Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Facteurs de dépendance à l'hôte'
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Couderc, Élodie. "Discovery of mosquito molecular factors modulating arbovirus infection in Aedes aegypti." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS199.
Full textArthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) significantly impact global health, causing diseases with high morbidity and mortality. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses, notably dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses, are of particular concern. These viruses are primarily transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which is expanding its range due to global changes. Currently, there are no globally approved vaccines or specific antivirals for these viruses, and traditional vector control methods are hindered by insecticide resistance. Concerns about the future of vector control have led to alternative strategies aimed at manipulating the biology of vectors to reduce their vector competence, i.e., the ability of mosquitoes to become infected and transmit pathogens. The release of modified mosquitoes that cannot transmit pathogens is a potential strategy to reduce the incidence of human disease. Thus, there is a growing need to identify optimal targets for modification, and mosquito molecular factors that modulate arbovirus transmission are promising candidates.However, much of the knowledge on mosquito vector competence derives from studies in the insect model Drosophila melanogaster and does not fully recapitulate mosquito responses. Therefore, implementation of mosquito-specific approaches is essential to investigate intrinsic factors underlying vector competence. In this context, this PhD thesis presents three in vivo approaches to investigate molecular factors that influence flavivirus infection, dissemination, and transmission in Aedes aegypti.The first chapter is dedicated to the functional characterization of a Vago-like gene, VLG-1, in Ae. aegypti in the context of flavivirus infection. Arthropod Vago genes are often described as analogs of mammalian cytokines with antiviral functions. Strikingly, a VLG-1 mutant line generated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing revealed that in Ae. aegypti, VLG-1 promotes DENV and ZIKV dissemination within the mosquito, challenging the idea that Vago-like genes are conserved antiviral factors. Tissue-specific transcriptome analysis indicated that VLG-1 affects biological processes potentially linked to viral replication, such as oxidative stress response. The second chapter focuses on the discovery of a novel non-canonical antiviral factor, cytochrome P450 4g15, associated with a natural DENV resistance phenotype in a field-derived Ae. aegypti population. Induction of cytochrome P450 4g15 in the midgut after bloodmeal ingestion hinders DENV infection. Polymorphisms in this gene's promoter sequence control its expression level and the probability of successful DENV infection, marking the first report of natural gene variants impacting DENV resistance in Ae. aegypti.The third chapter examines candidate DENV receptors in Ae. aegypti, with a specific emphasis on prohibitin-2. This study demonstrated a proviral effect of prohibitin-2 on DENV replication in mosquito bodies. Nevertheless, despite employing a range of experimental techniques, prohibitin-2 did not exhibit a substantial role in DENV entry into mosquito midguts in vivo. These findings indicate that in vitro identification of viral receptors may not necessarily translate to in vivo confirmation of their role in viral entry.Overall, this PhD thesis contributes to advancing our understanding of mosquito-virus interactions, identifying new targets for vector control strategies, and highlighting the complexity of the molecular mechanisms underlying vector competence. This work emphasizes the necessity for in vivo research and underscores the value of exploiting the natural genetic diversity of field-derived mosquito populations to gain insights into the complex mechanisms governing mosquito vector competence for flaviviruses and to develop innovative strategies for controlling mosquito-borne diseases
Cohen, Caroline. "Facteurs pharmacologiques de la dépendance à l'égard du tabac." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112005.
Full textTo better understand the tobacco dependence mechanism, the influence of pharmaco-logical factors, and the relative effect of nicotine among smoke components, two kinds of experiments were done. I- In 94 smokers, physiological measurements before and after smoking a cigarette from their own brand has shown that : - biological concentrations of tobacco products are not related to cigarette yields; - alveolar carbon monoxide level is not related to the smoke pH (6. 45-7. 55). II- Behavioral and psychomotor indexes obtained while smoking cigarettes of different composition showed that : - smokers submitted to a pharmacological deficit when smoking a cigarette free from active components increased their smoke intake and cigarette combustion of their next cigarette. While smoking a cigarette free from active components but enriched with nicotine, subjects reduced their smoke intake and increased the smoke intake from their next normal cigarette; - subjects smoking a low nicotine cigarette regulated their smoking behavior by increasing smoke intake from the next cigarette only. While smoking a high nicotine cigarette they compensated immediatly. These results show that smokers are able to regulate the amount of nicotine intake by their smoking behavior but that others pharmacological factors seems to be looked for by smokers
Pommier, Janine. "Etude de facteurs influençant la susceptibilité de l'hôte au paludisme : Effet de facteurs génétiques et de l' état inflammatoire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4003.
Full textMy thesis focused on the study of factors influencing the future of malaria infection. A genetic linkage study based on markers distributed throughout the genome has allowed us to highlight the linkage of 17p11 - p13 chromosome region with parasitaemia. We investigated the genetic variation of genes and HS3ST3A1 HS3ST3B1 human chromosome 17p12 because these genes may influence the infection of human cells by Plasmodium . We observed genetic linkage of some SNPs in these genes with parasitaemia.IgG antibodies against the parasite P. falciparum are known to play an important role in the immune response . Certain genes associated with resistance to malaria could also be associated with the level of IgG production . We have shown that some polymorphisms located in genes HBB , Fc RIIA , and TNF influence the level of production of different IgG subclasses . These results allow us to better understand the genetic control of humoral response against malaria.I also characterized non- infectious inflammation in a mouse model to test the influence of the inflammatory condition during infection by Plasmodium . The transcriptomic study performed on three organs mouse model injected with oleic acid , has allowed us to demonstrate an inflammatory response mainly in the lungs and brain. These results will allow us to test the hypothesis that pre-existing inflammatory response favor the occurrence of severe malaria in mice infected with Plasmodium
Da, Costa Daniel. "Etude des facteurs cellulaires de l'hôte impliqués dans le tropisme du virus de l'hépatite C." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804227.
Full textBodin, Aurélie. "Modulation du comportement de recherche de l'hôte chez les insectes hématophages : importance des facteurs endogènes." Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR4019/document.
