Journal articles: 'Facial reconstructions'

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Pauw, Bernard K. H. "Intratemporal Facial Nerve Reconstructions." Otology & Neurotology 23, Sup 1 (2002): S83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00129492-200200001-00216.

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Kustár, Ágnes. "Facial Reconstructions On the Vörs-Papkert B Cemetery Series." Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie 82, no. 1 (November 11, 1998): 13–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zma/82/1998/13.

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Grosfeld, Eline C., Jeroen M. Smit, Gertruud A. Krekels, Julien H. A. van Rappard, and Maarten M. Hoogbergen. "Facial Reconstruction following Mohs Micrographic Surgery: A Report of 622 Cases." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 18, no. 4 (July 2014): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7750.2013.13188.

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Background: Around 100 to 200 patients undergo surgical reconstruction every year at our department of plastic and reconstructive surgery after Mohs micrographic surgery for nonmelanoma skin cancer. Objective: The aim of this report is to provide an overview of the type of facial reconstructions performed and investigate whether we achieved increased, definitive closure rates of the defect on the day of the excision after further improving the collaboration between the involved departments. Methods: All patients who underwent facial reconstruction at the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery following Mohs micrographic surgery between January 2006 and January 2011 were retrospectively systematically reviewed. Results: A total of 564 patients with 622 defects were identified. The different reconstructions used per aesthetic unit are described. The number of cases in which a reconstruction was performed on the same day as the resection significantly increased from 31 to 81% ( p < .001). Conclusion: Facial reconstruction following Mohs micrographic surgery is challenging. The type of reconstruction used depends on the type of defect and patient characteristics. A structured multidisciplinary approach improves the process from defect to reconstruction and can facilitate referrals.

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Sarti, A., C. Lamberti, R. Gori, G. Erbacci, L. Bassani, A. Bianchi, and C. Marchetti. "Virtual Planning of Facial Reconstructions." Imaging Decisions MRI 11, no. 1 (March 2007): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1617-0830.2007.00089.x.

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Winberg, Sebastian, Gaspard Zoss, Prashanth Chandran, Paulo Gotardo, and Derek Bradley. "Facial hair tracking for high fidelity performance capture." ACM Transactions on Graphics 41, no. 4 (July 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3528223.3530116.

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Facial hair is a largely overlooked topic in facial performance capture. Most production pipelines in the entertainment industry do not have a way to automatically capture facial hair or track the skin underneath it. Thus, actors are asked to shave clean before face capture, which is very often undesirable. Capturing the geometry of individual facial hairs is very challenging, and their presence makes it harder to capture the deforming shape of the underlying skin surface. Some attempts have already been made at automating this task, but only for static faces with relatively sparse 3D hair reconstructions. In particular, current methods lack the temporal correspondence needed when capturing a sequence of video frames depicting facial performance. The problem of robustly tracking the skin underneath also remains unaddressed. In this paper, we propose the first multiview reconstruction pipeline that tracks both the dense 3D facial hair, as well as the underlying 3D skin for entire performances. Our method operates with standard setups for face photogrammetry, without requiring dense camera arrays. For a given capture subject, our algorithm first reconstructs a dense, high-quality neutral 3D facial hairstyle by registering sparser hair reconstructions over multiple frames that depict a neutral face under quasi-rigid motion. This custom-built, reference facial hairstyle is then tracked throughout a variety of changing facial expressions in a captured performance, and the result is used to constrain the tracking of the 3D skin surface underneath. We demonstrate the proposed capture pipeline on a variety of different facial hairstyles and lengths, ranging from sparse and short to dense full-beards.

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Gacto-Sánchez, Purificación, Fernando Lobo-Bailón, Cristina Suárez, and Tomás Gómez- Cía. "Structured light scanning to evaluate three-dimensional anthropometry in HIV facial lipoatrophy." Surgical Techniques Development 1, no. 2 (October 25, 2011): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/std.2011.e30.

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The psychological and social impact of the lipodystrophy syndrome on HIV-infected individuals may be quite considerable and adversely affect their quality of life. Currently no validated assessment tool for facial lipoatrophy is available. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the reliability of interactive anthropometric landmark localization based on digitized 3D facial images. By comparing both computed tomography (CT) and structured light scanning we try to demonstrate that surface scanning shows a higher sensitivity in measuring facial reference points. Besides, we evaluate the reproducibility of facial 3D white-light scans. Three HIVpositive men attending our plastic surgery outpatient clinic for treatment of facial lipodystrophy were enrolled in the study. Localization of anthropometric landmarks measurements was performed on the patients. All patients underwent a facial CT and a facial white-light scanning on the same day. The inter-landmark distances measured on facial models developed from CT aided with VirSSPA 3D software and structured light scanning were compared to the real human models. We found that facial distances measured in the CT 3D reconstruction showed a mean error margin of 0.357 cm from the real distances measured on patients. On the contrary, mean error margin with the white-light scanning was of 0.096 cm. In both cases, measurements were found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). When compared to CT reconstructions, white-light surface scanning offers a more accurate landmark localization as well as reliable reconstructions of up to less than the tenth of a millimetre as average when compared to real measurements on facial human models.

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Günther, Manuel, Stefan Böhringer, Dagmar Wieczorek, and Rolf P. Würtz. "Reconstruction of images from Gabor graphs with applications in facial image processing." International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 13, no. 04 (July 2015): 1550019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219691315500198.

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Graphs labeled with complex-valued Gabor jets are one of the important data formats for face recognition and the classification of facial images into medically relevant classes like genetic syndromes. We here present an interpolation rule and an iterative algorithm for the reconstruction of images from these graphs. This is especially important if graphs have been manipulated for information processing. One such manipulation is averaging the graphs of a single syndrome, another one building a composite face from the features of various individuals. In reconstructions of averaged graphs of genetic syndromes, the patients' identities are suppressed, while the properties of the syndromes are emphasized. These reconstructions from average graphs have a much better quality than averaged images.

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Lium, Ola, Yong Bin Kwon, Antonios Danelakis, and Theoharis Theoharis. "Robust 3D Face Reconstruction Using One/Two Facial Images." Journal of Imaging 7, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7090169.

