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Schwartz, Ilsa, James W. Goodnight, Pavel Dulguerov, Gerald S. Berke, Malcolm Lesavoy, and Larry F. Hoffman. "Correlation of Compound action Potential and Electromyography with Facial Muscle Tension." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 112, no. 2 (February 1995): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989570251-2.
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Functional electric stimulation is a new method for dynamic rehabilitation of paralyzed muscles. The output of such prosthetic devices needs to be modulated by some index of the muscle movement. In facial paralysis a measure of the muscle contractions of the normal contralateral side seems to be an appropriate input. In the rabbit, we simultaneously measured the compound action potential of the buccal branch of the facial nerve, the electromyogram of the zygomaticus major muscle, and the muscle twitch tension through strain gauge. The compound action potential, electromyogram, and strain gauge each had a sigmoidal relationship to stimulus intensity. The compound action potential peak-to-peak amplitude was found to have a linear correlation to the peak twitch tension of the corresponding facial muscle. The electromyogram response, although more variable, also had a linear correlation with muscle contraction. The possibility of predicting the contraction of facial muscles before they actually occur is discussed in the context of available and future functional electric rehabilitation models.
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Basori, Ahmad Hoirul, and Hani Moaiteq Abdullah AlJahdali. "Emotional Facial Expression Based On Action Units and Facial Muscle." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 2478. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i5.12135.
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<p>The virtual human play vital roles in virtual reality and game. The process of Enriching the virtual human through their expression is one of the aspect that most researcher studied and improved. This study aims to demonstrate the combination of facial action units (FACS) and facial muscle to produce a realistic facial expression. The result of experiment succeed on producing particular expression such as anger, happy, sad which are able to convey the emotional state of the virtual human. This achievement is believed to bring full mental immersion towards virtual human and audience. The future works will able to generate a complex virtual human expression that combine physical factos such as wrinkle, fluid dynamics for tears or sweating.</p>
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Basori, Ahmad Hoirul, and Hani Moaiteq Abdullah AlJahdali. "Emotional Facial Expression Based On Action Units and Facial Muscle." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 2478. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i5.pp2478-2487.
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<p>The virtual human play vital roles in virtual reality and game. The process of Enriching the virtual human through their expression is one of the aspect that most researcher studied and improved. This study aims to demonstrate the combination of facial action units (FACS) and facial muscle to produce a realistic facial expression. The result of experiment succeed on producing particular expression such as anger, happy, sad which are able to convey the emotional state of the virtual human. This achievement is believed to bring full mental immersion towards virtual human and audience. The future works will able to generate a complex virtual human expression that combine physical factos such as wrinkle, fluid dynamics for tears or sweating.</p>
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Parr, Lisa A., Bridget M. Waller, Sarah J. Vick, and Kim A. Bard. "Classifying chimpanzee facial expressions using muscle action." Emotion 7, no. 1 (2007): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.172.
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Cotofana, Sebastian, Shirin Assemi-Kabir, Samir Mardini, Riccardo E. Giunta, Robert H. Gotkin, Nicholas Moellhoff, Luiz E. T. Avelar, Arnaldo Mercado-Perez, Z. Paul Lorenc, and Konstantin Frank. "Understanding Facial Muscle Aging: A Surface Electromyography Study." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 41, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): NP1208—NP1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjab202.
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Abstract Background Facial aging is a multifactorial process that involves all tissues of the face, including skin, muscles, fat, ligaments, and bone. Whereas robust evidence is available for age-related changes of bone and facial fat, the influence of age on facial muscle activity is poorly understood. Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate the motor unit action potential of facial muscles by utilizing surface-derived, noninvasive electromyography in young and old healthy volunteers. Methods The study investigated a total of 32 healthy volunteers with a mean [standard deviation] age of 42.6 [19.6] years (range, 21-82 years) and a mean BMI of 23.9 [2.7] kg/m2 (range, 18.5-29.7 kg/m2) by performing surface-derived, noninvasive facial electromyography. Nine facial muscles were investigated bilaterally, resulting in a total of 1632 measurements of the signal, baseline noise, and signal-to-noise ratio of these muscles. Results The results of the study revealed that age does not significantly influence the signal (P = 0.234), the baseline noise (P = 0.225), or the signal-to-noise ratio (P = 0.432) of younger individuals (<30 years) vs older individuals (>50 years) in a gender- and BMI-matched statistical model. Exceptions were the zygomaticus major muscle (reduced activity), procerus muscle (increased activity), and corrugator supercilii muscle (increased activity). Conclusions The results of this facial electromyography study may help to increase the understanding of facial aging. Future studies need to reproduce the results presented herein to further increase our understanding of facial aging.
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Wolf, Karsten, Thomas Raedler, Kai Henke, Falk Kiefer, Reinhard Mass, Markus Quante, and Klaus Wiedemann. "The Face of Pain - A Pilot Study to Validate the Measurement of Facial Pain Expression with an Improved EMG Method." Pain Research and Management 10, no. 1 (2005): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/643075.
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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this pilot study was to establish the validity of an improved facial electromyogram (EMG) method for the measurement of facial pain expression.BACKGROUND: Darwin defined pain in connection with fear as a simultaneous occurrence of eye staring, brow contraction and teeth chattering. Prkachin was the first to use the video-based Facial Action Coding System to measure facial expressions while using four different types of pain triggers, identifying a group of facial muscles around the eyes.METHOD: The activity of nine facial muscles in 10 healthy male subjects was analyzed. Pain was induced through a laser system with a randomized sequence of different intensities. Muscle activity was measured with a new, highly sensitive and selective facial EMG.RESULTS: The results indicate two groups of muscles as key for pain expression. These results are in concordance with Darwin's definition. As in Prkachin's findings, one muscle group is assembled around the orbicularis oculi muscle, initiating eye staring. The second group consists of the mentalis and depressor anguli oris muscles, which trigger mouth movements.CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate the validity of the facial EMG method for measuring facial pain expression. Further studies with psychometric measurements, a larger sample size and a female test group should be conducted.
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Medeiros, Jovany Luis Alves de, João Antonio Maciel Nobrega, Luiz Augusto Franco de Andrade, and Yara Juliano. "Facial nerve electroneurography: variability in normal subjects." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 54, no. 3 (September 1996): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x1996000300005.
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Twenty normal individuals were submitted to facial nerve electroneurography using different techniques in order to determine the most accurate to obtain the latencies and amplitudes of the compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) of the facial muscles. First of all it was determined in which muscle or muscle group highest amplitude CMAP could be recorded with the lowest variability between sides and in test-retest. Different techniques were studied in order to determine which could give the best results. This was shown to be an arrangement of bipolar surface electrodes fixed to a plastic bar. The records with higher amplitude where obtained from the nasolabial fold muscles. Therefore 65 normal volunteers were examined using this technique and recording the potentials obtained over the nasolabial fold muscles. Normal values were determined (latency lower than 4.5 ms and amplitude larger than 2 mV - 95% confidence limits).
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Foroni, Francesco, and Gün R. Semin. "Language That Puts You in Touch With Your Bodily Feelings." Psychological Science 20, no. 8 (August 2009): 974–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02400.x.
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Observing and producing a smile activate the very same facial muscles. In Experiment 1, we predicted and found that verbal stimuli (action verbs) that refer to emotional expressions elicit the same facial muscle activity (facial electromyography) as visual stimuli do. These results are evidence that language referring to facial muscular activity is not amodal, as traditionally assumed, but is instead bodily grounded. These findings were extended in Experiment 2, in which subliminally presented verbal stimuli were shown to drive muscle activation and to shape judgments, but not when muscle activation was blocked. These experiments provide an important bridge between research on the neurobiological basis of language and related behavioral research. The implications of these findings for theories of language and other domains of cognitive psychology (e.g., priming) are discussed.