Full textAnimals have evolved different optimal strategies to minimize predation risks while searching for food. In haematophagous insects, host-seeking is guided by different host stimuli. An important modulation of the perception systems associated to host localization has been observed as function of behaviour and activity rhythms of the host which can be a prey or a predator. We characterize the endogenous factors which could modulate the host-seeking behaviour in the haematophagous bug Rhodnius prolixus. There is a specific modulation of the behavioural response to different odours as function of daytime. Furthermore, host-seeking could be modulated by the physiological state of the bugs (developmental and nutritional state). Physiological and behavioural mechanisms have been selected to inhibit the host-seeking when it is not necessary for the bugs to be exposed to hosts
Dafei, Farid. "Etude et comparaison des facteurs de dépendance en moyen et long séjour." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR2M038.
Full textDupuy, Charlotte. "La prévention de la dépendance : facteurs associés à l'observance d'une intervention multidomaine." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30351.
Full textBetween 2000 and 2040, the elderly frail population will be multiplied by 2,5 to affect 10 million people aged 65 years and over. Previous epidemiologic studies have highlighted that functional limitations are frequent and multidimensional (associated with functional, cognitive and sensorial decline). Currently, the evidence for the protective role of physical activity or nutrition (action isolated) on cognitive and functional decline are well known but few studies have examined the impact of multidomain interventions. The effectiveness of such interventions must be demonstrated in the current randomized trials. It seems important to study rates of adherence and attrition factors (motivation and barriers for these frail elderly) to participate in a prevention program of long-term. To determine the target population to prevent disability in elderly, consideration of the most relevant definition of sarcopenia is necessary. The design of trials related to the relevant nutritional factors (vitamin D and the Oral Nutritional Supplement (ONS)) is also currently discussed
Maroteaux, Matthieu. "Implication du facteur de transcription Zif268 dans les apprentissages guidés par la récompense." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066305.
Full textGibold-Lyonne, Lucie. "Impact des facteurs micro-environnementaux de l'hôte sur la colonisation instestinale des Escherichia Coli adhérents et invasifs." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF1MM22/document.
Full textThe etiology of Crohn's disease (CD) involves disorders in host genetic factors and intestinal microbiota. Ileal mucosa of CD patients is often abnormally colonized by adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC). These strains isolated from the intestinal mucosa of CD patients are able to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). This adhesion to IECs promotes the invasion of cells by the bacteria. Furthermore, the invasive ability of AIEC strains allows bacteria to translocate across the human intestinal epithelium, move into the deep tissues and activate immune cells continuously upon arrival. Thus AIEC could be involved in the inflammatory state of the intestinal mucous membrane. The aim of this study was to identify components of AIEC virulence, which might favor their implantation in the gut of CD patients and to define the role of several chemical factors from the ileal environment. Here, we reported a protease called Vat-AIEC from AIEC which favors the penetration of AIEC through the mucus layer and enhances gut colonization. The screening of E. coli strains isolated from CD patients revealed a preferential vat-AIEC association with AIEC strains belonging to the B2 phylogroup. Besides, Vat-AIEC transcription was increased with bile salts from the ileum environment. Then a global RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of E. coli LF82 has been used to observe the impact of bile salts on the expression of bacterial genes. The results demonstrate the explosive effect of bile salts with a dysregulation of about 40% of the genome, with a global upregulation of genes involved in degradation and downregulation of those implicated in several biosynthesis. Our results show that LF82 use ethanolamine as a nitrogen source and propane diol as a carbon source, which can favor their colonization in the gut compared to the other bacteria. We also studied virulence genes expression in the presence of bile salts. They increase the expression of several virulence factors like the IbeA invasion, the type 6 secretion systems and the yersiniabactin. Furthermore, we noticed an increased expression of genes implicated in biofilm formation. These results improve the understanding of the global regulatory network in the presence of bile salts and thus of AIEC implantation in the human gut of CD patients
Verret, Catherine. "Dépendance des personnes âgées au domicile : définition de la dépendance partielle et facteurs pronostiques de son évolution sur 8 ans : cohorte PAQUID, 1988-1998." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR23005.
Full textBallon, Nicolas. "Epidémiologie, phénotypes cliniques et facteurs de vulnérabilité génétique pour la toxicomanie au crack / cocaïne dans lîle de la Martinique." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066144.
Full textBotelho-Nevers, Elisabeth. "Les facteurs de risque de sévérité liés à l'hôte et au traitement au cours de la fièvre boutonneuse méditerranéenne." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20691/document.
Full textMediterranean spotted fever (MSF) is caused by Rickettsia conorii subsp. conorii, a strict intracellular bacterium. The disease initially described as benign presents currently rates of severity around 10% with an increase described recently. In a retrospective clinical study of 161 cases of MSF, we observed that treatment with fluoroquinolones was associated with an unfavourable outcome whereas doxycycline appeared to be protective. We also observed this deleterious effect of fluoroquinolones in vitro in a cellular model of R. conorii infection, which was not observed with doxycycline. One hypothesis that could explain this effect is the induction of toxin-antitoxin module by fluoroquinolones. Thus we have shown that ciprofloxacin modulates the gene expression of toxin-antitoxin module. We have also shown that statins may have a prophylactic effect during infection by R. conorii. Finally, we have studied the host response within the inoculation eschar by a transcriptomic approach. This thesis has shown that the treatment received during the MSF can change the prognosis of this disease. The choice of antibiotics is crucial, and should be subject to further studies
Bouscaren, Nathalie. "Facteurs de risque de la dépendance chez des femmes âgées françaises : étude sur la cohorte E3N." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS508/document.
Full textThe number of people living with disabilities is rising with the ageing of the population, leading to an increased need in proxy' help (or from "third partie"). Preventive approaches to delay disability or increase disability-free life expectancy are needed. In that respect, it is essential to study proxies'role in ageing, to identify risk factors of disability, and to analyze the effect of combinations of risk factors on risk of disability.The first aim of this PhD thesis was to study the contribution of proxies in cohorts of older people. The second aim was to analyze the association between disability and cumulative sensory impairments or health behaviours.The study population consisted in a subpopulation of the E3N cohort of women born between 1925 and 1930. Data were self-reported and/or reported by a proxy. Disability was defined as a limitation in at least one of the eight instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scale.Results supported the interest of proxy involvement in epidemiological studies, particularly in those dealing with ageing. Indeed, most proxies corroborated the perception of the elderly women about their ability to perform IADL. In the study of risk factors of disability, having a dual sensory impairment was associated with higher short-term incidence of disability. Moreover, not adhering to the recommendations in the five studied health behaviours was associated with an increased risk of disability ten years later, in a dose-dependent manner.This work contributes to highlight the usefulness of proxies in large epidemiological studies, and to enhance knowledge about risk factors of disability. It suggests tracks of targeted actions to improve the quality of life of older people, and to increase their disability-free life duration
Lu, Yang. "Analyse de survie bivariée à facteurs latents : théorie et applications à la mortalité et à la dépendance." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090020/document.