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Being able to robustly reconstruct 3D faces from 2D images is a topic of pivotal importance for a variety of computer vision branches, such as face analysis and face recognition, whose applications are steadily growing. Unlike 2D facial images, 3D facial data are less affected by lighting conditions and pose. Recent advances in the computer vision field have enabled the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for the production of 3D facial reconstructions from 2D facial images. This paper proposes a novel CNN-based method which targets 3D facial reconstruction from two facial images, one in front and one from the side, as are often available to law enforcement agencies (LEAs). The proposed CNN was trained on both synthetic and real facial data. We show that the proposed network was able to predict 3D faces in the MICC Florence dataset with greater accuracy than the current state-of-the-art. Moreover, a scheme for using the proposed network in cases where only one facial image is available is also presented. This is achieved by introducing an additional network whose task is to generate a rotated version of the original image, which in conjunction with the original facial image, make up the image pair used for reconstruction via the previous method.

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Vanezis, Maria, and Peter Vanezis. "Cranio-Facial Reconstruction in Forensic Identification — Historical Development and a Review of Current Practice." Medicine, Science and the Law 40, no. 3 (July 2000): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580240004000303.

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Cranio-facial reconstruction has its origins in the 19th century, initially to recreate and ‘bring back to life’ the faces of the rich and the famous. Since then, over the last 100 years, there have been various methods used to produce reconstructions for forensic identification as well as for historical or archaeological purposes. These range from the traditional sculpting methods to those based on up-to-date computer technology. When no other method of identification is available in skeletalized, badly mutilated or decomposing remains, forensic craniofacial reconstruction may be employed to produce a face which it is hoped will trigger recognition and thus lead to a positive identification. This paper discusses the role that cranio-facial reconstruction may play in identification and its limitations.

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Luna, Sara Alcántara, Manuel Perea Cejudo, Francisco Manuel Ildefonso Mendonça, and Francisco M. Camacho Martínez. "O to Z flaps in facial reconstructions." Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 90, no. 2 (April 2015): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153258.

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VESELOVSKAYA, Elizaveta. "WHAT DID OUR ANCESTORS LOOK LIKE? OR, THE CAPABILITIES OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION." LIFE OF THE EARTH 43, no. 3 (August 25, 2021): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2439.0514-7468.2020_43_3/347-360.

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Anthropological Reconstruction Laboratory of the Center for Physical Anthropology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology RAS. The article relates the current state of the M.M. Gerasimov Laboratory of Anthropological Reconstruction of the Center for Physical Anthropology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences. Emphasizing the role of the founder of the method of face reconstruction from the skull, the author discusses the latest improvements to this method. The data bank on the thickness of the facial integument in representatives of various ethnic groups, and the accumulated experience with regard to the relationships between facial features and the underlying structures of the skull, made it possible to create a program of craniofacial correspondence ‘The Algorithm of Appearance’, which significantly improves the process of reconstructing in vivo appearance based on the skull. The visual reconstruction of the appearance is supplemented by an anthropological description of the lifetime appearance, in terms of the ‘verbal portrait’ used in forensic science. A description of a unique collection of more than 300 sculptural and graphic portraits made on the basis of the skulls of ancient people and historical figures is given. Based on the examples of specific projects, the possibilities of anthropological reconstruction for solving applied and theoretical problems of science are shown. The reconstruction of the appearance of soldiers killed in the Second World War is the key patriotic direction of the Laboratory s work. Based on the results of these reconstructions, several fi were identifi Th Laboratory is currently at work on reconstructing the lifetime appearance of A.V. Suvorov on the basis of a death mask.

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Koltai, Peter J., and Gary W. Wood. "Three Dimensional CT Reconstruction for the Evaluation and Surgical Planning of Facial Fractures." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 95, no. 1 (July 1986): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459988609500103.

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Despite advances in radiology—including CT scanning—the three-dimensional (3D) nature of facial fractures must still be inferred by the spatial imagination of the physician. A computer system (Insight Phoenix Data Systems, Inc., Albany, N.Y.) uses CT studies as substrate for 3D reconstructions. We have used the insight computer for the evaluation and surgical planning of facial fractures of 16 patients with complex injuries. We present five illustrative cases, directly photographed from the computer monitor. Images can also be manipulated in real time by rotating or planar sectioning (functions best appreciated on video). The ability to cybernetically extract the facial skeleton from living subjects provides precise anatomic data previously unobtainable. The images are valuable for an accurate assessment of the relationship between the injured and uninjured sections of the face. We conclude that 3D reconstruction is an important advance in the treatment of facial fractures.

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Polley, John W., John A. Girotto, Matthew P. Fahrenkopf, Megan L. Dietze-Fiedler, Joshua P. Kelley, Joseph C. Taylor, Spiros A. Lazarou, and Neophytos C. Demetriades. "Salvage or Solution: Alloplastic Reconstruction in Hemifacial Microsomia." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 56, no. 7 (December 13, 2018): 896–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665618817669.

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Introduction:Skeletal reconstruction in severe grades of hemifacial microsomia (HFM) continues to be challenging. Traditional techniques of autografts and osseous distraction for reconstruction of the glenoid fossa, condyle, and ramus can fall short of expectations and can create new problems. This intercontinental study analyzes the role of alloplastic skeletal rehabilitation in severe HFM.Methods:Ten consecutive patients with Pruzansky grade III HFM were reconstructed between October 2014 and July 2017 at 2 craniofacial centers following the same protocol. Data were gathered retrospectively from the medical records, including photographs and virtual planning records. Pre and postoperative photos were taken to compare occlusal status, interincisal opening, sagittal mandibular projection, and posterior facial height. Alloplastic reconstruction was accomplished using a custom designed titanium implant.Results:Ten consecutive skeletally mature patients with HFM with failed traditional reconstructions were successfully treated with virtually planned alloplastic reconstructions (11 joints) and simultaneous orthognathic surgery. The glenoid fossa, condyle, and ramus on the affected sides were reconstructed with custom designed titanium implants. All patients achieved occlusal stabilization, normalization of posterior facial height and sagittal mandibular projection, and maintenance or improved inter-incisal opening. There were no major complications or repeated surgeries. Follow-up ranges from 6 to 50 months.Conclusion:Alloplastic reconstruction allows for precise vertical reconstruction of the ramus and condyle and sagittal repositioning of the mandibular body. The glenoid fossa component is firmly anchored to the skull base assuring a stable centric relation on the reconstructed side. Consistent and acceptable results can be achieved in skeletally mature patients.

