Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Facies (Geology) Analysis'
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Elwerfalli, Hamed Omar. "Facies analysis of early Tertiary carbonates of northeast Libya." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242780.
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Garnes, William Thomas. "Subsurface Facies Analysis of the Devonian Berea Sandstone in Southeastern Ohio." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1415920946.
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Higgs, R. "A facies analysis of the Bude Formation (Lower Westphalian), SW England." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371512.
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Morin, Jean. "Facies analysis of Lower Permian cyclic carbonates, west-central Ellesmere Island, Canadian Arctic." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7553.
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At least 36 decametre-scale, largely symmetric high-frequency cycles spanning approximately 15 Ma make up the carbonate-dominated succession of Lower Permian sequence 3 of the Sverdrup Basin in Fosheim and Hamilton peninsulas. These cycles record a rift pulse caracterized by the uplift, passive subsidence, collapse and passive subsidence of the Fosheim-Hamilton subbasin and show that during the rifting phase of the Sverdrup Basin deposition of conformity-bounded sequences was tectonically rather than eustatically controlled. The active rifting-phase of the Sverdrup Basin comprises four unconformity-bounded sequences that range in age from Visean to Kungurian. The third-sequence in Fosheim and Hamilton peninsulas area, west central Ellesmere Island comprises six formations. The Canyon Fiord Formation is composed of lithofacies ranging from basin margin fluvial to marine siliciclastics. The Belcher Channel, Antoinette, Tanquary and Nansen formations are made up of inner- to midshelf carbonates that encompass the Mount Bayley Formation, a thick evaporite succession deposited within the Fosheim-Hamilton subbasin. Petrographic analysis of the carbonate-dominated facies in sequence 3 has delimited nineteen platformal facies representing lagoonal, barrier and shoal, reefal and non-reefal mid-shelf depositional environments. These facies are organized into high-frequency depositional cycles that record the interplay between eustasy, tectonism and sediment supply. In order to facilitate their regional analysis, cycles were grouped into five idealized cycles. From proximal to distal, these cycles include: Sandstone-Grainstone; Grainstone-Palaeoaplysinid; Packstone-Phylloid; Wackestone; and Anhydrite cycles. These high-frequency cycles are grouped into a Pre-, Syn- and Post-evaporite cyclic assemblages, each of which possess an unique stacking pattern. The Pre-evaporite Assemblage comprises 9 cycles characterized by relatively similar thickness and composition. High-frequency cyclicity within this assemblage was controlled by glacio-eustatic oscillations with only local tectonic influence. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Cripps, David W. "A facies analysis of the upper great oolite group in central and eastern England." Thesis, Aston University, 1986. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14357/.
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Banjade, Bharat. "Subsurface Facies Aanalysis of the Cambrian Conasauga Formation and Kerbel Formation in East - Central Ohio." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1322525944.
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Harwood, C. "A facies analysis of shale-nodular limestone cycles from the Upper Ordovician of the Oslo region, Norway." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356265.
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Stouten, Craig A. "Subsurface Facies Analysis of the Clinton Sandstone, Located in Perry, Fairfield, and Vinton Counties." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1416147053.
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Kassos, Gabriel Philip Steltenpohl Mark G. "Structural, isotropic, and kinematic analysis of eclogite-facies shear zones and associated structures, Lofoten, North Norway." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Geology_and_Geography/Thesis/Kassos_Gabriel_39.pdf.
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Nwaodua, Emmanuel Chukwukamadu. "Subsurface Facies Analysis of the Rose Run Sandstone Formation in south eastern Ohio." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1213202313.
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Pickett, Clarence. "A sedimentary facies analysis of the >2.8 Ga Beniah and Bell Lake formations, Slave Province, Northwest Territories." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2002. http://theses.uqac.ca.
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Bloxson, Julie M. Bloxson. "MINERALOGICAL AND FACIES VARIATIONS WITHIN THE UTICA SHALE, OHIO USING VISIBLE DERIVATIVE SPECTROSCOPY, PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS, AND MULTIVARIATE CLUSTERING." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1498664669872459.
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Lee, Mui-fa Alison, and 李梅花. "Sedimentary facies of fluvial-marine transition environments in Hong Kong: Ting Kok and Pak Nai Deltas." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31221270.
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Shumway, Jesse Dean. "Facies Analysis and Depositional Environments of the Saints & Sinners Quarry in the Nugget Sandstone of Northeastern Utah." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6240.
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The Saints & Sinners Quarry preserves the only known vertebrate body fossils in the Nugget Sandstone and the most diverse fauna known from the Nugget-Navajo-Aztec erg system. The fauna includes eight genera and >18,000 bone and bone fragments assignable to >76 individuals, including theropods, sphenosuchians, sphenodontians, drepanosaurs, procolophonids, and a dimorphodontid pterosaur. Cycadeoid fronds are the only plant fossils. There are two depositional environments at the site – dune and interdune, each consisting of two or more faces. The dune facies are (1) Trough Cross-Stratified Sandstone (TCS) representing dry dunes, and (2) Massive and Bioturbated Dunes (MBD) representing bioturbated, damp dunes. The interdune facies are (1) Wavy Sandstone (WSS) representing wet and damp flats with biofilms and tridactyl tracks, (2) Green Clays and Silts (GCS) representing quiet lacustrine waters, (3) Planar Laminated Sandstone (PLS) representing lacustrine dust and sand storm deposits which grade laterally into (4) Massive Bone Bed (MBB) shoreline deposits. The vertical and lateral relationships of the dune and interdune facies suggests that an interdune flat developed (WSS facies) likely by deflation of dunes down to, or near to, the water table. As the water table rose, a shallow lake developed (GCS facies) and trapped wind-blown sediment during sand storms (PLS Facies). The taxonomically diverse vertebrate fauna suggest a mass die-off occurred, likely due to drought. The carcasses and bones were buried by three distinct depositional events, each a bone bed (MBB facies) - separated by very thin clays (GCS facies). Thereafter the water table dropped resulting in several cm-scale sandstone beds with tridactyl tracks (WSS facies). Then migrating dunes buried the interdune flat. These dunes hosted burrowing invertebrates for a moderate time resulting in the destruction of nearly all primary sedimentary structures (MBD facies). Ultimately, as the area dried further, more dunes migrated over these bioturbated surfaces and the area returned to dune field conditions (TCS facies). The Saints & Sinners site indicates that a previously unrecognized, remarkably diverse vertebrate fauna thrived in wet interdunes of western North America's Late Triassic erg system. A massive-die-off, likely due to a drought, provided a wealth of carcasses and their bones. The dynamic shoreline representing the interface of dunes and standing water provided favorable conditions for rapid burial of small carcasses and the disarticulated bones of larger individuals.
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Bodine, Tyler S. "Reservoir Study and Facies Analysis of the Big Clifty Sandstone in South Central Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2016. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1610.
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The Big Clifty (Jackson) Sandstone Member of the Golconda Formation is the most important of the Mississippian (Chesterian) heavy-oil reservoirs in the southeastern Illinois Basin. Heavy oil reservoirs, or asphalt rock deposits, have been studied extensively in south central and western Kentucky, and ~2 billion barrels of original oil in place (OOIP) have been proposed to occur in the Big Clifty Sandstone. Despite high OOIP estimates, heterogeneities in the reservoir negatively impact the production of heavy oil deposits. Heterogeneities related to depositional facies changes are poorly understood in the Big Clifty Sandstone of Kentucky, where it has been mostly described as a 60-120 feet thick sandstone unit. In some locations, the Big Clifty occurs as two distinct sand bodies with intercalated mud-rich units and, most typically, with the greatest clay- and silt-rich units present between sandstone bodies. Questions exist as to how such muddy facies occur in the reservoir.
This study couples sedimentary facies analysis with sequence stratigraphy to assess how lithological factors affect the occurrence of petroleum in Big Clifty reservoirs. Multiple datasets were integrated to develop a depositional model for lithologic facies observed in this study. Datasets include core, exposure descriptions, petrographic analysis, bitumen concentrations, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), and borehole geophysical analysis. This study occurred in Logan, Warren, and Butler counties, with emphasis on an active asphalt-rock mine in Logan County. Surface geophysical methods aided in demarcating Chesterian limestones, sandstone bodies and, in particular, highly resistive heavy-oil laden Big Clifty channel bodies.
In Warren County, located E-NE of the Stampede Mine, the Big Clifty coalesces into a single amalgamated sandstone channel or a series of superimposed stacked channels as observed in outcrop along Indian Creek at McChesney Field Station and at Jackson’s Orchard. In these locations, the tidal influence is subtle with large-scale trough cross bedding dominating, and the contact on the Beech Creek Limestone is sharp. Facies changes related to the environment of deposition greatly impact the quality of heavy-oil reservoirs and must be taken into consideration during exploration and siting of asphalt rock mines.
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Harrison, Bianca. "Palaeoenvironments and position of the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary within the lower Vanrhynsdorp Group of South Africa: sedimentary facies analysis, U-Pb series zircon geochronology and micropalaeontology." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29450.