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Leal-Campanario, Rocío, José Alberto Barradas-Bribiescas, José M. Delgado-García, and Agnès Gruart. "Relative contributions of eyelid and eye-retraction motor systems to reflex and classically conditioned blink responses in the rabbit." Journal of Applied Physiology 96, no. 4 (April 2004): 1541–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01027.2003.
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Early compensatory mechanisms between eyelid and eye-retraction motor systems following selective nerve and/or muscle lesions were studied in behaving rabbits. Reflex and conditioned eyelid responses were recorded in 1) controls and following 2) facial nerve section, 3) retractor bulbi muscle removal, and 4) facial nerve section and retractor bulbi muscle removal. Animals were classically conditioned with a delay paradigm by using a tone (350 ms, 600 Hz, 90 dB) as conditioned stimulus, followed 250 ms later by an air puff (100 ms, 3 kg/cm2) as unconditioned stimulus. Conditioned eyelid responses generated in the absence of the facial motor system (i.e., by the almost sole action of the retractor bulbi motor system) presented a wavy profile, due to the succession of eye-retraction movements. Learned eyelid responses generated in the absence of the eye-retraction motor system (i.e., by the almost exclusive action of the facial motor system) were similar to those of controls, but were reduced in amplitude and peak velocity. Finally, the isolated action of the extraocular recti muscle produced very small eyelid movements during both reflex and learned eyelid responses. Although each of these motor systems could act independently of the others, the motor result of their joint action did not coincide with the simple addition of their separate actions. Both facial and eye-retraction motor systems appear to be necessary for normal eyelid closure during blinking in rabbits. Central reorganization to compensate for loss of either of these systems may explain why the response of each system in isolation cannot be added linearly to obtain normal blink response magnitudes and profiles.
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Benitez-Quiroz, Carlos F., Ramprakash Srinivasan, and Aleix M. Martinez. "Facial color is an efficient mechanism to visually transmit emotion." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 14 (March 19, 2018): 3581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716084115.
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Facial expressions of emotion in humans are believed to be produced by contracting one’s facial muscles, generally called action units. However, the surface of the face is also innervated with a large network of blood vessels. Blood flow variations in these vessels yield visible color changes on the face. Here, we study the hypothesis that these visible facial colors allow observers to successfully transmit and visually interpret emotion even in the absence of facial muscle activation. To study this hypothesis, we address the following two questions. Are observable facial colors consistent within and differential between emotion categories and positive vs. negative valence? And does the human visual system use these facial colors to decode emotion from faces? These questions suggest the existence of an important, unexplored mechanism of the production of facial expressions of emotion by a sender and their visual interpretation by an observer. The results of our studies provide evidence in favor of our hypothesis. We show that people successfully decode emotion using these color features, even in the absence of any facial muscle activation. We also demonstrate that this color signal is independent from that provided by facial muscle movements. These results support a revised model of the production and perception of facial expressions of emotion where facial color is an effective mechanism to visually transmit and decode emotion.
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Ihme, Klas, Christina Dömeland, Maria Freese, and Meike Jipp. "Frustration in the face of the driver." Interaction Studies 19, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 487–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.17005.ihm.
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Abstract Frustration in traffic is one of the causes of aggressive driving. Knowledge whether a driver is frustrated may be utilized by future advanced driver assistance systems to counteract this source of crashes. One possibility to achieve this is to automatically recognize facial expressions of drivers. However, only little is known about the facial expressions of frustrated drivers. Here, we report the results of a driving simulator study investigating the facial muscle activity that comes along with frustration. Twenty-eight participants were video-taped during frustrated and non-frustrated driving situations. Their facial muscle activity was manually coded according to the Facial Action Coding System. Participants showed significantly more facial muscle activity in the mouth region. Thus, recording facial muscle behavior potentially provides traffic researchers and assistance system developers with the possibility to recognize frustration while driving.
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Yasser, Fatima I., Bassam H. Abd, and Saad M. Abbas. "Detection of confusion behavior using a facial expression based on different classification algorithms." Engineering and Technology Journal 39, no. 2A (February 25, 2021): 316–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v39i2a.1750.
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Confusion detection systems (CDSs) that need Noninvasive, mobile, and cost-effective methods use facial expressions as a technique to detect confusion. In previous works, the technology that the system used represents a major gap between this proposed CDS and other systems. This CDS depends on the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) that is used to extract facial features. The FACS shows the motion of the facial muscles represented by Action Units (AUs); the movement is represented with one facial muscle or more. Seven AUs are used as possible markers for detecting confusion that has been implemented in the form of a single vector of facial action; the AUs that have been used in this work are AUs 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, and 23. The database used to calculate the performance of the proposed CDS is gathered from 120 participants (91males, 29 females), between the ages of 18-45. Four types of classification algorithms are used as individuals; these classifiers are (VG-RAM), (SVM), Logistic Regression and Quadratic Discriminant classifiers. The best success rate was found when using Logistic Regression and Quadratic Discriminant. This work introduces different classification techniques to detect confusion by collecting an actual database that can be used to evaluate the performance for every CDS employing facial expressions and selecting appropriate facial features.
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Taha, Jamal M., John M. TEW, and Robert W. Keith. "Proximal-to-distal facial amplitude ratios as predictors of facial nerve function after acoustic neuroma excision." Journal of Neurosurgery 83, no. 6 (December 1995): 994–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1995.83.6.0994.
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✓ Electrophysiological studies (for example, electroneuronography, nerve action potentials, absolute amplitudes of the muscle compound action potentials, and stimulation thresholds) do not accurately predict facial nerve function after the excision of acoustic neuromas. To eliminate individual nerve variability, the authors measured the ratio of the amplitudes of muscle compound action potentials produced by stimulating the facial nerve at the brainstem proximally and at the internal auditory meatus near the transverse crest distally after total tumor excision in 20 patients. The mean tumor size was 36 mm. The facial nerves were anatomically intact in all patients after tumor excision. The follow-up period ranged from 14 to 28 months. Facial nerve outcome was determined by a modified House—Brackmann grading scale. Initial facial nerve function was measured at Days 4 to 7 postoperatively, and final function was the grade at last follow up. The following results were obtained: all patients with proximal-to-distal amplitude ratios greater than 2:3 had Grade III or better initial function and Grade I final facial nerve function; 90% of patients with amplitude ratios between 1:3 and 2:3 had Grade III or worse initial facial nerve function, and 100% of these patients had Grade III or better final facial nerve function; all patients with amplitude ratios less than 1:3 had Grade IV or worse initial and final facial nerve function. The authors conclude that the proximal-to-distal amplitude ratios after acoustic neuroma excision can accurately predict postoperative facial nerve function.
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Vasconcelos, Belmiro Cavalcanti do Egito, Cosme Gay Escoda, Ricardo José de Holanda Vasconcellos, and Riedel Frota Sá Nogueira Neves. "Conduction velocity of the rabbit facial nerve: a noninvasive functional evaluation." Pesquisa Odontológica Brasileira 17, no. 2 (June 2003): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-74912003000200005.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate standardized conduction velocity data for uninjured facial nerve and facial nerve repaired with autologous graft nerves and synthetic materials. An evaluation was made measuring the preoperative differences in the facial nerve conduction velocities on either side, and ascertaining the existence of a positive correlation between facial nerve conduction velocity and the number of axons regenerated postoperatively. In 17 rabbits, bilateral facial nerve motor action potentials were recorded pre- and postoperatively. The stimulation surface electrodes were placed on the auricular pavilion (facial nerve trunk) and the recording surface electrodes were placed on the quadratus labii inferior muscle. The facial nerves were isolated, transected and separated 10 mm apart. The gap between the two nerve ends was repaired with autologous nerve grafts and PTFE-e (polytetrafluoroethylene) or collagen tubes. The mean of maximal conduction velocity of the facial nerve was 41.10 m/s. After 15 days no nerve conduction was evoked in the evaluated group. For the period of 2 and 4 months the mean conduction velocity was approximately 50% of the normal value in the subgroups assessed. A significant correlation was observed between the conduction velocity and the number of regenerated axons. Noninvasive functional evaluation with surface electrodes can be useful for stimulating and recording muscle action potentials and for assessing the functional state of the facial nerve.
