work was carried out to evaluate in vitro the involvement of Nrf2 pathway in neutrophil functions and to identify Nrf2 role in neutrophil recruitment and activation in CHS.In vitro, we showed that the protein Nrf2 was highly expressed in bone marrow neutrophils. Nrf2 is functional in stimulated neutrophils: it activates the transcription of cytoprotective genes and downregulates that of inflammatory genes. Thus, pretreatment of neutrophils with an Nrf2 activator such as sulforaphane reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to stimulation. In parallel, Nrf2 does not affect two key functions of neutrophil, phagocytosis and netosis.Finally, Nrf2 is essential for optimal migration of neutrophils toward chemokines. In CHS induced by the dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), Nrf2 indirectly regulates the recruitment of neutrophils, through regulation of skin oxidant stress and inflammatory pathways that are involved in chemokines production, including CCL2, CCL4 and CCL11. In addition, Nrf2 induces the up-regulation of scavenger CD36 in macrophages and thus increases their ability to eliminate apoptotic neutrophils leading to the resolution of inflammation.In conclusion, Nrf2 activation in neutrophils participates in the control of ROS production and migration. In addition, Nrf2 emerges as an important effector in the control of neutrophil recruitment and clearance during the skin inflammatory response to allergenic molecules. The demonstration of Nrf2 protective mechanisms leads us to suggest this protein as a new therapeutic target in the control of chronic skin inflammations
Raffalli, Chloé. "Les allergies cutanées aux fragrances : mécanisme d'action et rôle du facteur de transcription Nrf2. Du modèle 2D au modèle 3D." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS045/document.
Full textAllergic contact dermatitis (ACD) represents a severe health problem. It is a dendritic cells (DCs) mediated skin disease caused by repeated exposure to an allergenic compound. ACD cases of fragrances in general population is estimated from 1.7 % to 4.1%. Contact sensitizers are compounds termed haptens and they will form a conjugate with epidermis and dermis proteins. Example is cinnamaldehyde (CinA), a molecule found in cinnamon. Linalool and limonene are terpenes found in lavender and oranges. In contact with the air, they will autoxidize to form highly allergenic compounds: allylic hydroperoxides. The first aim of this thesis was to study the mechanism of action of those terpenes and their respective allylic hydroperoxides on THP-1 cell-line, described as a surrogate of DCs. The transcription factor Nrf2 is playing a major role in oxidative stress and was also investigated.Consumers of cosmetic products are exposed to low quantities of allergenic compounds, but several times a day or a week. We wanted to study repeated exposure of low concentration of haptens on the skin.KCs also play a key role in ACD: they are the first cells that will encounter the allergenic compound in the skin. The second aim of this thesis was to study the impact of repeated exposure of low concentrations of CinA on those KCs and more particularly on the epidermis differenciation, using a 3D organotypic culture of skin
Salamito, Mélanie. "Le facteur de transcription antioxydant NRF2 comme nouveau régulateur de la matrice extracellulaire des fibroblastes de peau humaine." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEN058.
Full textThe nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor involved in cell defense against oxidative and xenobiotic stresses. SKN-1, the nematode homologue of NRF2 is a master regulator of longevity that, under specific metabolic conditions, surprisingly acts through the activation of collagens expression. Fibroblasts are the major producers and organizers of collagen-rich tissues and, as such, play a key role in dermis homeostasis. Therefore, we investigated the potential new role of NRF2 in regulating extracellular matrix (ECM) expression in human skin fibroblasts. Dysregulation of NRF2 was realized using siRNA and shRNA. A global transcriptomic analysis of siNrf2 human skin fibroblasts performed by RNA-seq revealed that, in addition to known NRF2 targets, matrisome and tissue skeleton genes were the most represented gene sets, including some key ECM genes. Analysis of ECM production and organization was further conducted in cultured shNrf2 fibroblasts using a combination of microscopies (SHG, confocal, TEM and AFM). Long-term effect of silencing NRF2 in fibroblasts (shNrf2) resulted in defects in collagen expression and fibril formation, likely due to a disturbed collagen I to collagen V ratio. Interestingly, a transcription factor involved in connective tissue disease and described as a regulator of collagen expression was identified as a novel target of NRF2. Immunofluorescence staining of silenced NRF2 fibroblasts (siRNA and shRNA) strikingly revealed that NRF2 downregulation impacts its translocation rate into the nucleus. Our results demonstrate that silencing NRF2 impacts ECM and especially collagens in human skin fibroblasts. A transcription factor known to regulate collagen expression, could act as a specific cofactor of NRF2 in the regulation of ECM gene expression. NRF2 can thus be considered as a novel regulator of ECM genes in human skin fibroblasts and represents a new target to maintain dermis homeostasis
Zgheib, Elias. "Bioinformatic and modelling approaches for a system-level understanding of oxidative stress toxicity." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2464/document.
Full textNew understanding of biology shows more and more that the mechanisms that underlie toxicity are complex and involve multiple biological processes and pathways. Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) and systems biology (SB) can be appropriate tools for studying toxicology at this level of complexity. This PhD thesis focuses on the elaboration of a SB model of the role of the Nrf2 pathway in the control of oxidative stress. The model’s calibration with experimental data (obtained with RPTEC/TERT1 renal cells exposed to various doses of potassium bromate) comprised several rounds of hypotheses stating/verification, through which new reactions were progressively added to the model. Some of these new hypotheses (e.g., direct action of potassium bromate on DCF, bleaching of DCF with time, etc.) could be confirmed by future experiments. Considered in a wider framework, this SB model was then evaluated and compared to two other computational models (i.e., an empirical dose-response statistical model and a dynamic Bayesian model) for the quantification of a ‘chronic kidney disease’ AOP. All parameter calibrations were done by MCMC simulations with the GNU MCSim software with a quantification of uncertainties associated with predictions. Even though the SB model was indeed complex to conceive, it offers insight in biology that the other approaches could not afford. In addition, using multiple toxicogenomic databases; interactions and cross-talks of the Nrf2 pathway with two other toxicity pathways (i.e., AhR and ATF4) were examined. The results of this last analysis suggest adding new AhR contribution to the control of some of the Nrf2 genes in our SB model (e.g., HMOX1, SRXN1 and GCLM), and integrating in it description of the ATF4 pathway (partially at least). Despites their complexity, precise SB models are precious investments for future developments in predictive toxicology
Dayalan, Naidu Sharadha. "Regulation of transcription factors NRF2 and HSF1 in mediating cellular stress responses." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2016. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/5f608a60-884c-47cd-87e6-b70016e788bb.
