Journal articles on the topic 'Facial expression – Photographic measurements'
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Rhodes, Gillian. "Looking at Faces: First-Order and Second-Order Features as Determinants of Facial Appearance." Perception 17, no. 1 (February 1988): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p170043.
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The encoding and relative importance of first-order (discrete) and second-order (configural) features in mental representations of unfamiliar faces have been investigated. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (KYST) was carried out on similarity judgments of forty-one photographs of faces (homogeneous with respect to sex, race, facial expression, and, to a lesser extent, age). A large set of ratings, measurements, and ratios of measurements of the faces was regressed against the three-dimensional KYST solution in order to determine the first-order and second-order features used to judge similarity. Parameters characterizing both first-order and second-order features emerged as important determinants of facial similarity. First-order feature parameters characterizing the appearance of the eyes, eyebrows, and mouth, and second-order feature parameters characterizing the position of the eyes, spatial relations between the internal features, and chin shape correlated with the dimensions of the KYST solution. There was little difference in the extent to which first-order and second-order features were encoded. Two higher-level parameters, age and weight, were also used to judge similarity. The implications of these results for mental representations of faces are discussed.
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Lewczuk, Joanna. "Change of social value orientation affected by the observed mimical expression of the interaction partner." Studia z Teorii Wychowania X, no. 4 (29) (December 25, 2019): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1075.
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The issues addressed in this paper relate to a possible change in the observer’s social value orientation under the influence of a specific emotional expression being perceived on another individual’s face. The paper fits into the trend in the research into the link between social value orientations and the perception of a facial emotional expression. An „omnibus” type representative survey was carried out according to the experimental scheme, entirely via the Internet (N = 972). The following tools were used: for the measurement of social value orientations, a modified version of the Ring Measure of Social Values; for the experimental manipulation, photographs of facial expressions (happiness, anger, neutrality). In the light of the data obtained, one may, for the very first time, speak of social value orientations as of a dimension being susceptible to a change under the influence of a facial expression. A diversity of the indicators of the orientation on the others was shown, as well as of the distribution of the groups of the dominant social value orientations before and after the experimental manipulation, depending on the type of a basic facial emotional expression being presented (happiness vs anger). Directional predictions were confirmed with regard to the negative manipulation (expression of anger) which was followed by a reduction in the orientation on the others and a reduction in the total number of altruists, while the positive manipulation (expression of happiness) resulted in a general increase being observed in the number of altruists. It remains in line with the trend in predictions that observation of a positive facial expression triggers prosocial tendencies, while observation of a negative facial expression undermines prosocial tendencies. Keywords: social value orientations; prosociality; orientation on the self/orientation on the others; variability of social value orientations; Ring Measure of Social Values; facial emotional expressions
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Benton, Christopher P. "Effect of Photographic Negation on Face Expression Aftereffects." Perception 38, no. 9 (January 1, 2009): 1267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p6468.
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Our visual representation of facial expression is examined in this study: is this representation built from edge information, or does it incorporate surface-based information? To answer this question, photographic negation of grey-scale images is used. Negation preserves edge information whilst disrupting the surface-based information. In two experiments visual aftereffects produced by prolonged viewing of images of facial expressions were measured. This adaptation-based technique allows a behavioural assessment of the characteristics encoded by the neural systems underlying our representation of facial expression. The experiments show that photographic negation of the adapting images results in a profound decrease of expression aftereffect. Our visual representation of facial expression therefore appears to not just be built from edge information, but to also incorporate surface information. The latter allows an appreciation of the 3-D structure of the expressing face that, it is argued, may underpin the subtlety and range of our non-verbal facial communication.
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Kramer, Robin S. S. "Within-person variability in men’s facial width-to-height ratio." PeerJ 4 (March 10, 2016): e1801. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1801.
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Background.In recent years, researchers have investigated the relationship between facial width-to-height ratio (FWHR) and a variety of threat and dominance behaviours. The majority of methods involved measuring FWHR from 2D photographs of faces. However, individuals can vary dramatically in their appearance across images, which poses an obvious problem for reliable FWHR measurement.Methods.I compared the effect sizes due to the differences between images taken with unconstrained camera parameters (Studies 1 and 2) or varied facial expressions (Study 3) to the effect size due to identity, i.e., the differences between people. In Study 1, images of Hollywood actors were collected from film screenshots, providing the least amount of experimental control. In Study 2, controlled photographs, which only varied in focal length and distance to camera, were analysed. In Study 3, images of different facial expressions, taken in controlled conditions, were measured.Results.Analyses revealed that simply varying the focal length and distance between the camera and face had a relatively small effect on FWHR, and therefore may prove less of a problem if uncontrolled in study designs. In contrast, when all camera parameters (including the camera itself) are allowed to vary, the effect size due to identity was greater than the effect of image selection, but the ranking of the identities was significantly altered by the particular image used. Finally, I found significant changes to FWHR when people posed with four of seven emotional expressions in comparison with neutral, and the effect size due to expression was larger than differences due to identity.Discussion.The results of these three studies demonstrate that even when head pose is limited to forward facing, changes to the camera parameters and a person’s facial expression have sizable effects on FWHR measurement. Therefore, analysing images that fail to constrain some of these variables can lead to noisy and unreliable results, but also relationships caused by previously unconsidered confounds.
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de Carvalho Rosas Gomes, Liliane, Karla Orfelina Carpio Horta, Luiz Gonzaga Gandini, Marcelo Gonçalves, and João Roberto Gonçalves. "Photographic assessment of cephalometric measurements." Angle Orthodontist 83, no. 6 (April 18, 2013): 1049–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/120712-925.1.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the relationship between craniofacial measurements obtained from cephalometric radiographs and analogous measurements from profile photographs. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalograms and standardized facial profile photographs were obtained from a sample of 123 subjects (65 girls, 58 boys; age 7–12 years). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated from repeated photographic measurements to evaluate method reliability. Analogous cephalometric and photographic measurements were compared to assess Pearson correlation coefficients. Linear regression analyses were conducted between the measurements that achieved correlation coefficients greater than r = 0.7. Results: The reliability of the photographic technique was satisfactory. Most measurements showed ICCs above 0.80 and highly significant correlations (P ≤ .001) with cephalometric variables. Among all measurements used, the A'N'B' angle was the most effective in explaining the variability of its analogous cephalometric, mainly for female subjects (r2 = 0.80). The FMA' angle showed the best results for vertical assessment (r2 = 0.65). Conclusions: The photographic method has proven to be a repeatable and reproducible tool provided that a standardized protocol is followed. Therefore, it may be considered a feasible and practical diagnostic alternative, particularly if there is a need for a low-cost and noninvasive method.
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Hausken, Liv. "Photographic Passport Biometry." Public 30, no. 60 (March 1, 2020): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/public_00005_7.
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When ICAO approved a new standard for international passports, they recommended including a high-resolution facial image on a chip in addition to the visual portrait on the identity page. Accordingly, there is, in a certain sense, two images in the current passport, one on the chip, the other visually displayed. In this article I relate the functional distribution between these two images to the nineteenth-century mugshot and argue that the photographically generated images in the current passport represent a subdued tension between two parallel paths in the history of photography: depiction and measurement. By looking at the arguments for facial recognition technologies in today's passport as specified by ICAO, I argue that the current regulation of international mobility downplays the importance of physical measurements and hides this behind photography’s more familiar function, namely depiction. This contributes to conceal biometrics as a tool for power and control in today’s society.
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Zhang, Xingzhong, Mark G. Hans, Greg Graham, H. Lester Kirchner, and Susan Redline. "Correlations between cephalometric and facial photographic measurements of craniofacial form." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 131, no. 1 (January 2007): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.02.033.
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Calder, A. J., A. W. Young, D. Rowland, D. R. Gibbenson, B. M. Hayes, and D. I. Perrett. "Perception of Photographic-Quality Caricatures of Emotional Facial Expressions." Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l1004.
