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1
Turnbull, Rory, and Sharon Peperkamp. "The asymmetric contribution of consonants and vowels to phonological similarity." Mental Lexicon 12, no. 3 (December 31, 2017): 404–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.17010.tur.
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Abstract Lexical priming is known to arise from phonological similarity between prime and target, and this phenomenon is an important component of our understanding of the processes of lexical access and competition. However, the precise nature of the role of phonological similarity in lexical priming is understudied. In the present study, two experiments were conducted in which participants performed auditory lexical decision on CVC targets which were preceded by primes that either matched the target in all phonemes (CVC condition), in the first two phonemes (CV_ condition), the last two phonemes (_VC condition), the initial and last phonemes (C_C condition) or no phonemes (unrelated condition). Relative to the unrelated condition, all conditions except CV_ led to facilitation of response time to target words. The _VC and C_C conditions led to equivalent facilitation magnitude, while the CV_ condition showed neither facilitation nor inhibition. Accounting for these results requires appeal to processes of lexical competition and also to the notion that phonemes do not lend equivalent phonological similarity; that is, vowels and consonants are processed differently.
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Bloom, Ronald L., Joan C. Borod, Loraine K. Obler, and Louis J. Gerstman. "Suppression and Facilitation of Pragmatic Performance." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 6 (December 1993): 1227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3606.1227.
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This study examines the effect of emotional content on the verbal pragmatic aspects of discourse production in right-brain-damaged (RBD), left-brain-damaged (LBD), and normal control (NC) right-handed adults. Subject groups were matched for gender, age, education, and occupation; brain-damaged groups did not differ on months post CVA onset and lesion location. Subjects were screened to ensure that they demonstrated adequate cognitive and visual perceptual skills to participate in the study. Pictorial stimuli were used to elicit discourse that contained emotional and nonemotional (procedural, visuospatial) content. Trained raters evaluated each discourse for appropriateness on seven verbal pragmatic features (e.g., conciseness, quantity, relevancy). Across all three conditions, the brain-damaged groups were impaired relative to NCs. In the nonemotional conditions, LBDs were particularly impaired in pragmatics, whereas in the emotional condition, RBDs demonstrated pragmatic deficits. Emotional content appeared to facilitate pragmatic performance among LBD aphasics and to suppress pragmatic performance among RBDs.
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Guazzini, Andrea, Elisa Guidi, Cristina Cecchini, and Eiko Yoneki. "Collaborative Facilitation and Collaborative Inhibition in Virtual Environments." Future Internet 12, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi12070118.
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Worldwide, organizations and small and medium-sized enterprises have already disruptively changed in many ways their physiological inner mechanisms, because of information and communication technologies (ICT) revolution. Nevertheless, the still ongoing COVID-19 worldwide emergency definitely promoted a wide adoption of teleworking modalities for many people around the world, making it more relevant than before to understand the real impact of virtual environments (VEs) on teamwork dynamics. From a psychological point of view, a critical question about teleworking modalities is how the social and cognitive dynamics of collaborative facilitation and collaborative inhibition would affect teamwork within VEs. This study analyzed the impact of a virtual environment (VE) on the recall of individuals and members of nominal and collaborative groups. The research assessed costs and benefits for collaborative retrieval by testing the effect of experimental conditions, stimulus materials, group size, experimental conditions order, anxiety state, personality traits, gender group composition and social interactions. A total of 144 participants were engaged in a virtual Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) classical paradigm, which involved remembering word lists across two successive sessions, in one of four protocols: I-individual/nominal, I I -nominal/individual, I I I -nominal/collaborative, I V -collaborative/nominal. Results suggested, in general, a reduced collaborative inhibition effect in the collaborative condition than the nominal and individual condition. A combined effect between experimental condition and difficulty of the task appears to explain the presence of collaborative inhibition or facilitation. Nominal groups appeared to enhance the collaborative groups’ performance when virtual nominal groups come before collaborative groups. Variables such as personality traits, gender and social interactions may have a contribution to collaborative retrieval. In conclusion, this study indicated how VEs could maintain those peculiar social dynamics characterizing the participants’ engagement in a task, both working together and individually, and could affect their intrinsic motivation as well as performances. These results could be exploited in order to design brand new and evidenced-based practices, to improve teleworking procedures and workers well-being, as well as teleworking teamwork effectiveness.
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Pitarque, Alfonso, and Belén Sáez. "The Role of Perceptual Information in Familiarity-Based Scene Recognition." Spanish journal of psychology 15, no. 3 (November 2012): 901–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n3.39383.
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A method to analyze the role of familiarity in recognizing pictures of everyday scenes is introduced. The idea is to manipulate two within-subjects conditions: an experimental condition where the scenes repeat perceptual information (e.g. buildings and/or vehicles) and a control condition. The results show the two conditions did not differ in terms of hit rates, but in the experimental condition there were significantly fewer false alarms, yielding better results, which supports the findings of past research studies that have used verbal materials. This perceptual facilitation was maintained throughout a week-long retention interval. Finally, a detailed analysis of this facilitation shows it was due to a significant reduction in false alarms on know judgments, emphasizing familiarity's role in explaining this effect.
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Vamecq, Joseph, Karine Mention-Mulliez, Francis Leclerc, and Dries Dobbelaere. "Opioid Facilitation of β-Adrenergic Blockade: A New Pharmacological Condition?" Pharmaceuticals 8, no. 4 (September 25, 2015): 664–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph8040664.
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Lee, Daeyeol, and Joseph G. Malpeli. "Effects of Saccades on the Activity of Neurons in the Cat Lateral Geniculate Nucleus." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 922–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.2.922.
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Lee, Daeyeol and Joseph G. Malpeli. Effects of saccades on the activity of neurons in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 922–936, 1998. Effects of saccades on individual neurons in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) were examined under two conditions: during spontaneous saccades in the dark and during stimulation by large, uniform flashes delivered at various times during and after rewarded saccades made to small visual targets. In the dark condition, a suppression of activity began 200–300 ms before saccade start, peaked ∼100 ms before saccade start, and smoothly reversed to a facilitation of activity by saccade end. The facilitation peaked 70–130 ms after saccade end and decayed during the next several hundred milliseconds. The latency of the facilitation was related inversely to saccade velocity, reaching a minimum for saccades with peak velocity >70–80°/s. Effects of saccades on visually evoked activity were remarkably similar: a facilitation began at saccade end and peaked 50–100 ms later. When matched for saccade velocity, the time courses and magnitudes of postsaccadic facilitation for activity in the dark and during visual stimulation were identical. The presaccadic suppression observed in the dark condition was similar for X and Y cells, whereas the postsaccadic facilitation was substantially stronger for X cells, both in the dark and for visually evoked responses. This saccade-related regulation of geniculate transmission appears to be independent of the conditions under which the saccade is evoked or the state of retinal input to the LGN. The change in activity from presaccadic suppression to postsaccadic facilitation amounted to an increase in gain of geniculate transmission of ∼30%. This may promote rapid central registration of visual inputs by increasing the temporal contrast between activity evoked by an image near the end of a fixation and that evoked by the image immediately after a saccade.
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Perozzi, Joseph A. "A Pilot Study of Language Facilitation for Bilingual, Language-Handicapped Children." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 50, no. 4 (November 1985): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5004.403.