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The Vanrhynsdorp Group is a mainly fluvio-marine siliclastic succession that outcrops in the northwestern part of South Africa. The critical Precambrian-Cambrian boundary falls within the group, however the depositional environments across the boundary, its exact stratigraphic position and nature are unresolved. The group was deposited in the Vanrhynsdorp Basin, which has been shown to be the southernmost extension of the Nama Foreland Basin. Consequently, the Vanrhynsdorp Group has been correlated with the world-famous Nama Group, which features diverse Ediacaran-Cambrian fossils. To date, no body fossils have been discovered in the Vanrhynsdorp Group. Through U-Pb dating of detrital zircons using LA-ICP-MS, radiometric ages for the middle part of the Vanrhynsdorp Group (Besonderheid Formation) were obtained in a preliminary study of this project. The radiometric data, yielding a maximum depositional age of 524 to 528 Ma from the youngest zircon grain population, indicated that the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary is stratigraphically lower in the group than it was thought before. To further constrain the age of the lower Vanrhynsdorp Group, and by extension the position of the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary, several detrital zircon samples were processed for age determination from the succession in this study. In addition, using sedimentary facies analysis, the lateral and vertical facies variation in this lower part of the group were (re)documented in order to refine the palaeoenvironmental setting. The current results suggest a dominantly shallow marine, partly storm-dominated depositional environment for the lowermost units as opposed to the previous interpretations of dominantly alluvial settings. Because of the global importance of the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition for diversification of marine biota in the Cambrian, addressing these palaeoenvironmental inconsistencies is the vital outcome of this study. By integrating our sedimentological and geochronological results, the project presents an improved understanding of the depositional history of the Vanrhynsdorp Group during the critical Ediacaran-Cambrian transition.
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Ball, Nathaniel H. Atchley Stacy C. "Depositional and diagenetic controls on reservoir quality and their petrophysical predictors within the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Doe Creek Member of the Kaskapau Formation at Valhalla Field, Northwest Alberta." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5296.
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Devereaux, Alexander R. "A quantified facies scale depositional model for current controlled siliciclastic deep marine depositional systems." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/235129/1/Alexander_Devereaux_Thesis.pdf.
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Detailed analysis was carried out on sediment samples collected from the Gulf of Cádiz during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program 339. Grain size analysis is a vital sedimentological tool used to unravel the hydrodynamic conditions, modes of transport, and depositional environment. Statistical parameters, bivariate analysis, and log-probability curves were used to quantify the physical sedimentological characteristics and compare them to previously established conceptual models.
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Hapa, Cankat. "Uncertainty In Well Test And Core Permeability Analysis." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12610144/index.pdf.
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Reservoir permeability is one of the important parameters derived from well test analysis. Small-scale permeability measurements in wells are usually made using core plugs, or more recently, probe permeameter measurements. Upscaling of these measurements for comparisons with permeability derived well tests (Pressure Build-Up) can be completed by statistical averaging methods. Well Test permeability is often compared with one of the core plug averages: arithmetic, geometric and harmonic. A question that often arises is which average does the well test-derived permeability represent and over what region is this average valid? A second important question is how should the data sets be reconciled when there are discrepancies?
In practice, the permeability derived from well tests is often assumed to be equivalent to the arithmetic (in a layered reservoir) or geometric (in a randomly distributed permeability field) average of the plug measures. These averages are known to be members of a more general power-average solution. This pragmatic approach (which may include an assumption on the near-well geology) is often flawed due to a number of reasons, which is tried to be explained in this study. The assessment of in-situ, reservoir permeability requires an understanding of both core (plug and probe) and well test measurements –
in terms of their volume scale of investigation, measurement mechanism, interpretation and integration. Pressure build-up tests for 26 wells and core plug analysis for 32 wells have valid measured data to be evaluated. Core plug permeabilities are upscaled and compared with pressure build-up test derived permeabilities. The arithmetic, harmonic and geometric averages of core plug permeability data are found out for each facies and formation distribution. The reservoir permeability heterogeneities are evaluated in each step of upscaling procedure by computing coefficient of variation, The Dykstra-Parson&
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s Coefficient and Lorenz Coefficients. This study compared core and well test measurements in South East of Turkey heavy oil carbonate field. An evaluation of well test data and associated core plug data sets from a single field will be resulting from the interpretation of small (core) and reservoir (well test) scale permeability data. The techniques that were used are traditional volume averaging/homogenization methods with the contribution of determining permeability heterogeneities of facies at each step of upscaling procedure and manipulating the data which is not proper to be averaged (approximately normally distributed) with the combination of Lorenz Plot to identify the flowing intervals. As a result, geometrical average of upscaled core plug permeability data is found to be approximately equal to the well test derived permeability for the goodly interpreted well tests. Carbonates are very heterogeneous and this exercise will also be instructive in understanding the heterogeneity for the guidance of reservoir models in such a system.
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Lathrop, Erin C. "Understanding the Late Mesoproterozoic Earth System from the Oldest Strata in Grand Canyon: C-Isotope Stratigraphy and Facies Analysis of the 1254 Ma Bass Formation, Grand Canyon Supergroup, AZ., USA." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7046.
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Rocks provide insight into ancient times before complex animals existed. The oldest sedimentary rocks in Grand Canyon (the Bass Formation) allow us to glimpse into what things might have been like over a billion years ago. These rocks record the time known as the Mesoproterozoic Era (1.6 to 1.0 billion years ago), otherwise known as the ‘boring billion’. These rocks are thought to be the right age to indicate the end of an oddly stable world when continents were quiet and life was calm, yet they predate younger rocks that record extreme events. The Bass Formation, some of the only rock of this age in the world, contains evidence for life and the carbon cycle, and yields information about Earth’s environments 1.2 billion years ago.
The carbon cycle can be studied using carbonate rocks. Assuming that the rock has the same chemistry as the water it formed in, we can measure the relative abundance of carbon isotopes to see a ‘fingerprint’ of the system during the time the rock was deposited. During the boring billion, it is thought that very little variation occurs in this fingerprint. However, as more studies are completed, we see a modest variation in units around the age of the Bass Formation. The fingerprint results from this study can be added to the growing collection of Mesoproterozoic studies and help to further our knowledge about the world from this not-so-boring period of time.
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Philip, Charlotte Conwell. "3D seismic attributes analysis to outline channel facies and reveal heterogeneous reservoir stratigraphy; Weirman Field, Ness County, Kansas, USA." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8767.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Geology
Abdelmoneam Raef
This research presents a workflow integrating several post-stack seismic attributes to assist in understanding the development history of Weirman Field, Ness County, KS. This study contributes to shaping future drilling plans by establishing a workflow combining analysis of seismic attributes and well cuttings to locate a channel fill zone of better reservoir quality, and to highlight reservoir boundaries due to compartmentalization. In this study, I have successfully outlined a fluvial channel, which is expected to be significantly different in terms of petrophysical properties. The Pennsylvanian aged Cherokee sandstones that potentially comprise channel fill lithofacies, in this study, have been linked to oil production throughout the state of Kansas. It is important to understand channel sandstones when evaluating drilling prospects, because of their potential as an oil reservoir and unpredictable shapes and locations. Since their introduction in the 1970s, seismic attributes have become an essential part of lithological and petrophysical characterization of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Seismic attributes can correlate to and help reveal certain subsurface characteristics and specific geobodies that cannot be distinguished otherwise. Extracting and analyzing acoustic impedance, root-mean-square amplitude and amplitude attenuation, guided by a time window focused on the top of the Mississippian formation, resulted in an understanding of the key seismic channel-facies framework and helped to explain some of the disappointing drilling results at Weirman Field. To form a better understanding of these seismic attributes, this study combined certain attributes and overlayed them in partially transparent states in order to summarize and better visualize the resulting data. A preliminary study of spectral decomposition, which was introduced in the late 1990s, was preformed, and a more in-depth study of this multi-resolution attribute is recommended for future study of this particular field. This study also recommends integrating the revealed compartmentalization boundary and the seismic channel-facies framework in future drilling plans of Weirman Field.
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Gowland, Stuart. "Facies analysis of three members of the Scarborough Formation (Middle Jurassic : Lower Bajocian) in the Cleveland Basin, northeast England : Blea Wyke, Byland Limestone and Crinoid grit members." Thesis, University of Hull, 1987. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3919.