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SCHWARTZ, I., J. GOODNIGHT, P. DULGUEROV, G. BERKE, M. LESAVOY, and L. HOFFMAN. "Correlation of compound action potential and electromyography with facial muscle tension." Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 112, no. 2 (February 1995): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(95)70251-2.
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Edmonds, Harvey L., Lawrence J. Couture, Markku P. J. Paloheimo, and Rigor Benjamin M. "Objective assessment of opioid action by facial muscle surface electromyography (SEMG)." Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 12, no. 5 (January 1988): 727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-5846(88)90018-8.
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Pashov, A. "Nerve conduction study in rehabilitation of patients with residuals and complications of long-standing Bell's palsy." Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 27, no. 3 (June 29, 2018): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2018.3.05.
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From every 100 cases of Bell’s palsy (idiopathic peripheral facial palsy) from 15 to 30 will not recover completely. Some residuals will remain, and some complications will develop. As residuals, one can name weakness of facial muscles, asymmetry of facial expressions, distortion of taste, hyperacusis, dry eye. Possible complications of long-standing Bell’s palsy (BP) are also numerous: contractures of facial muscles, pathological synkinesis, mass movements, crocodile tears, facial pains, headaches, emotional disbalance etc.
Unresolved cases of Bell’s palsy require rehabilitation programs that will address both the issues of general nerve regeneration, complications and irregularities in mimetic movements, and psycho-emotional state of long-standing Bell’s palsy patients. There are several methods and systems to assess the condition of facial nerve and functioning of facial muscles. These scales and systems are either therapist- or patient-graded: House-Brackmann Facial Grading system, Sunnybrook Facial Grading system, Facial Clinimetric Evaluation Scale (FaCE Scale), Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ) and several others.
At the same time, to compose a well-balanced and focused rehabilitation program, next to subjective assessments and test-photos of standard facial expressions, it is important to have an objective, instrumentally-measured picture of facial nerve recovery, as well as of the physiological ability of mimetic muscles to perform facial movements, to reflect emotions and to produce articulated speech.
In that respect, the surface EMG or Nerve Conduction Study (NCS) is the modality of choice. NCS-examination is non-invasive and is relatively easy to perform. It records Compound Muscle Action Potentials (CMAPs) in response to external stimulation. The analysis of recorded graphs allows to evaluate the level of regeneration and maturity of recovering axons in main branches of the facial nerve.
At the same time, the standard protocol of NCS does not offer a detailed assessment of each particular muscle of facial expression. It also requires additional time to swap the active electrode position when changing stimulation side from right to left and vice versa.
At Crystal Touch Bell’s palsy clinic, we have developed an amended NCS protocol that addresses all mentioned issues. To allow a more detailed assessment of facial muscles, we have added mm.zygomatici (major et minor) and m.depressor anguli oris to the list of measured facial muscles.
In order to perform a more focused stimulation and to receive a more “clean” motor responses from facial muscles, we changed the position of stimulating electrode. In the standard protocol, stimulating electrode is placed either pre- or post-auricularly. In Crystal Touch protocol, we position the stimulating electrode above each particular nerve branch that innervates the measured muscle. Therefore, we use six positions of stimulating electrode that correspond to the six measured facial muscles: m.frontalis, m.orbicularis oculi pars superioris, m.nasalis et m.levator labii superioris, mm.zygomatici (major et minor), m.orbicularis oculi pars superioris, m.depressor anguli oris et m.mentalis.
To save time required for the examination, instead of placing reference electrode on the nasal bridge (standard protocol), we use contralateral electrode over the same as measured muscle, as a reference electrode. As there are no anastomoses between left and right facial nerves, stimulation of facial nerve on one side will not evoke CMAPs in contralateral facial muscles. This simple amendment allows to save about 15% of total time required for the examination.
In this article we also briefly touch the following issues: distortion in reciprocal inhibition of facial muscles-antagonists, forming of the pathological mimetic patterns in the motor cortex due to lack of proprioceptive feedback during long recovery, and the necessity to further investigate from the electrotechnical, engineering and functional point of view the hypothesis of aberrant regeneration as possible cause of facial synkinesis.
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KALYTA, OLEG. "MODEL OF MIMIC EXPRESSIONS OF HUMAN EMOTIONAL STATES FOR THE VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 319, no. 2 (April 27, 2023): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2023-319-1-143-145.
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The presented paper proposes a novel computational model for generating facial expressions that mimic human emotional states. The authors aim to create a system that can generate realistic facial expressions to be used in human-robot interactions. The proposed model is based on the Facial Action Coding System, a widely used tool for describing facial expressions. FACS is used in this study to identify the muscles involved in each facial expression and the degree to which each muscle is activated. Several machine-learning techniques were utilized to learn the relationships between facial muscle activations and emotional states. In particular, a hyperplane classification was employed in the system for facial expressions representing major emotional states. The model’s primary advantage lies in its low computational complexity, which enables it to recognize changes in human emotional states through facial expressions without requiring specialized equipment, such as low-resolution or long-distance video cameras. The proposed approach is intended for use in control systems for various purposes, including security systems or monitoring drivers while operating vehicles. It was investigated that the proposed model could generate facial expressions similar to those produced by humans and that these expressions were recognized as conveying the intended emotional state by human observers. The authors also investigated the effect of different factors on the generation of facial expressions. Overall, the proposed model represents a promising approach for generating realistic facial expressions that mimic human emotional states and could have applications in improving security compliance in sensitive environments. However, carefully considering and managing potential ethical issues will be necessary to ensure the responsible use of this technology.
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Haginomori, Shin-Ichi, Atsuko Takamaki, and Hiroshi Takenaka. "S209 – Optimal Electrode Position for ENoG for Facial Palsy." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, no. 2_suppl (August 2008): P145—P146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.384.
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Objectives To develop a more simple procedure for electroneurography (ENoG) of facial palsy for assessing prognosis, we conducted a preliminary study to examine an optimal electrode position for recording evoked compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) of the perioral muscles. Methods We evaluated a new method called the submentall method, in which the electrode connected to the negative input (G1) was placed on the skin over the orbicularis oris muscle, and the other electrode connected to the positive input of the amplifier (G2) was placed on the mental protuberance. We compared the amplitudes and morphology between the CMAPs recorded with this method and those recorded using the standard electrode positions (G1 placed on the skin over the orbicularis oris muscle; G2 placed on the nasolabial fold, closely lateral to the ala nasi). Furthermore, the amplitudes and waveforms of CMAPs were recorded from 4 different G1 positions on the skin over the orbicularis oris muscle, with G2 set on the mental protuberance. The main trunk of the facial nerve was stimulated by percutaneous supramaximal electrical stimulation beneath the auricle. Results The submental method gave greater amplitudes and more obvious biphasic CMAPs than those produced with the standard method. In the submental method, the optimal G1 recording electrode position was on the philtrum. Conclusions This recording procedure has the potential to be a simpler and more reliable method for calculating ENoG values than the standard method. However, further studies to establish prognostic criteria of ENoG for facial palsy are needed.
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Polselli, Roberto, Dario Bertossi, Charles East, Olivier Gerbault, and Yves Saban. "Facial Layers and Facial Fat Compartments: Focus on Midcheek Area." Facial Plastic Surgery 33, no. 05 (September 29, 2017): 470–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1606855.