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Three Spanish-speaking (SS) and 3 English-Speaking (ES) preschool children served as subjects. One SS subject was diagnosed as having mild language delay, 1 as being language disordered, and 1 as having normal language. One ES subject was diagnosed as having mild language delay and 2 as having normal language. A within-subject design wherein Condition A consisted of teaching receptive vocabulary in L1 (native language) followed by L2 (second language) and Condition B consisted of teaching receptive vocabulary in L2 followed by L1 was utilized. The sequence of conditions was ABBA for each subject. Analysis of each subject's trials to criterion for L2 in each condition indicated a strong tendency for recently learned receptive vocabulary in L1 to facilitate the learning of receptive vocabulary in L2. The results are interpreted as support for the practice of initial language intervention in L1 when bilingualism is a goal and for transference/facilitation theories of L2 learning.
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Anggiat, Lucky. "Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation approach for low back pain: A review study." International Journal of Sport, Exercise and Health Research 6, no. 1 (June 25, 2022): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/sportmed.6113.
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Introduction: Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) is an exercise based on neuromuscular control by stimulation of proprioceptors. The PNF exercise is more popular in the treatment of neurological problems than for musculoskeletal disorders. Numerous research has been done on its application on low back pain (LBP) condition. However, there is not many studies review the application of PNF approach on LBP condition. The aim of this study is to review the PNF approach and explore on its effect on LBP condition. Method: This research uses a simple research literature review method. Data were collected through searches on research article databases such as Google Scholar and health research databases, namely PubMed, Cochrane PEDro and other scientific journals databases. Result: After searching for articles from the Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane and PEDro databases, several research results were obtained on the use of PNF in LBP conditions with the following results. There were 19 researches that has been published provided by the databases. Conclusions: All studies have shown that the PNF approach in patients with LBP, whether chronic or not, is sufficient to provide beneficial effects in reducing pain, increasing functional ability, postural control, trunk stability, the flexibility of the lumbar and hip, increasing FEV1 and increasing trunk muscle activity. Furthermore, in general, PNF also appears to be more dominant than other exercises for the management of LBP conditions.
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Snyder, Amanda L., Cay Anderson-Hanley, and Paul J. Arciero. "Virtual and Live Social Facilitation While Exergaming: Competitiveness Moderates Exercise Intensity." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 34, no. 2 (April 2012): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.2.252.
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Grounded in social facilitation theory, this study compared the impact on exercise intensity of a virtual versus a live competitor, when riding a virtual reality-enhanced stationary bike (“cybercycle”). It was hypothesized that competitiveness would moderate effects. Twenty-three female college students were exposed to three conditions on a cybercycle: solo training, virtual competitor, and live competitor. After training without a competitor (solo condition for familiarization with equipment), participants competed against a virtual avatar or live rider (random order of presentation). A repeated-measures analysis revealed a significant condition (virtual/live) by competitiveness (high/low) interaction for exercise intensity (watts). More competitive participants exhibited significantly greater exercise intensity when competing against a live versus virtual competitor. The implication is that live competitors can have an added social facilitation effect and influence exercise intensity, although competitiveness moderates this effect.
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Donnelly, Chris, Timothée Popesco, Julie Rossé, Bengt Kayser, Nicola A. Maffiuletti, and Nicolas Place. "Acute Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Contralateral Plantar Flexor Neuromuscular Function." Biology 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2022): 1655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11111655.
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Contralateral facilitation, i.e., the increase in contralateral maximal voluntary strength that is observed when neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is applied to the ipsilateral homonymous muscle, has previously been reported for the knee extensors but the neurophysiological mechanisms remain to be investigated. The aim of this study was to compare plantar flexor contralateral facilitation between a submaximal voluntary contraction (~10% MVC torque) and two evoked contractions (conventional and wide-pulse high-frequency NMES) of the ipsilateral plantar flexors, with respect to a resting condition. Contralateral MVC torque and voluntary activation level were measured in 22 healthy participants while the ipsilateral plantar flexors were at rest, voluntarily contracted or stimulated for 15 s. Additional neurophysiological parameters (soleus H-reflex and V-wave amplitude and tibialis anterior coactivation level) were quantified in a subgroup of 12 participants. Conventional and wide-pulse high-frequency NMES of the ipsilateral plantar flexors did not induce any contralateral facilitation of maximal voluntary strength and activation with respect to the resting condition. Similarly, no alteration of neurophysiological parameters was observed in the different conditions. This absence of contralateral facilitation contrasts with some results previously obtained on the knee extensors but is consistent with the absence of neurophysiological changes on the contralateral soleus.
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Perez, Vicente, Andres Garcia, and Jesus Gomez. "Facilitation of equivalence – equivalence responding: generalization of relational responses." International Journal of Psychological Research 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2011): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.774.
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Equivalence-equivalence responding (Eq-Eq) has become a behaviour analytic model of analogical reasoning. In previous works it was demonstrated that the exposition to a non-arbitrary relational task (facilitation procedure) improves performance in Eq-Eq tasks. In the present work we attempted to analyze the role of task components: arbitrary or non-arbitrary relational responses, role as sample or comparisons, and relating relations. In the first experiment, we devised four facilitation procedures combining two dimensions: simple or compound sample or comparisons and arbitrary or non-arbitrary relations among compound stimuli. In the second experiment two facilitation procedures including compound stimuli were tested. In one condition arbitrary relations worked as sample, and non-arbitrary relations as comparison. In the other condition its function was reversed. All procedures were effective to improve Eq-Eq to different extents, being arbitrary relational responses the key element. These results show generalization between non-arbitrary and arbitrary responses, and add further support to Eq-Eq responding as operant behaviour.
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Chen, Jenn-Yeu. "A Problem in Measuring the Stroop Facilitation and Interference Effects: Implications for Measuring Performance Change in General." Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, no. 3 (December 1996): 1059–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.83.3.1059.
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The Stroop facilitation and interference effects as observed in the Stroop color-naming task are typically measured as the difference in naming time between the congruent or the conflicting condition and the neutral condition. The measure assumes the regression function relating the congruent or conflicting naming time to neutral naming time is linear with a slope of one and a nonzero intercept. Instead, analysis showed that the regression function subserving the facilitation effect, in fact, had a slope of less than one with a zero intercept. Analysis also showed that the regression function subserving the interference effect had a zero intercept with a greater than one slope. These results suggest that the Stroop facilitation and interference effects are the consequence of a multiplicative process by which each stage of the naming process is reduced or increased by a constant proportion. Also the appropriate measure of the Stroop effect is the ratio of the congruent (for facilitation) or the conflicting (for interference) naming time over the neutral naming time.
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Saradjian, Anahid H., Luc Tremblay, Joy Perrier, Jean Blouin, and Laurence Mouchnino. "Cortical facilitation of proprioceptive inputs related to gravitational balance constraints during step preparation." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 2 (July 15, 2013): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00905.2012.
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Several studies have shown that the transmission of afferent inputs from the periphery to the somatosensory cortex is attenuated during the preparation of voluntary movements. In the present study, we tested whether sensory attenuation is also observed during the preparation of a voluntary step. It would appear dysfunctional to suppress somatosensory information, which is considered to be of the utmost importance for gait preparation. In this context, we predict that the somatosensory information is facilitated during gait preparation. To test this prediction, we recorded cortical somatosensory potentials (SEPs) evoked by bilateral lower limb vibration (i.e., proprioceptive inputs) during the preparation phase of a voluntary right-foot stepping movement (i.e., stepping condition). The subjects were also asked to remain still during and after the vibration as a control condition (i.e., static condition). The amplitude and timing of the early arrival of afferent inflow to the somatosensory cortices (i.e., P1-N1) were not significantly different between the static and stepping conditions. However, a large sustained negativity (i.e., late SEP) developed after the P1-N1 component, which was larger when subjects were preparing a step compared with standing. To determine whether this facilitation of proprioceptive inputs was related to gravitational equilibrium constraints, we performed the same experiment in microgravity. In the absence of equilibrium constraints, both the P1-N1 and late SEPs did not significantly differ between the static and stepping conditions. These observations provide neurophysiological evidence that the brain exerts a dynamic control over the transmission of the afferent signal according to their current relevance during movement preparation.