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The Scarborough Formation is the youngest marine horizon of formation status within the dominantly deltaic Aalenian - Bajocian Ravenscar Group, Cleveland Basin, northeast England. Sedimentary facies analysis has been performed on the three conformable lithostratigraphic units which make up the bulk of the Scarborough Formation outcrop: Blea Wyke, Byland Limestone and Crinoid Grit Members. This form of analysis was performed in an effort to determine the depositional environments of the members. The information derived from the study enables one to trace the palaeogeographic evolution of the Cleveland Basin throughout much of Scarborough Formation times.The clastic Blea Wyke Member [6 facies] is attributed to deposition in a shallow [<4m], essentially microtidal,delta-destructive marine embayment. This embayment formed through non-eustatic marine transgression initiated by the compactional subsidence of an abandoned [Gristhorpe Member] delta lobe. Open to the east, the embayment covered some 2000km2 of the Cleveland Basin when fully established. A range of sand bodies evolved on the silty embayment floor in response to spatial and temporal changes in the wind-forced wave and current regime. These sand bodies included subtidal shoals, laterally extensive storm-emplaced sand blankets, and a classic delta-destructive sheet sand formed through the landward translation of a low-profile barrier bar.Under sustained rate-of-subsidence controlled marine transgression, clastic input to the Blea Wyke Member embayment eventually waned. In response, the overlying Byland Limestone Member [6 facies] was deposited in the western part of the Cleveland Basin in the form of a carbonate-dominated lagoon-barrier-inner shelf complex. The barrier component of the complex evolved through transgressive upward-shoaling under the influence of wind-forced wave and current activity. Composed of pellet lime grainstones, it protected a lagoon within which the dominant deposits were pellet lime mudstones, wackestones and packstones. Lithological and faunal similarities between the lagoon and inner shelf suggest that much of the shelf region may have comprised former back-barrier lagoon-fills exhumed during transgression.Byland Limestone Member times were terminated by an acceleration in the rate of marine transgression followed by tectonic uplift and subsequent geomorphic decay of the major landmass to the north [Mid North Sea High]. Transgression generated an east-west orientated epeiric seaway connecting the Sole Pit Trough with an areally restricted Pennine Massif. Within this seaway, clastic sediment derived chiefly from the Mid North Sea High was deposited in the form of a progradational, regional-scale composite sheet sand body: the Crinoid Grit Member [8 facies]. Deposition occurred under the combined influence of tidal currents, wind-forced currents and wave activity. Three main facies belts are recognised: paralic tidal sandwave complex, storm-dominated inner shelf and sandy middle shelf. The presence of a tidal sandwave complex is particularly interesting; it indicates that the forging of a marine connection to the west of the Cleveland Basin was necessary before tidal cyclicity could become prominent within the basin.
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Powell, Kristopher Michael. "Facies Analysis, Sedimentary Petrology, and Reservoir Characterization of the Lower Triassic Sinbad Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Central Utah: A Synthesis of Surface and Subsurface Data." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6672.
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Lower Triassic strata in the Wellington Flat and Tully cores reflect a lateral transition from shallow water strata (Wellington Flats core) to strata that indicate deposition on a relatively more distal, storm-dominated ramp (Tully core). The Sinbad Member, along with the upper part of the underlying Black Dragon Member and the lower part of the overlying Torrey Member (Moenkopi Formation), are composed of ten carbonate, siliciclastic and mixed carbonate/siliciclastic facies deposited on a west-facing ramp/shelf that reached maximum flooding during Smithian time. Individual beds and facies display a large degree of lateral homogeneity and regional persistence in the study area. The Wellington Flats core contains the three units characteristic of outcropping Sinbad Limestone: a basal skeletal unit, a middle peloidal unit, and an upper, oolitic dolomite unit. The more offshore Tully core is composed of skeletal grainstone, with fewer shallow-water carbonate and siliciclastic deposits. Discontinuity surfaces (hardgrounds, firmgrounds, and change surfaces) are common and indicate that sedimentation was punctuated by short-lived hiatuses accompanied by cementation, scour, and/or encrustation of the sediment-water interface. The Black Dragon, Sinbad, and lower Torrey Members represent at least one 3rd-order depositional sequence bounded below by the Tr-1 unconformity and above by lowstand deposits in the middle Torrey Member. Amalgamated fluvial channels in the middle of the Black Dragon Member may represent an additional 3rd-order sequence boundary that separates a Greisbachian sequence (lower Black Dragon Member) from the Smithian sequence (upper Black Dragon through lower Torrey members), but this is unsubstantiated by biostratigraphic data at present. Diagenesis is strongly controlled by facies. Diagenetic elements include marine fibrous calcite cements, micritized grains, compaction, dissolution and neomorphism of aragonite grains, meteoric cements, pressure dissolution, and dolomitization. The paragenetic sequence progresses from marine to meteoric to burial. Marine and meteoric cements occlude much of the depositional porosity, which ranges from 0 to 10 % in the sample interval. The best reservoir qualities in core (1.0 md) occur in grainstones and quartz-siltstones. Although its relative thinness precludes it from being a major producer, the Sinbad Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation bears potential for modest future oil production.
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Maurer, Joshua Thomas. "Reinterpretation of the Ignacio and Elbert Formations as an Incised Valley Fill Using Facies Analysis and Sequence Stratigraphy; San Juan Basin, Southwest Colorado." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1342967247.
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Hicks, Tanner Charles. "Facies Analysis and Reservoir Characterization of Subtidal, Intertidal, and Supratidal Zones of the Mudstone-rich Entrada Sandstone, South-Central Utah." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2472.
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Understanding thickness variation and facies transitions in the mudstone-rich part of the Upper Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Entrada Sandstone depositional system is critical for constraining the paleogeography and evaluating the economic potential of Utah's Entrada Sandstone. Facies of the Entrada Sandstone in south-central Utah are dominated by mudstone-rich intertidal facies that were widespread within the Jurassic seaway. Intertidal deposits interfinger basinward with subtidal ooid-bearing shoals and bars, and landward supratidal sabkha, and erg-margin eolian deposits. Three sections were measured to improve understanding of the lateral and vertical facies transitions. Variations in thickness indicate the rate of developing accommodation space was high along the southwestern shoreline and relatively low along the northeastern shoreline during Callovian time. Although accommodation space was highest in the west, sediment supply from the west kept pace with, and eventually outpaced subsidence. In the east, sediment supply was significant but at one time was outpaced by subsidence, creating a complete range of facies, from subtidal to supratidal deposits. Along this eastern shoreline, erg-margin coastal dunes associated with the larger erg to the east eventually prograded westward. The variation in subsidence, sediment supply, and sediment source makes sequence stratigraphic correlation difficult. Reservoir-quality sandstones are associated with muddy sections of the Entrada Sandstone within the San Rafael Swell. Porosity and permeability of the facies in this area indicate excellent reservoir potential in three of eight facies that were studied. Porosities of these potential reservoirs ranged from 11-22%, with permeabilities ranging from 44-430md. These high quality reservoir facies are surrounded by muddy, low reservoir-quality rocks, creating conditions amenable to the development of stratigraphic hydrocarbon traps. Based on further study and a modern analog at the north of the Gulf of California, Hicks and others' (2010) depositional model for the Entrada Sandstone of south-central Utah has been modified to include newly interpreted facies. This improved depositional model may have predictive power in exploring for stratigraphic and combination traps within the Entrada system of Utah and analogous depositional systems throughout the world.
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Sanchetta, Alexandre Cruz 1986. "Reconhecimento e classificação de fáceis geológicas através da análise de componentes independentes." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265514.
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Orientador: Rodrigo de Souza PortugalDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: O uso método de análise multivariada ICA (Análise de Componentes Independentes), mais o método K-NN (K-vizinhos mais Próximos) aplicados em dados de poços e em dados sísmicos buscando classificar fácies geológicas e suas características. Esses dois métodos foram aplicados em dados retirados do Campo de Namorado, na Bacia de Campos, Brasil. A ICA encontra as componentes independentes dos dados, que quando treinadas pelo método K-NN para reconhecer padrões nos dados, predizem fácies geológicas e outras informações sobre as rochas, como as características de reservatório. Essas componentes independentes configuram uma nova opção de interpretação das informações disponíveis, pois nessas novas variáveis, o espaço de análise não apresenta dimensões dependentes e exclui informações repetidas ou dúbias da interpretação dos resultados. Além disso, a maior parte da informação é resumida em poucas dimensões, resultando em uma possível redução de variáveis referentes ao problema. Um abundante número de testes foi feito procurando a taxa de sucesso desse método. Como taxa de sucesso, é compreendida a divisão do número de predições corretas dividido pelo número total de tentativas. O que se observa é uma taxa de sucesso alta, em torno de 85% de acerto em algumas situações, ressaltando-se que as componentes têm distribuição gaussiana, sendo que o método funciona melhor em encontrar componentes não-gaussianas. Mesmo nessa situação adversa o método se mostrou robusto. A solidez do método mostra-se uma alternativa para novas formas de interpretação geológicas e petrofísicas. Um dos trunfos desse método é que a base da sua aplicação pode ser estendida para outros tipos de dados, inclusive de naturezas físicas diferentes
Abstract: The use of multivariate analysis method ICA (Independent Component Analysis), plus the K-NN method (K-nearest Neighbor) applied on well log data and seismic data to predict the classification of geological facies and their characteristics. These two methods were applied to data from the Campo de Namorado, in the Campos Basin, Brasil. The ICA finds the independent components of the data that can be trained by K-NN method to recognize patterns in the data and predict the geological facies or other information about the rocks, as the characteristics of the reservoir. These independent components make up a new option for interpretation of available information, because with these new variables, the space has no dependent dimensions and the duplicate information or dubious interpretation of results are excluded. Moreover, most of the information is summarized in a few dimensions, resulting in a possible reduction of variables related to the problem. An abundant number of tests were done looking for the success rate of this method. As success rate, it is understood by the division of the number of correct predictions divided by total attempts. What is observed is a high success rate, around 85% accuracy in some situations, pointing out that the components have a Gaussian distribution and the method works best in finding non-Gaussian components. Even in this adverse situation the method was robust. The robustness of the method proves that ICA can be an alternative to new forms of geological and petrophysical interpretation. One of the advantages of this method is that the basis of their application can be extended to other types of data, including datas with different physical natures
Mestrado
Reservatórios e Gestão
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Perkes, Tyson L. "Integrating Facies Analysis, Terrestrial Sequence Stratigraphy, and the First Detrital Zircon (U-Pb) Ages of the Twist Gulch Formation, Utah, USA: Constraining Paleogeography and Chronostratigraphy." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2010. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3409.pdf.