Full textThis thesis comprises three essays on identification and estimation problems in bivariate survival models with individual and common frailties.The first essay proposes a model to capture the mortality dependence of the two spouses in a couple. It allows to disentangle two types of dependencies : the broken heart syndrome and the dependence induced by common risk factors. An analysis of their respective effects on joint insurance premia is also proposed.The second essay shows that, under reasonable model specifications that take into account the longevity effect, we can identify the joint distribution of the long-term care and mortality risks from the observation of cohort mortality data only. A numerical application to the French population data is proposed.The third essay conducts an analysis of the tail of the joint distribution for general bivariate survival models with proportional frailty. We show that under appropriate assumptions, the distribution of the joint residual lifetimes converges to a limit distribution, upon normalization. This can be used to analyze the mortality and long-term care risks at advanced ages. In parallel, the heterogeneity distribution among survivors converges also to a semi-parametric limit distribution. Properties of the limit distributions, their identifiability from the data, as well as their implications are discussed
Eichholz, Karsten. "Influence de protéin[e]s de l'hôte sur la réponse immunitaire innée face aux adénovirus humains dans les phagocytes humains." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS059.
Full textHuman adenoviruses (HAdV) cause a broad spectrum of clinical diseases in immunocompromised and –competent patients and are also versatile tools for gene transfer and vaccination. Pre-existing humoral immunity may be in part responsible for the adverse responses towards AdV vectors seen in several clinical vaccine trials. Furthermore, a variety of host proteins like mouse coagulation factor X (FX) or immunoglobulin G bind HAdV exacerbate the pro-inflammatory response. Pre-clinical risk assessment is often done in mice, albeit there are multiple differences between human and mice in the interaction with HAdV. The binding of FX to HAdV activates a pro-inflammatory response in mouse via Toll-like receptor 4. In another clinical relevant scenario, immune complexed-HAdV (IC-HAdV-C5) induces more inflammasome activation in human phagocytes than HAdV-C5 alone but by unknown mechanism. In this regard, I participated in two studies. First, we investigated a potential role of FX and TLR4 in the innate response to HAdV-C5 by using only human components. We found that there is no detectable FX-HAdV-TLR4 axis in human and FX did not affect the innate immune response elevated by IC-HAdV-C5 in human phagocytes.Second, we addressed the underlying mechanism of IC-HAdV-C5-induced inflammation. We found that IC-HAdV-C5 induces inflammasome formation in monocyte-derived dendritic cells and this is dependent on pVI-mediated endosomal escape and activation of cytosolic inflammasome sensors. Our findings help us to better understand the differences in preclinical testing in mice and clinical use in humans and how pre-existing immunity shapes the innate immune response to HAdV to improve treatment for HAdV diseases and HAdV vector effectiveness
Liraud, Florence. "Addiction aux substances psychoactives dans les troubles psychotiques et les troubles de l'humeur : facteurs de risque, conséquences pronostiques, et implications thérapeutiques." Bordeaux 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR20944.
Full textIn the 1st part of this thesis are reviewed studies assessing the prevalence of substance use disorders in patients with psychiatric disorders, particularly in patients presenting with psychotic and/or mood disorder, as well as the clinical and prognostic characteristics associated with a dual diagnosis. The various hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying the comorbid association are reviewed. In the 2nd part are presented 4 original studies. The 1rst one was focused on the prevalence of substance use disorders in patients hospitalised in psychiatry, and on the associated clinical and prognostic characteristics. The 2nd study was focused on the neuropsychologic impact of substance use disorders in patients presenting with psychotic and/or mood disorder. The 3rd study was focused on the temperamental characteristics associated with substance misuse in patients presenting with psychotic and/or mood disorder. The 4th was focused on the association between temperamental characteristics and prognostic characteristics. In the 3rd part of this thesis we present a synthesis of the results obtained in our studies, and on the implications of these finding regarding the treatment for patients presenting with comorbid disorders. The different therapeutic approaches for patients with dual diagnosis are compared, in order to identify the most effective ones
Fatseas, Mélina. "Étude des motivations à l'usage des substances addictives : liens avec les propriétés renforçantes de la substance de choix et facteurs associés." Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21409.
Full textIntroduction : There are various motivations for the use of potentially addictive substances in the literature : a positive dimension for a search for euphoria, and a negative dimension involving a relief of pain. Objective : Our objective was to describe the different motivations for the use of addictive substances, then to examine their relationships with the reinforcing character of the substance of choice and, the individual psychopathological characteristics. Our work was based on the motivations for benzodiazepines use (first study) and for the different addictive substances (second study) in a sample of dependent subjects undergoing treatment. Methods : Participants had to answer a self-administered questionnaire evaluating the self-perceived motivations for use of different substances, and were interviewed with the Addiction Sverity Index (ASI), and with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview MINI). For the second study, psychopathological and personality evaluations were realized. Results : For the first study, the sample consisted of 92 opiate-dependent subjects. The most common situation was the presence of two motivations, hedonic and self-therapeutic (53 %), followed by an exclusively self-therapeutic motivation (32 %), and an exclusively hedonic motivation (15 %). Behavior appeared to be different according to motivation. The second study was carried out on a sample of 240 subjects dependent on at least one substance. The hedonic motivation was associated with a more frequent choice of the most reinforcing substances (heroin, cocaine, tobacco). Some psychopathological factors were associated to the motivations. Discussion : Our results indicate the possibility for certain subjects to perceive and report both dimensions of motivation, whereas other subjects identify an exclusive motivation. This phenomenon could involve the use of all addictive substances. Moreover, the present study is the first assessing specifically the relationship between motivation for use and the reinforcing properties of addictive substances, as well as the link with individual psychopathological factors
Silva, Rosa da Luz Brenda. "Caractérisation des vésicules extracellulaires dérivées de staphylococcus aureus et leur impact sur la réponse de l'hôte." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NSARB361.