Full textHamdam, Junnat. "Role of the redox responsive transcription factor, NRF2, in immune cell function." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/14133/.
Full textHarir, Noria. "Propriétés oncogéniques des facteurs de transcription STAT5." Amiens, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AMIED001.
Full textEbisine, Kimimuepigha. "Dual regulation of transcription factor Nrf2 by Keap1 and the beta-TrCP/GSK-3 in cancer." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2019. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/20338051-4e92-417e-aeb1-4cd3dc86eda4.
Full textFragoulis, Athanassios [Verfasser]. "The role of the transcription factor Nrf2 in inflammation and regeneration / Athanassios Fragoulis." Aachen : Hochschulbibliothek der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1063691206/34.
Full textIltis, Izarn. "Rôles transcriptionnels des facteurs NER." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00849966.
Full textChan, Kaimin. "Isolation and characterization of NRF2 : a member of the NF-E2 family of transcription factors /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19739989.
Full textBeyer, Tobias A. "Roles of the cytoprotective transcription factors Nrf2 and Nrf3 in liver and skin biology /." Zürich : ETH, 2006. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=16915.
Full textVigneault, François. "Régulation génique par les facteurs de transcription NFI." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25325/25325.pdf.
Full textChan, Kaimin, and 陳繼明. "Isolation and characterization of NRF2: a member of the NF-E2 family of transcription factors." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31235566.
Full textEdwards, Heather Gray. "Protection from oxidative stress in the cardiac H9C2-cell line by the transcription factor NRF2." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/07M%20Dissertations/GRAY-EDWARDS_HEATHER_53.pdf.
Full textTebay, Lauren. "Investigating the role of transcription factors Nrf2 and Pparα in hepatic lipid metabolism during fasting." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2015. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/1b72ca52-bb47-4732-b18e-83e80ac6d3af.
Full textCarillo, Serge. "Dégradation des facteurs de transcription nucléaires FOS et JUN." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20235.
Full textLainé, Jean-Philippe. "TFIIH and transcription coupled repair." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13195.
Full textAccurate coordination of the various events that maintain the integrity of the genome and regulate its expression is a prerequisite for differentiation, proliferation and cell life. The interconnection of such cellular processes is highlighted by the multi-functional complex TFIIH. Originally identified as a RNA polymerase II transcription factor, TFIIH also participates in the DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER) reaction. Ve focused my work on the functional/structural contribution within the complex of p52, one of the ten subunits of TFIIH, the link between transcription and NER, and the role of TFIIH in both. I first demonstrated that the carboxy-terminal of p52 is important for stabilizing the anchoring of XPB, another subunit of TFIIH, within the complex. This interaction is important for the role of XPB in the DNA opening step during transcription initiation. Then I focused my attention on the mechanism linking transcription to NER. I was able to show that a stalled elongating RNA polymerase II is able to recruit the repair factors at the site of the lesion and promote the removal of the DNA patch containing the lesion
Rojas, Andrés. "Le facteur de transcription TFIIA : localisation et interactions." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 1999.
Find full textElhusseini, M. A. E. "The design and sythesis of small molecule modulators of the arylhydrocarbon receptor and NRF2 transcription factors." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1559055/.
Full textWydau-Dematteis, Sandra. "Etude de deux facteurs sigma secondaires de Lactococcus lactis." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112065.
Full textThe expression of the genes encoding the sigma factors ComX and SigX in Lactococcus lactis differs during growth : the expression peak of comX corresponds at the onset of the stationary phase and the one of sigX takes place in exponential phase. The aim of this work is to understand the role of these sigma factors in Lactococcus lactis. ComX is homologous to sigma inducing the transcription of the late genes of natural competence in several streptococci. L. Lactis is not listed as a natural competent bacterium but its genome includes some genes encoding a potential late system. Two types of ComX (ComXIL and ComXMG) were identified in lactococci that diverge by amino-acid substitutions. The overeexpression of ComXIL allows the induction of the transcription of the late genes. A conserved motif (« cin-box ») is found upstream of these genes and could correspond to the sequence recognised by ComXIL to initiate the transcription. The « cin-box » revealed itself to be very conserved in lactococci, including in the strains with a ComX of type ComXMG. The purification of ComXIL, ComXMG and of the RNA polymerase has been undertaken to study the affinity of the ComX for the « cin-box » and for the RNA polymerase. To identify the regulon controlled by SigX, two approaches are used by comparing two conditions : overexpression or not of sigX. The first approach was the proteomic. This study did not reveal any targets of SigX. The second approach is the transcriptomic. The first results indicate that SigX may control the transcription of genes encoding membrane proteins. This study should lead to the identification of the role of SigX in L. Lactis
Kerins, Michael John, Ajay Amar Vashisht, Benjamin Xi-Tong Liang, Spencer Jordan Duckworth, Brandon John Praslicka, James Akira Wohlschlegel, and Aikseng Ooi. "Fumarate Mediates a Chronic Proliferative Signal in Fumarate Hydratase-Inactivated Cancer Cells by Increasing Transcription and Translation of Ferritin Genes." AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624216.
Full textHamard, Pierre Jacques. "Contribution à l'étude du facteur de transcription ATF7." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2005/HAMARD_Pierre_Jacques_2005.pdf.