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Nevil, Collin, Eric Heffern, Wojciech Przylecki, and Brian T. Andrews. "Surgical Decision Making in Complex Facial Gunshot Wound Reconstruction." FACE 2, no. 4 (October 17, 2021): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/27325016211053351.

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Introduction: With a rise in gun violence across the United States, facial gunshot wounds (GSWs) present a challenging reconstructive problem that was once seldom encountered in civilian populations. Reconstruction of facial GSW injuries requires a combination of both microvascular and craniofacial surgical techniques. The aim of this study is to explore our experience with facial GSW injuries through an anatomic classification scheme and investigate the surgical techniques necessary to complete such reconstructions. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted at a tertiary academic center. All subjects who suffered facial GSWs and underwent definitive reconstruction at our institution were included. Facial GSWs were classified into 4 distinct anatomical zones of injury: lower (mandible), middle (maxilla and orbit), upper (above the orbit), and multi-zone injury. Microvascular reconstruction was further investigated based on the types of flaps used and the location of flap inset. Surgical outcomes, numbers of procedures, and complications were assessed, and statistical comparisons were made. Results: Thirty-six subjects underwent a total of 322 surgeries. Twenty subjects had multi-zone injury; 16 had single zone injury. Eighteen of the 36 subjects (50%) required microvascular reconstruction. These 18 subjects underwent a significantly increased number of reconstructive procedures ( P = .023). Twenty-six flaps were used, as multiple subjects required >1 flap. Fourteen of the 26 flaps were used in the middle third (54%), 7 in the lower third (27%), and 5 in the upper third (19%). Six flap complications required further surgical revision. On average, multi-zone injuries required more surgical procedures to complete reconstruction ( P = .018). Conclusion: Composite multi-zone facial GSW injuries present a higher degree of reconstructive complexity, and thus often require more surgical procedures, especially when the midface is involved. In our experience, microvascular reconstruction is more often used in multizone injury, and in our series was associated with an increased number of reconstructive procedures.

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Mueller, S., S. Ihrler, and M. Ehrenfeld. "O.187 Facial reconstructions with Medpor: First experiences." Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 34 (September 2006): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1010-5182(06)60214-x.

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Nikolic, Z., J. Jeremic, and L. Drcic. "O.253 Microsurgical reconstructions for extensive facial defects." Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 36 (September 2008): S64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1010-5182(08)71377-5.

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Rodriguez, Jobany, and Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna. "Reverse caricatures effects on three-dimensional facial reconstructions." Image and Vision Computing 29, no. 5 (April 2011): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2011.01.002.

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Nikolic, Z., M. Gavric, J. Jeremic, and L. Drcic. "Microvascular reconstructions after excision of extensive facial tumours." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 40, no. 10 (October 2011): e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2011.07.1032.

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Sekou, Singare, Shou Yan Zhong, Guang Hui Xu, Wei Ping Wang, and Jian Jun Zhou. "CAD-CAM Prosthesis in Maxillo-Facial Surgery." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 1241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.1241.

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To improve the maxillofacial surgery outcome, modern manufacturing methods such as rapid prototyping (RP), reverse engineering (RE) and medical imaging data have been utilised to manufacture custom-made prostheses after previous failed reconstructive surgery. After acquisition of data, an individual computer-based 3D model of the bony defect was generated and transferred into RE software to create the prosthesis CAD model. Then the physical model of the prosthesis was fabricated by RP technique. The precise fit of the prosthesis was evaluated using the prosthesis and skull models. The prosthesis was then directly used in investment casting such as “Quick Cast” pattern to produce the titanium model. In the clinical reports presented here, reconstructions of one patient with large mandible bone defects were performed using this method. The custom prostheses perfectly fit the defects during the operations, and surgery time was reduced. These cases showed that the prefabrication of a prosthesis using modern manufacturing technology is an effective method for maxillofacial defect reconstruction.

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omranifard, mahmood, and A. koushki. "Comparison of four surgical methods for eyebrow reconstruction." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 40, no. 02 (July 2007): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1699193.

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ABSTRACT Background: The eyebrow plays an important role in facial harmony and eye protection. eyebrows can be injured by burn, trauma, tumour, tattooing and alopecia. eyebrow reconstructions have been done via several techniques. here, our experience with a fairly new method for eyebrow reconstruction is presented.Materials and methods: this is a descriptive-analytical study which was done on 76 patients at the al-zahra and imam mousa kazem hospitals at isfahan university of medical university, isfahan, iran, from 1994 to 2004. totally 86 eyebrows were reconstructed. all patients were examined before and after the operation. methods which are commonly applied in eyebrow reconstruction are as follows: 1. superficial temporal artery flap (island), 2. interpolitation scalp flap, 3. graft. our method which is named forehead facial island flap with inferior pedicle provides an easier approach for the surgeon and more ideal hair growth direction for the patient.Results: significantly lower rates of complication along with greater patient satisfaction were obtained with forehead facial island flap.Conclusions: according to the acquired results, this method seems to be more technically practical and aesthetically favourable when compared to others.

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Gasser, Raymond F., Shuntaro Shigihara, and Kazuyuki Shimada. "Three-Dimensional Development of the Facial Nerve Path through the Ear Region in Human Embryos." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 103, no. 5 (May 1994): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949410300510.

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The goal was to determine how the facial nerve path forms normally through the ear region. Five three-dimensional computer reconstructions and eight wax plate—graphic, two-dimensional reconstructions were made from a group of 47 serially sectioned human embryos that were in the blastemal period of ear development, when most of the definitive arrangement is established. The size, shape, and positional changes of the facial nerve relative to the external ear and notochord were studied in both lateral and frontal views. The vertical (dorsoventral) position of the external ear region remains constant but shifts caudally. After formation, the geniculate ganglion assumes a position that gradually becomes rostrodorsal to the external ear. Facial nerve branches form and grow into regions expanding peripherally. The superficial petrosal branch appears to hold the ganglion in position as the horizontal segment of the facial nerve forms when the external ear shifts caudally. Possible growth movements explaining abnormal nerve paths are discussed.