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AbstractFacial cosmetic procedures are doubtless in constant augmentation directly related to fillers and botulinum toxin injections. Many articles are published in the literature to warn about the complications of these aesthetic procedures. The need for a clear anatomic classification and review of deeper ultrastructural studies on adipose tissues in the midface area are obvious. This study aims: (1) To present midface anatomy of clinical relevance in a practical way for surgeons and cosmetologists. (2) To analyze the facial fasciae related to the fat compartments. (3) To show pictures of anatomic dissections of these anatomic structures. (4) To suggest an anatomic classification. The authors analyzed the facial anatomic layers and the facial fat compartments through facial anatomical dissections and experience in the field of facial surgical and cosmetic procedures. The authors propose a dynamic three-dimensional concept of facial layers related to muscle actions and facial fat compartmentalization in the midcheek area. A “lip–lid” superficial system associated with the malar fat pad represents the first layer; two deeper lip levator systems stratification explains the deep fat compartments as an anatomic division related to fasciae extensions. Facial grooves and segments correspond to these systems action. Moreover, the importance of ultrastructural studies has been underlined.
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Ayani, Yusuke, Shin-Ichi Haginomori, Shin-Ichi Wada, Haruki Nakano, Masashi Hamada, Takahiro Ichihara, Takaki Inui, Yuko Inaka, Akiko Ozaki, and Ryo Kawata. "Latency shift in compound muscle action potentials during electroneurography in facial palsy." European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 276, no. 12 (September 13, 2019): 3281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00405-019-05634-y.
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Głuszkiewicz, Ewa, Paweł Sowa, Maciej Zieliński, Monika Adamczyk-Sowa, Maciej Misiołek, and Wojciech Ścierski. "Prospective Assessment of Risk Factors Influencing Facial Nerve Paresis in Patients after Surgery for Parotid Gland Tumors." Medicina 58, no. 12 (November 25, 2022): 1726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58121726.
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Background and objectives: Facial weakness is the most important complication of parotid gland tumor surgery. The aims of this study are as follows: (1) assessment of the prevalence of postparotidectomy facial nerve dysfunction; (2) clinical and electrophysiological assessment of the facial nerve function before parotidectomy and at 1 and 6 months postoperatively; (3) assessment of the association of postoperative facial palsy with selected risk factors; and (4) assessment of the correlation between the results of clinical and neurophysiological assessments of facial nerve function. Materials and Methods: This study comprised 50 patients (aged 24–75 years) who underwent parotidectomy at the Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology in Zabrze, Poland between 2015 and 2017. The evaluation included neurological, clinical and electrophysiological assessments of the facial nerve prior to surgery and at 1 and 6 months postoperatively. Results: No facial palsy was found preoperatively or 6 months postoperatively. Facial nerve dysfunction was found in 74% of patients 1 month postoperatively. In most cases (54%), paresis was mild or moderate (House–Brackmann grades II and III). The results of electrophysiological tests before parotidectomy were either normal or showed some mild abnormalities. We found a statistically significant correlation between the clinical assessment of the facial nerve function (based on the House–Brackmann scale) one month postoperatively and the latency of the CMAP response from the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris muscles. In all three studies, a statistically significant correlation was found between the amplitude of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) of the orbicularis oris muscle and the degree of facial nerve weakness. Conclusions: The factors that may influence the risk of postoperative facial nerve paralysis (prolonged surgical time and the size and location of the tumor other than in the superficial lobe only) may indirectly suggest that surgery-related difficulties and/or surgeon experience could be crucial to surgery safety.
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Feroze, Rafey A., Michael M. McDowell, Jeffrey Balzer, Donald J. Crammond, Partha Thirumala, and Raymond F. Sekula. "Estimation of Intraoperative Stimulation Threshold of the Facial Nerve in Patients Undergoing Microvascular Decompression." Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base 80, no. 06 (January 29, 2019): 599–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1677538.
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Introduction Facial weakness can result from surgical manipulation of the facial nerve. Intraoperative neuromonitoring reduces functional impairment but no clear guidelines exist regarding interpretation of intraoperative electrophysiological results. Most studies describe subjects with facial nerves encumbered by tumors or those with various grades of facial nerve weakness. We sought to obtain the neurophysiological parameters and stimulation threshold following intraoperative facial nerve triggered electromyography (t-EMG) stimulation during microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia to characterize the response of normal facial nerves via t-EMG. Methods Facial nerve t-EMG stimulation was performed in seven patients undergoing microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia. Using constant current stimulation, single stimulation pulses of 0.025 to 0.2 mA intensity were applied to the proximal facial nerve. Compound muscle action potentials, duration to onset, and termination of t-EMG responses were recorded for the orbicularis oculi and mentalis muscles. Patients were evaluated for facial weakness following the surgical procedure. Results Quantifiable t-EMG responses were generated in response to all tested stimulation currents of 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mA in both muscles, indicating effective nerve conduction. No patients developed facial weakness postoperatively. Conclusions The presence of t-EMG amplitudes in response to 0.025 mA suggests that facial nerve conduction can take place at lower stimulation intensities than previously reported in patients with tumor burden. Proximal facial nerve stimulation that yields responses with thresholds less than 0.05 mA may be a preferred reference baseline for surgical procedures within the cerebellopontine angle to prevent iatrogenic injury.
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Zhao, Yue, and Jiancheng Xu. "Necessary Morphological Patches Extraction for Automatic Micro-Expression Recognition." Applied Sciences 8, no. 10 (October 3, 2018): 1811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101811.
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Micro expressions are usually subtle and brief facial expressions that humans use to hide their true emotional states. In recent years, micro-expression recognition has attracted wide attention in the fields of psychology, mass media, and computer vision. The shortest micro expression lasts only 1/25 s. Furthermore, different from macro-expressions, micro-expressions have considerable low intensity and inadequate contraction of the facial muscles. Based on these characteristics, automatic micro-expression detection and recognition are great challenges in the field of computer vision. In this paper, we propose a novel automatic facial expression recognition framework based on necessary morphological patches (NMPs) to better detect and identify micro expressions. Micro expression is a subconscious facial muscle response. It is not controlled by the rational thought of the brain. Therefore, it calls on a few facial muscles and has local properties. NMPs are the facial regions that must be involved when a micro expression occurs. NMPs were screened based on weighting the facial active patches instead of the holistic utilization of the entire facial area. Firstly, we manually define the active facial patches according to the facial landmark coordinates and the facial action coding system (FACS). Secondly, we use a LBP-TOP descriptor to extract features in these patches and the Entropy-Weight method to select NMP. Finally, we obtain the weighted LBP-TOP features of these NMP. We test on two recent publicly available datasets: CASME II and SMIC database that provided sufficient samples. Compared with many recent state-of-the-art approaches, our method achieves more promising recognition results.
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Tran, Vi Do, Tien-Tuan Dao, and Tan-Nhu Nguyen. "Global Analysis of Three-Dimensional Shape Symmetry: Human Skulls (Part II)." Journal of Technical Education Science, no. 71A (August 30, 2022): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54644/jte.71a.2022.1143.