Full textATF7 proteins, which are members of the b-Zip family of transcription factors, are able to bind ATF/CRE sequences (TGACGTCA) within different early adenoviral or cellular promoters. ATF7 can interact with the family of Jun/Fos oncoproteins and modulate their activities. To get an insight into the transactivation mechanism mediated by ATF7, we analyzed its relations with hsTAFs proteins, which are components of several multiproteic complexes like TFIID. Our results show that transactivation by ATF7 is specifically mediated by hsTAF12, mainly by its 20-kDa isoform. Moreover, ATF7 and hsTAF12 interact in vivo : the integrity of the ATF7 amino-terminal activation domain and of the hsTAF12 "histone-fold" domain is required for this interaction. We show that hsTAF12 mediated transactivation is specifically inhibited by hsTAF4 (its heterodimerization partner within TFIID), and not by hsTAF4b, a tissue-specific hsTAF4 homolog. Ubc9, a protein involved in the SUMOylation pathway, was found among the proteins interacting with ATF7 and modulating its activity. We have identified a consensus SUMOylation site within the N-terminal part of ATF7 and demonstrate that ATF7 is SUMOylated both by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Moreover, our results reveal that the intracellular localization of ATF7 is affected by its SUMOylation : ATF7 is found in the nucleus only in a de-SUMOylated form ; the cytoplasmic SUMOylation of ATF7 likely induces its sequestration at the level of the nuclear pore complexes (NPC). Using immunohistochemistry assays, we observe a colocalization between ATF7 and RanBP2, a protein of the NPC, which is an E3 ligase of the SUMOylation pathway. Accordingly, RanBP2 is able to stimulate ATF7 SUMOylation in vitro. This NPC targeting seems to influence ATF7 transactivation activity as an ATF7 mutant, whose SUMOylation is impaired, is more active than its SUMOylated counterpart. These results correlate with our chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments, which show that the occupancy of a target promoter by ATF7 is highest in the presence of the unSUMOylated protein
Hichri, Imène. "Identification et caractérisation fonctionnelle de gènes régulateurs de la voie de biosynthèse des flavonoïdes chez la Vigne." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13875/document.
Full textPhenolic compounds, and more specifically flavonoids (flavonols, condensed tannins and anthocyanins), are key components of the grapevine and wine quality. Because of their antioxidant activities, these compounds are of interest in pharmacological and cosmetic industries, as well as being beneficial to the human diet. Previous work on model plants showed that the flavonoid pathway was mainly regulated by the MYB and bHLH transcription factors, and WD40 proteins. In the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), only MYB regulators have been identified until now, and no bHLH or WD40 have been characterised. In this work, several approaches were used to identify new transcription factors involved in grapevine flavonoid biosynthesis. Firstly, the VvMYB5b protein was used as a bait in a large scale two hybrid experiment in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Secondly, the promoter of the VvDFR gene, coding a central enzyme of the flavonoid pathway, was chosen to conduct a large scale one hybrid experiment, also in yeast. Finally, a “gene candidate” approach allowed identification of the bHLH transcription factors VvMYC1 and VvMYCA1. VvMYCA1 expression profile in berry skin and seeds correlates with condensed tannins synthesis, whereas VvMYC1 transcript accumulation in these tissues and the grapevine inflorescence correlates with condensed tannins, anthocyanins and flavonols accumulation. In yeast, VvMYC1 could physically interact with different MYB partners regulating the anthocyanin or the condensed tannins biosynthesis. This interaction was confirmed by transient promoter assays in grape cell suspensions, where co-expression of VvMYC1 with specific MYB partners activated the UFGT and ANR promoters. Likewise, this interaction induced anthocyanin accumulation in grape cells, as well as in tobacco leaves and Arabidopsis. Eventually, additional transient promoter assays revealed that VvMYC1 is involved, with VvMYBPA1, in feedback regulation of its own expression
Gueroult, bellone Marion. "Signatures nucléotidiques de l'activité des enhancers développementaux chez l'ascidie Ciona intestinalis." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTS029.
Full textEnhancers are crucial elements for the control of gene expression during embryonic development. The ascidian Ciona intestinalis offers unique experimental features to study these cis-regulatory sequences: enhancers are generally small and compact and their activity can be tracked at the single cell level thanks to the invariant cell lineage of ascidian embryos.Previous work identified two independent signatures associated with enhancer activity: the presence of specific transcription factors binding sites (TFBS) and a global dinucleotide signature along enhancers (Khoueiry, 2010). Although they correlate with enhancer activity, these signatures are insufficient to identify enhancer sequences from their sole sequence. During my thesis, I used a well-characterized early neural Ciona enhancer, the a-element of the Otx gene, as a model enhancer. This small (55pb) enhancer, is bound by GATA-a and ETS1/2 and is activated by the FGF pathway. To better understand the determinants of early neural enhancer activity, I tested the impact of point mutations affecting the affinity of the a-element TFBS for their binding TF and of the randomization of the spacer sequences that separate the TFBS in four ETS and GATA binding site clusters.Our results suggest at least two levels of cis-regulatory control: spatiotemporal specificity of enhancer activity is encoded in the identity of TF-binding sites, while the level of enhancer activity is set both by the affinity of TFs for their binding sites and by the composition of the spacer sequences. A surprisingly high number of variants of the a-element with randomized spacers are active, always in the same cell lineages as the WT. These variants, however, display a wide range of activity levels. This effect is also observed when the spacers in another active ETS/GATA cluster are randomized. Randomization of the spacers can even confer enhancer activity to a large fraction of inactive cluster variants. Consistent with their early neural activity and with the presence of ETS- and GATA-binding sites, these variants are, like the a-element, responsive to the FGF neural inducer.We could not link the action of the spacers on enhancer activity to any simple nucleotide or dinucleotide sequence features and it currently remains unclear why it is so easy to create a synthetic enhancer while most putative genomic ETS/GATA clusters are inactive. Using in vitro transcription factor binding assays, we showed that randomization of spacer sequences can affect TF binding to the a-element without changing the primary sequence of the binding site, and that extended minimal TFBS do not always recapitulate binding to the whole element. These results suggest that the physical structure of the DNA helix around the binding sites may play an important role in the control of enhancer activity
Lauzier, Marie-Claude. "Régulation de l'activité des facteurs de transcription induits par l'hypoxie." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26884/26884.pdf.