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G Rhodes, S E Brennan, S Carey (1987 Cognitive Psychology19 473 – 497) and P J Benson and D I Perrett (1991 European Journal of Cognitive Psychology3 105 – 135) have shown that computer-enhanced (caricatured) representations of familiar faces are named faster and rated as better likenesses than veridical (undistorted) representations. Here we have applied Benson and Perrett's graphic technique to examine subjects' perception of enhanced representations of photographic-quality facial expressions of basic emotions. To enhance a facial expression the target face is compared to a norm or prototype face, and, by exaggerating the differences between the two, a caricatured image is produced; reducing the differences results in an anticaricatured image. In experiment 1 we examined the effect of degree of caricature and types of norm on subjects' ratings for ‘intensity of expression’. Three facial expressions (fear, anger, and sadness) were caricatured at seven levels (−50%, −30%, −15%, 0%, +15%, +30%, and +50%) relative to three different norms; (1) an average norm prepared by blending pictures of six different emotional expressions; (2) a neutral expression norm; and (3) a different expression norm (eg anger caricatured relative to a happy expression). Irrespective of norm, the caricatured expressions were rated as significantly more intense than the veridical images. Furthermore, for the average and neutral norm sets, the anticaricatures were rated as significantly less intense. We also examined subjects' reaction times to recognise caricatured (−50%, 0%, and +50%) representations of six emotional facial expressions. The results showed that the caricatured images were identified fastest, followed by the veridical, and then anticaricatured images. Hence the perception of facial expression and identity is facilitated by caricaturing; this has important implications for the mental representation of facial expressions.
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Guan, Haoming, Hongxu Wei, Richard J. Hauer, and Ping Liu. "Facial expressions of Asian people exposed to constructed urban forests: Accuracy validation and variation assessment." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): e0253141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253141.
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An outcome of building sustainable urban forests is that people’s well-being is improved when they are exposed to trees. Facial expressions directly represents one’s inner emotions, and can be used to assess real-time perception. The emergence and change in the facial expressions of forest visitors are an implicit process. As such, the reserved character of Asians requires an instrument rating to accurately recognize expressions. In this study, a dataset was established with 2,886 randomly photographed faces from visitors at a constructed urban forest park and at a promenade during summertime in Shenyang City, Northeast China. Six experts were invited to choose 160 photos in total with 20 images representing one of eight typical expressions: angry, contempt, disgusted, happy, neutral, sad, scared, and surprised. The FireFACE ver. 3.0 software was used to test hit-ratio validation as an accuracy measurement (ac.) to match machine-recognized photos with those identified by experts. According to the Kruskal-Wallis test on the difference from averaged scores in 20 recently published papers, contempt (ac. = 0.40%, P = 0.0038) and scared (ac. = 25.23%, P = 0.0018) expressions do not pass the validation test. Both happy and sad expression scores were higher in forests than in promenades, but there were no difference in net positive response (happy minus sad) between locations. Men had a higher happy score but lower disgusted score in forests than in promenades. Men also had a higher angry score in forests. We conclude that FireFACE can be used for analyzing facial expressions in Asian people within urban forests. Women are encouraged to visit urban forests rather than promenades to elicit more positive emotions.
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Ozdemir, Senem Turan, Deniz Sigirli, Ilker Ercan, and N. Simsek Cankur. "Photographic Facial Soft Tissue Analysis of Healthy Turkish Young Adults: Anthropometric Measurements." Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 33, no. 2 (December 13, 2008): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00266-008-9274-z.
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B, Sangamesh, Mogal Bava Nasar, Vinodh S, and Arshiya Kausar Maniyar. "Photographic Assessment of Cephalometric Measurements in Different Malocclusions in Raichur Population-An in Vivo Study." Cross Current International Journal of Medical and Biosciences 2, no. 2 (February 29, 2020): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijmb.2020.v02i02.002.
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The present study is to assess the coherence of facial photographs as a viable means for analysis of the soft tissues in orthodontic patients. Aim: To assess the repeatability and creditability of measurements obtained from lateral cephalograms and facial photographs. Methods and Material: The study was done on standardized lateral cephalograms and facial photographs obtained from a total of 120 patients. An observational collation of linear and angular measurements was formulated between lateral cephalometric radiographs and homologous measurements procured from facial photographs. With patient in ortho position and adhesive dots set on the anatomical landmarks, right profile photographs were captured in NHP. With protractor connecting the tip of the nose and the soft tissue pogonion, a plumb line recorded the NHP angle. Likewise, digital lateral skull radiographs were taken with a PLANMECA and it was analyzed if the same position achieved during photographic record had also been acquired on the radiographic record. Both digital photographic and radiographic records were uploaded into nemoceph 10.4.2 software program for windows and were scrutinized by a single examiner. A total of 19 parameters were analyzed. Results: All angular and linear parameter showed statistically insignificant differences. The parameters which showed the mean difference between cephalometric measurements and photogrammetric measurements which is greater than one degree in angular parameters and one mm in linear parameters. Conclusion: The phogrammetric analysis can be used as a screening or adjunctive aid in clinical diagnosis.
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B, Sangamesh, Mogal Bava Nasar, Vinodh S, and Arshiya Kausar Maniyar. "Photographic Assessment of Cephalometric Measurements in Different Malocclusions in Raichur Population-An in Vivo Study." Cross Current International Journal of Medical and Biosciences 1, no. 4 (August 30, 2019): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijmb.2019.v01i04.003.
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The present study is to assess the coherence of facial photographs as a viable means for analysis of the soft tissues in orthodontic patients. Aim: To assess the repeatability and creditability of measurements obtained from lateral cephalograms and facial photographs. Methods and Material: The study was done on standardized lateral cephalograms and facial photographs obtained from a total of 120 patients. An observational collation of linear and angular measurements was formulated between lateral cephalometric radiographs and homologous measurements procured from facial photographs. With patient in ortho position and adhesive dots set on the anatomical landmarks, right profile photographs were captured in NHP. With protractor connecting the tip of the nose and the soft tissue pogonion, a plumb line recorded the NHP angle. Likewise, digital lateral skull radiographs were taken with a PLANMECA and it was analyzed if the same position achieved during photographic record had also been acquired on the radiographic record. Both digital photographic and radiographic records were uploaded into nemoceph 10.4.2 software program for windows and were scrutinized by a single examiner. A total of 19 parameters were analyzed. Results: All angular and linear parameter showed statistically insignificant differences. The parameters which showed the mean difference between cephalometric measurements and photogrammetric measurements which is greater than one degree in angular parameters and one mm in linear parameters. Conclusion: The phogrammetric analysis can be used as a screening or adjunctive aid in clinical diagnosis.
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Furl, Nicholas, Forida Begum, Francesca Pizzorni Ferrarese, Sarah Jans, Caroline Woolley, and Justin Sulik. "Caricatured facial movements enhance perception of emotional facial expressions." Perception 51, no. 5 (March 28, 2022): 313–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03010066221086452.
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Although faces “in the wild” constantly undergo complicated movements, humans adeptly perceive facial identity and expression. Previous studies, focusing mainly on identity, used photographic caricature to show that distinctive form increases perceived dissimilarity. We tested whether distinctive facial movements showed similar effects, and we focussed on both perception of expression and identity . We caricatured the movements of an animated computer head, using physical motion metrics extracted from videos. We verified that these “ground truth” metrics showed the expected effects: Caricature increased physical dissimilarity between faces differing in expression and those differing in identity. Like the ground truth dissimilarity, participants’ dissimilarity perception was increased by caricature when faces differed in expression. We found these perceived dissimilarities to reflect the “representational geometry” of the ground truth. However, neither of these findings held for faces differing in identity. These findings replicated across two paradigms: pairwise ratings and multiarrangement. In a final study, motion caricature did not improve recognition memory for identity, whether manipulated at study or test. We report several forms of converging evidence for spatiotemporal caricature effects on dissimilarity perception of different expressions. However, more work needs to be done to discover what identity-specific movements can enhance face identification.
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de Menezes, Marcio, Riccardo Rosati, Cristina Allievi, and Chiarella Sforza. "A Photographic System for the Three-Dimensional Study of Facial Morphology." Angle Orthodontist 79, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 1070–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/111008-570.