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Dao-Ngoc, Lam, Ching-Feng Liu, and Yi-Chun Du. "A Segmentation Enhancement Method for the Low-Contrast and Narrow-Banded Substances in CBCT Images." Electronics 9, no. 6 (June 11, 2020): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9060974.

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Due to its low contrast, narrow banded, and emerged to the output imaging attribute scale, facial skin tissue is difficult to extract from dental cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) reconstructions. Furthermore, there is a challenge of balancing the indication and patient-specific factors and imaging dosage to make it both safe and diagnostically effective for successful treatment planning. These issues make a new frontier for facial skin and soft tissue diagnostic applications driven by sparse dental and low-dose CBCT data. In this study, a new segmentation enhancement method for low-contrast and narrow-banded substances is proposed based on our previous work on selective anatomy analysis iterative reconstruction (SA2IR). The purpose of the proposed method is to segment facial skin tissue based on combinatorial optimization and previously known facial soft tissue structure anatomy. Our results using this method indicated that the skin thickness was much more easily and more quickly identified than with conventional ultrasonic scanning methods. This method holds the potential to be an assisting tool for studying linage of anthropometrics, forensics, human archaeology, and some narrow medico-dental applications.

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Teton, Zoe E., Daniel Blatt, Katherine Holste, Ahmed M. Raslan, and Kim J. Burchiel. "Utilization of 3D imaging reconstructions and assessment of symptom-free survival after microvascular decompression of the facial nerve in hemifacial spasm." Journal of Neurosurgery 133, no. 2 (August 2020): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.4.jns183207.

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OBJECTIVEHemifacial spasm (HFS), largely caused by neurovascular compression (NVC) of the facial nerve, is a rare condition characterized by paroxysmal, unilateral, involuntary contraction of facial muscles. It has long been suggested that these symptoms are due to compression at the transition zone of the facial nerve. The aim of this study was to examine symptom-free survival and long-term quality of life (QOL) in HFS patients who underwent microvascular decompression (MVD). A secondary aim was to examine the benefit of utilizing fused MRI and MRA post hoc 3D reconstructions to better characterize compression location at the facial nerve root exit zone (fREZ).METHODSThe authors retrospectively analyzed patients with HFS who underwent MVD at a single institution, combined with a modified HFS-7 telephone questionnaire. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to determine event-free survival, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare pre- and postoperative HFS-7 scores.RESULTSThirty-five patients underwent MVD for HFS between 2002 and 2018 with subsequent 3D reconstructions of preoperative images. The telephone questionnaire response rate was 71% (25/35). If patients could not be reached by telephone, then the last clinic follow-up date was recorded and any recurrence noted. Twenty-four patients (69%) were symptom free at longest follow-up. The mean length of follow-up was 2.4 years (1 month to 8 years). The mean symptom-free survival time was 44.9 ± 5.8 months, and the average symptom-control survival was 69.1 ± 4.9 months. Four patients (11%) experienced full recurrence. Median HFS-7 scores were reduced by 18 points after surgery (Z = −4.013, p < 0.0001). Three-dimensional reconstructed images demonstrated that NVC most commonly occurred at the attached segment (74%, 26/35) of the facial nerve within the fREZ and least commonly occurred at the traditionally implicated transition zone (6%, 2/35).CONCLUSIONSMVD is a safe and effective treatment that significantly improves QOL measures for patients with HFS. The vast majority of patients (31/35, 89%) were symptom free or reported only mild symptoms at longest follow-up. Symptom recurrence, if it occurred, was within the first 2 years of surgery, which has important implications for patient expectations and informed consent. Three-dimensional image reconstruction analysis determined that culprit compression most commonly occurs proximally along the brainstem at the attached segment. The success of this procedure is dependent on recognizing this pattern and decompressing appropriately. Three-dimensional reconstructions were found to provide much clearer characterization of this area than traditional preoperative imaging. Therefore, the authors suggest that use of these reconstructions in the preoperative setting has the potential to help identify appropriate surgical candidates, guide operative planning, and thus improve outcome in patients with HFS.

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Wang, Lexie, Thomas S. Lee, Weitao Wang, Dae Ik Yi, Mofiyinfolu Sokoya, and Yadranko Ducic. "Surgical Management of Panfacial Fractures." Facial Plastic Surgery 35, no. 06 (November 29, 2019): 565–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700800.

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AbstractThe evaluation and management of a patient with panfacial fractures are multifaceted. Herein, we describe basic facial skeletal anatomy, considerations for airway securing, and common concurrent injuries. Finally, we discuss primary and secondary reconstructions of facial trauma including sequencing of repair, available landmarks, and the utility of intraoperative computed tomography imaging and virtual surgical planning with custom implants.

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Schramm, A., M. M. Suarez-Cunqueiro, M. Rücker, H. Kokemueller, K. H. Bormann, M. C. Metzger, and N. C. Gellrich. "Computer-assisted therapy in orbital and mid-facial reconstructions." International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery 5, no. 2 (June 2009): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcs.245.

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van der Wal, Karel G. H., Richard A. H. Neave, Jan J. van der Biezen, and Bart van der Kuijl. "Facial Reconstruction on the Abnormal Skull Model of a Living Patient." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 38, no. 4 (July 2001): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_2001_038_0317_frotas_2.0.co_2.

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Objective: The concept of using a skull as the armature upon which to reconstruct a face has been understood for many years. The objective of this study was to blindly test this technique by using a skull that was reconstructed from the computed tomography (CT) scans of a living 48-year-old man. Design: The patient had a bilateral cleft lip, alveolus, and palate. A model of the complete skull produced by a computer-controlled milling machine that used data from the CT scans was used for the reconstruction. Surgery was then performed, and new dental prostheses were also constructed. After surgery, a second model of the relevant part of the skull was made and the reconstruction modified accordingly. Conclusion: Despite having no information about the patient apart from that which could be gleaned from the model skull, the reconstructions demonstrate the approximate appearance of the face before and after surgery. Even without the extra information routinely available in forensic cases, a face broadly similar to that of the living patient could be achieved.