Full textHypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF) are decisive elements in the transcriptional regulation of numerous genes expressed in conditions of hypoxic stress. In addition to their roles in many physiological and cellular processes, HIF are also involved in diverse pathological situations. Obligate heterodimers composed of a constitutive β subunit and of an oxygen tension-regulated α subunit, these transcription factors are mainly regulated by the hydroxylation and subsequent degradation of the α subunit. In hypoxia, this degradation mechanism is inhibited, resulting in HIF complex formation and binding to specific DNA sequences. The work presented in this thesis aims to elucidate regulatory mechanisms involved in HIF activation during hypoxia or in normal oxygen conditions. In the Results section, you will find a study devoted to HIF activation by angiotensin II (Ang II) in vascular smooth muscle cells. Specifically, the role of receptor tyrosine kinase transactivation on HIF activation was evaluated along with a description of HIF-1’s role in smooth muscle cells biology. Next, an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteases, BiPS, will be presented as a novel and potent HIF activator. This unexpected effect may have important implications for the use of this compound for its angiostatic potential in cancer treatment. In addition, BiPS and derivative molecules could also have strong therapeutic potential in ischemic diseases. Finally, you will find a section devoted to the study of a new transcriptional repressor of HIF complexes, the histone acetyltransferase bound to ORC-1, HBO1. Surprisingly, HBO1 represses the activity of HIF complexes by a mechanism independent of the availability of the α subunits, but dependent on a chromatin remodelling event. In conclusion, this thesis highlights new regulatory mechanisms responsible for HIF activation. Considering the important physiological roles of HIF complexes and their implications in the pathogenesis of different diseases, these studies increase the available knowledge concerning the biological functions of these complexes and could contribute to the development of more effective and safe therapeutic tools.
Harroch, Sheila. "Les facteurs de transcription impliqués dans l'action de l'interleukine-6." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30211.
Full textPuranik, Sriharsha. "Élucidation structurale des facteurs de transcription végétaux à domaines MADS." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV083/document.
Full textVirtually all terrestrial habitats are dominated by angiosperms, or flowering plants. Their success in colonizing new habitats and supplanting other species is due to the advent of a complex reproductive structure – the flower. The flower unites the male and female organs into one compact structure and encloses the seed. Flowering plants are not only the dominant type of land plants, but also are the primary source of food and habitat for all animals, including humans. In evolutionary terms, flowers are considered a recent development and have been a subject of speculation from the time of Charles Darwin who termed the dominant rise and diversification of flowering plants as “an abominable mystery”* due to the lack of a smooth transition from non-flowering to flowering plants in the fossil record. With the sequencing of multiple genomes from gymnosperms (non-flowering seed plants), basal angiosperms and higher flowering plants, certain gene families have been identified which play a central role in the development and evolution of the flower. My research focuses on one such family of high-level regulators, the MADS transcription factor (TF) family. This TF family helps to orchestrate flower development among other functions. As such, there is great interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the MADS family and how these proteins are able to control complex reproductive pathways.This project integrates different biophysical techniques including x-ray crystallography, small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions of MADS TFs. No studies to date have investigated the molecular mechanisms of MADS TFs using this integrated structural approach.One important hurdle in the study of the MADS TFs has been recombinant protein expression and purification. In this project, recombinant purification protocols for several full length MADS TFs were established, allowing the structural and biochemical characterisation of the proteins. The crystal structure of the oligomerisation domain of the MADS family protein SEPALLATA3 (SEP3) is presented and used as a template for understanding the oligomerisation patterns of the larger family and the molecular basis for protein-protein interactions. Investigation of solution structures, derived from SAXS studies, of AGAMOUS (AG) and SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) along with biochemical characterisation of their oligomerisation states are also presented.In order to study protein-DNA interactions, complementary methods were used. An important putative property of the MADS TFs is their ability to change the structure of DNA through the formation of DNA loops. MADS TFs are hypothesized to oligomerise and bind DNA at two different sites, potentiating looping of DNA. Using AFM, the first direct evidence of DNA looping by SEP3 is described. The DNA binding characteristics of SVP were studied using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), microscale thermophoresis (MST) and AFM. Unlike SEP3, SVP is dimeric and thus exhibits different DNA-binding patterns.The data presented here provide an atomic and structural basis for MADS TF function. Based on this work, we now are beginning to understand some of the oligomerisation and DNA-binding specificity determinants. These studies demonstrate how the MADS TFs oligomerise and the results show that we can disrupt oligomerisation and potentially DNA-binding very specifically through the introduction of point mutations. Future work will investigate the in vivo consequences of altered oligomerisation and how this affects different developmental programs in plant reproduction and floral organ morphogenesis.*Letter from Charles Darwin to Joseph Dalton Hooker, written 22 July 1879 (Source: Cambridge University Library DAR 95: 485 – 488) (Friedman, 2009b)
Verreman, Kathye. "Identification et caractérisation de nouveaux partenaires du facteur de transcription ERM." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10057/document.