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Facial mimics are important to human life, so facial palsy negatively affects the involved patients. Recently, the comparison of muscle action lengths between the left and right-hand sides has been used to evaluate facial palsy quantitatively. However, even in the healthy subjects, their left and right muscle action lengths could not be perfectly symmetrical. These action lengths were formed by insertion points on the head and attachment points on the skull. Consequently, the geometrical dissymmetry between left and right human skulls needs to be analyzed and reported quantitatively. So far, no studies have reported this quantity. In this paper, in the second part of our study, we analyzed symmetrical levels between the left and right sides of human skulls. In particular, 329 skull models reconstructed from computed tomography (CT) images of healthy subjects in neutral mimics were used for calculating. The left and right skull regions were mirrored through a center plane of the skull. Hausdorff distance and volumetric differences between the left skulls (skull convex hulls) and mirrored right skulls (skull convex hulls) were computed as the distance and volumetric symmetries, respectively. As a result, the distance dissymmetrical values (Mean ± SD) are 1.2680 ± 0.3538 mm, and ones of volumetric dissymmetry (Mean ± SD) are 32.1790 ± 23.2725 cm3. In perspective, we will analyze the skull symmetry in more detail with different local shape topologies. Moreover, the global and local shape symmetries will be implemented in our clinical decision support system for facial mimic rehabilitation.
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Park, Seho, Kunyoung Lee, Jae-A. Lim, Hyunwoong Ko, Taehoon Kim, Jung-In Lee, Hakrim Kim, et al. "Differences in Facial Expressions between Spontaneous and Posed Smiles: Automated Method by Action Units and Three-Dimensional Facial Landmarks." Sensors 20, no. 4 (February 21, 2020): 1199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20041199.
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Research on emotion recognition from facial expressions has found evidence of different muscle movements between genuine and posed smiles. To further confirm discrete movement intensities of each facial segment, we explored differences in facial expressions between spontaneous and posed smiles with three-dimensional facial landmarks. Advanced machine analysis was adopted to measure changes in the dynamics of 68 segmented facial regions. A total of 57 normal adults (19 men, 38 women) who displayed adequate posed and spontaneous facial expressions for happiness were included in the analyses. The results indicate that spontaneous smiles have higher intensities for upper face than lower face. On the other hand, posed smiles showed higher intensities in the lower part of the face. Furthermore, the 3D facial landmark technique revealed that the left eyebrow displayed stronger intensity during spontaneous smiles than the right eyebrow. These findings suggest a potential application of landmark based emotion recognition that spontaneous smiles can be distinguished from posed smiles via measuring relative intensities between the upper and lower face with a focus on left-sided asymmetry in the upper region.
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Gat, Liraz, Aaron Gerston, Liu Shikun, Lilah Inzelberg, and Yael Hanein. "Similarities and disparities between visual analysis and high-resolution electromyography of facial expressions." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 22, 2022): e0262286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262286.
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Computer vision (CV) is widely used in the investigation of facial expressions. Applications range from psychological evaluation to neurology, to name just two examples. CV for identifying facial expressions may suffer from several shortcomings: CV provides indirect information about muscle activation, it is insensitive to activations that do not involve visible deformations, such as jaw clenching. Moreover, it relies on high-resolution and unobstructed visuals. High density surface electromyography (sEMG) recordings with soft electrode array is an alternative approach which provides direct information about muscle activation, even from freely behaving humans. In this investigation, we compare CV and sEMG analysis of facial muscle activation. We used independent component analysis (ICA) and multiple linear regression (MLR) to quantify the similarity and disparity between the two approaches for posed muscle activations. The comparison reveals similarity in event detection, but discrepancies and inconsistencies in source identification. Specifically, the correspondence between sEMG and action unit (AU)-based analyses, the most widely used basis of CV muscle activation prediction, appears to vary between participants and sessions. We also show a comparison between AU and sEMG data of spontaneous smiles, highlighting the differences between the two approaches. The data presented in this paper suggests that the use of AU-based analysis should consider its limited ability to reliably compare between different sessions and individuals and highlight the advantages of high-resolution sEMG for facial expression analysis.
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Havas, David A., Arthur M. Glenberg, Karol A. Gutowski, Mark J. Lucarelli, and Richard J. Davidson. "Cosmetic Use of Botulinum Toxin-A Affects Processing of Emotional Language." Psychological Science 21, no. 7 (June 14, 2010): 895–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797610374742.
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How does language reliably evoke emotion, as it does when people read a favorite novel or listen to a skilled orator? Recent evidence suggests that comprehension involves a mental simulation of sentence content that calls on the same neural systems used in literal action, perception, and emotion. In this study, we demonstrated that involuntary facial expression plays a causal role in the processing of emotional language. Subcutaneous injections of botulinum toxin-A (BTX) were used to temporarily paralyze the facial muscle used in frowning. We found that BTX selectively slowed the reading of sentences that described situations that normally require the paralyzed muscle for expressing the emotions evoked by the sentences. This finding demonstrates that peripheral feedback plays a role in language processing, supports facial-feedback theories of emotional cognition, and raises questions about the effects of BTX on cognition and emotional reactivity. We account for the role of facial feedback in language processing by considering neurophysiological mechanisms and reinforcement-learning theory.
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Guo, LanJun, Paul Jasiukaitis, Lawrence H. Pitts, and Steven W. Cheung. "Optimal Placement of Recording Electrodes for Quantifying Facial Nerve Compound Muscle Action Potential." Otology & Neurotology 29, no. 5 (August 2008): 710–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0b013e318171975e.
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Choi, Cheol Hee, Sok Cheon Pak, and Chul Ho Jang. "Effect of local anesthesia on facial nerve blood flow and muscle action potential." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 82 (March 2016): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.12.029.
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Richmond, Isabelle L., and Michael Mahla. "Use of Antidromic Recording to Monitor Facial Nerve Function Intraoperatively." Neurosurgery 16, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 458–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-198504000-00004.
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Abstract This report describes a technique for monitoring facial nerve activity intraoperatively utilizing antidromic nerve stimulation and sequential averaging of the evoked responses. Compound facial nerve action potentials are obtained reliably even in the presence of paralyzing doses of muscle relaxants, which render the conventional methods useless. The electrophysiological setup is straightforward, and we utilize the same sequential averaging equipment with which we monitor cortical evoked responses intraoperatively. This technique facilitates identification of the facial nerve in large cerebellopontine angel tumors with minimal mechanical trauma. Recordings from eight clinical cases are presented to illustrate the reliability and reproducibility of this technique.
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Verma, Dhruv, Sejal Bhalla, Dhruv Sahnan, Jainendra Shukla, and Aman Parnami. "ExpressEar." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, no. 3 (September 9, 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3478085.
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Continuous and unobtrusive monitoring of facial expressions holds tremendous potential to enable compelling applications in a multitude of domains ranging from healthcare and education to interactive systems. Traditional, vision-based facial expression recognition (FER) methods, however, are vulnerable to external factors like occlusion and lighting, while also raising privacy concerns coupled with the impractical requirement of positioning the camera in front of the user at all times. To bridge this gap, we propose ExpressEar, a novel FER system that repurposes commercial earables augmented with inertial sensors to capture fine-grained facial muscle movements. Following the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), which encodes every possible expression in terms of constituent facial movements called Action Units (AUs), ExpressEar identifies facial expressions at the atomic level. We conducted a user study (N=12) to evaluate the performance of our approach and found that ExpressEar can detect and distinguish between 32 Facial AUs (including 2 variants of asymmetric AUs), with an average accuracy of 89.9% for any given user. We further quantify the performance across different mobile scenarios in presence of additional face-related activities. Our results demonstrate ExpressEar's applicability in the real world and open up research opportunities to advance its practical adoption.
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Bi, Ranran, Yahui Zhang, Xiaochen Liu, Shun Zhang, Rui Wang, Bingyin Liang, and Fang Cui. "Application of myofascial induction therapy in the rehabilitation of patients with acute facial palsy: A nonrandomized controlled trial." NeuroRehabilitation 50, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nre-210204.
