Academic literature on the topic 'FACIAL MUSCLE ACTION'
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Journal articles on the topic "FACIAL MUSCLE ACTION"
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Schwartz, Ilsa, James W. Goodnight, Pavel Dulguerov, Gerald S. Berke, Malcolm Lesavoy, and Larry F. Hoffman. "Correlation of Compound action Potential and Electromyography with Facial Muscle Tension." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 112, no. 2 (February 1995): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989570251-2.
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Functional electric stimulation is a new method for dynamic rehabilitation of paralyzed muscles. The output of such prosthetic devices needs to be modulated by some index of the muscle movement. In facial paralysis a measure of the muscle contractions of the normal contralateral side seems to be an appropriate input. In the rabbit, we simultaneously measured the compound action potential of the buccal branch of the facial nerve, the electromyogram of the zygomaticus major muscle, and the muscle twitch tension through strain gauge. The compound action potential, electromyogram, and strain gauge each had a sigmoidal relationship to stimulus intensity. The compound action potential peak-to-peak amplitude was found to have a linear correlation to the peak twitch tension of the corresponding facial muscle. The electromyogram response, although more variable, also had a linear correlation with muscle contraction. The possibility of predicting the contraction of facial muscles before they actually occur is discussed in the context of available and future functional electric rehabilitation models.
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Basori, Ahmad Hoirul, and Hani Moaiteq Abdullah AlJahdali. "Emotional Facial Expression Based On Action Units and Facial Muscle." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 2478. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i5.12135.
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<p>The virtual human play vital roles in virtual reality and game. The process of Enriching the virtual human through their expression is one of the aspect that most researcher studied and improved. This study aims to demonstrate the combination of facial action units (FACS) and facial muscle to produce a realistic facial expression. The result of experiment succeed on producing particular expression such as anger, happy, sad which are able to convey the emotional state of the virtual human. This achievement is believed to bring full mental immersion towards virtual human and audience. The future works will able to generate a complex virtual human expression that combine physical factos such as wrinkle, fluid dynamics for tears or sweating.</p>
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Basori, Ahmad Hoirul, and Hani Moaiteq Abdullah AlJahdali. "Emotional Facial Expression Based On Action Units and Facial Muscle." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 2478. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i5.pp2478-2487.
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<p>The virtual human play vital roles in virtual reality and game. The process of Enriching the virtual human through their expression is one of the aspect that most researcher studied and improved. This study aims to demonstrate the combination of facial action units (FACS) and facial muscle to produce a realistic facial expression. The result of experiment succeed on producing particular expression such as anger, happy, sad which are able to convey the emotional state of the virtual human. This achievement is believed to bring full mental immersion towards virtual human and audience. The future works will able to generate a complex virtual human expression that combine physical factos such as wrinkle, fluid dynamics for tears or sweating.</p>
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Parr, Lisa A., Bridget M. Waller, Sarah J. Vick, and Kim A. Bard. "Classifying chimpanzee facial expressions using muscle action." Emotion 7, no. 1 (2007): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.172.
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Cotofana, Sebastian, Shirin Assemi-Kabir, Samir Mardini, Riccardo E. Giunta, Robert H. Gotkin, Nicholas Moellhoff, Luiz E. T. Avelar, Arnaldo Mercado-Perez, Z. Paul Lorenc, and Konstantin Frank. "Understanding Facial Muscle Aging: A Surface Electromyography Study." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 41, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): NP1208—NP1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjab202.
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Abstract Background Facial aging is a multifactorial process that involves all tissues of the face, including skin, muscles, fat, ligaments, and bone. Whereas robust evidence is available for age-related changes of bone and facial fat, the influence of age on facial muscle activity is poorly understood. Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate the motor unit action potential of facial muscles by utilizing surface-derived, noninvasive electromyography in young and old healthy volunteers. Methods The study investigated a total of 32 healthy volunteers with a mean [standard deviation] age of 42.6 [19.6] years (range, 21-82 years) and a mean BMI of 23.9 [2.7] kg/m2 (range, 18.5-29.7 kg/m2) by performing surface-derived, noninvasive facial electromyography. Nine facial muscles were investigated bilaterally, resulting in a total of 1632 measurements of the signal, baseline noise, and signal-to-noise ratio of these muscles. Results The results of the study revealed that age does not significantly influence the signal (P = 0.234), the baseline noise (P = 0.225), or the signal-to-noise ratio (P = 0.432) of younger individuals (<30 years) vs older individuals (>50 years) in a gender- and BMI-matched statistical model. Exceptions were the zygomaticus major muscle (reduced activity), procerus muscle (increased activity), and corrugator supercilii muscle (increased activity). Conclusions The results of this facial electromyography study may help to increase the understanding of facial aging. Future studies need to reproduce the results presented herein to further increase our understanding of facial aging.