Full textERM is an ETS transcription factor which belongs to the PEA3 group and is involved in several processes such as migration and dissemination during organogenesis and cancer development. Regulation of its transcriptional activity requires post-translational modifications and interactions with partner proteins. In order to identify new ERM partners, we have developed various affinity chromatography techniques to isolate new potential partners. Among these candidates, CoAA (CoActivator Activator), MED23 and MED25 directly interact with ERM.MED23 and MED25 are subunits of the mediator. The mediator is a 30 sub-units multi-protein complex which mediates signals from transcription factors bound at upstream promoter elements or enhancers to RNA polymerase II and the general initiation factors bound at the core promoter. We found that MED23 and MED25 interact with ERM in vitro and in vivo and are required for transcriptional activation induced by ERM. However, these sub-units display various ability to recruit the mediator on ERM in vitro. The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-like protein CoAA regulates gene expression and RNA splicing. We demonstrated that ERM interacts in vitro and in vivo with CoAA. ERM transcriptional activity is enhanced upon CoAA overexpression and is decreased by CoAA knock-down. We demonstrated that CoAA modulates ERM transcriptional activity by decreasing sumoylated ERM levels. This work demonstrated new ways to regulate the activity of ERM and the two other PEA3 group members. The molecular mechanisms involved in the modulation of PEA3 member activity by these partners remain to be clarified
Borensztein, Maud. "Rôle des gènes Myod et Igf2 dans le développement embryonnaire murin." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066374.
Full textMaire, Cecile. "Fonction des facteurs de transcription Olig1 et Olig2 dans les cellules souches neurales du système nerveux central : Etude d'un modèle de souris transgéniques d'expression inductible." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05D030.
Full textOlig1 and Olig2 are b-HLH transcription factors involved in oligodendrocyte development in the central nervous system. My project aims to analyse the effect of Olig gene over-expression in neural stem cells. Therefore, I designed and analyzed transgenic mice models with inducible expression of Olig genes in nestin+ neural stem/progenitor cells (Tet-On system). At embryonic stages, forced expression of Olig1 and Olig2 leads to ectopic expression of oligodendrocyte markers. Moreover, Olig2 over-expression decreased V3 interneuron specification. At postnatal stage Olig2 over-expression in germinative area induced earlier myelination and astrocyte specification in corpus callosum. These transgenic mice provide a useful model to test whether forced expression of Olig genes represents a possible strategy to enhance remyelination in demyelinating disease such as multiple sclerosis
LAVIGNE, ANNE-CLAIRE. "Clonage et caracterisation des facteurs constitutifs du complexe de transcription tfiid." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR13150.
Full textSève, Michel. "Les facteurs de transcription de la famille Sp : structure et fonctionnalité." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE18014.
Full textCastinetti, Frédéric. "Facteurs de transcription à l'homéodomaine : du modèle murin à l'hypopituitarisme humain." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20681/document.
Full textHypopituitarism is defined by one or several pituitary deficiencies. Congenital hypopituitarism is mostly due to transcription factors mutations. Our aims were to try to better identify some of the mechanisms involved in pituitary ontogenesis and pituitary diseases, mainly pituitary deficiencies: new pathways, new transcription factors, new mutations. - First we identified novel mechanisms necessary for the differenciation of the Pou1f1 lineages (ie somatolactotroph and thyrotroph cells). The role of TLE co-repressors is crucial, as they are able by themselves to inhibit the stimulatory actions of PROP1 on POU1F1 promoter. This is necessary to obtain a correct timing of differentiation during pituitary development (Carvalho, Brinkmeier, castinetti et al., Molecular Endocrinology, 2010). - Second, we showed the roles of 2 transcription factors, PITX2 and ISL1, in thyrotrophs maintenance and function. By using a new cre recombinase driven by the TSHb promoter, we managed to inactivate each of these transcription factors in the thyrotrophs. Inactivation of PITX2 led to a partial thyrotroph deficiency, counterbalanced by an overexpression of PITX1 (Castinetti et al., Molecular Endocrinology, submitted). Inactivation of ISL1 led to a complete thyrotroph deficiency (Castinetti et al., Molecular Endocrinology, in preparation). - Finally, we reported 1 new mutation of the LIM transcription factor LHX4, responsible for combined pituitary hormone deficiencies in a family. New phenotypic traits will help the physician improve the way to select which patients to screen for LHX4 mutations (Castinetti, Saveanu et al., JCEM, 2008)
Delaporte, Virginie. "Caractérisation génomique des facteurs de transcription de la famille GT chez Arabidopsis thaliana : cas des facteurs GT-1 et GT-21b." Amiens, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AMIE0421.
Full textPasquet, Stéphanie. "Etude de la régulation transcriptionnelle du gène alpha-tropomyosine dans les cellules musculaires." Bordeaux 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR21036.
Full textWe have studied the transcriptional regulation of alpha-tropomyosin (α-TM) gene, in smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle cells in culture. The regulatory sequences, C-rich and MCAT enhance transcription of the α-TM gene in the three muscle types. TEF-1 trans-factor plays a major role in the transcriptional regulation in the three muscle types, by binding to MCAT sequence. SRF factor seems to be involved, directly and indirectly, in the transcription activation of the gene. SRF could act indirectly in smooth and cardiac muscle cells, by enhancing TEF-1 binding, and directly in skeletal muscle cells, by binding to a CarG box. The role of TEF-1 and SRF factors could be related to their subcellular localization in smooth muscle cells
Leurent, Claire. "Etude structurale des complexes contenant des TAFs, TFIID et TFTC, par microscopie électronique et analyse d'images de molécules isolées." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13185.
Full textTFIID is a big complex, which plays a key role in regulation of transcription of class II genes. Its binding to the ADN promoter allows the recruitment and the assembly of the whole preinitiation complex. TFIID is composed of TBP (TATA Binding Protein) associated to 14 TAFs (TBP-Associated Factors). We obtained 3D structures of human and yeast TFIID using electron microscopy and single molecule image analysis. The human and yeast complexes appeared very similar in size and in shape and were organised in three domains forming a molecular clamp with a size suitable to accommodate a double stranded DNA molecule. Surprisingly, the TFTC complex (TBP-Free TAF Containing Complex), which is able to initiate transcription in the same manner than TFIID and contain 8 TAFs, but which doesn't contain TBP, also organised in molecular clamp very similar to TFIID. Finally, we mapped the 9 Histone Fold Domain-containing TAFs (HFD-TAFs), reported to heterodimerize in 5 pairs in coexpressions experiments and in pair-wise interactions. The immunolocations show that HFD-partners colocalise but that each HFD-TAF was found in two different lobes of the yeast TFIID structure revealing an unexpected and novel molecular organisation of TFIID
Robert, François. "Rôle du facteur de transcription TFIIF dans la structure du complexe transcriptionnel de l'ARN polymérase II." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 1999.