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Jennings, George R. III. "Facies Analysis, Sequence Stratigraphy and Paleogeography of the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Entrada Sandstone: Traps, Tectonics, and Analog." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4083.
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The late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Entrada Sandstone has been divided into two general facies associations consisting primarily of eolian sandstones in eastern Utah and "muddy" redbeds in central Utah. Sedimentary structures within the redbed portion are explained by the interfingering of inland sabkha, alluvial, and eolian depositional systems. A complete succession from the most basinward facies to the most terrestrial facies in the Entrada Sandstone consists of inland sabkha facies overlain by either alluvial or eolian facies. Where both alluvial and eolian facies interfinger, alluvial facies overlain by eolian facies is considered a normal succession. Sequence boundaries, often identified by more basinward facies overlying more landward facies, are observed in the Entrada Sandstone and are extrapolated for the first time across much of Utah, including both the eolian-dominated and redbed-dominated areas. Using these sequence boundaries as well as recent tephrochronologic studies, three time correlative surfaces have been identified in the Entrada. Based on the facies interpretations at each surface, five paleogeographic reconstructions and five isopach maps have been created, illustrating two major intervals of erg expansion and the location of the Jurassic retroarc foreland basin's potential forebulge. Eolian (erg-margin) sandstones pinch-out into muddy redbeds creating combination traps, as evidenced by dead oil (tar) and bleached eolian sandstone bodies within the Entrada. The Entrada Sandstone is a world-class analog for similar systems, such as the Gulf of Mexico's Norphlet Sandstone, where eolian facies grade into muddy redbed facies.
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Cesar, Paulo Henrique Tavares. "Analise vertical de sucessões de depositos gravitacionais marinhos profundos, do cambriano inferior, na unidade Apiuna, grupo Itajai, estado de Santa Catarina." [s.n.], 2001. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263051.
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Orientador: Giorgio BasiliciDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: O presente trabalho é uma análise vertical de depósitos marinhos profundos, cujos processos deposicionais se dá por fluxos gravitaticionais, na Unidade Apiúna, na Bacia do Itajaí, Estado de Santa Catarina. Os dados estão dispostos em 5 seções, das quais as 4 primeiras são correlacionáveis, com aproximadamente 200 metros de espessura total, 524 camadas e 102 transições de fácies. Em que a média das camadas é de 25 cm. Através da transformada de Fourier, no domínio da freqüência obteve-se os seguintes dados: nenhum ciclo na seção 1; 2 ciclos na seção 2; 11 ciclos na seção 3; 6 ciclos na seção 4; 4 ciclos na seção 5 e 16 ciclos nas seções 1-4, que puderam ser correlacionáveis. As freqüências (ciclos), foram definidas com o auxílio da análise visual da seções. Com relação aos ciclos de afinamento ou engrossamento ascendente (megassequências), os resultados foram: engrossamento ascendente: 2 na seção 2, 6 na seção 3, 2 na seção 4 e 18 na seçôes 1-4, enquanto que o afinamento ascendente:3 na seção 3,3 na seção 4,3 na seção 5 e 10 nas seções 1-4. Existe diferença entre a análise visual e a função da freqüência, porém as megassequências, foram definidas segundo a análise visual. A análise de Markov corrobora que as principais transições estão inseridas num contexto de lençóis de areia, proximais e distais, em que ocorre a intercalação de arenitos fino a médio, intercalados com finas camadas de arenito com siltito, respectivamente fácies D e E. Diante de tais observações foi possível refutar a inclusão da Unidade Apiúna, num clássico depósito de leques profundos supridos por canyon, pois como largamente disposto na literatura, este depósitos apresentam seqüências de engrossamento ou afinamento ascendente (thinning e thickening upward), o que se expressa nas 5 seções de maneira bastante tímida. Quanto aos trends de granulometria, que pode refletir que o mecanismo de deposição, o fluxo de detritos (debris flow) é dominante, em detrimento de correntes de turbidez (turbidite currents), isto porque não é comum a gradação ascendente nas camadas de arenito, sendo somente no topo de algumas camadas que ocorrem este último fenômeno. Foi possível diferenciar quatro associações de fácies, numeradas de 1 a 4 a seguir: depósitos de slope, depósitos de lençóis de areia proximais, depósitos de lençóis de areia distais e finalmente depósitos de canal-dique marginal
Abstract: This work is a vertical analysis of deepwater deposits outcrops, whose depositional processes occurs by gravity flows in the Apiúna Unit, Itajaí Basin, Santa Catarina State. The data are organized in 5 sections where each section is one outcrop. The sections from 1 to 4 have mutual correlation, with almost 200 m of total thickness, 534 beds and 102 facies transitions. Through Fourier transform, in the frequency domain, 16 sequences was obtained, defined by visual analysis of thickness beds. The results for the sequences of thinning and thickening upward were: 10 of thickening upward and 6 of thinning upward. The vertical trends of fining upward are often randomic. The use of Markov Chain's tooI confirmed the main facies transitions which are located in a context of sheet sands, proximal and distal, in which occurs the superposition of fine to medium (D facies) sandstones with the thin beds of sandstone and siltstone (E facies ). According to the data above, it was possible to refuse the Apiuna Unit as a classical canyon-fed deposits of deep water fan, because of absence of better defined and low abundant sequences of thinning and thickening upward. The debris flow is the main depositional processes, while turbidity currents occur in the upper part of flow in some sandstone beds. This configuration is showed in the beds with the trend of fining upward. It was possible to identify four facies associations, namely: slope deposits; proximal sheet sands; distal sheet sands and channel-levee
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Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Phillips, Stephen Paul. "Discriminant Analysis of XRF Data from Sandstones of Like Facies and Appearance: A Method for Identifying a Regional Unconformity, Paleotopography,and Diagenetic Histories." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3373.
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The placement of an unconformable surface within a stratal succession affects the interpreted thickness of units and sequences in contact with that surface. Unit thickness influences the interpretation of basin subsidence, paleotopography, diagenesis, and depositional style. Accurate placement of an unconformity results in true formational thicknesses for formations associated with that unconformity. True thicknesses aid in producing more precise surface to subsurface correlations, isopach maps, and paleogeographic maps. An unconformity may be difficult to identify in the stratal succession due to similar rocks above and below the unconformity and the presence of multiple candidate surfaces. Using statistical discriminant analysis of XRF data, formations bounding an unconformity can be discriminated by elemental composition which results in delineation of the associated unconformity. This discrimination is possible even for rocks that do not have significant differences in provenance if they have experienced distinct diagenetic histories. Elemental differences can be explained by quantity and type of cement. Three discriminant models were created. These models were tested with samples from three formations of similar facies, appearance, and provenance that are all associated with the same regional unconformity. All data, regardless of location, facies, or tectonic feature were used to create the first model. This model achieved moderate success by correctly classifying 80% of known samples. In a second model, data were grouped by facies trends. Separating the data by facies resulted in 94% of known samples being correctly classified. This model was most useful for delineation of an unconformity and discrimination of formations. A third model based solely on location or local tectonic feature produced the best results statistically. 96% of known samples were classified correctly. This third model does not compare locations to each other, thus making it less robust. This last model contributes by adding detail to interpretations made with the facies trend model.
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Valenza, Jeffery Michael. "Redbeds of the Upper Entrada Sandstone, Central Utah: Facies Analysis and Regional Implications of Interfingered Sabkha and Fluvial Terminal Splay Sediments." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6112.
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First distinguished from other sedimentary successions in 1928, the Entrada Sandstone has been the subject of numerous studies. The western extent of the formation was initially described as laterally continuous "earthy" red beds, and categorized as sub- to supratidal marine-influenced sediments. Recent workers have reexamined the sedimentary facies hosted by the Entrada Sandstone, and findings suggest purely terrestrial depositional environments. Several outcrops of the upper Entrada hosted peculiar sedimentary features, including undulatory and convex-upward, parallel-laminated bedforms, reminiscent of hummocky cross-stratification- unexpected features in a terrestrial environment. The purpose of this study was to collect detailed outcrop measurements of these and other facies present in the upper Entrada Sandstone and to place them in context within a regional sedimentary system. Measured section data was analyzed and divided into sixteen primary facies based on textures, features, bedforms, grain size, and other characteristics. Surfaces were also noted and described. Each facies and surface was recognized to have developed under specific depositional or flow conditions, including eolian, paleosol, and fluvial subcritical, critical, supercritical, and waning flow. Primary facies were grouped into observed and interpreted facies associations. A depositional environment was then assigned to each facies association. These environments included sabkha, overbank splay/paleosol, distal terminal splay, and hyper-distal terminal splay. Ancient analogs were found in the Blomidon, Skagerrak, and Ormskirk Formations, which have been described as dryland fluvial systems that terminated onto saline mudflats (sabkhas). Modern analogs were found in the central Australian continent, in the form of fluvial terminal splays in ephemeral Lakes Eyre and Frome. The sedimentary system of the upper Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Swell is interpreted as an interfingering fluvial terminal splay and inland sabkha system. These are marked by a wide array of sedimentary structures representing stark extremes, from hyperarid to flash flooding conditions. During arid conditions, the only source of water was evaporative pumping of a high water table. During the rare occasions when surface water flowed through the system, flash flooding events produced the highest stage of supercritical flow described in geological literature. The succession of these facies reveals allogenic and autogenic processes active at the time of deposition, including episodes of tectonic uplift and fluvial avulsions.