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Wolf, Karsten, Thomas Raedler, Kai Henke, Falk Kiefer, Reinhard Mass, Markus Quante, and Klaus Wiedemann. "The Face of Pain - A Pilot Study to Validate the Measurement of Facial Pain Expression with an Improved EMG Method." Pain Research and Management 10, no. 1 (2005): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/643075.
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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this pilot study was to establish the validity of an improved facial electromyogram (EMG) method for the measurement of facial pain expression.BACKGROUND: Darwin defined pain in connection with fear as a simultaneous occurrence of eye staring, brow contraction and teeth chattering. Prkachin was the first to use the video-based Facial Action Coding System to measure facial expressions while using four different types of pain triggers, identifying a group of facial muscles around the eyes.METHOD: The activity of nine facial muscles in 10 healthy male subjects was analyzed. Pain was induced through a laser system with a randomized sequence of different intensities. Muscle activity was measured with a new, highly sensitive and selective facial EMG.RESULTS: The results indicate two groups of muscles as key for pain expression. These results are in concordance with Darwin's definition. As in Prkachin's findings, one muscle group is assembled around the orbicularis oculi muscle, initiating eye staring. The second group consists of the mentalis and depressor anguli oris muscles, which trigger mouth movements.CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate the validity of the facial EMG method for measuring facial pain expression. Further studies with psychometric measurements, a larger sample size and a female test group should be conducted.
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Medeiros, Jovany Luis Alves de, João Antonio Maciel Nobrega, Luiz Augusto Franco de Andrade, and Yara Juliano. "Facial nerve electroneurography: variability in normal subjects." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 54, no. 3 (September 1996): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x1996000300005.
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Twenty normal individuals were submitted to facial nerve electroneurography using different techniques in order to determine the most accurate to obtain the latencies and amplitudes of the compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) of the facial muscles. First of all it was determined in which muscle or muscle group highest amplitude CMAP could be recorded with the lowest variability between sides and in test-retest. Different techniques were studied in order to determine which could give the best results. This was shown to be an arrangement of bipolar surface electrodes fixed to a plastic bar. The records with higher amplitude where obtained from the nasolabial fold muscles. Therefore 65 normal volunteers were examined using this technique and recording the potentials obtained over the nasolabial fold muscles. Normal values were determined (latency lower than 4.5 ms and amplitude larger than 2 mV - 95% confidence limits).
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Foroni, Francesco, and Gün R. Semin. "Language That Puts You in Touch With Your Bodily Feelings." Psychological Science 20, no. 8 (August 2009): 974–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02400.x.
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Observing and producing a smile activate the very same facial muscles. In Experiment 1, we predicted and found that verbal stimuli (action verbs) that refer to emotional expressions elicit the same facial muscle activity (facial electromyography) as visual stimuli do. These results are evidence that language referring to facial muscular activity is not amodal, as traditionally assumed, but is instead bodily grounded. These findings were extended in Experiment 2, in which subliminally presented verbal stimuli were shown to drive muscle activation and to shape judgments, but not when muscle activation was blocked. These experiments provide an important bridge between research on the neurobiological basis of language and related behavioral research. The implications of these findings for theories of language and other domains of cognitive psychology (e.g., priming) are discussed.
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Leal-Campanario, Rocío, José Alberto Barradas-Bribiescas, José M. Delgado-García, and Agnès Gruart. "Relative contributions of eyelid and eye-retraction motor systems to reflex and classically conditioned blink responses in the rabbit." Journal of Applied Physiology 96, no. 4 (April 2004): 1541–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01027.2003.
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Early compensatory mechanisms between eyelid and eye-retraction motor systems following selective nerve and/or muscle lesions were studied in behaving rabbits. Reflex and conditioned eyelid responses were recorded in 1) controls and following 2) facial nerve section, 3) retractor bulbi muscle removal, and 4) facial nerve section and retractor bulbi muscle removal. Animals were classically conditioned with a delay paradigm by using a tone (350 ms, 600 Hz, 90 dB) as conditioned stimulus, followed 250 ms later by an air puff (100 ms, 3 kg/cm2) as unconditioned stimulus. Conditioned eyelid responses generated in the absence of the facial motor system (i.e., by the almost sole action of the retractor bulbi motor system) presented a wavy profile, due to the succession of eye-retraction movements. Learned eyelid responses generated in the absence of the eye-retraction motor system (i.e., by the almost exclusive action of the facial motor system) were similar to those of controls, but were reduced in amplitude and peak velocity. Finally, the isolated action of the extraocular recti muscle produced very small eyelid movements during both reflex and learned eyelid responses. Although each of these motor systems could act independently of the others, the motor result of their joint action did not coincide with the simple addition of their separate actions. Both facial and eye-retraction motor systems appear to be necessary for normal eyelid closure during blinking in rabbits. Central reorganization to compensate for loss of either of these systems may explain why the response of each system in isolation cannot be added linearly to obtain normal blink response magnitudes and profiles.