Find full textGuilhem, Ducléon Frédéric. "Caractérisation d'un nouveau système d'expression de petits ARN interférents et son application à l'analyse du facteur de transcription Bdp1 dans la transcription par l'ARN polymérase III ex vivo." Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21504.
Full textChabrat, Audrey, and Audrey Chabrat. "Role of Lmx1a and Lmx1b transcription factors in post-mitotic midbrain dopaminergic neurons." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28203.
Full textLmx1a et Lmx1b sont des facteurs de transcription connus pour leur rôle au cours du développement des neurones dopaminergiques du mésencéphale (mDA). Ils ont été montrés comme essentiels à chacune des étapes de différentiation des progéniteurs en neurones dopaminergiques matures. Des études récentes ont également mis en évidence l'importance de ces deux facteurs de transcription dans les neurones dopaminergiques chez l'adulte. Lmx1a/b sont impliqués dans la régulation de gènes mitochondriaux ainsi que dans l'autophagie. Cependant, jusqu'à présent, rien n'est connu sur le rôle de Lmx1a/b dans les neurones dopaminergiques post-mitotiques. Le but de cette thèse est d'élucider le rôle de Lmx1a/b dans les neurones dopaminergiques matures. L'analyse des projections axonales dopaminergiques de souris doubles conditionnelles mutantes (cKO) pour Lmx1a/b a mis en évidence un défaut de guidage axonal confirmant le rôle essentiel de ces deux facteurs de transcription dans la formation des circuits dopaminergiques. Afin d’identifier précisément les molécules impliquées dans la régulation du système dopaminergique des techniques adaptées doivent être développées pour déterminer les principaux acteurs régulés par Lmx1a/b. À cette fin, nous avons mis au point une technique de marquage immunohistochimique rapide de la tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, enzyme nécessaire à la synthèse de la dopamine) sur des sections de mésencéphale de souris afin de délimiter la région d’intérêt. Par la suite, nous utilisons une technique de microdissection au laser afin de spécifiquement récolter les cellules dopaminergiques du mésencéphale pour réaliser un profil d'expression génique. Un premier article de méthodologie a été publié concernant cette technique. Cette procédure menée sur des souris cKO pour Lmx1a et Lmx1b et leurs contrôles associés a permis de mettre en évidence des gènes régulés par Lmx1a et Lmx1b tels que Plxnc1. Plxnc1 est une protéine de guidage axonal ayant pour ligand la sémaphorine 7a (Sema7a). Afin d'observer si la régulation de Plxnc1 par Lmx1a/b est à l'origine du défaut de guidage axonal observé chez les souris cKO pour Lmx1a/b, nous avons réalisé une analyse in vitro de l’effet de la Sema7a sur les axones d'explants mDA. Notre étude a montré un effet chimiorépulsif de la Sema7a pour les axones des neurones mDA exprimant Plxnc1. De plus, l’étude de souris Sema7a KO montre une augmentation de l’innervation DA dans la partie dorsale du striatum, partie exprimant Sema7a chez des souris contrôles. Ce phénotype met en évidence une chimiorépulsion induite par l’interaction Sema7a/Plxnc1. L’étude de souris surexprimant Plxnc1 a, quant à elle, montré une perte d’innervation DA dans la partie dorsale du striatum. En effet, la majorité des cellules du mésencéphale se mettent à exprimer Plxnc1, les rendant ainsi sensibles à la chimiorépulsion induite par Sema7a. L’ensemble de ces résultats met en évidence l’importance de la régulation de la protéine de guidage axonal Plxnc1 par Lmx1a/b pour l'innervation des cibles du mésencéphale. La répression de Plxnc1 dans les neurones dopaminergiques de la substance noire pars compacta (SNpc) semble nécessaire à l’innervation du striatum dorsal riche en Sema7a. Cette étude est la première à identifier les bases moléculaires du guidage axonal expliquant la ségrégation des voies mDA nigrostriée et mésolimbique, et devrait contribuer à améliorer l'efficacité des thérapies cellulaires pour la maladie de Parkinson. Un second article sera soumis prochainement sur le rôle des facteurs de transcription Lmx1a/b dans les neurones dopaminergiques post-mitotiques du mésencéphale. La principale caractéristique histopathologique de la maladie de Parkinson est la dégénérescence des neurones mDA de la SNpc. La thérapie de remplacement cellulaire utilisant des neurones dopaminergiques nouvellement générés à partir de cellules souches représente une thérapie prometteuse. Cependant, la mauvaise innervation des neurones nouvellement greffés limite le succès des études de transplantation. L’identification de facteurs régulant la connectivité des neurones mDA devient primordiale pour élucider les mécanismes impliqués dans la mise en place du système dopaminergique. C'est pourquoi, dans une derniere partie, afin d'illustrer cette possibilité d'amélioration d'une thérapie de remplacement cellulaire, j’ai réalisé l’implantation de cellules souches différenciées en neurones dopaminergiques dans un modèle de souris lésées à la 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA). Les cellules nouvellement réimplantées sont de type SNpc, en raison de l'infection par un vecteur viral induisant l'inhibition de l'expression de Plxnc1.