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Perlak, Danuta, Laurie Beth Feldman, and Gonia Jarema. "Defining regularity." Mental Lexicon 3, no. 2 (September 17, 2008): 239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.3.2.04per.
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In the present study we use a cross-modal (auditory-visual) priming paradigm to examine the influence on word recognition of phonological/orthographic variation between morphologically related nouns. We exploit particular characteristics of a highly inflected language, Polish, in which consonantal stem-boundary (portre/tɕ/e-portre/t/ ‘portrait’) and vocalic stem-internal (obr/ɔ/tem-obr/u/t ‘turn’) alternations occur. The impact of morphological relatedness was measured against an orthographic and an unrelated baseline condition. Invariant magnitudes of morphological facilitation arose across the two baseline conditions. More importantly, non-alternating as well as alternating morphological relatives showed robust facilitation. When comparing items featuring predictable stem-boundary change only and those featuring the stem-boundary and vocalic stem-internal changes, effects of morphological relatedness did not interact with degree of phonological/orthographic variation. We argue that morphological facilitation survives accross styles of alternation that vary from language to language.
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Lang, Annie, Samuel D. Bradley, Edward F. Schneider, Sojung C. Kim, and Sharon Mayell. "Killing Is Positive!" Journal of Media Psychology 24, no. 4 (January 2012): 154–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000075.
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This paper reports a study designed to investigate whether playing violent video games elicits the psychological conditions theoretically required for media use to cause aggressive behavior. Specifically, the study was designed to examine whether these games elicit desensitization, facilitation, and disinhibition. Thus, does physiological arousal in response to violent activity decrease over time during game play, and is there a difference between novice and experienced game players (as would be expected if desensitization had occurred)? Do players experience positive emotional states when actively engaged in virtual violent behavior (fighting and killing opponents) – a necessary condition for disinhibition? Do game players frame their motivations in terms of self-defense and game success, as would be necessary for facilitation to occur? The results showed that playing first-person shooters did elicit these requisite patterns of cognitive, physiological, and emotional states. Violent game play is a positive, arousing, present, dominant experience, as required for disinhibition and facilitation. Experienced game players are less aroused than less experienced game players (as required for desensitization). Further, during a game-playing session, exploring and searching for enemies become less arousing, while fighting and killing become more arousing over time (as required by desensitization and facilitation).
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Roudaia, Eugenie, Finnegan J. Calabro, Lucia M. Vaina, and Fiona N. Newell. "Aging Impairs Audiovisual Facilitation of Object Motion Within Self-Motion." Multisensory Research 31, no. 3-4 (2018): 251–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002600.
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The presence of a moving sound has been shown to facilitate the detection of an independently moving visual target embedded among an array of identical moving objects simulating forward self-motion (Calabro et al., Proc. R. Soc. B, 2011). Given that the perception of object motion within self-motion declines with aging, we investigated whether older adults can also benefit from the presence of a congruent dynamic sound when detecting object motion within self-motion. Visual stimuli consisted of nine identical spheres randomly distributed inside a virtual rectangular prism. For 1 s, all the spheres expanded outward simulating forward observer translation at a constant speed. One of the spheres (the target) had independent motion either approaching or moving away from the observer at three different speeds. In the visual condition, stimuli contained no sound. In the audiovisual condition, the visual stimulus was accompanied by a broadband noise sound co-localized with the target, whose loudness increased or decreased congruent with the target’s direction. Participants reported which of the spheres had independent motion. Younger participants showed higher target detection accuracy in the audiovisual compared to the visual condition at the slowest speed level. Older participants showed overall poorer target detection accuracy than the younger participants, but the presence of the sound had no effect on older participants’ target detection accuracy at either speed level. These results indicate that aging may impair cross-modal integration in some contexts. Potential reasons for the absence of auditory facilitation in older adults are discussed.
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Abdimurodova, Sh, D. Bozorova, and N. Kurbonova. "The Importance of Portfolio Assessment in Personality Development." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 466–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/41/69.
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Self-management is one of the structural components in the competitiveness model of the student’s as prospective specialists. Reflection is one of the most important elements of san elf-management, indication of competitiveness and the self-evaluation process as well. The aim of the research was to analyze and evaluate the theoretical aspects of reflection, including self-evaluation, for facilitation of self-development of prospective specialists’ competitiveness. Reflection is an important pre-condition for facilitation of self-development of prospective specialist’s competitiveness. Portfolio is one of the pedagogical tools for facilitation of reflection and self-development of competitiveness of prospective specialists in the study environment at university.
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Manițiu, Ioan, Iulia Cobârje, Ionuț Bitea, Radu Cojan, and Andra-Maria Bebeşelea. "The Facilitation of Pericardiocentesis Using Imaging Techniques. A Case Report." Journal Of Cardiovascular Emergencies 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jce-2016-0020.
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Abstract Introduction: Pericardiocentesis is a procedure performed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, and it consists in draining the pericardial effusion liquid in sterile conditions. The accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space may be caused by several systemic conditions, including viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune disease, cancer, as well as thyroid malfunction. A rapidly growing pericardial effusion can lead to cardiac tamponade, and consequently to acute hypodiastolic heart failure. Case report: We report the case of a 79-year-old female, without previously known cardiovascular pathologies, who presented to the Emergency Room due to a gradual deterioration in her health status. Imaging procedures included a chest X-ray and an echocardiography that confirmed the diagnosis of pericardial effusion. Pericardiocentesis was performed using cardiac ultrasound guidance, resulting in the draining of a small quantity of yellowish, partly haemorrhagic fluid. The patient's general condition did not improve, thus another pericardiocentesis was carried out, this time with fluoroscopical and cardiac ultrasound guidance, and 1200 milliliters of sero-haemorrhagic fluid was drained. The laboratory analysis revealed that the patient had hypothyroidism, and the cytological analysis of the drained pericardial fluid excluded a neoplastic origin, tuberculosis, and other infectious etiologies. The particularity of the case consists in a pericardial effusion evolving into cardiac tamponade, for which the pericardiocentesis was guided using echocardiographic, fluoroscopic and radiologic methods, because simple ultrasound-guided drainage was not efficient. Conclusion: The superiority of a combined imaging-guided approach in cases of pericardial effusion recommends it as an alternative to a surgical procedure, guided solely by echocardiography, which is often used in cases of unsuccessful drainage of pericar-dial effusion fluid.
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Ruas, Cassio, Ryan McManus, Claudio Bentes, and Pablo Costa. "Acute Effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation on Peak Torque and Muscle Imbalance." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 3, no. 4 (December 6, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3040063.