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Benitez-Quiroz, Carlos F., Ramprakash Srinivasan, and Aleix M. Martinez. "Facial color is an efficient mechanism to visually transmit emotion." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 14 (March 19, 2018): 3581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716084115.
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Facial expressions of emotion in humans are believed to be produced by contracting one’s facial muscles, generally called action units. However, the surface of the face is also innervated with a large network of blood vessels. Blood flow variations in these vessels yield visible color changes on the face. Here, we study the hypothesis that these visible facial colors allow observers to successfully transmit and visually interpret emotion even in the absence of facial muscle activation. To study this hypothesis, we address the following two questions. Are observable facial colors consistent within and differential between emotion categories and positive vs. negative valence? And does the human visual system use these facial colors to decode emotion from faces? These questions suggest the existence of an important, unexplored mechanism of the production of facial expressions of emotion by a sender and their visual interpretation by an observer. The results of our studies provide evidence in favor of our hypothesis. We show that people successfully decode emotion using these color features, even in the absence of any facial muscle activation. We also demonstrate that this color signal is independent from that provided by facial muscle movements. These results support a revised model of the production and perception of facial expressions of emotion where facial color is an effective mechanism to visually transmit and decode emotion.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "FACIAL MUSCLE ACTION"
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Dakpé, Stéphanie. "Etude biomécanique de la mimique faciale." Thesis, Compiègne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015COMP2203/document.
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Ce travail de thèse, inclus dans un projet structurant plus vaste, projet SIMOVI (SImulation des MOuvements du VIsage), s’attache à étudier spécifiquement la mimique faciale en corrélant les déplacements visibles du revêtement cutané et les mouvements musculaires internes à travers le développement de plusieurs méthodologies. L’ensemble de la mimique faciale ne pouvant être étudié, étant donné la multitude d’expressions, les mouvements pertinents à étudier dans nos travaux ont été identifiés. Ces mouvements ont été caractérisés chez 23 sujets jeunes dans une analyse descriptive qualitative et clinique, basée sur une méthodologie s’appuyant sur l’analyse d’enregistrements vidéoscopiques, et le développement d’un codage issu du FACS (Facial Action Coding System). Une cohorte de référence a ainsi été constituée. Après avoir validé notre méthodologie pour la caractérisation externe de la mimique, l’analyse des muscles peauciers par l’IRM a été réalisée sur 10 hémifaces parmi les sujets sains issus de la cohorte. Cette caractérisation a fait appel, à partir d’une anatomie in vivo, à une modélisation de certains muscles peauciers (zygomaticus major en particulier) afin d’extraire des paramètres morphologiques, de réaliser une analyse plus fine de la morphologie musculaire en 3 dimensions, et d’apporter une meilleure compréhension du comportement cinématique du muscle dans différentes positions. Par son intégration dans un questionnement plus vaste :- comment caractériser objectivement la mimique faciale ? - quels sont les indicateurs qualitatifs et quantitatifs de la mimique que nous pouvons recueillir, et comment réaliser ce recueil ? - comment utiliser les développements technologiques dans les applications cliniques ? Ce travail constitue une étape préliminaire à d’autres travaux. Il pourra fournir des données de référence à des fins de modélisation, de simulation de la mimique faciale, ou de développements d’outil de mesures pour le suivi et l’évaluation des déficits de la mimique facialeThe aim of this research is to study facials mimics movements and to correlate externat soft tissue (i.e., cutaneous) movement during facial mimics with internal (i.e., facial mimic muscle) movement. The entire facial mimicry couldn't be studied, that's why relevant movements had been selected. Those movements were characterised by a clinically qualitative analysis in 23 young healthy volunteers. The analysis was performed with video recordings including scaling derived from the FACS (Facial Action Coding System). After the validation of external characterisation by this method, internal characterisation of the mimic facial muscle was carried out in 10 volunteers. A modelization of selected facial mimic muscle as Zygomaticus Major was achieved. With this work, morphological parameters could be extracted, 3D morphometric data were analysed to provide a better understanding of cinematic behaviour of muscle in different positions.This research is included in the Simovi Project, which aims to determine to what extent a facial mimic can be evaluated objectively, to select the qualitative and quantitative indicators for evaluation of mimic facial disorders, and to transfer our technological developments in clinical field. This research is a first step and provides data for simulation or developments of measurement tools in evaluation and follow-up of mimic facial disorders
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KUMAR, AKHILESH. "AUTOMATIC HUMAN EMOTION RECOGNITION BASED ON FACIAL EXPRESSION ANALYSIS." Thesis, 2015. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/15514.