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Елизавета, Веселовская, Веселкова Дарья, Крыков Егор, and Юдина Анастасия. "ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ОБЛИКА ПАВШИХ ВОИНОВ «ВОЛХОВСКОГО ФРОНТА»." Российский журнал физической антропологии, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 4–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/2782-5000/2022-2-2/5-46.

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The article analyzes the craniological and osteological characteristics of the remains of 14 soldiers of the Great Patriotic War, who died on the Volkhov front (Leningrad region). Their height was calculated, their body type determined.According to the «Algorithm of Appearance» program, we obtained the head sizes the soldiers had when they were alive. The article describes as well the individual features of their appearance according to the Verbal portrait program. The contour and graphic portraits-reconstructions of 13 individuals were made. Each investigated individual is presented in the context of the characteristics of the burials, with a description of the injuries and the possible causes of death

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Kazanenkov, Valery. "FACIAL ZONING OF MALYSHEV FORMATION (MIDDLE JURASSIC) IN WEST SIBERIAN BASIN." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 2, no. 1 (2019): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-2-1-66-72.

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The facial zoning of the Malyshevsky horizon in Western Siberia was proposed. It was based on the unification of well log sections. Furthermore, all the possible macro- and microfauna, spore-pollen complexes, floristic residues and microphytoplankton data from this stratigraphic interval are taken into account during the plotting of the facial scheme. As well the results of the paleogeographic reconstructions at the Malyshev time were considered.

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Nestor, Adrian, David C. Plaut, and Marlene Behrmann. "Feature-based face representations and image reconstruction from behavioral and neural data." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 2 (December 28, 2015): 416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514551112.

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The reconstruction of images from neural data can provide a unique window into the content of human perceptual representations. Although recent efforts have established the viability of this enterprise using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patterns, these efforts have relied on a variety of prespecified image features. Here, we take on the twofold task of deriving features directly from empirical data and of using these features for facial image reconstruction. First, we use a method akin to reverse correlation to derive visual features from functional MRI patterns elicited by a large set of homogeneous face exemplars. Then, we combine these features to reconstruct novel face images from the corresponding neural patterns. This approach allows us to estimate collections of features associated with different cortical areas as well as to successfully match image reconstructions to corresponding face exemplars. Furthermore, we establish the robustness and the utility of this approach by reconstructing images from patterns of behavioral data. From a theoretical perspective, the current results provide key insights into the nature of high-level visual representations, and from a practical perspective, these findings make possible a broad range of image-reconstruction applications via a straightforward methodological approach.

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Sierra, Nicolas E., Paula Diaz-Gallardo, Jorge Knörr, Vasco Mascarenhas, Eloy García-Diez, Montserrat Munill-Ferrer, Maria S. Bescós-Atín, and Francisco Soldado. "Bone Allograft Segment Covered with a Vascularized Fibular Periosteal Flap: A New Technique for Pediatric Mandibular Reconstruction." Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 11, no. 1 (March 2018): 065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1593992.

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The free vascularized fibular graft is nowadays the preferred technique for pediatric mandibular reconstruction. Despite the versatility and proven efficacy for restoring the facial appearance and maxillomandibular function, those mandibular reconstructions with free vascularized fibula associate difficulties for a simultaneous restoration of the alveolar height and facial contour, which are derived from the height discrepancy between the fibula and the native mandible. In addition, the donor-site growth and morbidity are of special concern in the pediatric patient. We report a novel technique for pediatric mandibular reconstruction, in an 11-year-old girl, using a combination of a bone allograft segment with a vascularized fibular periosteal flap (VFPF), after resection of an Ewing sarcoma located at the right body of the mandible. The patient has showed optimal cosmetic, functional, and radiological outcomes, which have been maintained for 2.5 years, without detecting donor-site complications. Through this original technique, and based on the powerful osteogenic and vasculogenic properties of the pediatric VFPFs, we could effectively reconstruct a large mandibular defect providing a functional and aesthetic reconstruction, while avoiding the potential morbidity associated with the fibula resection.

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Mohamedbhai, Hussein, Abigail Chan, and Bhavin Visavadia. "3D Sequencing and Protocols in Head and Neck Reconstructive Surgery: Delivering Predictable Results." Dental Update 49, no. 4 (April 2, 2022): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2022.49.4.336.

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The complex nature of head and neck anatomy poses a significant challenge in facial reconstruction, both in functional and aesthetic outcomes. This necessitates that any resection of disease and reconstruction should not only consider the defect, but also the changes in appearance, speech and swallow. High-fidelity 3D planning improves both the outcomes of the resection and the reconstruction. This article presents an up-to-date review of the literature of the role of 3D planning, the stages and requirements of how to sequence head and neck reconstructions, and the future role of 3D planning. We outline the advantages that 3D sequencing affords both the patient and the surgeon, alongside a case report. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The latest advances in oral cancer planning and reconstruction are described and a step-by-step guide to 3D sequencing and planning reconstruction is provided.

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Hayes, Susan. "Faces in the museum: revising the methods of facial reconstructions." Museum Management and Curatorship 31, no. 3 (September 15, 2015): 218–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09647775.2015.1054417.

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Pompei, Barbara, Giuseppe Pollastri, Gabriele Molteni, Giorgio De Santis, and Alessio Baccarani. "The New Transverse–Facial Artery Musculomucosal Flap for Intraoral Reconstructions." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 4, no. 3 (March 2016): e652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000000632.

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Baujat, B., K. Altabaa, M. Meyers, I. Wagner, C. Leclerc, and F. Chabolle. "Étude médico-économique sur les reconstructions microchirurgicales du massif facial." Annales françaises d'Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale 128, no. 3 (June 2011): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aforl.2011.02.005.

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Calhoun, Karen H., Hadi Seikaly, and Francis B. Quinn. "Teaching Paradigm for Decision Making in Facial Skin Defect Reconstructions." Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery 124, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archotol.124.1.60.

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Idris, Sherif, Heather Logan, Paul Tabet, Martin Osswald, Suresh Nayar, and Hadi Seikaly. "The Accuracy of 3D Surgical Design and Simulation in Prefabricated Fibula Free Flaps for Jaw Reconstruction." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12111766.