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Background: The effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching on muscle imbalance are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of PNF stretching on knee extension and flexion peak torque (PT), as well as the conventional and functional hamstrings to quadriceps (H:Q) ratios. Methods: Fifteen men (age = 22 ± 1 years; body mass = 76 ± 12 kg; height = 176 ± 7 cm) and fifteen women (age = 22 ± 2 years; body mass = 63 ± 8 kg; height = 161 ± 5 cm) performed concentric quadriceps and hamstrings, and eccentric hamstrings muscle actions at different angular velocities (60, 180, and 300°·s−1 concentric; 60 and 180°·s−1 eccentric) before and after a bout of PNF stretching, and a control condition. Results: Neither PNF or control conditions affected concentric PT or H:Q ratios (p > 0.05), apart from knee extension at 60°·s−1 in men (p = 0.001). However, there was a reduction in hamstrings eccentric PT in both control and PNF conditions for men and women (p = 0.003). Conclusions: PNF stretching of the hamstrings may not adversely affect the H:Q ratios, and consequently not negatively affect injury risk associated with muscular strength imbalances.
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Yamori, Nobuyoshi. "The Effects of the Financing Facilitation Act after the Global Financial Crisis: Has the Easing of Repayment Conditions Revived Underperforming Firms?" Journal of Risk and Financial Management 12, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12020063.
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After the global financial crisis, the Japanese government enacted the Financing Facilitation Act in 2009 to help small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that had fallen into unprofitable conditions. Under this law, when troubled debtors asked financial institutions to ease repayment conditions (e.g., extend repayment periods or bring down interest rates), the institution would have the obligation to meet such needs as best as possible. Afterward, the changing of loan conditions began to be utilized often in Japan as a means for supporting underperforming companies. Although many countries employed various countermeasures against the global financial crisis, the Financing Facilitation Act was unique to Japan. However, there is criticism that it did not become an opportunity for companies to substantially reform their businesses, and that there was a moral hazard on the company’s side. This paper analyses whether the easing of repayment conditions revived underperforming firms and who were likely to recover, by using the “Financial Field Study After the End of the Financing Facilitation Act”, carried out by the Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI) in Oct 2014. We found that the act was successful in that about 60% of companies whose loan conditions were changed recovered their performance after the loan condition changed, and the attitude that financial institutions had towards support was an important factor in whether performance recovered or not. In sum, the act might be effectual when financial institutions properly support firms, although previous studies tend to emphasize its problems.
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Kuipers, Jan-Rouke, and Wido La Heij. "Congruency effects in conceptualizing for speech." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 65, no. 11 (November 2012): 2155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.684693.
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In naming a picture at the basic level, a semantically related distractor word induces interference in comparison to an unrelated word. When the task is changed from basic-level naming to categorization, however, this effect reverses to semantic facilitation. In previous studies, this semantic facilitation effect was attributed to “message congruency” at the conceptual level. The present study examines the nature of this message congruency effect: Is it due to competition between two activated category concepts in the incongruent condition or is it due to convergence of activity on a single category concept in the congruent condition? Two experiments show that neither the strength with which the context stimulus activates an incongruent category concept nor the semantic distance between the category concepts activated by target and distractor affect target categorization speed. We conclude that the message congruency effect is most likely due to convergence on a single category concept in the category-congruent condition.
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Lázaro, Miguel, Lorena García, Víctor Illera, Ana García, and Joana Acha. "The Effect of Semantic Transparency in a Flanker Task." Experimental Psychology 69, no. 3 (May 2022): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000553.
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Abstract. This study tried to replicate and extend the semantic transparency morphological effect using the flanker lexical decision paradigm ( Grainger et al., 2020 ). In the first experiment, stems were used as flankers of target words that could be truly morphological ( hunt hunter hunt), pseudomorphological ( corn corner corn), or form-related with the flanker ( broth brothel broth). In half of the trials, a related flanker was employed, and in the other half, an unrelated word was presented as flanker (e.g., table player table). The results showed a facilitative effect for the related condition as a main effect with no difference between experimental conditions. These results were interpreted in terms of an orthographic facilitation taking place when whole stems are presented as flankers. In the second experiment, short derivational suffixes were used as flankers of the same targets employed in the first experiment. The results showed an inhibitory effect of the same magnitude for the transparent and pseudomorphological conditions with no effect for the form condition. This finding suggests an inhibitory effect by which morphemes activate several lexical candidates that compete for recognition. Overall, the results are interpreted in terms of the cognitive requirements of the experimental task, the items selected, and the current models of morphological processing.
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Sharshar, Tarek, Ewen Ross, Nicholas S. Hopkinson, Mark Dayer, Annabel Nickol, Frédéric Lofaso, John Moxham, Thomas Similowski, and Michael I. Polkey. "Effect of voluntary facilitation on the diaphragmatic response to transcranial magnetic stimulation." Journal of Applied Physiology 95, no. 1 (July 2003): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00918.2002.
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We assessed recruitment curves of the surface diaphragm motor-evoked potential (MEP) after transcranial magnetic stimulation during relaxation and at three different levels of facilitation (20, 40, and 60% of maximal inspiratory esophageal pressure) in 10 healthy subjects (six young and four elderly). MEP amplitude recruitment curves varied between individuals during relaxation and at each level of facilitation. Amplitude recruitment curves during relaxation were reproducible in individual subjects. Inspiratory maneuvers caused a decrease in motor threshold and latency and an increase in MEP amplitude, positively correlated to the intensity of facilitation. These changes were similar in young and elderly subjects. The best fit for MEP amplitude recruitment curves for each condition was obtained with a Boltzmann model. The performance of repeated submaximal inspiratory maneuvers did not affect the amplitude recruitment curves of the relaxed diaphragm. We conclude that the recruitment curve of the diaphragm with transcranial magnetic stimulation is repeatable and changes consistently with facilitation and will, therefore, be a robust experimental tool for the investigation of supraspinal pathways to the diaphragm.
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Romanova, Natalia, and Kira Gor. "PROCESSING OF GENDER AND NUMBER AGREEMENT IN RUSSIAN AS A SECOND LANGUAGE." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 39, no. 1 (February 23, 2016): 97–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263116000012.
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The study investigated the processing of Russian gender and number agreement by native (n= 36) and nonnative (n= 36) participants using a visual lexical decision task with priming. The design included a baseline condition that helped dissociate the underlying components of priming (facilitation and inhibition). The results showed no differences in the magnitude of priming between native and nonnative participants, and between gender and number agreement. However, whereas the priming effect in native participants consisted of both facilitation and inhibition, in second language (L2) learners it was characterized by facilitation in the absence of inhibition. Furthermore, the nonnative processing failed to demonstrate the default form bias, which optimized gender and number processing in native participants. Taken together, the findings indicate that although highly proficient L2 learners are able to demonstrate nativelike priming effects, their processing of morphosyntactic information engages different processing mechanisms.
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Beti Nur Hayati, Nuril Khatulistiyawati, Ita Puspitasari, and Buyung Satria Permana. "Peran PT. Pertamina Patra Niaga Integrated Terminal Surabaya Sebagai Upaya Masyarakat Penyelamatan Sumber Daya Air Bagi Masyarakat Dalam Program CSR Geblak Jambangan." Bulletin of Management and Business 3, no. 2 (October 10, 2022): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31328/bmb.v3i2.233.