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Understanding of facial expression is one of the most necessary components for effective personal communication besides speech comprehension. Facial expressions are well capable of displaying various messages like boredom, fatigue, stress, agreement, disagreement, pain etc while in communication. Moreover they are an immediate source of emotional state of the person. Thus in order to have an effective and efficient Human Computer Interaction (HCI), the machines must be able to understand the facial expressions and infer the message and emotions from it. As the application of HCI is gaining fame, the research on “Automatic Facial Expression Analysis” has grabbed the attention of people working in the domain of Computer Vision.
Automatic analysis of facial expression includes two main streams of research namely facial affect detection and facial muscle action detection. In case of Facial Affect detection, the displayed message is judged to infer the emotional state. Facial Muscle action detection is a sign judgment approach to measure the facial changes as displayed by the expression.
In this study, the effort were made on the research problem “Emotion Recognition from Facial Expressions”, which is mainly an affect detection problem. Various approaches were tried and some of the challenges faced and stated in literature were dealt with.
A novel and efficient approach for facial expression recognition using half faces (right half and/or left half) as input to various feature extractors has been studied and analyzed against full face. The performance results obtained from two standard texture analysis techniques: and over three standard databases: Cohn-Kanade database, JAFFE database and FEI Face database have been analyzed. It has been found that the proposed half-face approach is at-par in terms of recognition accuracy against the conventional full-face approach with a significant reduction at the level of feature extraction time, classification time and feature vector storage cost. This makes our proposed approach more suitable for real-time applications based on automatic facial expression analysis and emotion recognition.
Books on the topic "FACIAL MUSCLE ACTION"
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Bucy, Erik P., and Patrick Stewart. The Personalization of Campaigns: Nonverbal Cues in Presidential Debates. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.52.
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Nonverbal cues are important elements of persuasive communication whose influence in political debates are receiving renewed attention. Recent advances in political debate research have been driven by biologically grounded explanations of behavior that draw on evolutionary theory and view televised debates as contests for social dominance. The application of biobehavioral coding to televised presidential debates opens new vistas for investigating this time-honored campaign tradition by introducing a systematic and readily replicated analytical framework for documenting the unspoken signals that are a continuous feature of competitive candidate encounters. As research utilizing biobehavioral measures of presidential debates and other political communication progresses, studies are becoming increasingly characterized by the use of multiple methodologies and merging of disparate data into combined systems of coding that support predictive modeling.Key elements of nonverbal persuasion include candidate appearance, communication style and behavior, as well as gender dynamics that regulate candidate interactions. Together, the use of facial expressions, voice tone, and bodily gestures form uniquely identifiable display repertoires that candidates perform within televised debate settings. Also at play are social and political norms that govern candidate encounters. From an evaluative standpoint, the visual equivalent of a verbal gaffe is the commission of a nonverbal expectancy violation, which draws viewer attention and interferes with information intake. Through second screens, viewers are able to register their reactions to candidate behavior in real time, and merging biobehavioral and social media approaches to debate effects is showing how such activity can be used as an outcome measure to assess the efficacy of candidate nonverbal communication during televised presidential debates.Methodological approaches employed to investigate nonverbal cues in presidential debates have expanded well beyond the time-honored technique of content analysis to include lab experiments, focus groups, continuous response measurement, eye tracking, vocalic analysis, biobehavioral coding, and use of the Facial Action Coding System to document the muscle movements that comprise leader expressions. Given the tradeoffs and myriad considerations involved in analyzing nonverbal cues, critical issues in measurement and methodology must be addressed when conducting research in this evolving area. With automated coding of nonverbal behavior just around the corner, future research should be designed to take advantage of the growing number of methodological advances in this rapidly evolving area of political communication research.
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Shaw, Pamela, and David Hilton-Jones. The lower cranial nerves and dysphagia. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0429.