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Payne, Danielle Sarah. "Shelf-to-slope sedimentation on the north Kaipara continental margin, northwestern North Island, New Zealand." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2413.
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Temperate mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sediments and authigenic minerals are the current surficial deposits at shelf and slope depths (30-1015 m water depth) on the north Kaipara continental margin (NKCM) in northern New Zealand. This is the first detailed study of these NKCM deposits which are described and mapped from the analysis of 54 surficial sediment samples collected along seven shorenormal transects and from three short piston cores. Five surficial sediment facies are defined from the textural and compositional characteristics of this sediment involving relict, modern or mixed relict-modern components. Facies 1 (siliciclastic sand) forms a modern sand prism that extends out to outer shelf depths and contains three subfacies. Subfacies 1a (quartzofeldspathic sand) is an extensive North Island volcanic and basement rock derived sand deposit that occurs at less than 100-200 m water depth across the entire NKCM. Subfacies 1b (heavy mineral sand) occurs at less than 50 m water depth along only two transects and consists of predominantly local basaltic to basaltic andesite derived heavy mineral rich (gt30%) deposits. Subfacies 1c (mica rich sand) occurs at one sample site at 300 m water depth and contains 20-30% mica grains, probably sourced from South Island schists and granites. Facies 2 (glauconitic sand) comprises medium to fine sand with over 30% and up to 95% authigenic glauconite grains occurring in areas of low sedimentation on the outer shelf and upper slope (150-400 m water depth) in central NKCM. Facies 3 (mixed bryozoan-siliciclastic sand) consists of greater than 40% bryozoan skeletal material and occurs only in the northern half of the NKCM. Facies 4 (pelletal mud) occurs on the mid shelf (100-150 m water depth) in northern NKCM and comprises muddy sediment dominated by greater than c. 30% mixed carbonatesiliciclastic pellets. Facies 5 (foraminiferal mud and sand) contains at least 30% foraminifera tests and comprises two subfacies. Subfacies 5a consists of at least 50% mud sized sediment and occurs at gt400 m water depth in southern NKCM while subfacies 5b comprises gt70% sand sized sediment and occurs at mid to outer shelf and slope depths in the northern NKCM. vi A number of environmental controls affect the composition and distribution of NKCM sediments and these include: (1) variable sediment inputs to the NKCM dominated by inshore bedload sources from the south; (2) northerly directed nearshore littoral and combined storm-current sediment transport on the beach and shelf, respectively; (3) offshore suspended sediment bypassing allowing deposition of authigenic minerals and skeletal grains; (4) exchange between the beach and shelf producing similar compositions and grain sizes at less than 150 m water depth; and (5) the episodic rise of sea level since the Last Glaciation maximum approximately 20 000 years ago which has resulted in much sediment being left stranded at greater depths than would otherwise be anticipated. Sedimentation models developed from other wave-dominated shelves generally do not appear to apply to the NKCM sediments due to their overall relative coarseness and their mosaic textural characteristics. In particular, the NKCM sediments do not show the expected fining offshore trends of most wavedominated shelf models. Consequently, sandy sediments (both siliciclastic and authigenic) are most typical with mud becoming a dominant component in southern NKCM sediments only at greater than 400 m water depth, over 350 m deeper than most models suggest, a situation accentuated by the very low mud sediment supply to the NKCM from the bordering Northland landmass.
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Harston, Walter Andrew. "Facies and Reservoir Characterization of the Permian White Rim Sandstone, Black Box Dolomite, and Black Dragon Member of the Triassic Moenkopi Formation for CO2 Storage and Sequestration at Woodside Field, East-Central Utah." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3567.
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Geologic sequestration of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) greenhouse gas emissions is an engineering solution that potentially reduces CO2 emissions released into the atmosphere thereby limiting their effect on climate change. This study focuses on Woodside field as a potential storage and sequestration site for CO2 emissions. The Woodside field is positioned on a doubly plunging, asymmetrical anticline on the northeast flank of the San Rafael Swell. Particular focus will be placed on the Permian White Rim Sandstone, Black Box Dolomite and Black Dragon Member of the Triassic Moenkopi Formation as the reservoir/seal system to store and sequester CO2 at Woodside field. The White Rim Sandstone, the primary target reservoir, is divided into three stratigraphic intervals based on facies analysis: a lower sand sheet facies (about 60 ft or 18 m), a thick middle eolian sandstone facies (about 390 ft or 119 m), and an upper marine reworked facies (about 70 ft or 21 m). Porosity and permeability analyses from the outcrop indicate good reservoir quality in the eolian sandstone and reworked facies. Porosity in the White Rim Sandstone ranges from 7.6 to 24.1% and permeability reaches up to 2.1 D. The maximum combined thickness of the three facies is 525 ft (160 m) at Woodside field providing a significant volume of porous and permeable rock in which to store CO2. The Black Box Dolomite is the secondary potential reservoir for CO2 storage at Woodside field and has a gross thickness up to 76 ft (23 m). The Black Box Dolomite is divided into four lithofacies: a basal nodular dolomudstone (8.2 -15 ft or 3.5-4.5 m), a dolowackestone (25-37 ft or 7.5-11 m), a dolomitic sandstone (0-8.2 ft or 0-2.5 m), and an upper sandy dolowackestone (0-16 ft or 0-4.9 m). Porosity and permeability analyses indicate reservoir potential in the dolowackestone, dolomitic sandstone, and sandy dolowackestone lithofacies. Porosity in the Black Box Dolomite ranges from 6.6 to 29.2% and permeability reaches up to 358 mD. The nodular dolomudstone lithofacies has relatively poor reservoir quality with porosity up to 9.4% and permeability up to 0.182 mD. This lithofacies could act as a baffle or barrier to fluid communication between the White Rim Sandstone and Black Box Dolomite. The Black Dragon Member of the Triassic Moenkopi Formation will serve as the seal rock for the relatively buoyant CO2 stored in the underlying formations. The Black Dragon Member is comprised of four lithofacies: a chert pebble conglomerate; an interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and shale; a trough cross-stratified sandstone, and an oolitic and algal limestone. The Black Dragon Member has a maximum thickness of 280 ft (85 m) at Woodside field. Mudstone beds contain from 0.16 to 0.47% porosity. QEMSCAN analysis indicates several minerals within shale beds that may react with a CO2-rich brine including calcite (18.73 to 23.43%), dolomite (7.56 to 7.89%), alkali feldspar (4.12 to 4.43 %), glauconite (0.04 to 0.05%), and plagioclase (0.03 to 0.04%). Silty mudstones comprise 75% of this member at Black Dragon Canyon. Volumetric estimates for Woodside field were calculated based on the 10th, 50th, and 90th percent probabilities (P10, P50, and P90). The White Rim Sandstone is the primary target reservoir and has capacity to hold 2.2, 8.8, or 23.7 million metric tonnes (P10, P50, and P90 respectively) of CO2 within the structural closure of Woodside field. The Black Box Dolomite may hold 0.5, 1.8, or 4.5 million metric tonnes, respectively of additional CO2 within the structural closure of Woodside field. These two formations combined have the capacity to store up to 28.3 million metric tonnes (P90) of CO2.
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Cook, Preston Scott. "Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of the Middle Jurassic Preuss Sandstonein Northern Utah and Eastern Idaho." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6206.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Middle Jurassic Preuss Sandstone and re-evaluate past sedimentological interpretations. The Preuss is located in northern Utah, western Wyoming and eastern Idaho and is stratigraphically equivalent to the Entrada Sandstone, which is Callovian in age (Dossett et al., 2014). This study is the first attempt at 1) a sequence stratigraphic framework, 2) a petroleum system analysis and 3) an extraterrestrial analog study for the Preuss. This study frames the Preuss within three broad facies groups: marine, coastal and terrestrial. The marine group includes the open marine and restricted marine facies with associated subfacies, the coastal group includes coastal sabkha and associated subfacies, and the terrestrial group includes alluvial, inland sabkha and eolian facies with associated subfacies. Three sections in northern Utah and one section in eastern Idaho compromise the focus of this study. The three Utah sections were measured and described, and samples were collected from two Utah sections and the Idaho section. The Preuss Sandstone was deposited in an asymmetrical retroarc basin, consequently the Preuss thickens from the east towards west-central Utah and the Jurassic Elko highlands. The deposits are mostly terrestrial, which is in accord with recent sedimentological interpretations, but at odds with the old paradigm, which postulates that the Entrada and Preuss were largely tidal in origin. There are marine transgressions within the trough of the retroarc basin, and the transgressions affect terrestrial sedimentary patterns. During marine incurstions, alluvium shed off the highlands is confined west of the seaway, and does not prograde east of the trough until all the available accommodation is filled. The Preuss was deposited during a complete third-order sequence-stratigraphic cycle that lies within the Lower Zuni II second-order lowstand. The Preuss Sandstone can be used as an outcrop analog for ancient and modern environments both here on Earth and on other planetary bodies. The petroliferous Norphlet Formation along the U.S. Gulf Coast was deposited in an environment very similar to the Preuss, but the Waltherian succession of facies might be slightly different. Likewise, the facies present in the Preuss are analogous to modern arid environments, such as the Persian Gulf. Furthermore, the alluvial, sabkha, eolian and shallow marine facies of the Preuss are highly similar to facies observed in ancient Martian environments and modern environments on Saturn's moon, Titan.