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The ideal jaw reconstruction involves the restoration and maintenance of jaw continuity, jaw relations, joint alignment, and facial contour, and, most importantly, dental occlusal reconstruction. One of the essential requirements of achieving a consistent functional outcome is to place the bony reconstruction in the correct three-dimensional position as it relates to the other jaw segments and dentition. A protocol of occlusion-driven reconstruction of prefabricated fibular free flaps that are customized to the patient with surgical design and simulation (SDS)-planned osseointegrated implant installation was developed by our institution. This innovation introduced significant flexibility and efficiency to jaw reconstructions, but functional and cosmetic outcomes were dependent on the accuracy of the final reconstructions when compared to the SDS plan. The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of the SDS-planned fibular flap prefabrication in a cohort of patients undergoing jaw reconstruction. All patients that had undergone primary jaw reconstruction with prefabricated fibular free flaps were reviewed. The primary outcome of this study was the accuracy of the postoperative implant positions as compared to the SDS plan. A total of 23 implants were included in the analysis. All flaps survived, there was no implant loss postoperatively, and all the patients underwent all stages of the reconstruction. SDS planning of fibular flap prefabrication resulted in better than 2 mm accuracy of osteointegrated implant placement in a cohort of patients undergoing jaw reconstruction. This accuracy could potentially result in improved functional and cosmetic outcomes.

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Cortese, Antonio, Salvatore Catalano, Antonio Alberto Maria Giunta, Antonio Borri, Daniele Panetta, and Pier Paolo Claudio. "Lip Reconstruction by Double Layer and Double Flap New Combination Technique: A Case Series." Dentistry Journal 10, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj10020019.

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In the past, lip reconstruction after ablative surgery has been performed by primary closure and more recently by free flap transfer technique. Cheek’s skin flap has been used to reconstruct the lower lip cutaneous portion. This study presents a reconstructive method for the vermillion and the lip’s cutaneous portion using the Goldstein–Robotti techniques (for the vermillion) and the buccinator flap to reconstruct the cutaneous lip portion and the perioral muscles. This procedure allows a complete reconstruction with a double layer technique for defects of more than one-third of both lips, together or alone, including modiolus, showing satisfactory functionality and aesthetics. The procedure was carried out by splitting the buccinator muscle and elongating the upper and lower buccinator bundles, together or alone. Soft tissue blunt dissection prevented most facial nerves and vessels injuries, ensuring blood supply and an amount of lip sensitivity. Even in the case of facial vessel ligatures after neck dissection, the technique was possible basing the flap pedicle on the internal maxillary artery branches (buccinator) and contralateral facial vessels (orbicularis). We present a case series of six reconstructions of various defects of the upper and lower lips, including the commissure after ablative surgery for squamous cell carcinoma and polymorphous adenocarcinoma. The results showed satisfactory functional and aesthetic outcomes, with similar tissue texture, static and dynamic symmetry achieved for all the patients.

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Mall, BB, L. Kandel, R. Mishra, and S. Kandel. "Panfacial Trauma - A Flexible Surgical Approach." Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 2, no. 3 (December 31, 2014): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v2i3.11828.

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Panfacial fractures are those involving the mandible, maxilla, and zygomatic complex at the same time and usually accompanying naso-orbito-ethmoid (NOE) and frontal bone fractures. When there are multiple facial fractures, involving upper & lower face, reconstruction should be approached as puzzle. It is difficult to follow an established pattern of sequencing and organizing the repair of panfacial fractures. Successful reconstructions can be achieved through a flexible approach that adheres to several key principles. The goal of treatment as with all facial fracture is to restore both the functions and pre-injury 3-dimensional facial contours. To achieve this goal, various management schemes have been proposed including “bottom to top,” “top to bottom,” “inside-out,” or “outside-in”. Nevertheless, despite aggressive management, severe post-traumatic deformities continue to appear. The correct timing of surgical intervention and use of rigid fixation allows the restoration of morphological and functional nature of face after Panfacial fractures. The aim of presenting the paper is to analyze the principles that determine the choice of method of treatment and that prevent the development of secondary deformity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v2i3.11828 Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences Vol.2(3) 2014: 41-44

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Prabha, Amritha, Garima Sarawgi, Urvish Shah, Ganesh M. S., Abhinay Reddy, B. R. Keerthi, Hemanth G. N., Rahul Surapaneni, Khyati Melanta, and Udayee Teja Bathala. "Cervico-facial flap: a versatile option among various reconstructive options for skin defects in parotid surgery-our experience in a tertiary care center." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 7, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20212806.

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Background: Cutaneous defects of the cheek and external ear present a reconstructive challenge. Even when free flap reconstructions and tissue transfer are commonly proposed, fewer patients with these malignancies are candidates for lengthy reconstructive surgery. The cost effectiveness, time consumption, long waiting period of head and neck malignancy patients and less availability of reconstruction teams in developing countries like India, are challenging factors.Methods: In our study, retrospectively 46 cases operated for parotid neoplasm were identified and the operative reports were reviewed from September 2018 to April 2021. Data on patient demographics, pathological diagnosis, defect type, type of flap used, co-morbid disease, and smoking history was collected. Results: The mean defect size was 4×5 cm, however for defects larger than 4×4 cm and lesser than 7 cm a cervico-facial flap was used for reconstruction. The average time for surgery was 2 and a half hours extra for the free flap reconstruction. Post-operative wound complications were higher in free flap reconstruction. Partial/DTN was observed in 16% patients and necrosis that needed intervention- 6% of all patients. Patients with cervico-facial flap reconstruction had an excellent final functional and cosmetic result, with good skin color and texture match.Conclusions: The cervico-facial flap is a versatile technique with excellent vascularity and good esthetic outcome, which should be utilized liberally in the reconstruction of facial defects, slight modifications in the flap harvesting and careful selection of patient can give excellent results in moderate defects after parotid surgeries, especially in a resource limited country like India.