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Disorders affecting the lower cranial nerves – V (trigeminal), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (accessory) and XII (hypoglossal) – are discussed in the first part of this chapter. The clinical neuroanatomy of each nerve is described in detail, as are disorders – often in the form of lesions – for each nerve.Trigeminal nerve function may be affected by supranuclear, nuclear, or peripheral lesions. Because of the wide anatomical distribution of the components of the trigeminal nerve, complete interruption of both the motor and sensory parts is rarely observed in practice. However, partial involvement of the trigeminal nerve, particularly the sensory component, is relatively common, the main symptoms being numbness and pain. Reactivation of herpes zoster in the trigeminal nerve (shingles) can cause pain and a rash. Trigeminal neuralgia and sensory neuropathy are also discussed.Other disorders of the lower cranial nerves include Bell’s palsy, hemifacial spasm and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Cavernous sinus, Tolosa–Hunt syndrome, jugular foramen syndrome and polyneuritis cranialis are caused by the involvement of more than one lower cranial nerve.Difficulty in swallowing, or dysphagia, is a common neurological problem and the most important consequences include aspiration and malnutrition (Wiles 1991). The process of swallowing is a complex neuromuscular activity, which allows the safe transport of material from the mouth to the stomach for digestion, without compromising the airway. It involves the synergistic action of at least 32 pairs of muscles and depends on the integrity of sensory and motor pathways of several cranial nerves; V, VII, IX, X, and XII. In neurological practice dysphagia is most often seen in association with other, obvious, neurological problems. Apart from in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, it is relatively rare as a sole presenting symptom although occasionally this is seen in motor neurone disease, myasthenia gravis, and inclusion body myositis. Conversely, in general medical practice, there are many mechanical or structural disorders which may have dysphagia as the presenting feature. In some of the disorders, notably motor neurone disease, both upper and lower motor neurone dysfunction may contribute to the dysphagia. Once dysphagia has been identified as a real or potential problem, the patient should undergo expert evaluation by a clinician and a speech therapist, prior to any attempt at feeding. Videofluoroscopy may be required. If there is any doubt it is best to achieve adequate nutrition through the use of a fine-bore nasogastric tube and to periodically reassess swallowing. Anticholinergic drugs may be helpful to reduce problems with excess saliva and drooling that occur in patients with neurological dysphagia, and a portable suction apparatus may be helpful. Difficulty in clearing secretions from the throat may be helped by the administration of a mucolytic agent such as carbocisteine or provision of a cough assist device.
Book chapters on the topic "FACIAL MUSCLE ACTION"
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Goldfinger, Eliot. "Individual Muscles Attachments, Action, & Structure." In Animal Anatomy for Artists. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142143.003.0010.
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The muscles of the head consist of the chewing muscles (temporalis, masseter, and digastric) and the facial muscles (zygomaticus, orbicularis oris, etc.). The chewing muscles are thick and volumetric, and they originate and insert on bone. They open and close the lower jaw, with the action taking place at the jaw joint (temporomandibular joint). The facial muscles are thin. They originate either from the skull or from the surface of other muscles, and they generally insert into other facial muscles or into the skin. When they contract, they move the features of the face (eyes, nose, mouth, ears). As they pull the facial features, they often gather the skin into folds and wrinkles that lie perpendicular to the direction of their muscular fibers (perpendicular to the direction of pull). The mouth region receives the most muscles; therefore, it is the most mobile part of the face. Some facial muscles are so thin that they do not create any direct form on the surface (caninus, malaris, orbicularis oculi), whereas other facial muscles or their tendons may create surface form directly (buccinator, levator labii maxillaris, zygomaticus, and depressor labii mandibularis). Facial muscles are generally more visible on the surface in the horse and the ox than in the dog and feline. The facial muscles, as they move the eyes, nose, mouth, and ears, generate whatever facial expressions animals are capable of producing. . . . • Attachment: A short ligament at the inner corner of the eye, whose inner end attaches to the skull. . . . . . . • Action: Eyelid portion: closes eyelids (blinking), primarily by depressing the upper eyelid. Outer portion: tightens and compresses the skin surrounding the eye, protecting the eyeball. . . . . . . • Structure: The orbicularis oculi is a flat, elliptical muscle consisting of two portions. The eyelid portion lies in the upper and lower eyelids, and the outer portion surrounds the eye and lies on the skull. . . .
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"A review of previous work on muscle action in facial expression." In The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression, 3–11. Cambridge University Press, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511752841.003.
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Klein, Christopher J. "Autoimmune Peripheral Nervous System Hyperexcitability." In Mayo Clinic Cases in Neuroimmunology, edited by Andrew McKeon, B. Mark Keegan, and W. Oliver Tobin, 138–39. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197583425.003.0044.