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The condition of decreasing water quality also occurs in the Brantas River. This pollution is mostly caused by domestic waste caused by the lack of public awareness in disposing of waste in its place. Based on these problems PT. Pertamina (Persero) Integrated Terminal Surabaya, as one of the corporate entities that stands around the location provides a program that aims to deal with this problem through the Jambangan Right Behind Movement (Geblak) program. The research method used in this paper is descriptive qualitative. The result of this research is PT. Pertamina (Persero) Integrated Terminal Surabaya has a role as a facilitator and catalyst. There are several stages that have been passed since the beginning of the program, namely assessment, engagement, action and facilitation. The impact can be seen in changes in environmental conditions that used to be slums to become organized, as well as reducing waste that is converted into goods of economic value.
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Dumas, Kristina, Roee Holtzer, and Jeannette R. Mahoney. "Visual-Somatosensory Integration in Older Adults: Links to Sensory Functioning." Multisensory Research 29, no. 4-5 (2016): 397–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002521.
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Research investigating multisensory integration (MSI) processes in aging is scarce, but converging evidence for larger behavioral MSI effects in older compared to younger adults exists. The current study employed a three-prong approach to determine whether inherent age-related sensory processing declines were associated with larger (i.e., worse) visual-somatosensory (VS) reaction time (RT) facilitation effects. Non-demented older adults (; mean age = 77 years; 55% female) without any medical or psychiatric conditions were included. Participants were instructed to make speeded foot-pedal responses as soon as they detected visual, somatosensory, or VS stimulation. Visual acuity was assessed using the Snellen test while somatosensory sensitivity was determined using vibration thresholds. The aims of the current study were to: (1) replicate a reliable MSI effect; (2) investigate the effect of unisensory functioning on VS RT facilitation; and (3) determine whether sensory functioning combination groups manifested differential MSI effects. Results revealed a significant VS RT facilitation effect that was influenced by somatosensory sensitivity but not visual acuity. That is, older adults with poor somatosensory sensitivity demonstrated significantly larger MSI effects than those with intact somatosensory sensitivity. Additionally, a significant interaction between stimulus condition and sensory functioning group suggested that the group with poor visual acuity and poor somatosensory functioning demonstrated the largest MSI effect compared to the other groups. In summary, the current study reveals that worse somatosensory functioning is associated with larger MSI effects in older adults. To our knowledge, this is first study to identify potential mechanisms behind increased RT facilitation in aging.
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Schneider, Cyril, Brigitte A. Lavoie, Hugues Barbeau, and Charles Capaday. "Timing of cortical excitability changes during the reaction time of movements superimposed on tonic motor activity." Journal of Applied Physiology 97, no. 6 (December 2004): 2220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00542.2004.
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Seated subjects were instructed to react to an auditory cue by simultaneously contracting the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of each ankle isometrically. Focal transcranial magnetic stimulation of the leg area of the motor cortex (MCx) was used to determine the time course of changes in motor-evoked potential amplitude (MEP) during the reaction time (RT). In one condition the voluntary contraction was superimposed on tonic EMG activity maintained at 10% of maximal voluntary contraction. In the other condition the voluntary contraction was made starting from rest. MEPs in the TA contralateral to the stimulation coil were evoked at various times during the RT in each condition. These were compared to the control MEPs evoked during tonic voluntary activity or with the subject at rest. The RT was measured trial by trial from the EMG activity of the TA ipsilateral to the magnetic stimulus, taking into account the nearly constant time difference between the two sides. The MEPs became far greater than control MEPs during the RT (mean = 332%, SD = 44 %, of control MEPs, P < 0.001) without any measurable change in the background level of EMG activity. The onset of this facilitation occurred on average 12.80 ms (SD = 7.55 ms) before the RT. There was no difference in the onset of facilitation between the two conditions. Because MEPs were facilitated without a change in the background EMG activity, it is concluded that this facilitation is specifically due to an increase of MCx excitability just before voluntary muscle activation. This conclusion is further reinforced by the observation that MEPs evoked by near-threshold anodal stimuli to the MCx were not facilitated during the RT, in contrast to those evoked by near-threshold transcranial magnetic stimulation. However, several observations in the present and previous studies indicate that MEP amplitude may be more sensitive to α-motoneuron activity than to motor cortical neuron activity, an idea that has important methodological implications.
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LaBella, L. A., and D. A. McCrea. "Evidence for restricted central convergence of cutaneous afferents on an excitatory reflex pathway to medial gastrocnemius motoneurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 2 (August 1, 1990): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.2.403.
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1. We previously reported that excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) produced by low-threshold electrical stimulation of the caudal cutaneous sural nerve (CCS) occur preferentially and with the shortest central latencies in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) portion of the triceps surae motor nuclei. The present study employs the spatial facilitation technique to assess interneuronal convergence on the short-latency excitatory pathway from CCS to MG by several other ipsilateral hindlimb afferents [the lateral cutaneous sural (LCS), caudal cutaneous femoral (CCF), saphenous (SAPH), superficial peroneal (SP), posterior tibial (TIB), and posterior articular (Joint) nerves]. 2. Spatial facilitation of CCF EPSPs in MG motoneurons was demonstrated with conditioning stimulation of the LCS, CCF, SAPH, SP, and TIB nerves, but was most readily and consistently observed with CCF conditioning. Facilitation of CCS and CCF EPSPs was obtained in individual MG motoneurons with a wide range of condition-test intervals. 3. CCF EPSPs in MG motoneurons produced by twice threshold (2T) afferent stimulation had a mean latency of 4.8 ms and often appeared as slowly rising, asynchronous potentials. On the other hand, 2T CCS EPSPs had a mean latency of 2.8 ms and appeared as sharper rising, less variable depolarizations. The optimum condition-test interval for facilitation of CCS and CCF EPSPs was found to be 5.2 ms on average, with CCS stimulation delayed from that of CCF. The longer latency of CCF EPSPs and the finding that the minimum condition-test interval was on the order of 3.9 ms suggests that convergence occurs late in the excitatory CCF pathway to MG motoneurons. 4. Convergence between excitatory pathways to MG from CCF and CCS afferents is discussed with regard to the original observations of Hagbarth on the location of cutaneous receptive fields and excitation of ankle extensors. In addition, evidence for the segregation of these specialized reflex pathways from those involved in general flexion reflexes is discussed.
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Kuhar, Metka, Matej Krmelj, and Gregor Petrič. "The Impact of Facilitation on the Quality of Deliberation and Attitude Change." Small Group Research 50, no. 5 (August 26, 2019): 623–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496419861439.
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Many researchers claim that facilitation is a determining factor, if not a necessary condition, for successful deliberative discussion, but little research has applied randomized experimental designs to empirically test such claim. This article analyzes the effect of professionally facilitated versus non-facilitated discussions in a real-life context on participants’ attitudes and the perceived quality of group deliberation, controlling for various individual- and group-level variables. We conducted 26 deliberative discussions with 226 teachers from 13 primary schools on the topic of school discipline measures. We assessed the teachers’ post-discussion perceptions of the perceived quality of the group deliberation and their attitudes toward school discipline measures pre- and post-discussion. The results show the facilitation’s significant influences on attitude change and the perceived quality of the group deliberation. Quality of deliberation is also influenced by heterogeneity of restorative attitudes in discussion groups, whereas attitude change is to a large extent determined also by pre-discussion attitudes.
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Aristei, Sabrina, Alissa Melinger, and Rasha Abdel Rahman. "Electrophysiological Chronometry of Semantic Context Effects in Language Production." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 7 (July 2011): 1567–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21474.