Full textBacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles carrying macromolecules that can influence host-pathogen interactions. The pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (SA) releases EVs whose characteristics are still largely explored. This thesis’s project provides the first work extensively characterizing the RNA and protein content of profile of SA clinical HG003 strain and its producing cells. We found that EVs comprised all RNA classes including small regulatory RNA. The protein content of EVs was also diverse with various important elements such as virulence factors, transcriptional regulators, and metabolic enzymes. Interestingly, the protein and RNA content of EVs differed from that of its producing cells, suggesting that selective cargo packing exists. The intra- and interspecies role of EVs was also investigated.We found that the addition of HG003 EVs to bacterial cultures improved their growth in restrictive media. In the context of host-pathogen interactions, the cellular response induced by EVs differed from that induced by the living bacteria in both human and bovine models, indicating that EVs could display other physiological functions than those of bacteria which may be important to the infection process. Overall, our data evidence that SA EVs carry important newly discovered elements, and modulate the host response with different intensities, exposure periods, and by different routes from that of live bacteria. This study brings new knowledge about SA EVs potential functional roles in the context of bacterial physiology and staphylococcal infections
Lafittau, Magalie. "Rôle des facteurs biopsychosociaux dans l'évolution de personnes dépendantes aux opiacés débutant un traitement de substitution par méthadone : étude semi-prospective d'une cohorte de 50 patients." Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21323.
Full textThis semi-forward-looking study had for first objective to study the evolution of dependent patients in opiates during the first three months of their coverage in a treatment of substitution by méthadone. In the second time, we estimated antecedents (socio-demographic, biomedical, of personality) and the transactional variables (perceived stress, beliefs and coping strategies) being able to predict the adjustment for the treatment in terms of abstinence, quality of life and emotional distress. In a last time, we wished to put in evidence variables allowing to discriminate between abstinent patients of the patients having relapsed. The measure repeated ANOVAs revealed significant differences on certain biopsychosocial variables between four evaluations of our study. Analyses in multiple linear regressions notably revealed the positive impact of the emotional strategies and the beliefs about méthadone on the abstinence and the quality of life of subjects. These findings underscore the important role of the beliefs and the strategies of adaptation organized during the treatment, in the abstinence in opioid substances and the well being of patients. They also indicate the relevance of a multifactorial model in the understanding of the phenomena of dependence and relapse. These results are discussed relative to their implication in patients' coverage in initiative of ruling of the consumptions of substances
Do, Van Phuc. "Contribution au développement et à l'étude de facteurs d'importance fiabilistes pour les systèmes markoviens." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00636258.
Full textFriguet, Chloé. "Impact de la dépendance dans les procédures de tests multiples en grande dimension." Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de rennes, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00539741.
Full textFriguet, Chloé. "Impact de la dépendance dans les procédures de tests multiples en grande dimension." Phd thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2008NSARG007.
Full textMotivated by issues raised by the analysis of gene expressions data, this thesis focuses on the impact of dependence on the properties of multiple testing procedures for high-dimensional data. We propose a methodology based on a Factor Analysis model for the correlation structure. Model parameters are estimated thanks to an EM algorithm and an ad hoc methodology allowing to determine the model that fits best the covariance structure is defined. Moreover, the factor structure provides a general framework to deal with dependence in multiple testing. Two main issues are more particularly considered : the estimation of _0, the proportion of true null hypotheses, and the control of error rates. The proposed framework leads to less variability in the estimation of both _0 and the number of false-positives. Consequently, it shows large improvements of power and stability of simultaneous inference with respect to existing multiple testing procedures. These results are illustrated by real data from microarray experiments and the proposed methodology is implemented in a R package called FAMT
Billaud, Mélanie. "Étude de l'impact du réchauffement des océans sur l'expression des facteurs de virulence de Vibrio parahaemolyticus et réponse de l'hôte Exaiptasia pallida à l'infection." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COAZ6042.
Full textRising ocean temperatures lead to the emergence of pathogenic bacteria, particularly of the genus Vibrio spp. Among these, Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a pathogen of both humans and marine organisms. This bacterium, which is widespread throughout the world, is responsible for severe cases of gastroenteritis resulting from the consumption of undercooked infected seafood. At the same time, a major public health problem is emerging: ocean pollution from microplastics, which are becoming a new vector for pathogens. It is becoming increasingly important to study the effects of rising temperatures on adhesion and biofilm formation by V. parahaemolyticus on abiotic (plastic) and biotic (shellfish, etc.) surfaces, as well as the response of marine organisms to infection.The first chapter of this thesis focuses on the virulence of V. parahaemolyticus in seawater at three different temperatures: 21°C (average temperature in the Mediterranean Sea), 27°C (tropical water temperature), and 31°C (predicted for 2050 according to IPCC).The virulence mechanisms of V. parahaemolyticus are well described. We studied the initial stage of infection, adhesion to hosts or substrates via adhesins (such as MAM7 and GbpA) and biofilm production via type 4 pili (such as PilA or MSHA), followed by secretion of the toxin TDH. Our results suggest that elevated temperatures promote adhesion of bacteria to plastics via adhesins, stimulate biofilm formation via type 4 pili, and increase secretion of toxins such as TDH.In the second part of this work, we wanted to investigate the effects of global warming on the process of V. parahaemolyticus infection in a marine organism. We chose Exaiptasia pallida (E. pallida), an anemone belonging to the cnidarians, an emerging model with an innate immune system similar to that of humans and representative for the study of host-pathogen relationships. Two infection methods were used: infection by filtration (simulating a natural process) and direct injection into the animal's coelenteron, which showed similar responses. The morphological responses of E. pallida to infection were similar to those of humans, with tissue degradation and increased mucus secretion after infection.To localise Vibrio in the different tissues of the anemone, we optimised a transparentization technique (AnemoClear) that allowed us to localise the bacteria in the mesenteries. This result was confirmed by in vivo imaging and confocal imaging on fixed tissue.Mesenteric filaments are known in the literature to be involved in the immune response in Cnidaria. We focused our subsequent studies on the identification of cells infected with V. parahaemolyticus (which constitutively expresses GFP (Vp-GFP)) in these mesenteric filaments isolated after dissection. In the absence of antibodies directed against anemone-specific markers, we used their autofluorescence detected by spectral cytometry techniques. We identified a population of cells with an autofluorescence spectrum similar to that of human monocytes. This population showed intense double positivity with the spectrum of Vp-GFP grouped into vacuoles at 27°C, whereas they were scattered at 31°C.The work performed allowed us to study the response of E. pallida infected with V. parahaemolyticus at different water temperatures and to show the effects of heating on the maintenance of structures during infection. We identified cells resembling human immune cells involved in bacterial phagocytosis
Akgun, Oguzhan. "Dépendance inter-individuelle sur panels hétérogènes : estimation, inférence et prévision." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020008.