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A 25-year-old man was seen for assessment of progressive pain. He had a distant history of Guillain-Barré syndrome at age 8 years, at which time he had symmetrical proximal and distal weakness of the upper and lower extremities with loss of ambulation. No facial weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, ptosis, diplopia, or respiratory weakness occurred. At his initial evaluation there was touch hypersensitivity of the muscles and skin. He had no weakness or cognitive involvement, although the pain made it difficult for him to concentrate. His creatine kinase value improved with hydration, but pain and muscle twitching persisted. On examination, he had diffuse extremity and truncal fasciculations and myokymia and reported pain in not only the areas of twitching but also other areas of his extremities and trunk. On neurophysiologic testing, fibular and tibial motor compound muscle action potentials were decreased in amplitude, with normal ulnar and median motor responses. Needle electromyography of muscles proximally and distally showed diffuse spontaneous firing of muscles ranging in frequency with waxing and waning characteristics. These findings were thought to be consistent with a primary hyperexcitable disorder of muscles with a superimposed old polyradiculoneuropathy and possibly a myopathy. Expanded autoimmune neuroimmunologic testing of serum identified immunoglobulin G-directed cerebellar molecular staining consistent with voltage-gated potassium channel autoantibodies. Radioimmunoprecipitation assay identified voltage-gated potassium channel-immunoglobulin Gs and led to reflex testing for contactin-associated protein 2-immunoglobulin G; autoantibodies were positive. Computed tomography of the chest with contrast was performed, and lymphadenopathy was identified. The patient was clinically diagnosed with contactin-associated protein 2 - immunoglobulin G–positive Isaacs syndrome. A trial of high-dose gabapentin was attempted, with only mild benefits. Next, intravenous immunoglobulin was initiated. Diabetes developed, and he was hospitalized requiring initiation of insulin. His condition is now managed variably with intravenous immunoglobulin and scheduled daily gabapentin. The immune system has long been recognized to help regulate pain via non- immunoglobulin G–mediated mechanisms. Specifically, cytokines decrease the nociceptive nerve fiber thresholds and are released after diverse tissue insults. This allows for speeded healing by increased blood flow and protection of the region by pain guarding mechanisms. It is now recognized that, in rare cases, immunoglobulin G-mediated autoimmunity can lead to otherwise idiopathic pain disorders.
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Atkinson, Martin E. "Mastication." In Anatomy for Dental Students. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199234462.003.0035.
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Now you have an understanding of the anatomy of the maxilla and mandible, the TMJs, and jaw musculature, we can examine how these structures work together to produce the complex actions involved in the biting and chewing of food. Technically, incision is biting a piece from a larger chunk of food and mastication is the grinding down of that piece into smaller components and mixing them with saliva. Mastication is often used to cover both actions. Box 26.1 briefly compares the anatomy of the human dentition to that of other mammals. As well as knowledge of the TMJ, muscles of mastication, and other muscles used in jaw movements, it is necessary to appreciate some aspects of the static and dynamic relationships of the teeth to understand chewing movements. The first thing to notice is the bigger width of the upper dental arch compared to the lower arch, a condition known as anisognathy. In Figure 26.1A , you can see that the maxillary molars overhang the mandibular teeth by half a cusp width so the buccal cusps of the lower molars and premolars occlude between the buccal and palatal cusps of the maxillary teeth. Observe also that the long axis of the maxillary molars and premolars incline buccally while the corresponding axis of the mandibular teeth incline lingually; the occlusal plane of the posterior teeth is thus curved transversely as illustrated in Figure 26.1A . It would be possible to chew food simply by moving the teeth up and down without any side-to-side movement, but this would be inefficient and not make full use of the cusps on the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth. However, we can only chew on one side at a time because of the anisognathy of the upper and lower teeth. Due to anisognathic jaw positions, the maxillary anterior teeth are also going to protrude in front of the mandibular anterior teeth. Figure 26.1B illustrates the normal relationships of the anterior teeth. The maxillary incisors overhang the mandibular incisors by about 2–3 mm in the horizontal plane; this is called the overjet. The upper incisors usually have a vertical overhang, the overbite, of about the same amount. As mentioned in Chapter 24 , the mouth at rest is closed by tonic contraction of the muscles of mastication and facial expression.
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Hanson, Robin. "Implementation." In The Age of Em. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754626.003.0010.
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Compared with ordinary humans, it is much easier to directly read the internal state of an em mind. This should allow some types of “mindreading.” Consider taking two ems and trying to match parts in one of them to parts in the other, to say which parts are the “same.” during the early opaque em era it will usually not be possible to make a complete match. Even so, some parts could be matched, such as the parts that receive initial inputs from eyes and ears. For matched parts, it should be possible to put the parts of one emulation into the same brain activation state as that of the matching parts in another emulation. So, for example, one might force an emulation to see and hear exactly what another emulation sees and hears. More parts can be matched for emulations of the same original human, especially if they have diverged for a shorter subjective time. Such more closely matched emulations could thus be arranged to more fully “read” each other’s minds. Mild mindreading might be used to allow ems to better intuit and share their reaction to a particular topic or person. For example, a group of ems might all try to think at the same time about a particular person, say “George.” Then their brain states in the region of their minds associated with this thought might be weakly driven toward the average state of this group. In this way this group might come to intuitively feel how the group feels on average about George. Of course this should work better for closer copies, and after this exercise participating individuals might still return to something close to their previous opinions of George. Even when minds cannot be matched part for part, statistical analysis of how activation in different parts and situations correlates with actions and stated feelings should allow cheap partial mindreading, at least for some shallow “surface” aspects of emulation minds. Both of these types of mindreading require access to the internal state of an emulation process. Those not granted such access have an even weaker ability to read minds than do humans today. Today, humans routinely leak many features of their brain states via tone of voice, gaze, facial expressions, muscle vibrations, etc.