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BACKGROUND: In the healthy body, the fascial system maintains elasticity and coordination of movements. If these functions are destroyed, facial paraly appears. Myofascial induction therapy (MIT), a manual physical therapy method that focuses on restoring altered fascial tissue, is prevalently and widely used in clinical treatment. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to observe the application of MIT in the rehabilitation of patients with acute facial palsy. METHODS: Sixty-eight patients with acute facial palsy were divided into control group and manual treatment group. The control group received drug treatments, such as prednisone, methylcobalamin, and vitamin B1, and instrumental physical therapy, such as semiconductor laser, shortwave therapy, and facial muscle training. In addition to these treatments, the manual treatment group received MIT. Both groups were treated for 4 weeks. The patients were assessed using the following methods: the House-Brackmann facial nerve function evaluation, Sunnybrook facial grading system, facial nerve electrophysiological examination compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude, and blink reflex (BR) R1 latency. RESULTS: House-Brackmann and Sunnybrook scores and CMAP amplitude and BRR1 latencies were significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the manual treatment group showed greater improvement than the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with MIT promoted better recovery of acute facial palsy and thus may be considered a valid rehabilitation intervention that is worthy of clinical application.
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Shakir, Samia, and Ali Al-Azza. "Facial Modelling and Animation: An Overview of The State-of-The Art." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 18, no. 1 (November 24, 2021): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.18.1.4.
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Animating human face presents interesting challenges because of its familiarity as the face is the part utilized to recognize individuals. This paper reviewed the approaches used in facial modeling and animation and described their strengths and weaknesses. Realistic face animation of computer graphic models of human faces can be hard to achieve as a result of the many details that should be approximated in producing realistic facial expressions. Many methods have been researched to create more and more accurate animations that can efficiently represent human faces. We described the techniques that have been utilized to produce realistic facial animation. In this survey, we roughly categorized the facial modeling and animation approach into the following classes: blendshape or shape interpolation, parameterizations, facial action coding system-based approaches, moving pictures experts group-4 facial animation, physics-based muscle modeling, performance driven facial animation, visual speech animation.
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Brin, Mitchell F., and Rami Burstein. "Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA) mechanism of action." Medicine 102, S1 (July 1, 2023): e32372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000032372.
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Studies in the 1920s found that botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) inhibited the activity of motor and parasympathetic nerve endings, confirmed several decades later to be due to decreased acetylcholine release. The 1970s were marked by studies of cellular mechanisms aided by use of neutralizing antibodies as pharmacologic tools: BoNT/A disappeared from accessibility to neutralizing antibodies within minutes, although it took several hours for onset of muscle weakness. The multi-step mechanism was experimentally confirmed and is now recognized to consist broadly of binding to nerve terminals, internalization, and lysis or cleavage of a protein (SNAP-25: synaptosomal associated protein-25 kDa) that is part of the SNARE (Soluble NSF Attachment protein REceptor) complex needed for synaptic vesicle docking and fusion. Clinical use of the BoNT/A product onabotulinumtoxinA was based on its ability to reduce muscle contractions via inhibition of acetylcholine from motor terminals. Sensory mechanisms of onabotulinumtoxinA have now been identified, supporting its successful treatment of chronic migraine and urgency in overactive bladder. Exploration into migraine mechanisms led to anatomical studies documenting pain fibers that send axons through sutures of the skull to outside the head—a potential route by which extracranial injections could affect intracranial processes. Several clinical studies have also identified benefits of onabotulinumtoxinA in major depression, which have been attributed to central responses induced by feedback from facial muscle and skin movement. Overall, the history of BoNT/A is distinguished by basic science studies that stimulated clinical use and, conversely, clinical observations that spurred basic research into novel mechanisms of action.
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Seki, Yojiro, Larry Krain, Thoru Yamada, and Jun Kimura. "Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Facial Nerve: Recording Technique and Estimation of the Stimulated Site." Neurosurgery 26, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199002000-00016.
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Abstract We compared transcranial magnetic and conventional electrical stimulation in 20 facial nerves of 10 normal subjects. A magnetic coil was placed tangentially over T5 or T6 (10-20 electroencephalogram electrode placement system) and electrical stimulation was applied 1 cm below the anterior tragus. Compound muscle action potentials recorded from the ipsilateral nasalis muscle showed onset latencies (mean ± SD) of 4.48 ± 0.50 ms with magnetic stimulation and 3.15 ± 0.40 ms with electrical stimulation, a mean difference of 1.33 ± 0.14 ms. Stimulation of the extracranial facial nerve at two sites yielded a conduction velocity of 59.6 ± 4.5 m/s. Based on these findings, the magnetically stimulated site was estimated to fall 79.0 ± 8.6 mm proximal to the point of electrical stimulation. Taking the average length of the nerve trunk and histological specificity of the root exit zone into consideration, evidence indicates that the root exit zone of the facial nerve is the most likely initiating site of excitation with magnetic stimulation.
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Schmid, U. D., M. Sturzenegger, H. P. Ludin, R. W. Seiler, and H. J. Reulen. "Orthodromic (Intra/Extracranial) Neurography to Monitor Facial Nerve Function Intraoperatively." Neurosurgery 22, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 945–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198805000-00027.
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Abstract This report introduces the technique of orthodromic neurography for monitoring of facial nerve function during operation in the cerebellopontine angle. By stimulation of the intracisternal segment of the facial nerve, a compound nerve action potential with amplitudes of 15 to 480 μV can be recorded extracranially from the nerve near the stylomastoid foramen after 0.95 to 2.27 ms. Usually there is no need for signal averaging, and the method is independent of the effect of muscle relaxants. With the use of the same electrophysiological equipment as for evoked potential neuromonitoring, immediate and repeated localization of the facial nerve and its discrimination from the trigeminal and the lower cranial nerves during nerve preparation within the tumor capsule is possible.
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Li, Kelun, Fanyu Meng, Yu Ru Li, Yueyi Tian, Hao Chen, Qi Jia, HongXin Cai, and Heng Bo Jiang. "Application of Nonsurgical Modalities in Improving Facial Aging." International Journal of Dentistry 2022 (February 24, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8332631.
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Objective. This review aims to summarize different kinds of applications of minimally invasive surgery in improving facial aging to provide a comprehensive and accurate introduction on the issue of esthetic treatment of facial skin. Overview. In the twentieth century, facial rejuvenation has become a new beauty trend. Facial cosmetology has entered a period of antiaging and rejuvenation therapies and microplastic surgery. The pursuit of beauty has promoted the development of minimally invasive plastic surgery. This review introduces the possible causes of facial aging and its related topics with a focus on facial injectable drugs, such as botulinum toxin, main filler materials (hyaluronic acid, calcium hydroxyapatite, poly L-lactic acid, collagen, autologous fat, and polymethyl methacrylate), and some current antiwrinkle technologies, such as thread lift and radiofrequency rhytidectomy. Conclusions. Despite the difference in mechanisms of action, each technique can address facial aging involving the loss of collagen, displacement and enlargement of fat, and muscle relaxation. Combinations of these treatments can provide patients with reasonable, comprehensive, and personalized treatment plans.
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Nakatomi, Hirofumi, Hidemi Miyazaki, Minoru Tanaka, Taichi Kin, Masanori Yoshino, Hiroshi Oyama, Masaaki Usui, et al. "Improved preservation of function during acoustic neuroma surgery." Journal of Neurosurgery 122, no. 1 (January 2015): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.8.jns132525.
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OBJECT Restoration of cranial nerve functions during acoustic neuroma (AN) surgery is crucial for good outcome. The effects of minimizing the injury period and maximizing the recuperation period were investigated in 89 patients who consecutively underwent retrosigmoid unilateral AN surgery. METHODS Cochlear nerve and facial nerve functions were evaluated during AN surgery by use of continuous auditory evoked dorsal cochlear nucleus action potential monitoring and facial nerve root exit zone–elicited compound muscle action potential monitoring, respectively. Factors affecting preservation of function at the same (preoperative) grade were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 23 patients underwent standard treatment and investigation of the monitoring threshold for preservation of function; another 66 patients underwent extended recuperation treatment and assessment of its effect on recovery of nerve function. Both types of final action potential monitoring response and extended recuperation treatment were associated with preservation of function at the same grade. CONCLUSIONS Preservation of function was significantly better for patients who received extended recuperation treatment.