Full textThe availability of panel data sets with comparable and large time and individual dimensions is rapidly increasing. This structure offers new possibilities to understand and characterize cross-sectional dependence. This thesis makes three contributions to the recent literature dealing with large heterogeneous panel data sets with cross-sectional dependence. The first chapter deals with estimation, inference and forecasting issues focusing on the comparison of heterogeneous, homogeneous and partially homogeneous panel data estimators in presence of cross-sectional dependence modeled by spatial error dependence and common factors. In the second chapter novel tests for equal predictive ability in panels of forecasts are proposed, allowing for different types and strength of cross-sectional dependence across units. Finally, the third chapter focuses on forecasts obtained using iterated and direct methods. A special emphasis is put on the predictors which contain terms related to interactions between panel units. Inflation forecasts for the OECD countries are compared empirically. The results show the importance of taking common factors into account to predict inflation
Lepelletier, Didier. "Rôle de l'antibiothérapie et des facteurs liés à l'hôte et à l'hospitalisation sur le risque de colonisation et d'infection par des bactéries résistantes aux antibiotiques." Nantes, 2006. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=73871b95-bdbc-4921-80d5-d80b82d39f41.
Full textAntimicrobial resistance is a major heath problem, especially in hospital-acquired infections. Many epidemiological data showed an association between antibiotic use and infection caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. To assess the impact of antibiotic use and other factors, we performed two epidemiological studies on clinical Escherichia coli strains isolated from hospital patients. We showed a significant association between antibiotic use and immunosuppression and infection caused by resistant E. Coli. Previous use of β-lactamine was associated with amoxicillin- and third generation cephalosporin resistance, and previous use of fluoroquinolones and cotrimoxazole was associated with strains resistant to those antibiotics. In a second time, we performed a prospective study of the gut flora of 933 patients hospitalised in five different wards, including medicine and surgery wards and intensive-care units. No vancomycin-resistant Enterococci was isolated. 585 patients were colonised by an amoxicillin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, with third generation cephalosporin- and ofloxacin resistance rates of 9. 4% and 4. 8%, respectively. One hundred and ninety five patients were colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23% on admission). Antibiotic use was implicated in all observed resistances. Previous hospital stay and hospitalisation in specific wards were also associated with antibiotic resistance. Studies of intestinal microflora are difficult to perform but are useful in epidemic situations and in target resistance surveillance programs
Acheli, Rafik. "Dépendance aux opiacés et stress post-traumatique : études empiriques des facteurs de risques post-traumatiques auprès de patients héroïnodépendants sous traitement de substitution." Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT2047.
Full textOpioid addiction is a real public health problem and studies on its risk factors are needed. Scientific work addressing the links between heroin dependence in terms of the impact of traumatic events and post-traumatic consequences, risk factors that are often visible in hospital settings, has focused more on specific populations in USA, and more rarely in France. This Ph.D. thesis therefore focused on studying post-traumatic risk factors in heroin-dependent patients under substitution treatment (ST) through 2 cross-sectional studies. The two studies involved a total of 100 heroin-dependent patients on ST during their treatment in hospital settings in the Ile-de-France region (Study 1 n=30, Study 2 n=70). We hypothesized that opioid dependence is correlated with traumatic events, psychiatric disorders and socio-demographic determinants. Patients responded to structured interviews and a set of validated questionnaires to assess socio-demographic characteristics, traumatic experiences and their psychopathological consequences. The first study shows that opioid dependence is positively correlated with social status, current dissociative and hyper-arousal symptoms of PTSD. The second research highlights positive correlations between opioid dependence and social situation, symptoms of whole Life Panic Disorder, Peri-Traumatic Dissociation Disorder and PTSD. In conclusion, our studies provided elements for understanding the links between PTSD and opiate dependence, thus contributing to French research in the field of addiction. Our studies highlight the need to rigorously investigate the presence of traumatic events and to include CBT intervention for PTSD in the treatment of heroin addiction
Le, Samedy Mathieu. "Déterminants psychologiques des processus de dépendance alcoolique et cannabique à l'adolescence : étude des interactions des facteurs de personnalité, d'estime de soi et de difficultés interpersonnelles." Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR2032/document.
Full textEven though it is now commonly acknowldged that a set of destabilising and protecting factors are at play in the appearance of alcohol and cannabis dependence in adolescents, there is as of yet little knowledge of how these factors actually interact. Amongst the latter, certain personality traits, self-esteem and interpersonal difficulties are considered key. The theoretical introduction to our work aims at underlining the importance of the theory of the Big Five (Goldberg, 1993; John & Srivastava, 1999) in this field, this model being currently considered a rigorous taxonomy that gathers a large consensus in the field of personality psychology (McAdams & Pals, 2006). In the introduction as well, we stress the relevance of a multi-dimensional conception of self-esteem, so as to frame it as part of a wider approach. Finally, we establish different areas related to interpersonal difficulties in adolescents, such as self-assertion, family relations, relations with peers, love relationships and friendship
Buisson, Anthony. "Etude du comportement des macrophages vis-à-vis des Escherichia Coli adhérents et invasifs islés de patients atteints de maladie de Crohn en fonction des facteurs de susceptibilité de l'hôte." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF1MM16.