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Kuroiedova, V. D., Y. Y. Vyzhenko, O. M. Makarova, and O. A. Stasiuk. "SCIENTIFIC JUSTIFICATION OF THE USE OF CONE-BEAM COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY (CBCT) FOR CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS IN THE «AUDAXCEPH» PROGRAMM." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 4 (December 26, 2019): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.4.2019.09.

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This article is concerned with peculiarities of points’ placement in orthodontics and study of cephalometric parameters on 3D reconstructions. The aim of the investigation is to develop out the algorithm of distribution of main cephalometric points on 3D reconstructions, received from CBCT and compare characteristics of measurements done on classic teleroentgenogram (TRG) and 3D reconstructions. Materials and methods. The main angular (SNA, SNB, ANB, SN-Ba) skeletal saggital parameters, vertical (ML-NSL, NL-ML, Facial axis, <G), and dental were taken (+1/NL, -1/ML, +1/-1). The analysis of dental radiographs was done for cephalometry «AudaxCeph». Teleroentgenogram and 3 D reconstructions of 20 patients were investigated. Comparing all indices of TRG and 3D reconstructions statistically significant difference was not revealed (р> 0,05). The most significant indices was established during the study of incisive indices - +1/NL, 110±2,72 и 110,2±5,02 correspondingly inter-incisal angle +1/-1 - 133,8±2,21 and 138±5,79.

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Pham, Annette M., Amir A. Rafii, Marc C. Metzger, Amir Jamali, and Bradley E. Strong. "Computer modeling and intraoperative navigation in maxillofacial surgery." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 137, no. 4 (October 2007): 624–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2007.06.719.

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Objectives Recent advances in computer-modeling software allow reconstruction of facial symmetry in a virtual environment. This study evaluates the use of preoperative computer modeling and intraoperative navigation to guide reconstruction of the max-illofacial skeleton. Methods Three patients with traumatic maxillofacial deformities received preoperative, thin-cut axial CT scans. Three-dimensional reconstructions, virtual osteotomies, and bony reductions were performed using MIMICS planning software (Materialise, Ann Arbor, MI). The original and “repaired” virtual datasets were then imported into an intraoperative navigation system and used to guide the surgical repair. Results Postoperative CT scans and photographs reveal excellent correction of enophthalmos to within 1 mm in patient 1, significant improvement in symmetry of the nasoethmoid complex in patient 2, and reconstruction of the zygomaticomaxillary complex location to within 1 mm in patient 3. Conclusion Computer modeling and intraoperative navigation is a relatively new tool that can assist surgeons with reconstruction of the maxillofacial skeleton.

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Hessel, Amy, Jeremy C. Roebuck, Kevin D. Pereira, and Michael D. Poole. "3-D Computerized Tomography Reconstructions Alter Management Decisions of Facial Fractures." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 131, no. 2 (August 2004): P243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2004.06.484.

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Polley, John W. "THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING AND COMPUTER-GENERATED MODELS IN COMPLEX FACIAL RECONSTRUCTIONS." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 92, no. 6 (November 1993): 1204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199311000-00054.

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Qureshi, Uneeb Ahmed, Shannon Calaguas, Ethan Frank, and Jared Inman. "Implications of Applying New Technology in Cosmetic and Reconstructive Facial Plastic Surgery." Facial Plastic Surgery 36, no. 06 (December 2020): 760–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1721116.

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AbstractThe field of facial plastic and reconstructive surgery is privy to a myriad of technological advancements. As innovation in areas such as imaging, computer applications, and biomaterials progresses at breakneck speed, the potential for clinical application is endless. This review of recent progress in the implementation of new technologies in facial plastic surgery highlights some of the most innovative and impactful developments in the past few years of literature. Patient-specific surgical modeling has become the gold standard for oncologic and posttraumatic reconstructive surgery, with demonstrated improvements in operative times, restoration of anatomical structure, and patient satisfaction. Similarly, reductions in revision rates with improvements in learner technical proficiency have been noted with the use of patient-specific models in free flap reconstruction. In the cosmetic realm, simulation-based rhinoplasty implants have drastically reduced operative times while concurrently raising patient postoperative ratings of cosmetic appearance. Intraoperative imaging has also seen recent expansion in its adoption driven largely by reports of eradication of postoperative imaging and secondary—often complicated—revision reconstructions. A burgeoning area likely to deliver many advances in years to come is the integration of bioprinting into reconstructive surgery. Although yet to clearly make the translational leap, the implications of easily generatable induced pluripotent stem cells in replacing autologous, cadaveric, or synthetic tissues in surgical reconstruction are remarkable.

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Веселовская, Елизавета, and Анна Рассказова. "ГАЛЕРЕЯ ПОРТРЕТОВ, ВЫПОЛНЕННЫХ ПО ЧЕРЕПАМ ЭСКИМОСОВ, В ЛАБОРАТОРИИ АНТРОПОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ." РОССИЙСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ АНТРОПОЛОГИИ (RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY), no. 3 (November 16, 2022): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/2782-5000/2022-3-3/5-23.

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The Laboratory of Anthropological Reconstruction (LAR) of the Centerfor Physical Anthropology (CPhA) of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences has a truly unique collection of graphic and sculptural portraits made from the skulls of ancient and modern Eskimos from the Old and New Worlds. The article presents the works of G.V. Lebedinskaya, T.S. Surnina, T.S. Baluyeva, as well as some reconstructions made more recently by todays LAR research fellows. These latest works were carried out, taking into account the new data based on the improvement of the method of graphic facial reconstruction from a skull. The processing technique for 3D reconstruction of skull, based on a series of photographs taken from different angles is described. Thanks to this method, it is possible to obtain accurate images of the skull from front and side profile without any perspective distortion. The presented recon-structions were made using both classical and new methods, the last ones, based on the use of computer and the Photoshop Software. An innovative way of rep-resenting lifelike facial features makes it possible to show the real color of the skin, hair and eyes. In the article is as well discussed the place of the Eskimos in the anthropological classification system and the peculiarities of their features in Greenland and Chukotka.

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Pontes, Kaiane Tavares, Yasmin Lima Nascimento, Maelly Vicente Lôbo, Taysnara Ismaeley de Andrade, Jonathan Augusto Vidal de Oliveira, and Diogo Luiz Bastos Brainer. "Mandibular reconstruction with microvascularized graft after ameloblastoma resection: case series." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 15 (November 24, 2021): e217101522594. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i15.22594.