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In this study, we investigated semantic context effects in language production with event-related brain potentials, extracted from the ongoing EEG recorded during overt speech production. We combined the picture–word interference paradigm and the semantic blocking paradigm to investigate the temporal dynamics and functional loci of semantic facilitation and interference effects. Objects were named in the context of semantically homogeneous blocks consisting of related objects and heterogeneous blocks consisting of unrelated objects. In each blocking condition, semantically related and unrelated distractor words were presented. Results show that classic patterns of semantically induced facilitation and interference effects in RTs can be directly related to ERP modulations located at temporal and frontal sites, starting at about 200 msec. Results also suggest that the processes associated with semantic facilitation and interference effects (i.e., conceptual and lexical processing) are highly interactive and coincide in time. Implications for the use of event-related brain potentials in speech production research and implications for current models of speech production are discussed.
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Griffin, Murray. "The Phenomenology of the Alone Condition: More Evidence for the Role of Aloneness in Social Facilitation." Journal of Psychology 135, no. 1 (January 2001): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980109603685.
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van der Glas, Hilbert W., Samuel W. Cadden, and Jan H. Abbink. "Differentiating condition-induced facilitation, inhibition and disinhibition in a complex series of reflexes in an electromyogram." Brain Research Protocols 3, no. 3 (January 1999): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1385-299x(98)00051-8.
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Kuznetsov, Dmitry V. "PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL FACILITATION AS A NECESSARY CONDITION OF SUCCESSFUL SELF-DETERMINATION OF HIGHER SCHOOL STUDENTS." Education and science journal, no. 9 (January 1, 2015): 120–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2015-9-120-133.
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Strode, Aina. "Organization of Pedagogical Practice for Facilitation of Students’ Creative Professional Activity." SOCIETY, INTEGRATION, EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 1 (May 9, 2015): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2012vol1.59.
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<p>Development of teacher’s creative individuality is a dynamic process of personality transformation and self-development. Aim of the article is to determine the possibilities to facilitate students’ self-dependent professional activities as a condition of creativity. Within the framework of the article, the results of the experts’ judgment method are analyzed using content analysis. Experts’ assessment confirms the correspondence of the model to the consummation of student's individual development and learning objectives. Students' creative professional activity is contributed by facilitation of student-oriented and social-oriented studies activity; provision of the action approach; ensuring the unity of theory and practice between the study courses and pedagogical practice as well as in the content of each one.</p>
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Shahzad, Momena, Nazish Rafique, Syed Shakil-ur-Rehman, and Syed Ali Hussain. "Effects of ELDOA and post-facilitation stretching technique on pain and functional performance in patients with piriformis syndrome: A randomized controlled trial." Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 33, no. 6 (November 11, 2020): 983–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bmr-181290.
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BACKGROUND: Piriformis syndrome (PS) is a neuro-muscular condition, which is often underdiagnosed in clinical settings. This study will determine the effects of myofascial stretching Elongation Longitudinaux Avec Decoaption Osteo Articulaire (ELDOA) and post-facilitation stretching of the piriformis muscle in patients with PS. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the effects of ELDOA and post-facilitation stretching of the piriformis muscle on pain, muscle length and functional performance in patients with PS. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was conducted with 40 PS patients including both males and females, between the ages of 30–70. Patients were randomly assigned to the ELDOA or post-facilitation group after assessments with the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), Piriformis Length Test and Straight Leg Raise (SLR). The assessments were done at baseline and at the end of the sixth week of treatment. RESULTS: The patients treated with ELDOA demonstrated significant improvement in pain (pre = 7.00 ± 2.75, post = 3.00 ± 1.75), piriformis length (pre = 27.6 ± 5.54, post = 36.8 ± 3.13), SLR (pre = 36.40 ± 7.24, post = 67.5 ± 8.36) and LEFS (pre = 26.90 ± 12.24, post = 58.10 ± 8.62), as compared with the group treated with post-facilitation stretching: pain: pre = 6.00 ± 1.00, post = 2.00 ± 1.50; piriformis length: pre = 28.55 ± 4.03, post = 38.8 ± 2.70; SLR: pre = 40.60 ± 7.48, post = 74.25 ± 5.19, and LEFS: pre = 25.20 ± 7.66, post = 66.30 ± 7.27). CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the post-facilitation stretching technique shows more improvement in pain, muscle length, SLR, and LEFS in patients with PS as compared to ELDOA.
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Isarida, Takeo, Toshiko K. Isarida, Takayuki Kubota, Yannan Yin, Ibuki Sakakibara, and Daiki Kato. "Facilitation effect of incidental environmental context on the computer screen for paired-associate learning." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 74, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 1562–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17470218211011005.
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Three experiments, in which a total of 198 undergraduates engaged, investigate whether the incidental environmental context on the computer screen influences paired-associate learning. Experiment 1 compared the learning of foreign- and native-language words between a constant context condition, where the stimulus and response pairs were presented twice on the same 5-s video background context, and a varied context condition, where the pairs were presented twice on different video contexts. Repetition in the same context resulted in better learning than in different contexts, evaluated with a paper-and-pencil test. Experiment 2 investigated learning of paired-associate foreign and native words in the same video contexts, or photograph contexts, or on a neutral grey background. Both the video and the photograph contexts equally facilitated the paired-associate learning compared with the grey background. Experiment 3 investigated whether the incidental environmental context similarly facilitated face–name paired-associate learning. We added a new condition of spot illustrations, and a second testing 1 day later. The repetition of face–name pairs within the same complex incidental environmental context on the computer screen (either video or photograph background) facilitated the paired-associate learning. There was no significant difference in learning performance between video and photograph background contexts, which were significantly better than grey or spot-illustration backgrounds which did not differ from each other. The retention interval did not interact with the effect of the background. The present results show that repetition within the same video or photograph context, covering the entire background of the video screen on which each item pair was superimposed, facilitates paired-associate learning.
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Ting, Hsuchi, and Thomas S. Wallsten. "Learning to communicate risk information in groups." Judgment and Decision Making 3, no. 8 (December 2008): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500001601.
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AbstractDespite vigorous research on risk communication, little is known about the social forces that drive these choices. Erev, Wallsten, & Neal (1991) showed that forecasters learn to select verbal or numerical probability estimates as a function of which mode yields on average the larger group payoffs. We extend the result by investigating the effect of group size on the speed with which forecasters converge on the better communication mode. On the basis of social facilitation theory we hypothesized that small groups induce less arousal and anxiety among their members than do large groups when performing new tasks, and therefore that forecasters in small groups will learn the better communication mode more quickly. This result obtained in Experiment 1, which compared groups of size 3 to groups of size 5 or 6. To test whether social loafing rather than social facilitation was mediating the effects, Experiment 2 compared social to personal feedback holding group size constant at 3 members. Learning was faster in the personal feedback condition, suggesting that social facilitation rather than loafing underlay the results.
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Khupavtseva, Nataliia, and Liana Onufriieva. "Facilitative Interaction as a Multi-Level Human Activity." Collection of Research Papers "Problems of Modern Psychology" 59 (March 30, 2023): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2227-6246.2023-59.73-95.