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Abstract Objectives: To test whether digital photographs supported by three-dimensional (3D) software are suitable for measuring the facial soft tissues of healthy subjects as compared with data obtained by a certified 3D computerized electromagnetic digitizer. Materials and Methods: Three-dimensional soft tissue facial landmarks were obtained from the faces of 15 healthy young adults, using a 3D computerized electromagnetic digitizer and a new low-cost photogrammetry system. Twelve linear and 18 angular measurements were computed. Errors between methods and repeatability of the new method were calculated. Results: Systematic errors between methods were found for only two distances and three angles (paired t-test, P < .05). The mean absolute differences between methods were always lower than 3 mm and 3 degrees. Repeated digitization of photographs showed that the method was repeatable (no systematic differences; random errors lower than 1.6 mm and 3 degrees). Repeated sets of photographs showed random errors of up to 5.3 mm and 5.6 degrees, without systematic biases. Conclusion: The 3D photogrammetry system can provide reliable facial measurements. The method is relatively fast and requires only inexpensive equipment. It is simple to use for private practice, research, or other practice.
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Moshkelgosha, Vahid, Sheida Fathinejad, Zeinab Pakizeh, Mohammad Shamsa, and Ali Golkari. "Photographic Facial Soft Tissue Analysis by Means of Linear and Angular Measurements in an Adolescent Persian Population." Open Dentistry Journal 9, no. 1 (July 31, 2015): 346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601509010346.
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Objective : To obtain objective average measurements of the profile and frontal facial soft tissue to be used as a guide for aesthetic treatment goals. Methods and Materials : This observational study included 110 females and 130 males high school students aged 16-18 years. None of the subjects had any facial deformities. All of them and their parents gave consent to take part in this study. In each case, two standard photographs of profile and frontal views were taken 27 landmarks were digitized on photographs. The mean, standard deviation, and range for a total of 43 facial indices were calculated digitally by computer software. The Student’s t-test was used to compare males and females. Results : The ratio between the lower and middle facial thirds was one to one, but the height of the upper facial third was proportionally smaller than the other two-thirds in both sexes. Boys had greater nasal length, depth, and prominence than girls with statistically significant differences. Both upper and lower lips were more prominent in girls than in boys. All measurements of the chin showed sexual dimorphism characterized by greater chin height and prominence and deeper mentolabial sulcus. Boys had greater facial dimensions than girls. Mouth width, nasal base width, and intercanthal distance were significantly greater in boys. Conclusion : The labial, nasal, and chin areas showed sexual dimorphism in most of the parameters used in this study. Boys had larger faces, greater facial heights, longer nasal, labial, and chin lengths, and greater nasal, labial, and chin prominence.
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Benson, Philip J., and David I. Perrett. "Extracting Prototypical Facial Images from Exemplars." Perception 22, no. 3 (March 1993): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p220257.
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A computer graphic method for extracting a natural image of an individual's facial prototype, or average appearance, from a number of different images of that individual is presented. The process improves upon previous photographic and computational techniques. Synthesis of a person's average expression and pose from a sample of images is derived in an automatic and quantitative way. Possible uses of composite faces produced in this manner in psychological investigations of facial qualities (eg attractiveness) and in applied areas such as telecommunication are pointed out.
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MIRDEHGHAN, Dr NASIM, Dr KANAAN SHARIF, DR AJIT KALIA, Dr MASOUD MIRDEHGHAN, DR KAZEM MIRDEHGHAN, and NAJNEEN NOORMOHAMMED KHAN. "COMPARISON OF CEPHALOMETRIC CRANIOFACIAL FEATURES AND FACIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC FEATURES FOR TWO GENERATIONS OF PATIENTS." South European Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Research 7, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sejodr7-24230.
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Objective: To estimate the correlation and variant heritability values of craniofacial variables between parents and their offspring. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised 20 Indian families; each family consisted of father, mother, son, and daughter. Lateral cephalometric radiographs and facial photographs were taken for each family member.Fifty -three angular, linear, and proportional cephalometric variables were measured and photographic analysis was done. Interfamilial correlations and heritability (h2) values were estimated among father-son, father-daughter,mother-son, and mother-daughter pairings. Results: The most similar angular measurements between parents and offspring were as follows:SNA0,SNB0 ,ANB0 ,FMA0, MP-FH0 , LI-NB0, Op-FH0 ,UI-NA0 , OP-SN0, LI-NB0 and The most similar linear measurements were as follows: Co-Pt.A,Co-Gn, N- ANS, , UI-A, Me-Me’,LI-A.Pog, Mx 1 exposure. Both the correlation coefficients and the heritable values were stronger in the father-offspring than the mother-offspring pairings. Conclusions: The overall correlation and h2 mean values for the three types of measurements showed stronger values in the father-offspring than the mother-offspring groups, with the father –son pairings more significant than the father-daughter groups. KEY WORDS: Cephalometrics; Heritability; Facial photographs; Craniofacial features; Offspring.
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MIRDEHGHAN, Dr NASIM, Dr KANAAN SHARIF, DR AJIT KALIA, Dr MASOUD MIRDEHGHAN, DR KAZEM MIRDEHGHAN, and NAJNEEN NOORMOHAMMED KHAN. "COMPARISON OF CEPHALOMETRIC CRANIOFACIAL FEATURES AND FACIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC FEATURES FOR TWO GENERATIONS OF PATIENTS." South European Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Research 7, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sejodr7-24230.
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Objective: To estimate the correlation and variant heritability values of craniofacial variables between parents and their offspring. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised 20 Indian families; each family consisted of father, mother, son, and daughter. Lateral cephalometric radiographs and facial photographs were taken for each family member.Fifty -three angular, linear, and proportional cephalometric variables were measured and photographic analysis was done. Interfamilial correlations and heritability (h2) values were estimated among father-son, father-daughter,mother-son, and mother-daughter pairings. Results: The most similar angular measurements between parents and offspring were as follows:SNA0,SNB0 ,ANB0 ,FMA0, MP-FH0 , LI-NB0, Op-FH0 ,UI-NA0 , OP-SN0, LI-NB0 and The most similar linear measurements were as follows: Co-Pt.A,Co-Gn, N- ANS, , UI-A, Me-Me’,LI-A.Pog, Mx 1 exposure. Both the correlation coefficients and the heritable values were stronger in the father-offspring than the mother-offspring pairings. Conclusions: The overall correlation and h2 mean values for the three types of measurements showed stronger values in the father-offspring than the mother-offspring groups, with the father –son pairings more significant than the father-daughter groups. KEY WORDS: Cephalometrics; Heritability; Facial photographs; Craniofacial features; Offspring.
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Otero, Liliana, Luis Bermudez, Karina Lizarraga, Irene Tangco, Rocelyn Gannaban, and Daniel Meles. "A Comparative Study of Facial Asymmetry in Philippine, Colombian, and Ethiopian Families with Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip Palate." Plastic Surgery International 2012 (October 24, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/580769.
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Objective. To compare the asymmetry displayed by Philippine, Colombian, and Ethiopian unaffected parents of patients with nonsyndromic cleft palate (NSCLP) and a control population. Methods. Facial measurements were compared between unaffected parents of NSCLP patients and those in the control group for three populations from South America, Asia, and Africa by anthropometric and photographic measurements. Fluctuating and directional asymmetries, height and width proportions, were analyzed and compared. Results. Fluctuating asymmetries (ear length, middle line to Zigion perpendicular for left and right sides) and variations in the facial thirds demonstrated statistical significance in the study group of unaffected parents from Colombia and Philippines, while increased interorbital distance was evident in the unaffected Ethiopian parents of NSCLP patients. Conclusions. The facial differences in unaffected parents could indicate an underlying genetic liability. Identification of these differences has relevance in the understanding of the etiology of NSCLP.
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Okada, Emi. "Three-Dimensional Facial Simulations and Measurements: Changes of Facial Contour and Units Associated with Facial Expression." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 12, no. 2 (March 2001): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001665-200103000-00014.
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Kong, Camillia. "Ethical dangers of facial phenotyping through photography in psychiatric genomics studies." Journal of Medical Ethics 45, no. 11 (July 30, 2019): 730–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2019-105478.