Lmx1a and Lmx1b are transcription factors known for their role in the development of midbrain dopamine neurons (mDA). They were shown as essential for each stage of differentiation from progenitors to mature dopaminergic neurons. Recent studies have also highlighted the importance of these two transcription factors in dopaminergic neurons in adult mice. Lmx1a/b are involved in the regulation of mitochondrial genes and in autophagy. Although some evidence suggest that they could be involved in the formation of mDa circuit formation, their role in post-mitotic mDA neurons remains unknown. The aim of this thesis is to elucidate the role of Lmx1a/b in post-mitotic dopaminergic neurons. Analysis of dopaminergic axonal projections of double conditional mutant (cKO) mice for Lmx1a/b showed an axon guidance defect confirming the essential role of these transcription factors in the formation of dopaminergic circuits. In order to precisely identify the molecules involved in the regulation of the dopamine system, suitable techniques must be developed to identify the main genes that are regulated by Lmx1a/b. To this end we developed a new technique allowing gene profiling of brain sub-population. By combining rapid immunolabeling of mDA neurons with laser capture microdissection we manage to extract RNA from two sub-regions of mDA neurons such as ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The advantage of this technique is to compare quickly the regulation of genes expression by studying controls and mutant mice. A first methodological article has been published regarding this procedure. We then applied this technique on cKO mice for Lmx1a/b and their associated controls to identify genes regulated by Lmx1a and Lmx1b. Among these genes, we identified Plxnc1, an axon guidance receptor for the semaphorin 7a (Sema7a). In order to verify whether the regulation of Plxnc1 by Lmx1a/b is at the origin of the axon guidance defect observed in double conditional mutant for Lmx1a/b, we have made an in vitro analysis of the effect of Sema7a on mDA explants. Our study showed a chemorepulsive effect of Sema7a on Plxnc1 positives axons. In addition, the study of knockout mice for Sema7a shows an increase of DA innervation in the dorsal part of the striatum which is the region expressing Sema7a in control mice. This phenotype reveals a chemorepulsion induced by Sema7a/Plxnc1 interaction. The study of mice overexpressing Plxnc1 shows a loss of DA innervation in the dorsal striatum. Indeed, by overexpressing Plxnc1, the majority of midbrain cells begin to express this axon guidance protein instead of only mDA neurons from the VTA. Thus, all mDA neurons including neurons from the SNpc express Plxnc1 making them sensitive to Sema7a. This interaction Sema7a/Plxnc1 leads to a chemorepulsion of axons guided away from the dorsal striatum. Overall these results highlight the importance of the regulation of the axon guidance protein Plxnc1 by Lmx1a/b for the innervation of midbrain targets. The repression of Plxnc1 expression in dopaminergic neurons of the SNpc appears necessary for the innervation of dopaminergic axons in the dorsal striatum, rich in Sema7a. This study is the first to identify the molecular basis of the development of the dopaminergic system explaining the segregation of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathways. These results should help to improve the effectiveness of cell therapies for Parkinson's disease. A second article will be submitted soon about the role of Lmx1a/b transciption factors in post-mitotic midbrain dopaminergic neurons. The main histopathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the degeneration of SNpc neurons. The cell replacement therapy using newly generated dopaminergic neurons from stem cells represents a promising therapy. However, a poor innervation of the newly grafted neurons limits the success of transplantation studies. The identification of factors regulating neuronal connectivity of mDA neurons becomes essential to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the establishment of the dopaminergic system. Therefore, in a final section of this thesis, I report preliminary study about cell replacement therapy in PD mouse model. I differentiated DA neurons from stem cells, knock-down Plxnc1 expression and performed grafting in 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) mouse model to illustrate the possibility of improving a cell replacement therapy.
Lmx1a and Lmx1b are transcription factors known for their role in the development of midbrain dopamine neurons (mDA). They were shown as essential for each stage of differentiation from progenitors to mature dopaminergic neurons. Recent studies have also highlighted the importance of these two transcription factors in dopaminergic neurons in adult mice. Lmx1a/b are involved in the regulation of mitochondrial genes and in autophagy. Although some evidence suggest that they could be involved in the formation of mDa circuit formation, their role in post-mitotic mDA neurons remains unknown. The aim of this thesis is to elucidate the role of Lmx1a/b in post-mitotic dopaminergic neurons. Analysis of dopaminergic axonal projections of double conditional mutant (cKO) mice for Lmx1a/b showed an axon guidance defect confirming the essential role of these transcription factors in the formation of dopaminergic circuits. In order to precisely identify the molecules involved in the regulation of the dopamine system, suitable techniques must be developed to identify the main genes that are regulated by Lmx1a/b. To this end we developed a new technique allowing gene profiling of brain sub-population. By combining rapid immunolabeling of mDA neurons with laser capture microdissection we manage to extract RNA from two sub-regions of mDA neurons such as ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The advantage of this technique is to compare quickly the regulation of genes expression by studying controls and mutant mice. A first methodological article has been published regarding this procedure. We then applied this technique on cKO mice for Lmx1a/b and their associated controls to identify genes regulated by Lmx1a and Lmx1b. Among these genes, we identified Plxnc1, an axon guidance receptor for the semaphorin 7a (Sema7a). In order to verify whether the regulation of Plxnc1 by Lmx1a/b is at the origin of the axon guidance defect observed in double conditional mutant for Lmx1a/b, we have made an in vitro analysis of the effect of Sema7a on mDA explants. Our study showed a chemorepulsive effect of Sema7a on Plxnc1 positives axons. In addition, the study of knockout mice for Sema7a shows an increase of DA innervation in the dorsal part of the striatum which is the region expressing Sema7a in control mice. This phenotype reveals a chemorepulsion induced by Sema7a/Plxnc1 interaction. The study of mice overexpressing Plxnc1 shows a loss of DA innervation in the dorsal striatum. Indeed, by overexpressing Plxnc1, the majority of midbrain cells begin to express this axon guidance protein instead of only mDA neurons from the VTA. Thus, all mDA neurons including neurons from the SNpc express Plxnc1 making them sensitive to Sema7a. This interaction Sema7a/Plxnc1 leads to a chemorepulsion of axons guided away from the dorsal striatum. Overall these results highlight the importance of the regulation of the axon guidance protein Plxnc1 by Lmx1a/b for the innervation of midbrain targets. The repression of Plxnc1 expression in dopaminergic neurons of the SNpc appears necessary for the innervation of dopaminergic axons in the dorsal striatum, rich in Sema7a. This study is the first to identify the molecular basis of the development of the dopaminergic system explaining the segregation of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathways. These results should help to improve the effectiveness of cell therapies for Parkinson's disease. A second article will be submitted soon about the role of Lmx1a/b transciption factors in post-mitotic midbrain dopaminergic neurons. The main histopathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the degeneration of SNpc neurons. The cell replacement therapy using newly generated dopaminergic neurons from stem cells represents a promising therapy. However, a poor innervation of the newly grafted neurons limits the success of transplantation studies. The identification of factors regulating neuronal connectivity of mDA neurons becomes essential to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the establishment of the dopaminergic system. Therefore, in a final section of this thesis, I report preliminary study about cell replacement therapy in PD mouse model. I differentiated DA neurons from stem cells, knock-down Plxnc1 expression and performed grafting in 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) mouse model to illustrate the possibility of improving a cell replacement therapy.