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Wan, Hong, Liwei Zhang, Stephane Blanchard, Stephanie Bigou, Delphine Bohl, Chuncheng Wang, and Song Liu. "Combination of hypoglossal-facial nerve surgical reconstruction and neurotrophin-3 gene therapy for facial palsy." Journal of Neurosurgery 119, no. 3 (September 2013): 739–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.1.jns121176.
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Object Facial nerve injury results in facial palsy that has great impact on the psychosocial conditions of affected patients. Reconstruction of the facial nerve to restore facial symmetry and expression is still a significant surgical challenge. In this study, the authors assessed a hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis method combined with neurotrophic factor gene therapy to treat facial palsy in adult rats after facial nerve injury. Methods Surgery consisted of the interposition of a predegenerated nerve graft (PNG) that was anastomosed with the hypoglossal and facial nerves at each of its extremities. The hypoglossal nerve was cut approximately 50% for this anastomosis to conserve partial hypoglossal function. Before their transplantation, the PNGs were genetically engineered using lentiviral vectors to induce overexpression of the neurotrophic factor neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) to improve axonal regrowth in the reconstructed nerve pathway. Reconstruction was performed after facial nerve injury, either immediately or after a delay of 9 weeks. The rats were followed up for 4 months postoperatively, and treatment outcomes were then assessed. Results Compared with the functional innervation in control rats that underwent facial nerve injury without subsequent treatment, functional innervation of the paralyzed whisker pad by hypoglossal motoneurons in rats treated 4 months after nerve reconstruction was evidenced by the retrograde transport of neuronal tracers, the recording of muscle action potentials conducted by the PNG, and the recovery of facial symmetry. Although a better outcome was observed when reconstruction was performed immediately after facial nerve injury, reconstruction with NT3-treated PNGs significantly improved functional reinnervation of the paralyzed whisker pad even when implantation occurred 9 weeks posttrauma. Conclusions Results demonstrated that hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis facilitates innervation of paralyzed facial muscle via hypoglossal motoneurons without sacrificing ipsilateral hemitongue function. Neurotrophin-3 treatment through gene therapy could effectively improve such innervation, even after delayed reconstruction. These findings suggest that the combination of surgical reconstruction and NT-3 gene therapy is promising for its potential application in treating facial palsy in humans.
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Petrovic, Djordje, and Sofija Horvat-Banic. "Electromyographic activity of the temporal and masseter muscles at different occlusal positions." Medical review 60, no. 3-4 (2007): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0704134p.
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Introduction. Normal occlusion or eugnathia, is a morphologically and functionally balanced bite. Differences in the form and function of orofacial structures cause morphological and functional deviations of the orofacial system. Irregular occlusal positions may consequently change the electromyographic activity of the muscles of orofacial region. The aim of the research was an analysis and a comparative analysis of the bioelectrical activity of masticatory muscles in normal occlusion and distocclusion, in rest position, in the position of the central occlusion of the mandible and at the maximum voluntary muscle contraction. Material and methods. The metodology of the research is based on electromyographic recording of the action potentials of the examined muscles in different mandibular positions. Registration of action potentials of the masticatory muscles was done using, facial, intramuscular, and coaxial electrodes, (Greenfield scheme) and measurements were performed on both sides. The research was carried out on a sample of 60 patients with an average age of 14,25 years. 30 subjects had normal occlusion and 30 had distal occlusion. Results. The results were expressed in microvolts, as average cumulative amplitude voltages of action potentials, by means of which changes in the masticatory muscles were established and the degree of correlation between the electromyographic activity of the masticatory muscles and the occlusal type was analyzed. Conclusion. The results of the research show that the bioelectrical activity of the examined masticatory muscles falls in the group of subjects with distal occlusion, which is the result of a decreased number of active muscular tissues, or a decreased number of impulses coming into the muscle, or the combination of both. .
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Schmitt, Kori, Christiana DelloRusso, and Ralph F. Fregosi. "Force–EMG Changes During Sustained Contractions of a Human Upper Airway Muscle." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 2 (February 2009): 558–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90922.2008.
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Human upper airway and facial muscles support breathing, swallowing, speech, mastication, and facial expression, but their endurance performance in sustained contractions is poorly understood. The muscular fatigue typically associated with task failure during sustained contractions has both central and intramuscular causes, with the contribution of each believed to be task dependent. Previously we failed to show central fatigue in the nasal dilator muscles of subjects that performed intermittent maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs). Here we test the hypothesis that central mechanisms contribute to the fatigue of submaximal, sustained contractions in nasal dilator muscles. Nasal dilator muscle force and EMG activities were recorded in 11 subjects that performed submaximal contractions (20, 35, and 65% MVC) until force dropped to ≤90% of the target force for ≥3 s, which we defined as task failure. MVC and twitch forces (the latter obtained by applying supramaximal shocks to the facial nerve) were recorded before the trial and at several time points over the first 10 min of recovery. The time to task failure was inversely related to contraction intensity. MVC force was depressed by roughly 30% at task failure in all three trials, but recovered within 2 min. Twitch force fell by 30–44% depending on contraction intensity and remained depressed after 10 min of recovery, consistent with low-frequency fatigue. Average EMG activity increased with time, but never exceeded 75% of the maximal, pretrial level despite task failure. EMG mean power frequency declined by 20–25% in all trials, suggesting reduced action potential conduction velocity at task failure. In contrast, the maximal evoked potential did not change significantly in any of the tasks, indicating that the EMG deficit at task failure was due largely to mechanisms proximal to the neuromuscular junction. Additional experiments using the interpolated twitch technique suggest that subjects can produce about 92% of the maximal evocable force with this muscle, which is not a large enough deficit to explain the entire shortfall in the EMG at task failure. These data show that the nervous system fails to fully activate the nasal dilator muscles during sustained, submaximal contractions; putative mechanisms are discussed.
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Kleinveld, Vera E. A., Sarah Platzgummer, Julia Wanschitz, Corinne G. C. Horlings, and Wolfgang N. Löscher. "Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Differential Diagnosis of Unilateral Peripheral Facial Nerve Palsy." Brain Sciences 13, no. 4 (April 6, 2023): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13040624.
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(1) Background: This study aims to assess the diagnostic accuracy of parameters based on a combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electrical stimulation (ES) in the differentiation between idiopathic and secondary facial palsy in a large cohort of patients. (2) Methods: Patients with unilateral facial palsy ≤7 days after symptom onset were included. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes were measured after stimulation of both facial nerves at (A) the internal acoustic meatus using TMS, CMAP-TMS, and (B) at the stylomastoid foramen using electrical stimulation, CMAP-ES. To express the degree of nerve dysfunction in the facial canal specifically, the amplitude reduction of the CMAP-TMS in relation to CMAP-ES was calculated and expressed as a percentage (amplitude reduction over the facial canal, ARFC). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of ARFC as a marker to discriminate between patients with idiopathic and secondary facial palsy. (3) Results: Data from 498 patient records were analyzed. Idiopathic facial palsy was diagnosed in 424 patients, and secondary facial palsy in 74 patients. The area under the ROC curve for ARFC was 0.398. (4) Conclusions: The overall diagnostic accuracy of this method to differentiate secondary from idiopathic facial palsy is low.