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Psychiatric genomics research protocols are increasingly incorporating tools of deep phenotyping to observe and examine phenotypic abnormalities among individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. In particular, photography and the use of two-dimensional and three-dimensional facial analysis is thought to shed further light on the phenotypic expression of the genes underlying neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as provide potential diagnostic tools for clinicians. In this paper, I argue that the research use of photography to aid facial phenotyping raises deeply fraught issues from an ethical point of view. First, the process of objectification through photographic imagery and facial analysis could potentially worsen the stigmatisation of persons with neurodevelopmental disorders. Second, the use of photography for facial phenotyping has worrying parallels with the historical misuse of photography to advance positive and negative eugenics around race, ethnicity and intellectual disability. The paper recommends ethical caution in the use of photography and facial phenotyping in psychiatric genomics studies exploring neurodevelopmental disorders, outlining certain necessary safeguards, such as a critical awareness of the history of anthropometric photography use among scientists, as well as the exploration of photographic methodologies that could potentially empower individuals with disabilities.
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McCown, William George, Alan Dewolfe, John Shack, and Richard Maier. "Role of Method of Stimulus Presentation in Research on Recognition of Facial Affect." Perceptual and Motor Skills 68, no. 3_suppl (June 1989): 1095–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.3c.1095.
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Previous research regarding recognition of facial affect and personality variables has produced apparently contradictory findings. One reason for these inconsistencies may be varieties of experimental methods employed by different researchers. To investigate this possibility, the relation between three personality variables, Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism, and accuracy in recognition of facial affect was examined with three methods of stimulus presentation: slide presentation, photographic display, and tachistoscopic administration. The nontachistoscopic methods correlated moderately and positively. Extraversion correlated positively with the ability to recognize facial expression with the nontachistoscopic methods. Psychoticism correlated negatively with correct affect recognition, although only for tachistoscopic presentation. Neuroticism did not correlate with recognition of facial affect using any of the methods. Possible explanations and limitations are discussed.
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Lehmuskallio, Asko. "More Grimaces, Fewer Smiles: Notes on The Thin Line Between The Smile and Grimace in Photographic Depictions." Grimace, Vol. 2, no. 1 (2017): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47659/m2.064.art.
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Grimaces are important facial expressions used in situated interactions for questioning social hierarchies and power relations. They counter the warmth of the smile and its invitation for shared foci of attention. In the photographs that surround us, the grimace is seldom to be found, whereas the smile is an almost ubiquitous expression in depictions in our “facial societies” (Macho, 2011). Interestingly, the need for depicted smiles provides us increasingly with images that depict not only smiles but, ever more, “as if” versions of smiles, facial expressions that we can identify with Goffman as “teeth grimaces”. While teeth grimaces reveal some aspects of how smiles are produced for depiction for our facial societies, the paper further suggests that we need more grimaces and fewer smiles in order to remember how social hierarchies and power relations, far from being abstract phenomena, must be constantly renegotiated in situated interactions. Keywords: communication, face, grimace, social interaction and the grimace, symbolic power and the grimace
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Zamindar, Tayyaba, Shradhatai Gangawane, Shital Kalane, and Yogita Kalane. "Real-Time Face Recognition and Detection Using Python." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 2745–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42939.
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Abstract: While humans can recognize faces without much effort, facial recognition is a challenging pattern recognition problem in computing. Facial recognition systems attempt to identify a human face, which is three-dimensional and changes in appearance with lighting and facial expression, based on its two-dimensional image. To accomplish this computational task, facial recognition systems perform four steps. First face detection is used to segment the face from the image background. In the second step the segmented face image is aligned to account for face pose, image size and photographic properties, such as illumination and grayscale. The purpose of the alignment process is to enable the accurate localization of facial features in the third step, the facial nature extraction. Features such as eyes, nose and mouth are pinpointed and measured in the image to represent the face. The so established feature vector of the face is then, in the fourth step, matched against a database of faces. Keywords: face, detection, recognition, system, OpenCV
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Schiller, Devon. "The Black Box Grimaces Back." Grimace, Vol. 2, no. 1 (2017): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47659/m2.072..art.
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With the algorithmic age of computable emotions, an increasing number of digital artists base the form of their Internet or sculptural installation on Automated Facial Expression Analysis (AFEA), and its functionality achieved via the photographic documentation in face databases. These contemporary artists make visible a digital habit of thought that objectivates the human face into a plastic grotesque of grimacing extremis, and the self inside out into the universal or utilitarian. Yet, most AFEA systems – a term little clarified and much confused with facial recognition or biometrics – are “black box” frameworks. Introduced by the technological industry and scientific experts, such proprietary closed source algorithms veil the majority of program functionality input from available data output, hiding how it works from immediate observation by artist and audience. By problematizing Julius von Bismarck’s Public Face (2008-14) and its intermedial genealogies, I probe the extent to which AFEA represents the face and its expression of emotion from a technostalgic view that reduces scientific complexity, while informing how we think about what we feel today. Keywords: automated facial expression analysis, biometrics, digital art and science, facial recognition algorithms, photography
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Schiller, Devon. "The Black Box Grimaces Back." Grimace, Vol. 2, no. 1 (2017): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47659/m2.072.art.
Full textAbstract:
With the algorithmic age of computable emotions, an increasing number of digital artists base the form of their Internet or sculptural installation on Automated Facial Expression Analysis (AFEA), and its functionality achieved via the photographic documentation in face databases. These contemporary artists make visible a digital habit of thought that objectivates the human face into a plastic grotesque of grimacing extremis, and the self inside out into the universal or utilitarian. Yet, most AFEA systems – a term little clarified and much confused with facial recognition or biometrics – are “black box” frameworks. Introduced by the technological industry and scientific experts, such proprietary closed source algorithms veil the majority of program functionality input from available data output, hiding how it works from immediate observation by artist and audience. By problematizing Julius von Bismarck’s Public Face (2008-14) and its intermedial genealogies, I probe the extent to which AFEA represents the face and its expression of emotion from a technostalgic view that reduces scientific complexity, while informing how we think about what we feel today. Keywords: automated facial expression analysis, biometrics, digital art and science, facial recognition algorithms, photography
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Oh, Hee Soo, Edward L. Korn, Xiaoyun Zhang, Yan Liu, Tianmin Xu, Robert Boyd, and Sheldon Baumrind. "Correlations between cephalometric and photographic measurements of facial attractiveness in Chinese and US patients after orthodontic treatment." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 136, no. 6 (December 2009): 762.e1–762.e14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.04.020.
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Kalra, Saaransh, Dinesh Kumar Bagga, and Poonam Agrawal. "Evaluation of various anthropometric proportions in Indian beautiful faces: A photographic study." APOS Trends in Orthodontics 5 (August 24, 2015): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2321-1407.163418.
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Introduction The subject of beauty has been the topic of much debate throughout history, and methods for the evaluation of beauty have been the focus of many research projects. The evaluation of beauty is influenced by factors which include various linear measurements, angles, ratios, and proportions. We evaluated several ratios in Indian Population after locating various landmarks on beautiful Indian faces. Aims and Objectives The aim of the present study was to evaluate various facial proportions of Indian beauties using their frontal photographs in natural head position to establish anthropometric norms in beautiful Indian females. To evaluate whether these values satisfy golden and silver proportions. To compare these values with Caucasian anthropometric norms. Materials and Methods Frontal photographs of 30 female celebrities were downloaded from the internet. Photographs of only those Indian beauties that have been declared winners of either national or international beauty contests by a designated panel of judges were included in this study. Hardcopy of these photographs was taken in 5 inch by 3.5 inch format, all the measurements done and ratios calculated. Results Measurements were tabulated and values for various ratios were calculated to establish norms. Coefficient of variation was also evaluated. Conclusion All the ratios were found to be consistent than others which made it possible to assess beauty objectively rather than arbitrarily. Most of the values did not match the golden and silver proportion. In comparison with Caucasian population, we found that there is significant difference in most of the values.