Conference papers on the topic "FACIAL MUSCLE ACTION"
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Fan, Yingruo, and Zhaojiang Lin. "G2RL: Geometry-Guided Representation Learning for Facial Action Unit Intensity Estimation." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/102.
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Facial action unit (AU) intensity estimation aims to measure the intensity of different facial muscle movements. The external knowledge such as AU co-occurrence relationship is typically leveraged to improve performance. However, the AU characteristics may vary among individuals due to different physiological structures of human faces. To this end, we propose a novel geometry-guided representation learning (G2RL) method for facial AU intensity estimation. Specifically, our backbone model is based on a heatmap regression framework, where the produced heatmaps reflect rich information associated with AU intensities and their spatial distributions. Besides, we incorporate the external geometric knowledge into the backbone model to guide the training process via a learned projection matrix. The experimental results on two benchmark datasets demonstrate that our method is comparable with the state-of-the-art approaches, and validate the effectiveness of incorporating external geometric knowledge for facial AU intensity estimation.
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Valenti, Fabio. "The Fascial System." In Socratic Lectures 8. University of Lubljana Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55295/psl.2023.i13.
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The word Fascia has long been used by gross anatomists to embrace a spectrum of undifferentiated mesenchymal tissues that wrap organs and tissues of the body, or form a packing material between them. The inherent implication of this traditional view is that fasciae are inconsequential residues that are less important than the tissues with which they are associated. The errors of this assumption are being exposed and undoubtedly fascia is becoming more and more of considerable importance to many professionals working in health-related disciplines. Encouragingly, there has been a strong resurgence of interest into both basic and applied research in fasciae in recent years, also thanks to new fascia related findings. Knowledge of the fascial system’s characteristics and functions is spreading from primary medical researchers to professionals in many health fields throughout the world. Nowadays is well known that the Fascia is a mechanically active tissue with a proprioceptive and nociceptive properties. The Fascial continuum complexity is the result of perfect synergy evolution among different tissues made up of solid and fluid portions, which interpenetrate and interact with each other, forming a polymorphic three-dimensional network. Normal movement of the body is allowed because of the presence of the fascial tissues and their inseparable interconnection, one of the fundamental characteristics of the fascia is the ability to adapt to mechanical stress, remodeling the cellular/tissue structure and mirroring the functional necessity of the environment where the tissue lays. So, Fascia can transmit tension and in view of its proprioceptive and nociceptive functions could be responsible for disorders and pain radiating to remote anatomical structures. Dysfunction of the fascial system that is perpetuated in everyday movements can also cause an emotional alteration of the person. So, the fascial unity could influence not only movement but also emotions. Because the importance of fascia in human movement (both motion and emotion), shock absorption, metabolic and physiological processes, proprioception, healing and repair, the fascia in a broadest sense may be the literal representation of our inner being. Theoretically, Fascia probably hold many of the keys for understanding muscle action and musculoskeletal pain, and maybe it is of pivotal importance in understanding the basis of the body functioning. Further intensive research is essential to understand the function of the Fascia. The proposed article is a reflection to better understand the anatomy and main characteristics of the human fascial system. Keywords: Fascia; Facial system; Myofascial chains
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Cordea, Marius D., Emil M. Petriu, and Dorina C. Petriu. "3D Head Tracking and Facial Expression Recovery using an Anthropometric Muscle-based Active Appearance Model." In 2007 IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Technology Conference IMTC 2007. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imtc.2007.379320.
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Athayde, Natália Merten, Wladimir Bocca Vieira de Rezende Pinto, Paulo Victor Sgobbi de Souza, Acary Souza Bulle Oliveira, and Alzira Alves de Siqueira Carvalho. "Expansion of the phenotype in ALS19." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.455.