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Тhe purpose of our research is to show facilitative interaction as a multilevel human activity, to show the significant constructive phenomena of facilita-tive interaction as a psychological status of the individual. methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. Also, in our research we used empirical methods, such as statement experiment.the results of the research. It was shown, that the concept “facilitation” reflects a conscious and purposeful activity as a phenomenon characteristic, first of all, of a teacher. Thus, we singled out the attributes of facilitation: 1) cogni-tive activity; 2) the subject of the activity; 3) the functions of the subject; 4) the object of the activity; 5) the motives of the activity; 6) the purpose of the activity; 7) functions of the activity; 8) the ways of performing activities; 9) methods of activity implementation (and means relevant for the implementation of these activities); 11) the result of the activity.conclusions. We showed the characteristics of facilitative interaction. We proved, that the Activity was the basis, means and positive condition for the development of the Personality. The Activity is the expedient transformation of the surrounding reality of people. We call activity “a unit of life”, mediated by the process of mental reflection. Also, outside activity there are neither means of the activity, nor signs, nor objects of art; there are no people outside the activity.Therefore, the activity is a purposeful, multilevel human activity. “Pur-poseful” is because “the subject” appears as its goal. “Multilevel” is because it includes into its structure of actions, secondary motivation, determined by the purpose and the tasks of the activity. And this, in turn, ensures the actualization of the main goalmotive of the activity by the individual. And, finally, the opera-tion of the activity differs from the action in that it is not marked by a goal, but by the conditions of the activity in which this goal is explained. It is very necessary to distinguish the actions from the activities and from operations.
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Yarmo-Roberts, Deborah. "Editorial." Australian Health Review 31, no. 3 (2007): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah070449.
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INDIVIDUALS ARE LIVING longer than ever before, with a propensity to acquire debilitating conditions, often with comorbidities. This necessitates care delivered from many sectors of the service system. This issue?s featured Models of Care article, ?Integrated care facilitation for older patients with complex health care needs reduces hospital demand? on page 451 describes a model of care which aimed to coordinate health care services for older adults. One of the successes of this model was the employment of personal care facilitators, who assisted the patients in understanding their health condition, which promoted self-management in accessing required services.
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Lobmaier, Janek S., and Fred W. Mast. "Face Imagery Is Based on Featural Representations." Experimental Psychology 55, no. 1 (January 2008): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.55.1.47.
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Abstract. The effect of imagery on featural and configural face processing was investigated using blurred and scrambled faces. By means of blurring, featural information is reduced; by scrambling a face into its constituent parts configural information is lost. Twenty-four participants learned ten faces together with the sound of a name. In following matching-to-sample tasks participants had to decide whether an auditory presented name belonged to a visually presented scrambled or blurred face in two experimental conditions. In the imagery condition, the name was presented prior to the visual stimulus and participants were required to imagine the corresponding face as clearly and vividly as possible. In the perception condition name and test face were presented simultaneously, thus no facilitation via mental imagery was possible. Analyses of the hit values showed that in the imagery condition scrambled faces were recognized significantly better than blurred faces whereas there was no such effect for the perception condition. The results suggest that mental imagery activates featural representations more than configural representations.
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Advani, A., and P. Ashby. "Corticospinal control of soleus motoneurons in man." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 68, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 1231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y90-185.
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Electrical or magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex causes a strong, short latency facilitation of tibialis anterior (TA) motoneurons but only weak, longer latency changes in the excitability of soleus (SOL) motoneurons. The facilitation of TA motoneurons has been attributed to the monosynaptic action of the "fast" corticospinal pathway. The present study further investigates the cortical control of soleus motoneurons in man. In tests of reaction time to auditory stimuli, normal subjects took significantly longer to activate soleus motoneurons than tibialis anterior motoneurons. Thus we could not demonstrate the existence of a "fast" pathway from the brain to SOL motoneurons that, for some reason, is not activated by magnetic stimulation. The hypothesis that the cortex might control soleus motoneurons indirectly by modulation of the Ia input from muscle spindles was tested. Magnetic stimulation of the cortex was used to condition the facilitation of soleus motoneurons resulting from the stimulation of group I fibres in the tibial nerve. There were no consistent changes in Ia facilitation. We conclude (i) that there is no evidence so far that SOL motoneurons are excited by a direct pathway from the cortex (similar to that projecting to TA motoneurons) and (ii) that the observed changes in firing probability of soleus motoneurons produced by magnetic stimulation over the motor cortex do not result from modulation of presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents.Key words: cortex, voluntary movement, magnetic stimulation.
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Bretzner, Frédéric, and Trevor Drew. "Motor Cortical Modulation of Cutaneous Reflex Responses in the Hindlimb of the Intact Cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 1 (July 2005): 673–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01247.2004.
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We have used the technique of spatial facilitation to examine the interactions between the signals conveyed by the corticospinal tract and those of cutaneous afferents in the hindlimb of the intact, walking cat. Microstimulation was applied to 20 cortical sites in the hindlimb representation of the motor cortex and to three different cutaneous nerves innervating the hindpaw in four cats. Conditioning stimuli to the motor cortex induced both facilitation and depression of cutaneous reflexes evoked by stimulation of nerves in the hindlimb contralateral to the cortical stimulation site. Facilitation was most frequently evoked by conditioning stimuli in the range of 10–30 ms before the cutaneous stimulation; depression was normally evoked by shorter and longer conditioning delays. Similar changes were observed after conditioning stimuli to the pyramidal tract, suggesting that the changes were independent of any changes in cortical excitability. Modulation of reflex activity varied according to the muscle under study, the cutaneous nerve used to evoke the reflex and the cortical site used to condition the reflex. Together, these results suggest that there is spatial convergence of corticospinal and cutaneous afferent activity and that this convergence is mediated by distinct subpopulations of spinal interneurons.
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Krogh, Simone Møller. "Danish-English Bilinguals’ Cognate Processing in L1 and L2 Visual Lexical Decision Tasks." Languages 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7030228.
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Previous research and the BIA+ model support the hypothesis of language nonselective access during bilingual word recognition with language-ambiguous words like cognates organized in two distinct lexical representations. This paper adds to the existing literature by investigating how task demands and language proficiency influence cognate processing. Twenty-six Danish-English bilinguals with upper-intermediate to advanced L2 proficiencies performed four visual lexical decision tasks in which stimulus list composition (pure or mixed) and target language (L1 or L2) were varied. This study thus distinguishes itself from other studies by employing a within-subjects design to investigate a bilingual’s two languages. Significant cognate inhibition effects were found in the L2 mixed language condition while none of the other three tasks yielded significant results. Especially the absence of cognate facilitation effects in the L2 pure language condition was remarkable given the findings of previous literature. With reference to the BIA+ model’s assumptions of differing resting level activations for L1 and L2 lexical representations, the impact of L2 proficiency on cognate processing was tested in a post-hoc analysis dividing participants into two groups. This analysis revealed cognate facilitation effects for L2 upper-intermediate bilinguals in the L2 pure language condition while the results of the L1 tasks for both groups of bilinguals remained non-significant. The results therefore suggest that within-subject cognate processing is modulated by L2 proficiency in certain circumstances.
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Subbotsky, Eugene. "Sensing the Future: Reversed Causality or a Non-standard Observer Effect?" Open Psychology Journal 6, no. 1 (October 31, 2013): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874350101306010081.