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Akhter, Z., MLA Banu, MM Alam, S. Hossain, and M. Nazneen. "Photo-anthropometric study on face among Garo adult females of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 39, no. 2 (July 23, 2014): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v39i2.19643.
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Facial anthropometry has well-known implications in health-related fields. Measurement of human face is used in identification of person in Forensic medicine, Plastic surgery, Orthodontics, Archeology, Hairstyle design and examination of the differences between races and ethnicities. Facial anthropometry provides an indication of the variations in facial shape in a specified population. Bangladesh harbours many cultures and people of different races because of the colonial rules of the past regimes. Standards based on ethnic or racial data are desirable because these standards reflect the potentially different patterns of craniofacial growth resulting from racial, ethnic and sexual differences. In the above context, the present study was attempted to establish ethnic specific anthropometric data for the Christian Garo adult females of Bangladesh. The study was an observational, cross-sectional and primarily descriptive in nature with some analytical components and it was carried out with a total number of 100 Christian Garo adult females aged between 25-45 years. Three vertical facial dimensions such as facial height from trichion to gnathion, nasal length and total vermilion height were measured by photographic method. Though these measurements were taken by photographic method but they were converted into actual size using one of the physically measured variables between two angles of the mouth (chilion to chilion). The data were then statistically analyzed by computation to find out its normatic value. The study also observed the possible correlation between the facial height from trichion to gnathion with nasal length and total vermilion height. Multiplication factors were estimated for estimating facial height from nasal length and total vermilion height. Comparison were made between estimated values with the measured values by usingt test. The mean (±SD) of nasal length and total vermilion height were 4.53±0.36 cm and 1.63±0.23 cm respectively and the mean (±SD) of facial height from trichion to gnathion was 16.88±1.11 cm. Nasal length and total vermilion height showed also a significant positive correlation with facial height from trichion to gnathion. No significant difference was found between the measured and estimated facial height from trichion to gnathion for nasal length and total vermilion height. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v39i2.19643 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2013; 39: 61-64
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Ganesh, Chaithra, Preetha Peethambar, Sapna Konde, Manisha Agarwal, and Sahana N. Prasad. "Evaluation of esthetic parameters of the face and components of smile in children with deciduous dentition." International Journal of Oral Health Dentistry 8, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijohd.2022.044.
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In the present era, esthetics has become an important dimension in dental practice as parents and children are equally self-conscious of their appearance. Children now desire to possess an aesthetically pleasing smile. Harmonizing an esthetic smile integrates facial and dental components. Since the scientific data on pediatric esthetics are limited, the aim of the study was to evaluate esthetic parameters of the face and components of smile in children with deciduous dentition.: After fulfilling inclusion criteria, 3 sets of facial photographs of 100 children were obtained, comprising of frontal at rest, frontal smile and profile at rest images under standardised photographic technique. Linear measurements of facial and dental parameters were assessed with the help of Adobe photoshop and static norms were obtained by taking the average value. Subjective evaluation was performed by a group of professionals using Q-sort technique to list the attractive features in children.Static norms were obtained for facial and dental parameters. Attractive children showed decreased facial height, anterior lower facial height, vermilion height and bigonial width. They also displayed decreased smile index and buccal corridor ratio along with parallel smile arc and more than 3/4th of crown height visibility during smiling. Attractive children presented facial and dental parameters variable from normative values. : The study results can be utilised during restorative and prosthetic rehabilitation among children to improve esthetics.
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Pollick, Frank E., Harold Hill, Andrew Calder, and Helena Paterson. "Recognising Facial Expression from Spatially and Temporally Modified Movements." Perception 32, no. 7 (July 2003): 813–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3319.
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We examined how the recognition of facial emotion was influenced by manipulation of both spatial and temporal properties of 3-D point-light displays of facial motion. We started with the measurement of 3-D position of multiple locations on the face during posed expressions of anger, happiness, sadness, and surprise, and then manipulated the spatial and temporal properties of the measurements to obtain new versions of the movements. In two experiments, we examined recognition of these original and modified facial expressions: in experiment 1, we manipulated the spatial properties of the facial movement, and in experiment 2 we manipulated the temporal properties. The results of experiment 1 showed that exaggeration of facial expressions relative to a fixed neutral expression resulted in enhanced ratings of the intensity of that emotion. The results of experiment 2 showed that changing the duration of an expression had a small effect on ratings of emotional intensity, with a trend for expressions with shorter durations to have lower ratings of intensity. The results are discussed within the context of theories of encoding as related to caricature and emotion.
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Haridas Kamble, Ranjit, Anshuj Thetay, Pushpa Hazarey, Ram Mundada, and Manjari Gupta. "Assessment and Comparison of Facial Asymmetry by Photographic and Radiographic Measurements: Using Visual Studio 2005 Software and Posteroanterior Cephalogram." Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology 23 (October 2011): 527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10011-1215.
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Shah, Romil Bharatkumar, Manisha Dipakbhai Bhanushali, and Santoshkumar Goje. "Evaluation of Different Parameters Responsible for Perception of a Pleasing Profile - A Photographic Silhouette Study from Vadodara, India." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 37 (September 13, 2021): 3272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/664.
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BACKGROUND Orthodontics has witnessed a paradigm shift in the perception of aesthetics. Soft tissue assessment and correction has become a greater concern when compared with dental and skeletal correction. In the current era, pleasing profile is a prime requisite. The purpose of this study is to evaluate different parameters responsible for perception of a pleasing profile. METHODS Hundred dental students with well-balanced faces were selected. Profile photographs of participants were taken by DSLR camera maintaining standardized photography protocol. The principal investigator had measured ten soft tissue parameters for each profile photograph. These profile photographs were further converted into profile silhouettes. 10 laypersons appraised each profile silhouette using visual analog scale (VAS). The obtained scores were again correlated with photographic measurements of each individual to identify role of different parameters responsible for pleasing profile. RESULTS When comparing the data statistically, significant differences were found amongst the parameters between less attractive and more attractive profile; parameters include facial convexity angle, naso-labial angle, protrusion of lip relative to each other, vertical lip to chin ratio and vertical height ratio. CONCLUSIONS It was clear from this study that, amongst individuals with normal overjet, overbite and a pleasing profile, those subjects with more obtuse facial convexity angle, obtuse nasolabial angle, slightly more protruded upper lip than lower lip, equivalent vertical height ratio, and smaller lip-chin ratio vertically, were found to be more attractive, as perceived by laypersons. KEY WORDS Parameters, Photographic Soft Tissue Analysis, Silhouette Study, Pleasing Profile
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Gonzales, Paola Sampaio, Carlos Eduardo Palhares Machado, and Edgard Michel-Crosato. "Photoanthropometry of the Face in the Young White Brazilian Population." Brazilian Dental Journal 29, no. 6 (December 2018): 619–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201802027.
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Abstract The aim of the present study is to describe the simplified facial pattern of young Brazilian men and women using the facial index (FI), upper face index (UFI), and nasal index (NI) in indirect anthropometric measurements applied to frontal photographic images. The images were obtained from 660 adult white men and 689 adult white women aged 30 years ± 6 months, and classified according to regions of birth, as follows: south (S), southeast (SE), midwest (MW), northeast (NE), and north (N). The nasion, zygion, gnathion, stomion, subnasale, and alare landmarks were labeled on the images using the SAFF 2D® software. Based on the coordinates, the linear distances between the landmarks of interest were calculated and presented as indices. The analysis of variance and Student’s t-test were used for assessing the regions of birth and gender, respectively. The collected data allowed obtaining the facial profile of the young adult Brazilian population. There were differences in the facial profiles between men and women and also between some regions, especially between the N and the other Brazilian regions (p<0.05). The UFI did not show a statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between genders for any of the regions. The discriminant analysis for gender assessment demonstrated higher accuracy when the three indices were analyzed together. In the decision tree for gender assessment, the NI showed better results than the other indices.
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Bedon, Chiara, and Silvana Mattei. "Remote Facial Expression and Heart Rate Measurements to Assess Human Reactions in Glass Structures." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (November 5, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1978111.