Full textCrohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) whose pathophysiology results from an abnormal interaction between the gut microbiota and the host's immune system under the influence of genetic and environmental factors. . Within this microbiota, adherent and invasive E. coli (AIEC) colonize the ileal mucosa of patients with CD and are able to survive and multiply within macrophages. Moreover, the therapeutic objectives of CD, and especially endoscopic mucosal healing, require repeated endoscopies, which are not acceptable from the patients' point of view. Among alternative means, fecal calprotectin is the fecal marker of reference even if its performance seems to be diminished in certain situations like pure ileal disease. The primary objective of this work was to compare the ability of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from patients with CD, ulcerative colitis (UC) or healthy subjects to control AIEC infection and to identify associated with this multiplication of AIEC and in particular the role of genetic polymorphisms associated with CD in connection with autophagy. AIEC multiplied more than non-pathogenic strain K12 in macrophages irrespective of their origin. The entry of the AIEC (1h post-infection) did not vary according to the origin of the macrophages. The survival of AIEC was increased in MDM from MC patients compared to those from HCR or control subjects. In multivariate analysis, this survival was positively correlated with the secretion of IL1β but was decreased in the presence of the variants at risk for ULK1 (p = 0.046) and XBP1 (p = 0.014). MDM from MC patients were unable to control the multiplication of AIEC, unlike those from HCR or control subjects, especially in the presence of the variant at risk for IRGM (p = 0.045). Infection of MDM from MC patients by AIEC bacteria induces a pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion pattern. The second part of this work aimed to compare the performance of faecal chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1), a host protein interacting with AIEC virulence factor, and matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP-9). to detect the endoscopic inflammatory activity of MC in comparison with the standard fecal marker, calprotectin. Fecal CHI3L1, MMP-9 and calprotectin levels were correlated with Crohn's Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity (CDEIS) and were significantly increased in the presence of endoscopic ulcerations. In case of pure ileal involvement, fecal CHI3L1 seemed better correlated with CDEIS than fecal calprotectin. The fecal CHI3L1 threshold of 15 ng / g showed better performance than faecal calprotectin in detecting the presence of endoscopic ulcerations. MMP-9 was a powerful marker for detecting the presence of endoscopic lesions in IBD. In conclusion, we have shown that there is a macrophage defect to control infection by AIEC bacteria in patients with CD related to atopic risk variants involved in autophagy leading to a pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype . Fecal CHI3L1, known as a host protein interacting with AIEC virulence factor, as well as MMP-9 appear to be good markers of endoscopic activity in IBD
Costa, Lionel. "Facteur de transcription USF1 et systèmes de réparation des dommages à l'ADN au cours de la réponse de l'hôte à l'infection par Helicobacter pylori." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC150/document.
Full textHelicobacter pylori is a gastric pathogen that infects 50% of the worlds population. H. pylori is the only bacterium known to be a class 1 carcinogenic agent, and represents the major risk factor in the development of gastric cancer. The genotoxic activity of H. pylori plays an essential role in the promotion of gastric cancer. Furthermore, H. pylori favours the proteasomal degradation of p53, a central regulator of the DNA damage response. H. pylori induces DNA hypermethylation in the promoter region of two genes encoding transcription factors, Upstream Stimulating Factors USF1 and USF2, inhibiting their expression. USF1 regulates the level of p53 and the components of the nucleotide excision DNA repair (NER) system. Moreover, in response to genotoxic stress, USF1 binds to p53 and inhibits its proteasomal degradation. My thesis project aims to elucidate the mechanisms leading to the development of gastric cancer due to H. pylori infection. This work will address the consequences of USF1 depletion during this infection, focusing on the impact on i) p53, its isoforms, and the DNA damage and repair response, and ii) the gastric carcinogenesis process. To facilitate this investigation, I have developed complementary approaches, using epithelial gastric cells for in vitro studies, and a USF1-/- mouse model for in vivo analyses. My results show a concomitant decrease in the nuclear levels of USF1 and p53, combined with a cytoplasmic delocalisation of USF1 in cells infected by H. pylori. This deregulation is accompanied by the inhibited expression of genes targeted by USF1 and p53, implicated in the DNA damage and repair response. Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA) experiments show that H. pylori alters the response of cells to genotoxic stress by inhibiting the interaction between USF1 and p53 in the nucleus following treatment with camptothecin. In parallel, H. pylori also induces the transcription of p53 isoforms. My results suggest that USF1 is a negative transcriptional regulator of the expression of these isoforms. In vivo, the absence of USF1 in USF1-/- mice exacerbates inflammation and accelerates the severity of the gastric lesions, leading to the presence of dysplasia at 9 months post-infection. These results are in agreement with the weak USF1 expression levels observed in patients with gastric cancer, which is associated with worse prognoses. In conclusion, the results obtained show the essential role played by USF1 during H. pylori infection, in the maintenance of the tumour suppressor p53 and the genetic stability of host cells. They confirm USF1 as a tumour suppressor. Finally, these findings describe not only the novel strategy by which H. pylori infection favours gastric cancerogenesis, but could also be of clinical significance, as USF1 is promising as a candidate biomarker of gastric cancer
Chassagne, Jean. "Mieux comprendre, étudier et prendre en charge la consommation de cannabis : apports méthodologiques et facteurs de risques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2023. https://dante.univ-tlse2.fr/s/fr/item/35793.
Full textCannabis is the most commonly used psychoactive substance among students in Europe and the United States. While associated with various psychopathological disorders, the nature and intensity of these interactions remain debated. While many countries are leaning towards its legalization (for either medical or recreational purposes), it's crucial to have the proper tools and knowledge to understand its psychological effects. However, current literature often focuses narrowly on consumption frequency or cannabis use disorders (CUD), as defined by its diagnostic criteria, underscoring the need for broader exploration. Therefore, we studied a wider range of variables to better understand the relationship between cannabis use and psychopathologies. Emphasis was also placed on methodology, considering ways to obtain the most reliable data. Each of our three studies aimed to address a question or fill a gap identified in our preliminary research. To identify new relevant variables, the first study examined how consumption context, primarily smoking mostly alone, affects the prevalence of CUD and depressive symptoms. The second looked into the influence of consumption forms, methods and timings of use on the prevalence of CUD, depressive, and anxiety symptoms. Concerning the method, the third study investigated the link between self-deception biases (unconscious response distortion to protect self-esteem) and other-deception biases (deliberate response distortion to present oneself favorably) in relation to self-reported cannabis consumption. Through this work, we seek to shed light on the intricate relationship between cannabis use and various psychopathologies, highlighting often overlooked nuances and biases. Our goal is to provide more exhaustive and reliable methodological perspectives, in order to contribute to the improvement and specification of prevention and intervention programs
Pinard, Fabrice. "Le mildiou des mils pénicillaires (Pennisetum americanum (L. ) Leeke) dû à Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc. ) Schroet : éléments de biologie : étiologie de l'infection, facteurs de résistance foliaire de l'hôte, étude in vitro de la virescence." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112211.
Full textPérès, Karine. "Approche épidémiologique du processus d'évolution vers l'incapacité chez le sujet âgé : description et déterminants." Bordeaux 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR21079.