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Cassle, Christopher F. "Petrographic Analyses of Late Pennsylvanian Limestones within the Northern Appalachian Basin, USA." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1121435271.
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Marroquín, Herrera Iván Dimitri. "Reservoir characterization through the application of seismic attributes : multiattribute and unsupervised seismic facies analyses." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=95679.
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Seismic attributes are a descriptive and quantifiable characteristic of seismic data, and so they represent subsets of the total information contained in the original seismic data. Consequently, seismic attrjbutes can be important qualitative and quantitative predictors of physical reservoir properties. Seismic attribute analysis began with the search for bright spots in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Subsequent work in the last decades has established seismic attribute analysis as a valuable tool in reservoir characterization studies. I present in this thesis two seismic attribute analyses for the interpretation of the characteristics of the seismic trace to predict significant geological features (e.g., lithology, rock properties and/or fluid content). The first study is an example of the applicability of seismic attributes to predict geologic controls on production data in a coal bed methane reservoir. Based on the calibration of log data with seismic data procedure, I defined a window of analysis, from which I computed amplitude, frequency and phase related attributes. Then, I used a quantitative multiattribute analysis to derive a seismic attribute-based model that predicts coal thickness. Thereafter, I used with a curvature attribute analysis with the objective to map subtle structural features and predict areas with enhanced permeability. The integration of production data with results achieved from both attribute analyses indicates that best production is associated with thicker coal and the immediate vicinity to seismically defined structures. [...]Les attributs sismiques ont comme caractéristique de pouvoir décrire et quantifier les données sismiques, de telle manière qu’ils représentent un sous-ensemble de l’information totale contenue dans les données originales. En conséquence, les attributs sismiques peuvent être d’importants paramètres qualitatifs et quantitatifs des propriétés physiques d’un réservoir. L’analyse d’attributs sismiques a commencé avec la prospection de tâches lumineuses (<< bright spots >>) vers la fin des années 1960 et début des années 1970. Des travaux subséquents pendant les dernières décennies ont permis d’établir l’analyse d’attributs sismiques comme un outil valable lors d’études de caractérisation d’un réservoir. Je présente dans cette thèse deux études d’attributs sismiques pour l’interprétation de la forme de la trace sismique afin de prédire des caractéristiques géologiques significatives tels que: la lithologie, les propriétés des roches et/ou le contenu liquide. La première étude est un exemple de l’application d’attributs sismiques pour prédire des contrôles géologiques sur la production d’un réservoir coalbed methane. D’après les résultats de la calibration des diagraphies au câble avec des données sismiques, j’ai défini une fenêtre d’investigation à partir de laquelle des attributs sismiques de type amplitude, fréquence et phase ont été calculés. J’ai utilisé une analyse muIti-attribut pour dériver un model statistique dans le but d’estimer l’épaisseur du réservoir. Par la suite, j’ai utilisé des attributs mesurant la courbature d’une surface pour mettre en relief de subtiles structures géologiques et prédire les régions dans le réservoir avec une perméabilité augmentée. L’intégration des données de production avec les résultats obtenus lors d’analyses d’attributs sismiques indique que la meilleure production est en association avec l’épaississement du réservoir et le voisinage immédiat de structures géologiques. [...]
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Xu, Jingqi. "Facies and sequence stratigraphic analyses of the Upper Ordovician shales in northeast Indiana and northwest Ohio." Thesis, Indiana University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10142334.
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The Upper Ordovician Maquoketa Group equivalent strata in Indiana and Ohio were part of a westward-thinning shale-dominant succession. Large amounts of fine-grained siliciclastics were shed from the eastern highlands during the Taconic Orogeny.
The detailed lithofacies analysis of the Upper Ordovician shales has yielded recognition of a series of genetically related sequences in a seemingly homogenous succession. The lower succession is pyritic laminated/banded organic-rich mudstone that accumulated after the onset of a major flooding event. Cryptobioturbation, bottom current ripples, graded silt/clay couplets and well preserved benthic fossils indicate an oxygen-depleted dysoxic condition. In addition, layers enriched in phosphatic fossils, phosphate and pyritic grains appear to mark flooding surfaces and sediment starvation. The maximum organic-matter enrichment mainly occurred within black homogenized mudstone in the middle succession. Upsection, more extensive bioturbation and carbonate production are observed. The intermittent yet frequent wave and current activity, suggested by cross-lamination, wavy-lenticular stratification and hummocky cross stratification, indicate a shallower and proximal settings with enhanced sediment influx.
The deposition of the Upper Ordovician shales in the Maquoketa Group reflects a complex interplay between storms, sediment supply, and eustatic sea-level changes. Nonetheless, with distinct characteristics of lithofacies, wireline logs, and organic carbon isotope data, a high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework of the Upper Ordovician shales can be compiled for the study area. The whole studied interval comprises an entire 3rd order sequence, wherein the lower part appears to be a transgressive systems tract and the remaining overlying strata represent a highstand systems tract. This project is an example how integration of sedimentological observations, geophysical data, petrographical and geochemical data enable a better understanding of the accumulation of this mudstone succession in a regional sequence stratigraphic context.
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Koch, Jesse. "Sequence stratigraphy and facies analyses of the Dakota Formation, Jefferson County, Nebraska and Washington County, Kansas." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2007. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/175.
Full textAbstract:
The estuarine to fluvial sediments of the mid-Cretaceous (Late Albian/Early Cenomanian) Dakota Formation of Jefferson Co., Nebraska (NE) and Washington Co., Kansas (KS) were deposited in a marginal marine setting along the eastern margin of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway.
Three depositional facies based on various lithic content are recognized in the study area: Facies 1: Fluvial Channel Facies, Facies 2: Paleosol/Interfluve Facies, and Facies 3: Bay Head Delta/Estuarine Facies. The facies interpretation helped confirm that the Dakota Formation was deposited in a marginal marine setting in which low-gradient fluvial systems supplied a wave-dominated, estuary system.
Petrographic analysis of the Fluvial Channel Facies concluded that the sandstones can be classified as quartz-rich lithic arkose. These findings differ slightly from previous studies on Cenomanian Dakota Formation strata in Thurston Co., NE.
Palynostratigraphic, subsurface, and sedimentologic evidence helped to delineate a more accurate sequence stratigraphic framework for the Dakota Formation in the study area. Three large-scale, unconformity-bounded, sequences (D0, D1, and D2) are recognized, within which deposits of the transgressive and falling stage systems tracts are preserved in the Dakota Formation in the study area. While no physical deposits exist for the falling stage and lowstand systems tracts, evidence for their past occurrence can be observed by the erosional nature of the sequence boundaries. Detailed analysis of the systems tracts framework allows delineation of a generalized sea-level curve for the Dakota Formation in the study area.
Analysis of the sequence stratigraphic framework revealed a Late Albian/Early Cenomanian sea-level fall that subsequently created valley incisions of over 25 m into the Late Albian D1 sequence. A careful literature review combined with sequence stratigraphic evidence suggests that a geologically fast-acting eustatic sea-level mechanism lowered worldwide sea-levels by more than 25 m from Late Albian into Early Cenomanian time. A reevaluation of the mid-Cretaceous "greenhouse" world suggests that a glacioeustatic component to the observed sea-level changes may have occurred. A Southern Hemispheric polar ice sheet with limited extent and volume compared to "icehouse" continental ice sheets, along with global alpine glaciers fed by wet climate cycles are hypothesized to account for sea-level fluctuations that resulted in valley incision and subsequent filling in the study area.
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Poyatos-Moré, Miquel. "Physical stratigraphy and facies analysis of the castissent tecto-sedimentary unit." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145397.
Full textAbstract:
L’anàlisi de la sedimentologia, geometria i trajectòria de diverses clinoformes deltaiques successives en estudis d'aflorament o en bases de dades de sísmica de reflexió han estat àmpliament utilitzats com una eina per a (1) inferir canvis en el nivell del mar i per a (2) interpretar els factors de control a curt i llarg termini sobre la evolució dels marges de conca, així com en la durada i tipus de transport de sediment groller des dels continents fins als oceans. Els models deposicionals, majoritàriament enfocats en la influència de l’eustatisme (acomodació) i l‘aport de sediment, principalment a partir de dades sísmiques de gran escala, mostren un menor interès/focus en l’anàlisi de fàcies i els procesos deposicionals que s’en infereixen, els quals operen en diferents posicions al llarg dels clinotemes individuals, i en l’estudi de com aquests procesos canvien amb la trajectòria i el temps.
Les seqüències deposicionals de Castissent, de l’Eocè inferior (alogrup de Castissent, Pirineus sud-centrals, Espanya) consisteixen principalment, a la conca d’Ainsa, en dipòsits de barra de desembocadura i lòbuls sorrencs de front deltaic en transició a turbidites de talús, formats en un sistema de river-delta dominat per avingudes. La deposició d’aquests cossos sedimentaris va estar fortament controlada per la interacció entre fluxos hiperpícnics d’origen continental, la influència dels processos litorals sobre aquests fluxos, i l’activitat tectònica, tant local com regional, la cinemàtica sinsedimentària de la qual encara no ha estat explicada en suficient detall. La cartografia i correlació de cicles sedimentaris d’alta freqüència evidencia que aquests poden ser considerats clinotemes deltaics limitats per les seves relatives superfícies límit o clinoformes (discordances sigmoïdals), la formació de les quals estaria estrictament controlada per l’activitat tectònica.