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In engineering applications, human comfort fulfillment is challenging because it depends on several aspects that can be mathematically controlled and optimized, like in case of structural, energy, or thermal issues, and others. Major troubles can indeed derive from combined human reactions, which are related to a multitude of aspects. The so-called “emotional architecture” and its nervous feelings are part of the issue. The interaction of objective and subjective parameters can thus make the “optimal” building design complex. This paper presents a pilot experimental investigation developed remotely to quantify the reactions and nervous states of 10 volunteers exposed to structural glass environments. As known, intrinsic material features (transparency, brittleness, etc.) require specific engineering knowledge for safe mechanical design but can in any case evoke severe subjective feelings for customers, thus affecting their psychological comfort and hence behaviour and movements. This study takes advantage of static/dynamic Virtual Reality (VR) environments and facial expression analyses, with Artificial Intelligence tools that are used to measure both Action Units (AUs) of facial microexpressions and optical heart rate (HR) acquisitions of volunteers exposed to VR scenarios. As shown, within the limits of collected records, the postprocessing analysis of measured signals proves that a rather good correlation can be found for measured AUs, HR data trends, and emotions under various glazing stimuli. Such a remote experimental approach could be thus exploited to support the early design stage of structural glass members and assemblies in buildings.
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Sun, Yanjia, Hasan Ayaz, and Ali N. Akansu. "Multimodal Affective State Assessment Using fNIRS + EEG and Spontaneous Facial Expression." Brain Sciences 10, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10020085.
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Human facial expressions are regarded as a vital indicator of one’s emotion and intention, and even reveal the state of health and wellbeing. Emotional states have been associated with information processing within and between subcortical and cortical areas of the brain, including the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between spontaneous human facial affective expressions and multi-modal brain activity measured via non-invasive and wearable sensors: functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) signals. The affective states of twelve male participants detected via fNIRS, EEG, and spontaneous facial expressions were investigated in response to both image-content stimuli and video-content stimuli. We propose a method to jointly evaluate fNIRS and EEG signals for affective state detection (emotional valence as positive or negative). Experimental results reveal a strong correlation between spontaneous facial affective expressions and the perceived emotional valence. Moreover, the affective states were estimated by the fNIRS, EEG, and fNIRS + EEG brain activity measurements. We show that the proposed EEG + fNIRS hybrid method outperforms fNIRS-only and EEG-only approaches. Our findings indicate that the dynamic (video-content based) stimuli triggers a larger affective response than the static (image-content based) stimuli. These findings also suggest joint utilization of facial expression and wearable neuroimaging, fNIRS, and EEG, for improved emotional analysis and affective brain–computer interface applications.
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Fortes, Helena Nunes da Rocha, Thamirys Correia Guimarães, Ivana Mara Lira Belo, and Edgard Norões Rodrigues da Matta. "Photometric analysis of esthetically pleasant and unpleasant facial profile." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 19, no. 2 (April 2014): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2176-9451.19.2.066-075.oar.
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Objective: To identify which linear, angular and proportionality measures could influence a profile to be considered esthetically pleasant or unpleasant, and to assess sexual dimorphism. Methods: 150 standardized facial profile photographs of dental students of both sexes were obtained and printed on photographic paper. Ten plastic surgeons, ten orthodontists and ten layperson answered a questionnaire characterizing each profile as pleasant, acceptable or unpleasant. With the use of a score system, the 15 most pleasant and unpleasant profiles of each sex were selected. The photographs were scanned into AutoCAD computer software. Linear, angular and proportion measurements were obtained using the software tools. The average values between groups were compared by the Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney test at 5%. Results: The linear measures LL-S, LL-H, LL-E, LL-B and Pn-H showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Statistical differences were also found in the angular measures G'.Pn.Pg', G'.Sn.Pg' and Sn.Me'.C and in the proportions G'-Sn:Sn-Me' and Sn-Gn':Gn'-C (p < 0.05). Differences between sexes were found for the linear measure Ala-Pn, angles G'-Pg'.N-Pn, Sn.Me'.C, and proportions Gn'-Sn:Sn-Me' and Ala-Pn:N'-Sn. (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The anteroposterior position of the lower lip, the amount of nose that influences the profile, facial convexity, total vertical proportion and lip-chin proportion appear to influence pleasantness of facial profile. Sexual dimorphism was identified in nasal length, nasofacial and lower third of the face angles, total vertical and nasal height/length proportions.
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Barabanschikov, V. A., A. V. Zhegallo, Y. N. Smolny, and M. M. Marinova. "The Impact of a Stranger’s Emotional Facial Expression on the Perception of His Personality." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 14, no. 4 (2021): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2021140402.
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This study the role of emotional expressions of the sitter’s face in the perception of his personality traits. The scores given by observers on the scales of the “Personality Differential” for images of a calm face and the face of the same sitter, demonstrating six basic emotions, were compared. Forty-nine photographic images of the emotional states of seven sitters included in the RaFD database were used as stimulus material. A total of 193 Moscow university students (66 men and 127 women, mean age 23.3 years) participated in the experiment. A 17% statistically significant change in personality scores was recorded, two-thirds of which tended toward the positive poles of the scales. Changing perceptions of a person’s personality suggests a coherent relationship between emotion modality and personality traits. Each basic expression influences a specific group of 10-15 traits, and in different ways. Each trait relies on an affective configuration with its own specificity. Disgust has the maximum integrative influence on the view of the sitter’s personality. Joy causes extremely high positive changes, while sadness and astonishment cause moderate, symmetrical changes in the ratio of positive and negative shifts. Fear and anger lead to an equilibrium of positive and negative evaluations. The highest volume of trait changes is obtained for the “Activity” factor (A), which is associated mainly with positive shifts, the lowest volume is for the “Evaluation” factor (E), which is, together with the “Strength” factor (S), the main source of negative changes in the sitters’ perception. The volume of affective feature shifts is determined by the morphotype of the face and the individual stylistics of emotion expression. In everyday life, the possibility of affective changes in traits does not violate the general invariance of interpersonal perception.
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Wolf, Karsten, Thomas Raedler, Kai Henke, Falk Kiefer, Reinhard Mass, Markus Quante, and Klaus Wiedemann. "The Face of Pain - A Pilot Study to Validate the Measurement of Facial Pain Expression with an Improved EMG Method." Pain Research and Management 10, no. 1 (2005): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/643075.
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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this pilot study was to establish the validity of an improved facial electromyogram (EMG) method for the measurement of facial pain expression.BACKGROUND: Darwin defined pain in connection with fear as a simultaneous occurrence of eye staring, brow contraction and teeth chattering. Prkachin was the first to use the video-based Facial Action Coding System to measure facial expressions while using four different types of pain triggers, identifying a group of facial muscles around the eyes.METHOD: The activity of nine facial muscles in 10 healthy male subjects was analyzed. Pain was induced through a laser system with a randomized sequence of different intensities. Muscle activity was measured with a new, highly sensitive and selective facial EMG.RESULTS: The results indicate two groups of muscles as key for pain expression. These results are in concordance with Darwin's definition. As in Prkachin's findings, one muscle group is assembled around the orbicularis oculi muscle, initiating eye staring. The second group consists of the mentalis and depressor anguli oris muscles, which trigger mouth movements.CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate the validity of the facial EMG method for measuring facial pain expression. Further studies with psychometric measurements, a larger sample size and a female test group should be conducted.
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Hamm, Jihun, Amy Pinkham, Ruben C. Gur, Ragini Verma, and Christian G. Kohler. "Dimensional Information-Theoretic Measurement of Facial Emotion Expressions in Schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Research and Treatment 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/243907.
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Altered facial expressions of emotions are characteristic impairments in schizophrenia. Ratings of affect have traditionally been limited to clinical rating scales and facial muscle movement analysis, which require extensive training and have limitations based on methodology and ecological validity. To improve reliable assessment of dynamic facial expression changes, we have developed automated measurements of facial emotion expressions based on information-theoretic measures of expressivity ofambiguityanddistinctivenessof facial expressions. These measures were examined in matched groups of persons with schizophrenia (n=28) and healthy controls (n=26) who underwent video acquisition to assess expressivity of basic emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust) in evoked conditions. Persons with schizophrenia scored higher onambiguity, the measure of conditional entropy within the expression of a single emotion, and they scored lower ondistinctiveness, the measure of mutual information across expressions of different emotions. The automated measures compared favorably with observer-based ratings. This method can be applied for delineating dynamic emotional expressivity in healthy and clinical populations.