Soyer, Jessica. "Caractérisation de la régulation de l’expression des gènes codant des effecteurs chez Leptosphaeria maculans." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112266.
Full textLeptosphaeria maculans is an ascomycete belonging to the Dothideomycete class and is part of a species complex showing different level of adaptation toward oilseed rape. Within this species complex, Lmb is responsible for the most damaging disease of this crop: “stem canker”. Lmb presents a complex life cycle during which it alternates between different life styles and nutritional strategies underlying the involvement of precise regulatory networks for gene expression to rapidly adapt to new conditions. The sequencing of the Lmb genome has revealed an unusual structure, alternating two types of regions, GC- and AT-isochores. While GC-isochores are gene-rich, AT-isochores are gene-poor and have several characteristics of heterochromatin (they are rich in transposable elements and present a lower rate of recombination compared to GC-isochores). Although gene-poor, AT-isochores are “ecological niches” for effector genes as 20% of the genes in these regions encode for putative effectors against only 4% of the genes in GC-isochores. Effector-encoding genes located in AT-isochores present a different transcriptional behavior compared to those located in GC-isochores: a very low expression in axenic culture and a drastic increase in expression during primary leaf infection. On these bases, the aim of my thesis was to characterize the determinism of the concerted effector gene expression. Are AT-isochores targets of reversible epigenetic modifications that affect the regulation of effector genes? and/or are one or several common regulators involved in the control of the concerted expression of effector genes? To assess the role of the structure of AT-isochores, functional analysis of three key players involved in chromatin remodeling (i.e. HP1, DIM-5 and DMM-1) was performed and their role in global gene expression was assessed. This study validated that heterochromatic structure of AT-isochores represses expression of genes located in such a genomic environment, notably effector genes. Among genes under an epigenetic control, we also identified genes located in GC-isochores that were similarly influenced and may represent “hot spots” for epigenetic control. To identify putative regulators of effector gene expression, we established the complete repertoire of transcription factors (TFs) of Lmb and by analyzing the conservation of this repertoire among species of the Leptosphaeria species complex, we identified TFs specific of Lmb, or specifically induced during infection. Functional analysis of 12 TFs was set up: nine TF-encoding genes induced during infection and three orthologs of TFs described as required for pathogenesis in other phytopathogenic fungi (StuA, Sge1, Fox1). This functional analysis showed that StuA, as in other phytopathogenic fungi, plays a major role in infection and expression of effector genes in Lmb. The silencing of an AT-Hook type TF, family of TFs that specifically interact with AT-rich sequences, was associated with a reduction of the expression of two effector genes during infection and with pathogenicity defects. This study brought new insights into the regulation of effector genes in a phytopathogenic fungus involving, for the first time, an epigenetic mechanism
Pflieger, Aude. "Etude des interactions de PTF (Proximal sequence element-binding Transcription Factor) et de leurs foctions au sein de la transcription par L'ARN polymérase III humaine." Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21389.
Full textIn order to study the structure and the function of the complex PTF within the human RNA polymerase III transcription basal system but also in order to widen knowledge outside this system and to highlight regulators of the RNA polymerase III transcription, I undertook by double-hybrid the study of the interaction partners of the complex sub-units. I showed in vitro an interaction between sub-units PTFα and PTFβ and between proteins PTFα and Brf2. I proposed a potential regulator of the RNA polmerase III transcription. A model of regulation utilizing this protein posed at the laboratory seems to be confirmed. The results obtained are very encouraging and important since we know that during cellular transformation the RNA polymerase III transcription is down-regulated. However complementary experiments are necessary to confirm this model
Lavoie, Sébastien. "Caractérisation de hSpt5 : un facteur de régulation de l'élongation de la transcription." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MNHN0007.
Full textThe phosphorylation of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (Rpb1) is important for the regulation of transcription. We have studied its phosphorylation state in different species after heat shock. MAb CC-3 recognizes Rpb1 in normal condition, its reactivity being reduced following heat shock. The antibody MPM-2 shows an increased reactivity towards Rpb1 after heat shock. Therefore, mAbs CC-3 and MPM-2 are able to discriminate between subsets of Rpb1 which could be functionaly distinct. CC-3 also recognizes a 180-kDa protein which is probably hSpt5, a transcription regulation factor. Rpb1 and hSpt5 are dephosphorylated when cells are exposed to Cdk9 kinase inhibitors, suggesting that it is the major kinase phosphorylating Rpb1 and hSpt5 in vivo. We also demonstrate that the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 interacts with phosphorylated hSpt5. The phosphorylation of Rpb1 and hSpt5 followed by Pin1 interaction might thus contribute to the regulation of transcription