Per altra banda, els perfils sísmics d’alta resolució vinculats a dades de pou i sondejos proporcionen els mitjans necessaris per a lligar l’arquitectura deposicional (trajectòria de clinoformes) amb els processos i patrons de dispersió de sediment. L’Expedició 313 de l’IODP (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program) va perforar un grup de clinotemes del Miocè a l’offshore de Nova Jersey per tal de capturar un registre complet de varacions del nivell del mar a través de la integració d’estratigrafia sísmica, dades de pou i sondejos, i cronostratigrafia. En la base de dades de l’Expedició 313, aquesta valoració es pot efectuar a través de diferents clinotemes successius, amb els respectius anàlisis de facies i interpretacions de processos i ambients deposicionals al llarg d’un mateix clinotema (Poyatos-Moré and Hodgson, 2012; Hodgson et al., in prep.).
No obstant, estudis d’aflorament com el de les seqüències de Castissent o de subsòl com el de Nova Jersey tracten sovint l’acomodació i l’aport sedimentari com un problema bidimensional, mitjancant l’anàlisi d’un perfil de marge de conca paral·lel a la direcció principal de l’aport. Els resultats d’aquests estudis han estat comparats amb la part inferior de la Formació Waterford (Conca de Karoo, Sud-àfrica), un cas d’estudi d’aflorament tridimensional d’un sistema de talús-plataforma exhumat, que permet la identificació de la posició del rollover de la clinoforma i de les associacions de fàcies al llarg de tres perfils deposicionals paral·lels a l’aport (Jones, 2013; Jones et al., 2013a and b). Aquests perfils de marge de conca de la Fm Waterford mostren tots ells trajectòries similars, tot i que amb una significativa variabilitat lateral pel que fa a la presencia de sorra al talús.
D’aquesta manera, aquest estudi demostra que la variabilitat lateral en la fisiografia dels marges de conca afecta significativament a la dispersió de sediment entre ambients de plataforma, talús i fons de conca, i ha de ser per tant considerada, juntament amb el règim de processos, com a factor de control clau quan s’intenten elaborar prediccions de bypass de sediment en successions de marge de plataforma.The analysis of sedimentology, geometry and trajectory of successive deltaic clinoforms in outcrop-based studies or in high-resolution reflection seismic datasets has been widely employed as a tool to (1) infer relative sea-level changes and (2) to interpret short and long-term factors controlling basin margin evolution and timing of coarse-grained sediment delivery from continents to oceans. Sea-level (accommodation) and sediment supply-driven models have been developed mainly on large-scale seismic data, with less focus on sedimentary facies analysis and inferred depositional processes in operation at different positions along individual clinothems, and how these process change with trajectory and time. The Lower Eocene Castissent depositional sequences (Castissent Group, South-Central Pyrenees, Spain) mainly consist, in the Ainsa basin, in mouth-bar deposits and delta front sandstone lobes in transition to slope turbidites, deposited in a flood-dominated river-delta system. Deposition of these bodies was strongly controlled by the interaction between continental-derived hyperpycnal flows, the influence of shoreline processes over these flows and the local and regional tectonic activity, whose syn-sedimentary thrust-and-fold kinematics has not been explained in enough detail yet. Field mapping and correlation of high-frequency cycles show that they can be considered deltaic clinothems bounded by clinoform surfaces (their sigmoid bounding unconformities) whose formation is strictly controlled by tectonics. Moreover, high resolution seismic profiles tied to cored and dated boreholes data provide a means to link the depositional architecture (clinoform trajectory) to sediment dispersal processes and patterns. IODP Expedition 313 cored a set of Miocene clinothems offshore New Jersey to capture a complete record of sea-level change through integration of seismic stratigraphy, core and well logs, and chonostratigraphy. In the Expedition 313 dataset, this analysis can be performed over successive clinothems, with the assessment of sedimentary facies and process-based interpretations of environments of deposition down a single clinothem (Poyatos-Moré and Hodgson, 2012; Hodgson et al., in prep.). However, some outcrop-based studies like the Castissent sequences or subsurface-based studies like the New Jersey margin commonly treat accommodation and sediment supply as a 2D problem, by analyzing a margin profile parallel to the main sediment route. The results of these works have been compared with the lower Waterford Formation (Karoo basin, South-Africa), which provides a 3D outcrop-based case study of an exhumed shelf-to-slope system that allows the identification of clinoform rollover positions and depositional facies associations along three depositional dip profiles (Jones, 2013; Jones et al., 2013a and b). These parallel basin margin profiles of the lower Waterford Formation show all broadly similar trajectories, although with a significant along-margin variability. Thus, strike variability in basin margin physiography strongly affects sediment dispersal between shelf, slope and basin floor settings and it must be therefore considered together with process regime as a key controlling factor when attempting stratigraphic predictions of sediment bypass in shelf-margin successions.
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Hamilton, Michael Darren. "Detailed facies analysis of the Brazos wave-dominated delta, Freeport, Texas." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/13957.
Full textAbstract:
In order to better define the facies architecture and controlling processes of a wave-dominated delta, a detailed sedimentary and geomorphologic study was undertaken on the New Brazos River delta. The study indicates a much more complex facies architecture than previously postulated and expands the facies model for wave-dominated deltas.
The New Brazos delta is primarily composed of fine-grained sediments. Prodelta clay composes more than half of the sediment volume in the delta. Sands are isolated to the bar and nearshore environments. The facies architecture is distinct from adjacent interfluvial zones and not representative of the strandplain model for wave-dominated deltas.
The unique facies architecture is a function of the primary depositional process for the delta--floods. In early 1992, statewide flooding facilitated a major constructional phase of the delta. Significant quantities of fine-grained sediments were deposited in the prodelta. One year after the onset of flooding, a bar emerged offshore of the river mouth, and enabled progradation of the delta.
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Koch, Jesse. "Sequence stratigraphy and facies analysis of the Dakota Formation, Jefferson County, Nebraska and Washington County, Kansas." 2007. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/163.
Full text
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Smyth, Wendy Clifton. "Seismic facies analysis and depositional history of an incised valley system, Galveston Bay area, Texas." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/13511.
Full textAbstract:
The history of the incised river valley underlying Galveston Bay was determined by examining the distribution of depositional units and the relationships between them. Initial incision of the valley occurred after the previous interglacial stage 5, substage 5e sea level highstand (120 ka, +6m relative to today). Fluvial terraces, present within the incised valley, were left behind by this incision and by subsequent 20 ky sea level cycles. These terrace deposits are bound by sequence boundary unconformities associated with falling sea level, which ultimately fell to 120m below its present level, approximately 18-20 ka.
The sediments within the incised valley are associated with the Holocene rise in sea level. They consist of aggradational fluvial deposits overlain by marsh and estuarine sediments. Initial flooding of the estuary occurred 8-10 ka. Maximum flooding occurred at 4 ka. These events appear to represent rapid flooding.
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Monahan, Patrick A. "The application of cone penetration test data to facies analysis of the Fraser River Delta, British Columbia." Thesis, 1999. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/8773.
Full textAbstract:
Cone penetration tests (CPTs) have been developed for engineering investigations of sands and finer sediments. CPTs produce high resolution, repeatable and continuous records to depths of several tens of metres, and resemble wireline logs used in the petroleum industry. It is the objective of this dissertation to demonstrate that they can be used for facies analysis in a similar manner, by using these data to develop a facies model for the modern Fraser River delta, British Columbia, Canada. CPT data provide reliable estimates of sediment type and gram size, so that bed thicknesses, sharp and gradational contacts, coarsening and fining upward sequences, bed continuity and dips can be readily identified.
The facies model of the Fraser delta is based on a database of over 800 CPTs and 20 continuously cored boreholes. These data demonstrate that the topset is dominated by a nearly continuous sharp-based sand unit that is 8 to 30 m thick, fines upward and is interpreted to represent a complex of distributary channel deposits. The widespread distribution of this sand unit is the result of distributary channel migration in a tidal flat setting and avulsion or channel switching in the upper delta plain. The sand unit is gradationally overlain by a thinner sequence of interbedded sands and silts deposited in tidal flat, abandoned channel and floodplain environments. Deposits of the upper foreset (<60 m) dip up to 7° seaward and are dominated by silts, interbedded and interlaminated with sands. Several intergradational facies, ranging from dominantly silt to dominantly sand, occur and represent increasing proximity to active distributary mouths. These sediments are organized into metre-scale sandy and silty coarsening-upward sequences that are interpreted to represent annual deposits, and sharp-based sand units that represent sedimentary gravity flow deposits. Deeper foreset deposits are dominated by bioturbated silts. The distribution of facies on both the topset and the foreset has been controlled by the interaction of tidal and fluvial processes.
CPT data played a key role in developing this facies model of the Fraser River delta. Most facies have distinct CPT signatures. For example, the topset sand unit and overlying deposits have a CPT signature comparable to the “bell-shaped” gamma ray log signature typical of channel deposits. In the foreset, the seaward dips, the coarsening upward sequences and the sharp-based sands are readily observable on CPT data. Although cores were essential to confirm the facies significance of these signatures, the large volume of CPT data permitted recognition of facies distributions and relationships “at a glance” throughout the delta, rather than at the relatively few site where continuous cores were available. Furthermore, CPTs can be acquired for a fraction of the cost of continuous cores, so that CPT data are potentially an invaluable tool for stratigraphic investigations of other modern sedimentary environments dominated by sands and finer sediments.Graduate
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Telenko, B. "High pressure metamorphism during intracratonic orogenesis: physical conditions and rates from the Amata region, Musgrave Province." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/106276.