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Rose, John G., Bradley N. Lemke, Mark J. Lucarelli, Cynthia A. Boxrud, Kathryn L. Dortzbach, Richard K. Dortzbach, and Lindell R. Gentry. "Anatomy of Facial Recipient Sites for Autologous Fat Transfer." American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery 20, no. 1 (March 2003): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074880680302000105.
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Introduction: Autologous fat transfer is an increasingly popular treatment for the aging face. Recently, studies have suggested increased duration of effect with the injection of fat into or adjacent to muscles. Subcutaneous depths of facial muscles have been demonstrated using cadaver dissections, but to our knowledge this is the first study to use radiologic measurements in living subjects in order to quantify muscle depths in the face. Materials and Methods: Forty computed tomography (CT) scans were reviewed retrospectively using digital radio imaging software with a calibrated digital measurement tool that was used to measure the depths of the muscles of facial expression corresponding to fat-grafting sites. Correlation was made to formalin-preserved cadaver dissections. Results: Subcutaneous depths of facial muscles are listed as measured radio graphically and on cadaver sections. Discussion: The depths of the muscles of facial expression are more accurately measured using digital radiographs; these depths are important landmarks for facial cosmetic surgeons performing an autologous fat transfer. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize the anatomic depth of the facial muscles in the living human.
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Akter, Lubna, and Md Zakir Hossain. "Angular Photogrammetric Soft Tissue Facial Profile Analysis of Bangladeshi Young Adults." APOS Trends in Orthodontics 7 (December 1, 2017): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2321-1407.219434.
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Introduction Angular photogrammetric soft tissue facial profile analysis provides a permanent record for the actual appearance of a person, which would also serve to establish an ideal esthetic treatment goal. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the average angular variables that define the soft tissue facial profile of a Bangladeshi sample. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out at Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics of Dhaka Dental College and Hospital, Bangladesh, from July to December 2015. Soft tissue facial profiles of 200 participants (100 males and 100 females) between 18 and 25 years of age, with a dental Class I occlusal relationship and harmonious soft tissue profile, were selected by convenience sampling among students, doctors, and patients of Dhaka Dental College. Standardized photographs of 200 samples were taken in the natural head position. The photographic records were analyzed with the software for Windows, Microsoft Visio 2007, Standard Edition. All data were analyzed through standard methods using Statistical Package for the Statistical Package for Social Science Software (SPSS Version-20, IBM Corp, USA). Results The average angular measurements for nasofrontal, total facial angle, facial angle, upper lip angle, projection of lower lip to chin, and mentolabial angle were wider in females. The mean value for nose tip angle, nasolabial angle, nasomental angle, and projection of upper lip to chin angle was higher in males compared to females. Nasofrontal angle (G-N-Nd) (P = 0.000) and mentolabial angle (Li-Sm-Pg) (P = 0.001) showed statistically significant differences. The greatest variability was found for mentolabial angle. Conclusion The study of angular photogrammetric soft tissue facial profile analysis of Bangladeshi young adults contributes to the establishment of standardized normal values for the population. This study provides data which can be used in treatment planning by specialists such as orthodontists, prosthodontists, plastic surgeons, and maxillofacial surgeons, who have the capability to change the soft tissue facial features.
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Zorina, S. V., and E. V. Petrova. "INFLUENCE OF MIXED FACIAL EXPRESSIONS ON THE APPROACH AND AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy 32, no. 4 (December 24, 2022): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9550-2022-32-4-377-384.
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The facial expression of perceived people, depending on the modality of emotions, influences the approach and avoidance behavior, providing a quick and evolutionarily appropriate response. The influence of mixed facial expressions on the change in the distance between contacting people remains insufficiently studied. The goal of this study is to determine the defining traits of the behavioral tendency to approach and avoid perceived expressions of mixed emotions. The study was expected to find differences in the moving stimuli with mixed facial expressions compared to the basic one, closer and further. The subjects were presented with a computer version of the visual task of approaching and moving away, in which a delay in the psychomotor reaction was recorded under two conditions: affectively congruent (approaching positive and avoiding negative stimuli) and affectively incongruent (composed in the opposite way). By pressing the corresponding keys, the subjects enlarged or reduced the images, which contributed to the creation of the effect of changing the distance between participants and stimuli. Photographic images of basic emotions (anger, fear, joy) and combined expressions from these were used as stimuli. The sample consisted of 60 people aged from 17 to 24 (Ме=20.5), 50% men. The results indicate that the combined expressions used in the study are approached more slowly than expressions of joy and fear (but not anger), and moved further with the same delay in the psychomotor reaction. Thus, the response to combined expressions depends on clearly visible negative valence signals and is not compensated by a pronounced smile. This indicates the dominance of the main diagnostic feature in the formation of a behavioral tendency to approach and avoid. The results obtained can be used to develop social and emotional competence, providing the possibility of recognition and correction of the approach and avoidance behavior towards perceived people depending on mixed facial expression.
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Butovskaya, M. L., E. V. Veselovskaya, and E. A. Postnikova. "Facial symmetry and severity of gender dimorphism in its proportions in the isanzu people, traditional farmers of East Africa." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 8, no. 4 (2015): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2015080406.
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In modern scientific literature on sexual selection, a significant place is occupied by scientific works that examine the relationship between indicators of fluctuating asymmetry of the face, the expression of sexual dimorphism and individual attractiveness and reproductive success. The present study is devoted to analysis of the data of the ethno-psychological research of representatives of Isanzu tribe - one of the traditional agricultural societies of East Africa (Tanzania). An assessment of the degree of symmetry of the faces of men and women of Isanzu tribe, as well as the expression of characteristics of sexual dimorphism in face proportions was the purpose of this study. On the basis of the evaluation of photographic images of 159 men and 56 women of Isanzu tribe we analyzed and compared the following indexes: indexes of fluctuating asymmetry and sexual dimorphism of the face, finger index, the ratio of waist to hips, the ratio of shoulders to hips, and finally indicators of the age in which expression of fluctuating asymmetry reaches its maximum level. The results of the analysis indicate that faces of men and women of Isanzu tribe do not differ in the level of fluctuating asymmetry, male faces are characterized by pronounced masculine traits; as for the calculation of indexes, we did not detect any age differences based on fluctuating asymmetry index, whereas masculine index tends to increase linearly with increasing age
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Dhamale, Samidha. "A Survey on Touchless Heart Rate Measurement Using Facial Expression for Covid Patient." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 990–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.39965.
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Abstract: This research describes both a touch-free heartbeat detection system and a cardiopulmonary signal modeling technique. A vector network analyzer is used to test a microwave system for detection of a heartbeat signal at a distance of 1 m from a person. The developed system can detect heartbeat signals and adjust their frequency and strength. Measurements are taken at 2.4, 5.8, 10, 16, and 60 GHz, as well as at power levels ranging from 0 to -27 dBm. Based on data for both breathing and heartbeats, a model of the recorded signals reflecting cardiopulmonary activity is provided. The heartbeat rate and variability are obtained from the modeling signal using wavelet and classic filters. 0and-20dB Keywords: Haar cascade algorithm, Image processing, cardiopulmonary signal modeling technique, Testing.
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Vanette, Cintia, Fabio Fabricio Maniglia, and Johann G. G. Melcherts Hurtado. "COMPARISON BETWEEN COLUMELLAR STRUT AND TONGUE-IN-GROOVE TECHNIQUE, AS TO THE ROTATION AND PROJECTION EFFECTS OF THE NASAL TIP: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY." Journal of Contemporary Diseases and Advanced Medicine 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14436/jcdam.1.1.020-029.oar.