Full textThe ageing of the French population raises the problem of the management of the consequences of chronic diseases, expressed in terms of disability. The objective of this dissertation was to describe the different domains of disability affected in elderly people, the evolution of the disablement process in terms of progression, regression or death, and its determinants. The analyses were conducted on the PAQUID cohort, where 3777 subjects aged 65 years and over were followed-up and the Three-City study. Multi-state Markov models were used to estimate disability-free life expectancies and to study the role of diseases (dementia, diabetes, dyspnoea, obesity), but also that of individual and environmental factors (sex, education, depression, medi-social care) on the disablement process. Finally, an important decline of the prevalence of disability was observed over ten years between two generations of elderly people
Muller, Mandy. "Comparative mapping of E2-host interactions unravels new roles of E2 in human papillomavirus-induced pathogenesis." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077137.
Full textHPV are associated with latent infections, benign hyperplasia or even cancer. To better understand HPV pathogenesis, we comparatively mapped the interaction networks of the regulatory protein E2 from 12 HPV genotypes. By yeast two-hybrid, we identified E2's potential interactors. This was followed by a validation sep in mammalian cells by a method based on luciferase complementation. Clustering of interaction profiles showed a correlation with HPV phylogeny, demonstrating E2's contribution to the HPV-associated pathogenesis. Analysis of E2's interaction network revealed a preferential targeting of cellular hub proteins involved in 5 main functional families, reflecting E2's primary functions but also unraveling potential new roles of E2 in viral infection. The second part of this work was dedicated to the study of a specific interaction between E2 from HPV16, the most represented HPV in cervical cancer, and a cellular protein, CCHCR1. We showed that CCHCR1 interferes with the binding of BRD4 to E2, resulting in a decrease in E2-dependent transcription. CCHCR1 also induces a relocalization of E2 into the cytoplasm instead of the nucleus. Finally, our results indicate that in presence of CCHR1, E2 is a less potent activator of keratinocyte differentiation, which could potentially impact the HPV life cycle
Maneuvrier, Hervieu Arthur. "Le sentiment de présence en réalité virtuelle : rôle modérateur des facteurs humains sur la performance." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMC035.
Full textVirtual reality has emerged as a new paradigm for research and scientific applications. The ability of this technology to simulate complex custom-made situations offers researchers the opportunity to study behaviours with a laboratory methodological control and an ecological dimensions. The latter is made possible by the emergence of the feeling (or “sense”) of presence, the sensation of "being there", a phenomenon at the heart of in virtuo studies. The present work is part of a meth-odological and fundamental framework aimed at advancing the emergence of a body of knowledge on virtual reality and its sense of presence. The global understanding of the sense of presence remains very limited, especially with regard to its links with performance in virtual reality. Whether it is for diagnostic purposes or for the investigation of human behaviour, the question of the relationship between the sense of presence and performance is crucial: if presence promotes performance, for example by increasing scores during a neuropsychological test, it becomes a systematic bias inherent to the tool that must be controlled in any rigorous experiment. This ques-tion remains little studied in the literature, mostly because it is complexified by the interactions between a whole set of adjacent variables – gender, cybersickness, cognitive style, video game experience – but also because performance can take many different forms, making it particularly difficult to infer directional causality. In order to explore this question, the present work proposes three experiments on three different types of evaluation: executive functions, spatial cognition, semantic learning. The data collected in this way is also the object of transversal analyses de-signed to compare the experiments. Together, these results seem to suggest the existence of two components of virtual reality. The first, the cognitive profile, is made up of individual human factors interacting with system factors – notably the degree of integration of the task into the virtual envi-ronment – to build the second, the user experience. The sense of presence and performance, but also their relationship depends on the user experience. This model, presented in conclusion, is discussed with regard to different theoretical approaches to cognition, notably the ecological and computational theories. This discussion makes it possible to draw up a list of recommendations and perspectives for virtual reality users, including the possibilities of estimating a priori the user experience of an individual immersed in virtual reality
Laurens, Élodie. "Internet : de l'usage à l'addiction : étude des facteurs de risque et des différentes modalités d'utilisation selon le genre." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10080.
Full textThe current study examines the association between internet addiction, predictive factors, and types of internet activities. Adopting transactional stress theory, our objectives are to study the question of emotions management in the participants’ addictive relationship to Internet, as well as links between internet addiction and the various modalities of internet use according to gender. With a quantitative approach, hypothesis aim first of all at bringing to light that alexithymia, anhédonia, empathy, depression and anxiety, some of coping styles, stress, and stressors are predictive factors of internet addiction ; but either than some of the internet use modalities are more particularly associated with an addictif usage, and this, differently according to gender. In a more qualitative approach (approach of the lexical worlds), we shall study then the subjects’ representations of internet and virtual, as they are internet addicts, non addicts, or potential addicts. The studied population is represented by two first-year university students' samples: the first sample is represented by 244 students (m=24.09 years old), and the second by 515 students (m=20 years old).Results support on one hand that alexithymia, empathy, depression, avoidant coping styles, and stress, are predictive factors of internet addiction ; and on the other hand that if chatting, networking sites, and webmastering are more specifically associated to the internet addiction, these modalities of use differ according to the gender
Larrieu, Sophie. "Comportements alimentaires, statut nutritionnel et état de santé des personnes agées : de l'expérience acquise dans PAQUID à la mise en place d'une étude nutritionnelle dans 3C." Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21163.
Full textThe aims of this work were to describe dietary habits of elderly people according to sociodemographic factors, and to investigate the relationships between these habits, nutritional status and health parameters. The data come from two longitudinal cohorts : PAQUID, a prospective cohort of 3777 community dwellers aged 65 and over ; and the 3 city study, composed of 9294 subjects recruited in Bordeaux, Dijon and Montpellier. Dietary habits are influenced by several sociodemographic factors and were highly associated with health status and its evolution. This work confirms that having healthy nutritional habits and maintaining a BMI in the normal range could help to increase quality of life in ageing, and suggest the necessity of a nutritional follow-up of subjects at high risk of poor dietary habits
Aouridi, Laoridi. "La relation d'aide : d'une typologie à l'analyse des facteurs psychopathologiques modulant la prise en soins du sujet "fragile" à domicile." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON30103/document.