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Gunnery, Sarah D., Marie-Helene Saint-Hilaire, Cathi Thomas, and Linda Tickle-Degnen. "Emerging Evidence for Facial Muscle Action as a Predictor of Experienced Stigma in Parkinson’s Disease." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 96, no. 10 (October 2015): e74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2015.08.251.
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Haginomori, Shin-Ichi, Shin-Ichi Wada, Atsuko Takamaki, Ryuzaburo Nonaka, Hiroshi Takenaka, and Takayuki Takubo. "A new method for measuring compound muscle action potentials in facial palsy: A preliminary study." Muscle & Nerve 37, no. 6 (June 2008): 764–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.21034.
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Bertalanffy, Helmut, Nadir Tissira, Niklaus Krayenbühl, Oliver Bozinov, and Johannes Sarnthein. "Inter- and Intrapatient Variability of Facial Nerve Response Areas in the Floor of the Fourth Ventricle." Operative Neurosurgery 68, suppl_1 (March 1, 2011): ons23—ons31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e31820781fb.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: Surgical exposure of intrinsic brainstem lesions through the floor of the 4th ventricle requires precise identification of facial nerve (CN VII) fibers to avoid damage. OBJECTIVE: To assess the shape, size, and variability of the area where the facial nerve can be stimulated electrophysiologically on the surface of the rhomboid fossa. METHODS: Over a period of 18 months, 20 patients were operated on for various brainstem and/or cerebellar lesions. Facial nerve fibers were stimulated to yield compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) in the target muscles. Using the sites of CMAP yield, a detailed functional map of the rhomboid fossa was constructed for each patient. RESULTS: Lesions resected included 14 gliomas, 5 cavernomas, and 1 epidermoid cyst. Of 40 response areas mapped, 19 reached the median sulcus. The distance from the obex to the caudal border of the response area ranged from 8 to 27 mm (median, 17 mm). The rostrocaudal length of the response area ranged from 2 to 15 mm (median, 5 mm). CONCLUSION: Facial nerve response areas showed large variability in size and position, even in patients with significant distance between the facial colliculus and underlying pathological lesion. Lesions located close to the facial colliculus markedly distorted the response area. This is the first documentation of variability in the CN VII response area in the rhomboid fossa. Knowledge of this remarkable variability may facilitate the assessment of safe entry zones to the brainstem and may contribute to improved outcome following neurosurgical interventions within this sensitive area of the brain.
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Flores Genaro, Katia, Alceu Sergio Trindade, and Inge Elly Kiemle Trindade. "Electromyographic Analysis of Lip Muscle Function in Operated Cleft Subjects." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 31, no. 1 (January 1994): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1994_031_0056_eaolmf_2.3.co_2.
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EMG activity of the upper lip was measured with bipolar surface electrodes during speech and nonspeech tasks In order to assess labial function in subjects with repaired clefts. Eighteen patients between 15 and 23 years of age with repaired unilateral cleft lip (Isolated or combined with repaired cleft palate) were compared to 24 matched noncleft subjects. Data analysis demonstrated that the amplitude of action potentials of the upper lip was significantly greater In the cleft group. We hypothesize that the enhanced activity of the repaired upper lip during function may contribute to the facial growth abnormalities usually seen In the cleft population.
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Gerner, Alexander Matthias. "Rehearsals on Faciality Diagrams of AI Avatars." Estudos Kantianos [EK] 10, no. 2 (January 24, 2023): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2318-0501.2022.v10n2.p137.
Full textAbstract:
As the post-Kantian schēma tradition emphasizes the importance of using mental concepts and frameworks to understand and interpret sensory experiences, in our case dramaturgies of faciality, rethinking different schemata concepts in various rehearsals and theoretical scenes seem fruitful to critically heed the development and use of faciality applied to AI avatars in virtual and augmented reality environments. One theoretical rehearsal to be explored is the baby schema theory as proposed by Konrad Lorenz to explain why certain physical features are perceived as cute. In recent years, the baby schema-cuteness relation has also been studied culturally in Kawaii aesthetics and in the context of virtual humans. In another rehearsal we critically heed exemplary faciality diagrams of Paul Ekman’s Facial Action Coding System (FACS) as a system for identifying and analyzing facial expressions of emotion based on the problematic idea that specific facial muscle movements correspond to emotions as a highly questionable facial diagrams (Stjernfelt/Peirce) –fallible as such – and finally glimpse towards the scenes of Todorov’s critic of facial rapid glance inferences and Lavater’s physiognomics.
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Wan, Hong, Liwei Zhang, Dezhi Li, Shuyu Hao, Jie Feng, Jean Paul Oudinet, Michael Schumacher, and Song Liu. "Hypoglossal-facial nerve “side”-to-side neurorrhaphy for persistent incomplete facial palsy." Journal of Neurosurgery 120, no. 1 (January 2014): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.9.jns13664.
Full textAbstract:
Object Hypoglossal-facial nerve neurorrhaphy is a widely used method for treating complete facial palsy. However, the classic surgical procedure using a “side”-to-end neurorrhaphy is not suitable for incomplete facial palsy (IFP), because sectioning of the facial nerve for neurorrhaphy compromises remnant axons and potential spontaneous reinnervation. For the treatment of persistent IFP, the authors investigated in rats a modified method using hypoglossal-facial nerve “side”-to-side neurorrhaphy. Methods An IFP model was created by crushing the facial nerve and then ligating the injury site to limit axonal regeneration. After 9 weeks, rats with IFP were submitted to hypoglossal-facial nerve “side”-to-side neurorrhaphy: The gap between the 2 nerves was bridged with a predegenerated peroneal nerve graft, which was sutured to only one-half of the hypoglossal nerve and to the remnant facial nerve through a small window created by removing the epineurium, thus preserving regenerating facial axons. Results Four months after repair surgery, double innervation of the target whisker pad by hypoglossal and facial motor neurons was supported by the recording of muscle action potentials and their retrograde labeling. Regenerated hypoglossal and facial motor neurons effectively participated in the reinnervation of the whisker pad, significantly improving facial symmetry without evident synkinesis, compared with rats that underwent IFP without hypoglossal-facial nerve neurorrhaphy. Conclusions This study demonstrates that hypoglossal-facial nerve “side”-to-side neurorrhaphy with a predegenerated nerve graft can lead to rapid functional benefits for persistent IFP without compromising the remnants of facial axons, thus providing a proof-of-feasibility for further studies in humans.
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Hong, Yu-Jin, Sung Eun Choi, Gi Pyo Nam, Heeseung Choi, Junghyun Cho, and Ig-Jae Kim. "Adaptive 3D Model-Based Facial Expression Synthesis and Pose Frontalization." Sensors 20, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 2578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092578.
Full textAbstract:
Facial expressions are one of the important non-verbal ways used to understand human emotions during communication. Thus, acquiring and reproducing facial expressions is helpful in analyzing human emotional states. However, owing to complex and subtle facial muscle movements, facial expression modeling from images with face poses is difficult to achieve. To handle this issue, we present a method for acquiring facial expressions from a non-frontal single photograph using a 3D-aided approach. In addition, we propose a contour-fitting method that improves the modeling accuracy by automatically rearranging 3D contour landmarks corresponding to fixed 2D image landmarks. The acquired facial expression input can be parametrically manipulated to create various facial expressions through a blendshape or expression transfer based on the FACS (Facial Action Coding System). To achieve a realistic facial expression synthesis, we propose an exemplar-texture wrinkle synthesis method that extracts and synthesizes appropriate expression wrinkles according to the target expression. To do so, we constructed a wrinkle table of various facial expressions from 400 people. As one of the applications, we proved that the expression-pose synthesis method is suitable for expression-invariant face recognition through a quantitative evaluation, and showed the effectiveness based on a qualitative evaluation. We expect our system to be a benefit to various fields such as face recognition, HCI, and data augmentation for deep learning.