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Ameloblastoma is a locally aggressive and highly infiltrative tumor with a high recurrence rate. Its multicystic form the recommended treatment is resection with a safety margin, which results in significant facial defects with esthetic and functionals repercussions. Microvascular surgery revolutionized the reconstruction of significant defects because these grafting techniques allow a more satisfactory aesthetic and functional restoration. This study aimed to report a series of cases of reconstructions of mandibular defects using microvascularized fibular graft after ameloblastoma resection. Six patients were included in this study, and we collected data related to the surgical procedure, diagnosis, complications and follow-up. The patients were characterized as four women and two men, with a mean age of 23.8 years, with a diagnosis of mandibular ameloblastoma located mainly in the body, angle and mandibular ramus. These patients underwent lesion resection, resulting in defects larger than 5 cm, which justified using a microvascularized fibular graft for its reconstruction. The patients evolved well, with good results and without recurrences or complications in a postoperative follow-up of 2 to 5 years. Ameloblastoma is a lesion that reaches large dimensions and causes excellent cosmetic and functional damage. The microvascularized graft is an alternative in reconstructing significant defects and allows satisfactory morphofunctional reestablishment with minimal complications.

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Johari, Masume, Farzad Esmaeili, and Hadi Hamidi. "Facial Soft Tissue Thickness of Midline in an Iranian Sample: MRI Study." Open Dentistry Journal 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601711010375.

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Background and Aim: To identify human skeletal remains, different methods can be used and using these techniques, important data can be obtained. However, facial reconstruction is the last method to indentify unknown human faces which requires knowledge about facial soft tissue thickness in the different positions of the face. The present study determined the facial soft tissue thickness in the different landmark points on the MRI images of patients referred to Radiology Department of Shahid Madani Hospital. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional trial, MRI images of 179 patients (61 males, 118 females) in the age range of 18-76 years old who did not show any pathologic lesions, were selected. The measurements of the facial soft tissue were done on 12 landmark points on the midline area by two radiologist observers using specific software on the images. The differences in the soft tissue thickness in these landmark points were statistically analyzed by Mann-Whitney U (in term of gender) and Kruskal-Wallis tests (in terms of Body Mass Index [BMI] and age groups). P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The data were compared with the results of other studies. Results: The results obtained in the present study were higher than Turkish and American studies in most of the landmark points. Facial soft tissue thickness in most of the landmarks was more in males than females. In some of the landmarks, significant differences were found between emaciated, normal and overweight patients while in most cases, soft tissue thickness increased with the increased BMI. In some cases, significant differences were noted between soft tissue thickness values among the different age groups, in which the thickness increased or thinned with the increased age. Statistical Analysis: There were statistically significant associations between the presence and surface area of Haller cells and the occurrence of ipsilateral maxillary sinusitis. Neither the angulation of the uncinate process nor the size of the maxillary sinus ostium significantly correlates with the formation of maxillary sinusitis. Conclusion: The data achieved in the present study can be used for the facial reconstruction purposes in the Iranian population; however, the slight differences existing between the studied population and other subgroup races must be considered for accurate reconstructions.

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Shemshadi, Hashem. "Facial Palsy and Contemporary Reanimation Surgery: A Short Review." International Annals of Science 9, no. 1 (June 27, 2020): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ias.9.1.141-144.

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The primary purpose of this mini-review article is to introduce modern issues of reanimation surgeries in patients with facial palsies. Modern methods of reanimation surgeries are discussed for mentioning patients` benefits, and their more satisfactions and hopeful horizons for the future of such cases with facial palsies. Facial paralysis, associated to implementing new reanimation surgery techniques, is presenting new advanced methods of facial nerve palsy reforms, through reanimation surgeries. Facial palsy, which occur by a diversity of reasons, need to be evaluated for their etiologies and prepare a proper surgical plan for their reconstructions. Stroke, trauma, congenital, neoplasia, neurological, immunological, viral infections, and psychological reasons, are some potential causes of patients with facial palsies. Brief reviews were done, based on recent evidences` results in reanimation surgery practices. Due to any of above cited reasons, patients with facial palsies get physically and mentally disturbed and are willing to search ways, for solving their facial distressing problems. Consequently, mentioned patients are eagerly searching means to receive new available promotions to improve their facial palsies. In concluding, patients who undergo reanimation surgeries, if good results of their operations obtained, they will be motivated in gaining self-confidence, self-care, self-respect and therefore getting a cumulative their effective social bond, and raising their quality of life, after reanimation operations.

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Ito, Osamu, Masaharu Mitsugi, Minako Ito, Tomoyuki Yano, Takeshi Kawazoe, and Noriko Uemura. "An Examination of 123 Reconstructions of Facial Bone Patients with Titanium Implants." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 4, no. 6 (June 2016): e755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000000739.

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Villafuerte-Nuñez, A. E., A. C. Téllez-Anguiano, O. Hernández-Díaz, R. Rodríguez-Vera, J. A. Gutiérrez-Gnecchi, and J. L. Salazar-Martínez. "Facial Edema Evaluation Using Digital Image Processing." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/927843.

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The main objective of the facial edema evaluation is providing the needed information to determine the effectiveness of the anti-inflammatory drugs in development. This paper presents a system that measures the four main variables present in facial edemas: trismus, blush (coloration), temperature, and inflammation. Measurements are obtained by using image processing and the combination of different devices such as a projector, a PC, a digital camera, a thermographic camera, and a cephalostat. Data analysis and processing are performed using MATLAB. Facial inflammation is measured by comparing three-dimensional reconstructions of inflammatory variations using the fringe projection technique. Trismus is measured by converting pixels to centimeters in a digitally obtained image of an open mouth. Blushing changes are measured by obtaining and comparing the RGB histograms from facial edema images at different times. Finally, temperature changes are measured using a thermographic camera. Some tests using controlled measurements of every variable are presented in this paper. The results allow evaluating the measurement system before its use in a real test, using the pain model approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which consists in extracting the third molar to generate the facial edema.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Facial reconstructions'

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