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Context: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects the upper and lower motor neurons. Most cases are sporadic, being 5-10% familial. Currently, more than 20 genes are described as causing familial ALS, with C9ORF72 and SOD1 the most common. Case report: Woman, 42 years old, with progressive weakness in her left foot for 3 years evolving with difficulty walking. No family history. Neurological exam(NE): asymmetric stepagge gait. Asymmetric proximal, distal and axial muscle weakness and distal atrophy. Hyperactive reflexes. EMG: pre-ganglionic lesion in lower limbs with active denervation. Brain MRI: high signal intensity on left corticospinal tract. ALS genetic panel: c.3878G> A, heterozygois in ErbB4(OMIM* 600543). CASE 2: Female, 55 years old, with parkinsonism for 2 years, evolving with muscle weakness, myalgia, dysphonia and dysphagia. After 7 months, respiratory failure and death. Family history: ALS and atypical parkinsonism. NE: Global amyotrophy, facial hypomimia, dropped head, fasciculations on the tongue. Bradykinesia. Plastic hypertonia in the 4 limbs. Proximal and distal weakness. Babinski sign on the right. Oculomotor apraxia. Dysarthrophonia. EMG: pre-ganglionic lesion in the 4 limbs. Brain MRI: global cortical atrophy with temporal predominance. Exome: pathogenic variant, in heterozygosis c. 2428G>A in ErbB4. Conclusion: There are only 3 cases reported in the literature associated to pathogenic variants in this gene. We suggest an expansion of the clinical phenotype for ALS19.
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Lundberg, Hannah J., Kharma C. Foucher, Thomas P. Andriacchi, and Markus A. Wimmer. "Comparison of Numerically Modeled Knee Joint Contact Forces to Instrumented Total Knee Prosthesis Forces." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206791.
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Total knee replacement (TKR) surgery decreases pain and increases functional mobility for patients with joint disease. As primary TKRs are implanted in patients who are younger, heavier, and more active (1), increases in wear and TKR revision rates are expected. Preclinical analysis of TKRs with mathematical models and experimental tests require accurate in vivo kinetic and kinematic input data. Kinematics can be obtained with gait analysis, but in vivo force data are just beginning to become available from instrumented TKRs from only a few patients (2). Patient gait is highly variable both within and between individuals and can be influenced by a variety of factors including the progression and history of joint disease, surgical procedure, and TKR design. Variation in patient gait and activities results in subsequent contact force and polyethylene wear variability. A validated mathematical model which calculates contact forces for alternate input data could add valuable insight for preclinical testing. A problem facing mathematical modeling is that there are too many unknowns to directly solve for contact forces. In order to approach this problem, we have developed a knee mathematical model that allows parametric variation of muscle activation levels (3) and calculates a solution space of physically possible contact forces.
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Nuno Oliveira, João, Luani Costa, Ana Ramôa, Ricardo Silva, Aureliano Fertuzinhos, Bruno Vale, Inês Estudante, et al. "Worker 4.0: A Textile Exoskeleton to Support Apparel Industry." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003636.
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STVgoDigital project aims the transition of the textile and apparel industries to the new Industry 4.0 paradigm promoting the digitalization to increase productivity and efficiency of the entire value chain. Specifically the PPS4 - Worker 4.0, aims to develop disruptive solutions based on sensing and active components within a garment to support repetitive movements that may cause injuries and/or pain in apparel workers. Textile Industry employs 1.7 million people in Europe [1]. Seamstress’s activities are among the most prone to develop pain and fatigue symptoms along time, mainly on the neck, shoulders, and wrists, facing higher musculoskeletal risks caused by precision handwork and static, low-level work postures [2-3]. In Europe, 50% of workers’ absences to work are due to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) that last for longer periods than absences caused by any other health issue. WRMSDs are responsible for 60% of their permanent incapacity [4]. In a study performed by Oo, 93.8% of the analyzed seamstress’ work experienced WRMSDs [5].In this sense, a textile-based exoskeleton with ergonomic concerns and a challenging textile-based implementation was developed to reduce the physical efforts required to perform different sewing operations in industrial processes. Besides, it would correspond to essential biomechanical specifications to adapt to the human body and avoid common trade-offs related to human-device interfaces. The textile-based exoskeleton that will support the transition to Worker 4.0 generation integrates: a) a sensing system for the detection of movements in real-time, to make it possible to identify the ergonomic posture of the worker, as well as the risk associated with the execution of repetitive working tasks; b) an actuation system to increase body strength and support the upper limb segments correctly, reducing physical efforts and fatigue, eliminating unnecessary movements, and contributing to develop a better ergonomic assessment of the working postures and layout; c) learning and actuation algorithms, with some degree of variability, focused on several movement natures, such as the abduction and elevation of the upper limbs, and finally d) a global integration of the solutions in a wearable, light and flexible garment capable to ensure comfort and adequate execution of the sewing operations while adequately resisting active sensing and actuation systems.Using prototypes, the developed textile-based exoskeleton will be tested in a laboratory and real environment to study and evaluate digital interfaces; measure muscle load and the impact of using the exoskeleton; and evaluate and classify the usability and comfort. A testing protocol was submitted to an ethics committee. AcknowledgmentThis work was developed in the framework of STVgoDIGITAL project (no 46086), which was co-financed by Portugal 2020, under the Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization (COMPETE 2020) through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).