Full textOur work aims at enhancing the quality of home caregiving for vulnerable patients. This objective is assessedvia a multidimensional study evaluating psychological characteristics of home caregiving, and also theconsequences of these acts on mental health and quality of life.Our data show that the structure of home caregiving is mainly of medical significance. A significance thatresponds to expectations of patients and their caregivers, and also the social interactions between both caregivingactors. We hence conclude that the actual structure of home caregiving does not refers to “right answers” andstill widely underused. Furthermore, the expert caregivers are likely to lack structuring of their competencies, asrelated to their know-how and life skills. These professionals show great difficulties expressing 1) the nature oftheir professional experience and 2) the complexity of some of their tasks. Another finding of our work is relatedto a high risk of home accidents which induces an important level of alertness. This outcome fits with a detailedanalysis of caregivers’ needs. Finally, our work highlights some recommendations for a better home caregivingfor vulnerable populations and their families. It seems that taking into account the collective experience of thecaregiving environment would address the deleterious effects of home caregiving, which may enhance thequality and efficiency of such intervention
Deschamps, Valérie. "Le statut nutritionnel et les comportements alimentaires de la personne âgée et ses relations avec l'état de santé : bilan et perspectives de l'enquête PAQUID." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28876.
Full textDiet is a major environmental factor, which conditions health of the person throughout her life. Certain nutrients could modify oxidative stress implied in ageing. Objective : To describe the nutritional behavior of the old people, to give a progress report on the factors of risk can generate a food imbalance in this population and thereafter to study relation between diet and evolution of the cognitive performances and the risk of dementia, disability and mortality. Methods : Data provided from PAQUID study. BMI and biological parameters like blood cholesterol, plasmatic vitamins E, A and MDA was used to asses nutritional status. A 3 days record questionnaire and a brief food frequency questionnaire were also used. Subjects were followed between 2 and 8 years. Results : The nutritional behaviors and the nutritional status of the old people vary according to sex, education level, marital statute, appetite and pleasure of eating. The "Food pleasure" (as coffee, tea, chocolate of fruits dry) marks the social aspect of diet because they were associated with a better health at the moment. This relation persists with disability 5 years later. Consumers of tea had better cognitive performances. People who eat fish or seafood at least once a week had a significant decrease of the risk becoming demented or died in the 7 subsequent years. Subjects with low plasmatic level of vitamin E and vitamin A and those with high levels of MDA had an increased risk to develop a dementia. A low HDL-cholesterol rate was associated with a decreased risk of dementia. Our results are in agreement with the theory of oxidative stress in cerebral ageing. This work showed that weight loss could be a consequence of Alzheimer disease process. Conclusion : Diet had an important social role and also can provide anti-oxidant nutrients. Nutritional education and health program seem to be target on high-risk population in terms of nutritional, psychosocial and perhaps genetic factors
Rossat, Arnaud. "Politique de prévention des chutes chez les plus de 65 ans : ciblage de la population, efficacité et efficience des interventions et contribution spécifique des Centres d’Examen de Santé de l’Assurance Maladie (C.E.S.)." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10218/document.
Full textThe prevention of falls amongst the elderly population is a major public health concern. Since the elderly live longer and longer, it is crucial to think of efficient measures in order to prevent such falls. Falls amongst the elderly can have dramatic consequences such as a decrease in quality of life, a loss of autonomy as will cause financial difficulty due to high cost of rehabilitation. However, depending upon the complexity of the fall and its multiple determinants, diagnosing and evaluating the risk of a fall remains complicated, particularly amongst those in "good health". While multi interventional programs may exist such as equilibrium coordination and muscular reinforcement, these programs are rarely proved to be efficient in fall prevention. An adapted and efficient method of prevention must be centered on quality and satisfaction of the patient in the offered care. Such method would imply replacement of an older organization with a system defined in a network activity. However, this method would go hand in hand with the modifications in professional practices and identities. In this thesis I will examine the success rate to implement a structured method of health care prevention against falls. To achieve this prevention, we must first present the necessary conditions and tools which will homogenize and standardize these success rates. Next, I will analyze the characteristics of current methods to prevent falls in order to modernize and rationalize the process. In order to be successful, this process needs to be targeted towards a network strategy
Saillant, Vincent. "Comprendre le mécanisme du système senseur d’hème des bactéries pathogènes, une cible antibiotique innovante A novel Enterococcus faecalis heme transport regulator (FhtR) is a heme sensor in the gastrointestinal tract." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB023.
Full textHeme, a porphyrin containing an iron atom, is an essential cofactor of several bacterial functions. Heme is also toxic because of the reactivity of the iron generating reactive oxygen species. One of the main mechanisms of heme detoxification, in Gram-positive bacteria, relies on the expression of a heme efflux ABC transporter, HrtBA. The regulation of this transporter has been investigated in two opportunistic pathogens, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus, two bacteria responsible for multiresistant nosocomial infections. In E. faecalis, a new TetR family regulator, FhtR, has been identified and characterized. The FhtR dependent transcriptional inhibition of hrtBA is lifted by its binding to heme. FhtR controls the intracellular heme pools as showed par the activity of the endogenous heme dependent catalase, KatA. FhtR is thus a master regulator of heme intracellular homeostasis in E. faecalis. In a mouse model of intestinal transit, HrtBA is expressed, demonstrating the relevance of this system in the gastrointestinal tract where E. faecalis is a commensal resident. In S. aureus, hrtBA transcription is controled by the two-component system, HssRS. The study of the mechanism of the membrane heme sensor HssS showed that the intracytoplasmic of the histidine kinase was responsible of the binding and heme signal transduction for HrtBA expression. Alltogether, these results demonstrate that while HrtBA is conserved among Gram positive bacteria, the regulating mechanisms leading to its expression are varied. This suggests that the host heme response is dependent of the bacteria lifestyle and underlies the importance of this cofactor in the host-pathogen relationship. Inhibiting heme effux by HrtBA or the heme sensing mechanisms could lead to new antibiotic strategies
Leroy, Caroline. "Le pacte d'actionnaires dans l'environnement sociétaire." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00675666.
Full textFinzi, Andrés. "Étude du trafic intracellulaire de la protéine Gag du VIH-1 : rôle des facteurs de l'hôte." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15820.
Full textFilion, Antoine. "L'identité de l'hôte à un effet plus important que les facteurs abiotiques sur la transmission de parasites dans les lacs du Bouclier laurentien." Thèse, 2018. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/8445/1/032072421.pdf.
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