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In three experiments, Daryl Bem’s experimental method on retroactive facilitation of recall was replicated, with minor modifications, with the aim of testing robustness of Bem’s retroactive effect. In Experiment 1, the original doubleblind procedure was replaced by the single blind procedure under which the experimenter, but not participants, knew what the experimental conditions were. In the experimental condition of this experiment Bem’s results were successfully replicated, however, in the control condition, which was supposed to produce null effect, the effect was significant and a mirror image of the effect in the experimental condition. In Experiment 2, the control condition was run before the experimental condition. As in Experiment 1, the results in both conditions were symmetrical, though this time not significantly different from zero. In Experiment 3, in the experimental condition the results were reversed to those in Experiment 1. Altogether, the results marginally support robustness of Bem’s reported effect. However, the results do not support the interpretation of this effect as an effect in inverted causality. Rather, the results of this study suggest that the effect reported by Bem is a particular case of a number of possible outcomes, which occur when Bem’s method is applied. The results also suggest that these outcomes occur due to a direct effect of the observer’s mind on the RNG functioning.
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GARCÍA-GÁMEZ, ANA B., and PEDRO MACIZO. "Learning nouns and verbs in a foreign language: The role of gestures." Applied Psycholinguistics 40, no. 2 (December 11, 2018): 473–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716418000656.
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ABSTRACTWe evaluated the impact of gestures on second language (L2) vocabulary learning with nouns (Experiment 1) and verbs (Experiment 2). Four training methods were compared: the learning of L2 words with congruent gestures, incongruent gestures, meaningless gestures, and no gestures. Better vocabulary learning was found in both experiments when participants learned L2 words with congruent gestures relative to the no gesture condition. This result indicates that gestures have a positive effect on L2 learning when there is a match between the word meaning and the gesture. However, the recall of words in the incongruent and meaningless gesture conditions was lower than that of the no gesture condition. This suggests that gestures might have a negative impact on L2 learning. The facilitation and interference effects we found with the use of gestures in L2 vocabulary acquisition are discussed.
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Irwin, Robert D., and Daniel L. Weber. "Factors Influencing the Perceived Urgency of Auditory Stimuli." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 4 (October 1998): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804200404.
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The interaction among two spectral and two temporal dimensions that contribute to urgency was investigated by conducting a discrimination experiment. Discrimination performance for each dimension was evaluated when a second dimension (i.e., dimension not being discriminated) was subject to no variation, correlated variation, and uncorrelated variability. For the pair of spectral dimensions and the pair of temporal dimensions, variation on the second dimension produces facilitation in the correlated condition and interference in the uncorrelated condition. No influence occurs for other pairings. The implications of these results were confirmed in a multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) experiment examining the pitch, perceived repetition rate, and urgency of sounds. The data obtained from the pitch and perceived repetition rate conditions indicate that the spectral dimensions determine the pitch of sounds and the temporal dimensions determine the perceived repetition rate of sounds. The data obtained from the urgency conditions indicate all four dimensions influence urgency and frequency is the most salient.
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Ning, Zhong, Jing Yu Cao, and Xian Yu Ning. "Study on the Container Transport Chain Security under the Condition of Customs Non-Traditional Security." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 1987–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.1987.
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Confronted with the unstable global environment and the threat of transitional terrorism, besides from the traditional function of supervising the economy frontier, the non-tradition functions Customs has become more and more important. In the supervision of foreign trade, Customs not only ensure the enforcement of legislations, but protect the country from terrorism attack. However, the tremendous amount of containers and the request of trade facilitation have always challenged the sufficiency of Customs supervision. Customs must adopt risk management into its work. This paper studies the risk assessment of container security using FTA and FMECA in order to quantitative the risk in the container cargo shipping process and help Customs regulate efficiently.
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Raza, Ali, Kiran Haq, Jawwad Naveed, Sajjad Ali, and Iqra Rizwan. "IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF POST FACILITATION STRETCH TECHNIQUE ON STRAIGHT LEG RAISE WITH/WITHOUT THORACO-LUMBER DIRECT MYOFACIAL RELEASE IN NON-SYMPTOMATIC ADULTS." Rehabilitation Journal 06, no. 04 (December 31, 2022): 462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/trj.v6i04.205.
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Background: Hamstring tightness is a condition which if it is remaining untreated it could be related later on to the posture imbalance and movement restriction. There are many techniques to increase the elasticity of hamstrings. Post facilitation stretching (PFS) along with thoraco-lumbar direct myofascial release (MFR) technique is emerging as a novel therapy for improving hamstring muscle length. Objective: To determine the immediate effects of post facilitation stretching technique on SLR with/without thoraco-lumber direct myofascial release on straight leg raise among non-symptomatic adults. Methods: A randomized control trial (RCT) was conducted at FIMS College of rehabilitation Abbottabad Pakistan after approval from HOD. A total of n=24 non symptomatic adults were recruited through non-probability convenient sampling technique. The inclusion criteria were non symptomatic adults with tight hamstrings, age group 18 to 40 years, normal healthy adults, both gender groups, SLR (passive) of 80° degree or less, finger floor distance of 5 cm or more. The participants were than randomly divided into two control group (n=12) and experimental group (n=12). The post facilitation stretch technique was applied in both groups, but experimental group additionally received thoraco-lumber direct myofascial release technique as well. To assess the total mobility of the lumbo-pelvic region and hamstring elasticity fingertip to floor distance was measured and straight leg raise test with the help of goniometer. The data was collected at the baseline and immediately after session. Results: The mean age of the study participant was 23.41±2.31 years. The pre-post analysis showed that right and left straight leg raise (SLR) as well as fingertip floor distance were significantly (p<0.001) improved immediately after the intervention with large effect size. When compared both groups immediately after the intervention, experimental group which received myofascial release in addition post facilitation stretch showed more significant improvement with large effect size in right & left SLR and fingertip floor distance (p<0.001) as compared to control group where only post facilitation stretch technique was applied. Conclusions: The present study concluded that post facilitation stretch along with the thoracolumbar direct myofascial release technique significantly improve hamstrings flexibility. The efficacy of thoracolumbar direct myofascial release has contributed in increasing SLR and Finger Floor Distance tests parameters. Keywords: hamstring, muscle length, myofascial release, muscle energy technique, post facilitation stretch, stretching exercises.
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Martella, Diana, Andrea Marotta, Luis J. Fuentes, and Maria Casagrande. "Inhibition of Return, but Not Facilitation, Disappears Under Vigilance Decrease Due to Sleep Deprivation." Experimental Psychology 61, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000229.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, we assessed whether unspecific attention processes signaled by general reaction times (RTs), as well as specific facilitatory (validity or facilitation effect) and inhibitory (inhibition of return, IOR) effects involved in the attentional orienting network, are affected by low vigilance due to both circadian factors and sleep deprivation (SD). Eighteen male participants performed a cuing task in which peripheral cues were nonpredictive about the target location and the cue-target interval varied at three levels: 200 ms, 800 ms, and 1,100 ms. Facilitation with the shortest and IOR with the longest cue-target intervals were observed in the baseline session, thus replicating previous related studies. Under SD condition, RTs were generally slower, indicating a reduction in the participants’ arousal level. The inclusion of a phasic alerting tone in several trials partially compensated for the reduction in tonic alertness, but not with the longest cue-target interval. With regard to orienting, whereas the facilitation effect due to reflexive shifts of attention was preserved with sleep loss, the IOR was not observed. These results suggest that the decrease of vigilance produced by SD affects both the compensatory effects of phasic alerting and the endogenous component involved in disengaging attention from the cued location, a requisite for the IOR effect being observed.
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Huntington, Brittany E., Margaret W. Miller, Rachel Pausch, and Lee Richter. "Facilitation in Caribbean coral reefs: high densities of staghorn coral foster greater coral condition and reef fish composition." Oecologia 184, no. 1 (April 4, 2017): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-017-3859-7.
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