Full textAbstract:
This item is only available electronically.The intracratonic orogenesis of the Petermann Orogeny caused the formation of high-pressure, low-geothermal gradient, eclogite facies rocks. These geologically rare rocks are found in the exposed orogenic core, observable near the Traditional community of Amata, in the Musgrave Province. Their formation remains a mystery and as a result two contrasting models have been proposed to explain their formation; namely whether orogenesis occurred in “hot” crust and was long lived, or occurred in “cold” crust and was short-lived. In situ LA-ICP-MS analysis of monazite show that metamorphism occurred at c. 598 Ma. Using conventional thermobarometric techniques, peak conditions are estimated to have reached ~640 °C and ~11.5 kbar. Integrating this data with petrological observations and calculated P-T pseudosections, a clock-wise P-T path was defined, which is typical of an orogenic setting. Diffusion modelling using garnet compositional profiles from grains of both relict composition and those interpreted to be reset, estimated the minimum duration for prograde metamorphism to be ~27 Myr. The same garnet grains show little to no evidence of cooling/exhumation, which has been attributed to the low metamorphic peak temperature. Results of this study make a direct contribution to two contrasting models for orogenesis. Combining new evidence from this study with tectonothermal evidence from the western Musgrave Province and sedimentological data from the Officer Basin to the south, it is concluded that shear heating (or short-lived deformation) is not a plausible model for Petermann-aged deformation. Despite the lack of spatially continuous data across the Musgrave Province, long-lived orogenesis is the more supported model in light of new evidence emerging from this study.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2010
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Virgo, G. M. "Was Earth really a snowball? Detailed facies analysis and 3D modelling of the Elatina Formation, Pichi Richi Pass, Flinders Ranges, South Australia." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/128284.
Full textAbstract:
To access copy of the thesis please contact Structural Geology Course Co-ordinator in Earth SciencesThe Elatina Formation is exposed in outcrops throughout South Australia, most notably represented by distinct glaciogenic deposits in central and northern Flinders Ranges. As the formation reflects low latitude glaciation, it has previously been used as a benchmark study in the development of the Snowball Earth hypothesis. Pichi Richi Pass in the central Flinders Ranges is an excellent example of the Elatina Formation, however significant uncertainties exist regarding the local sequence stratigraphy and interpretation of the depositional environments. A detailed facies analysis and 3D model of the Elatina Formation at Pichi Richi Pass was established to demonstrate the variability and distribution of the depositional system. The Elatina Formation consists of four lithostratigraphic units, with eight facies identified within two of the units. The facies were established from lithological properties, and then associated based on descriptions and interpretation of their depositional processes. The results reflect thick non-glaciogenic layers interbedded with thin glaciogenic layers. The non-glaciogenic layers were deposited in coastal, deltaic and fluvial settings, while the glaciogenic units were deposited in a glaciofluvial environment. As most of the Elatina Formation in Pichi Richi Pass appears to be deposited under moving water, it suggests that the palaeoenvironment of the Elatina Formation is not consistent with prolonged glacial conditions like that of Snowball Earth. Rather, it denotes variable glacial periods characterised by glacial advance and retreat.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2017
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Ayliffe, D. "Geological setting of the Late Proterozoic Wonoka Formation at Pichi Richi Pass, southern Flinders Ranges, South Australia: geochemical, stable isotope and diagenetic analysis." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/131142.
Full textAbstract:
This item is only available electronically.Carbon, oxygen and strontium isotope stratigraphy has increased the resolution of Proterozoic stratigraphic correlation. Isotopic analysis was performed on the late Proterozoic Wonoka Formation canyon and carbonate platform sequences. Highly depleted and homogenised carbon and oxygen isotopes characterise the canyon fill (13C = -8 to -7%o, (18O = - 17 to -15%o PDB ) whilst a major positive excursion was observed in the Wonoka Formation carbonate platform sequence ((13C = -8 to -0.5%o, (18O = -15.0 to -7.0%o PDB). These values correlate closely with other established isotopic trends throughout the Adelaide Geosyncline. However, similar aged late Vendian strata throughout the world show low positive values. Strontium isotopic analysis revealed relatively 87Sr enrichment in the carbonate platform deposits compared to the canyon sequence. This was attributed to the input of 87Sr enriched terrestrially derived strontium. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the Wonoka Formation correlates closely with established late Proterozoic seawater trends. Therefore, a primary strontium isotopic composition is implied for the Wonoka Formation. Major and trace element geochemical analysis (Ca, Mg, Sr, Fe, Mn, and Rb) was performed to assess the diagenetic alteration of the late Proterozoic strata. Samples with low Mn/Sr, high Ca/Sr, high strontium, and low rubidium have the highest probability of preserving a primary geochemical signal. Most samples from the Pichi Richi region analysed plotted under the altered Mn/Sr (<2) and Ca/Sr (<2000) values. The high remnant strontium-concentrations of the Wonoka Formation suggest neomorphism from an aragonitic precursor. Micritic carbonate of the Wonoka Formation was probably a primary marine precipitate of aragonite derived from late Proterozoic supersaturated seas. Therefore, the majority of sediment diagenesis probably occurred in the marine phreatic zone, resulting in the observed primary isotopic composition.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 1992
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Springbett, Gavin. "Coal facies and palaeoenvironments of the middle eocene to early oligocene Bowmans and Lochiel deposits, Northern St. Vincent Basin, South Australia." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/57411.
Full textAbstract:
Title page, table of contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library.The middle eocene to early oligocene Bowmans and Lochiel coal deposits of the northern St. Vincent Basin, South Australia have been studied to elucidate their depositional environments. These coals occur within predominantly fluvio-lacustrine transgressive system tract sequences that formed during the initial phase of basin infill. The aforementioned facies are unevenly distributed and their stratigraphic succession highlights evolutionary changes in local palaeoenvironments. Within individual seams the transition from subaquatic to topogenous forest swamps and ultimately ombrogenous conditions is most common. However, over the coal sequence as a whole, conditions evolved from exclusively terrestrial through mixed terrestrial and subaquatic to open water. Also detected were multiple rapid reversals of the water table, especially higher in the sequence, and cyclic patterns reflecting a brief basal subaquatic phase prior to the onset of sustained terrestrial conditions. These patterns suggest a fluctuating, although progressively rising, water table and a balance between accommodation and accumulation.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2007
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Springbett, Gavin. "Coal facies and palaeoenvironments of the middle eocene to early oligocene Bowmans and Lochiel deposits, Northern St. Vincent Basin, South Australia." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/57411.
Full textAbstract:
The middle eocene to early oligocene Bowmans and Lochiel coal deposits of the northern St. Vincent Basin, South Australia have been studied to elucidate their depositional environments. These coals occur within predominantly fluvio-lacustrine transgressive system tract sequences that formed during the initial phase of basin infill. The aforementioned facies are unevenly distributed and their stratigraphic succession highlights evolutionary changes in local palaeoenvironments. Within individual seams the transition from subaquatic to topogenous forest swamps and ultimately ombrogenous conditions is most common. However, over the coal sequence as a whole, conditions evolved from exclusively terrestrial through mixed terrestrial and subaquatic to open water. Also detected were multiple rapid reversals of the water table, especially higher in the sequence, and cyclic patterns reflecting a brief basal subaquatic phase prior to the onset of sustained terrestrial conditions. These patterns suggest a fluctuating, although progressively rising, water table and a balance between accommodation and accumulation.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2007
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Kujawa, Thomas. "Rock mass rating and slope stability analysis of quarry faces within the dywka [i.e. dwyka] tillite of KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3769.
Full textAbstract:
Dwyka tillite quarries in the Province of KwaZulu-Natal have shown remarkable stable slopes faces even though some of them were quarried over 30 years ago. This can be
attributed to their resistance to weathering, the high degree of joint surface roughness, the general lack of any joint infill and the limonitic staining found on most weathered joint surfaces. The latter appears to increase joint roughness. The high percentages of joints terminating within the rock mass or against other discontinuities as well as their low persistence results in a high degree of joint interlocking. These are shown to be very important factors contributing to the overall slope stability. Detailed discontinuity surveys were carried out at five different quarries located throughout the KwaZulu-Natal region. Only three of these quarries are presently being quarried. This allowed the study and comparison of joint and slope stability characteristics for both the older, more weathered rock faces and those of the recently quarried, and thus fairly unweathered rock faces. Joint orientation data from the various sites show that two to three sets of high angle joints and one low angle joint set are common. The potential of wedge and planar failure is therefore very high. The steeply dipping discontinuities also promote the potential for flexural toppling failure and this was noted in several of the quarry faces. Recognised geotechnical techniques and computer models were used to establish potential modes of failure and to estimate factors of safety. Wedge failure, at partially saturated and saturated conditions, was identified as being the main source of potential slope instability on the quarry rock faces. The quality of the rock mass of each slope was also classified according to various rock mass classification systems. The rock mass quality generally was rated as being 'fair' to
'good', meaning that slopes are partially stable to stable. The results of each rating system were also compared.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.