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Rhinoplasty is one of the most challenging facial plastic surgeries. Some authors claim that this surgery should include stabilization of the base of the nose by means of some technique — for example, grafts (columellar strut, septal extensor) or sutures (tongue-in-groove). To try to elucidate which technique is ideal, this study evaluated the effects on nasal tip rotation and projection, comparing columellar strut to the tongue-in-roove technique. A retrospective study was conducted, which consisted of a preoperative and postoperative photographic analysis of patients who underwent rhinoplasty, in 2017 and 2018, at the Instituto Paranaense de Otorrinolaringologia (Curitiba/PR, Brazil) The Rhinobase® program was used to obtain measurements. After data analysis, it was observed no statistically significant difference between the groups, which was also observed by some authors who carried out similar studies in other countries. It can be concluded that both strut and tongue-in-groove are similar techniques for maintaining nasal tip projection and rotation in the postoperative period of rhinoplasty
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Goncharova, Natalia N., and Alexandra A. Castro Stepanova. "On the possibility of using anthropological photography to determine linear facial dimensions. Methodical article." Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia), no. 3 (September 14, 2021): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32521/2074-8132.2021.3.017-026.
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Three samples were analyzed – the population of central Chile (175 men and 55 women), the indigenous population of Altai (38 men and 67 women) and the Russians of Altai (52 men and 42 women). The collection of material took place in two stages: working directly with the subject and working with photographs. Measurements of the parameters of the head and face of the subjects in the field in both cases were carried out according to the classical method of V.V. Bunak, adopted in the Russian anthropometric school. Photographing in portrait and in profile was carried out taking into account the recommendations for the production of anthropological photographs. Further, the dimensions in pixels were calculated from the photographs, and converted into mm using one indicator, which was measured both in the field and from a photograph (the distance between the canines for the Chilean sample, and the width of the nose for the Altai ones). Results and discussion. The sizes obtained in the field were compared with their counterparts obtained from photographs. For these dimensions, regression equations were obtained, allowing to most accurately translate the dimensions obtained from photographs into real dimensions. It was found that in the event that the thickness of soft tissues above the bone base is insignificant or the size does not depend on the bone base, the difference in measurements on the subject and in the photograph is within the boundaries of acceptable discrepancies between researchers. In this case, the performance of the equations will depend on the scale of the element used for recalculation – the larger it is, the smaller the error. Regression equations were obtained on three samples, allowing one to compare the linear dimensions obtained in the analysis of photographic images with the dimensions obtained in the field. However, it should be emphasized that only the mean values obtained using the regression equations should be used, since in this way individual variability is leveled.
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Lavorgna, Luca, Gabriele Cervino, Luca Fiorillo, Giovanni Di Leo, Giuseppe Troiano, Marco Ortensi, Luigi Galantucci, and Marco Cicciù. "Reliability of a Virtual Prosthodontic Project Realized through a 2D and 3D Photographic Acquisition: An Experimental Study on the Accuracy of Different Digital Systems." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24 (December 16, 2019): 5139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245139.
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Aims: The study aims to assess the accuracy of digital planning in dentistry, evaluating the characteristics of different intraoral 3D scanners and comparing it with traditional imaging 2D recording methods. Specifically, using computer aided design (CAD) software and measuring inside CAD software, authors want to verify the reliability of different models obtained with different techniques and machines. Methods: 12 patients that needed aesthetic restorative treatment were enrolled in the study. All the patients underwent recording data of the height and width dental elements 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 size using different technologies and comparing 2D with 3D methods. A T test was then applied in order to verify whether there was a statistically significant difference between the measurements obtained, comparing the different tools data (Emerald, TRIOS, Photogrammetry and DSS (Digital Smile System)) with the reference values. Results: No significant differences emerged in the measurements made with the different scanners (Trios 3Shape ®, Planmeca Emerald ®) and photogrammetry. Therefore, what should be underlined regarding the 2D measurements is the speed and simplicity compared to all 3D techniques, so this work can help to better define the field of application and the limits connected to 2D techniques, giving a good window of the technique. Conclusions: The low number of patients is not sufficient to provide statistically significant results, but the digital planning future prospects seem to be promising. This study results highlighted how a photogrammetric scanner for dental arches would only have a much smaller shooting field size and greater accuracy. Despite these considerations, the photogrammetric facial scanner provided excellent results for the measurement of individual teeth, showing a great versatility of use.
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Pereira, Tháıs de Sous, Cristina Hiromi Kuniyoshi, Cristiane de Almeida Leite, Eloisa M. M. S. Gebrim, Mário L. R. Monteiro, and Allan C. Pieroni Gonçalves. "A Comparative Study of Clinical vs. Digital Exophthalmometry Measurement Methods." Journal of Ophthalmology 2020 (March 23, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1397410.
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Background. A number of orbital diseases may be evaluated based on the degree of exophthalmos, but there is still no gold standard method for the measurement of this parameter. In this study we compare two exophthalmometry measurement methods (digital photography and clinical) with regard to reproducibility and the level of correlation and agreement with measurements obtained with Computerized Tomography (CT) measurements. Methods. Seventeen patients with bilateral proptosis and 15 patients with normal orbits diseases were enrolled. Patients underwent orbital CT, Hertel exophthalmometry (HE) and standardized frontal and side facial photographs by a single trained photographer. Exophthalmometry measurements with HE, the digital photographs and axial CT scans were obtained twice by the same examiner and once by another examiner. Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) was used to assess correlations between methods. Validity between methods was assessed by mean differences, interintraclass correlation coefficients (ICC’s), and Bland–Altman plots. Results. Mean values were significantly higher in the proptosis group (34 orbits) than in the normal group (30 orbits), regardless of the method. Within each group, mean digital exophthalmometry measurements (24.32 ± 5.17 mm and 18.62 ± 3.87 mm) were significantly greater than HE measurements (20.87 ± 2.53 mm and 17.52 ± 2.67 mm) with broader range of standard deviation. Inter-/intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.95/0.93 for clinical, 0.92/0.74 for digital, and 0.91/0.95 for CT measurements. Correlation coefficients between HE and CT scan measurements in both groups of subjects (r = 0.84 and r = 0.91, p<0.05) were greater than those between digital and CT scan measurements (r = 0.61 and r = 0.75, p<0.05). On the Bland–Altman plots, HE showed better agreement to CT measurements compared to the digital photograph method in both groups studied. Conclusions. Although photographic digital exophthalmometry showed strong correlation and agreement with CT scan measurements, it still performs worse than and is not as accurate as clinical Hertel exophthalmometry. This trail is registered with NCT01999790.
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Schiavenato, Martin, Meggan Butler-O’Hara, and Paul Scovanner. "Exploring the Association Between Pain Intensity and Facial Display in Term Newborns." Pain Research and Management 16, no. 1 (2011): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/873103.
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BACKGROUND: Facial expression is widely used to judge pain in neonates. However, little is known about the relationship between intensity of the painful stimulus and the nature of the expression in term neonates.OBJECTIVES: To describe differences in the movement of key facial areas between two groups of term neonates experiencing painful stimuli of different intensities.METHODS: Video recordings from two previous studies were used to select study subjects. Four term neonates undergoing circumcision without analgesia were compared with four similar male term neonates undergoing a routine heel stick. Facial movements were measured with a computer using a previously developed ‘point-pair’ system that focuses on movement in areas implicated in neonatal pain expression. Measurements were expressed in pixels, standardized to percentage of individual infant face width.RESULTS: Point pairs measuring eyebrow and eye movement were similar, as was the sum of change across the face (41.15 in the circumcision group versus 40.33 in the heel stick group). Point pair 4 (horizontal change of the mouth) was higher for the heel stick group at 9.09 versus 3.93 for the circumcision group, while point pair 5 (vertical change of the mouth) was higher for the circumcision group (23.32) than for the heel stick group (15.53).CONCLUSION: Little difference was noted in eye and eyebrow movement between pain intensities. The mouth opened wider (vertically) in neonates experiencing the higher pain stimulus. Qualitative differences in neonatal facial expression to pain intensity may exist, and the mouth may be an area in which to detect them. Further study of the generalizability of these findings is needed.