To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Facial affect.
Books on the topic 'Facial affect'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 books for your research on the topic 'Facial affect.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse books on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
A, Tsihrintzis George, ed. Visual affect recognition. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2010.
Find full text
2
A brief history of the smile. New York: Basic Books, 2004.
Find full text
3
Shaibani, Aziz. Facial Weakness. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Unilateral or bilateral facial weakness is an important manifestation of many neuromuscular disorders; some of them are as simple as Bell’s palsy while others are as serious as Guillain-Barrésyndrome. Facial weakness can be easily mimicked, and therefore psychogenic etiology should always be borne in mind. Peripheral facial weakness affects all functions and parts, while central weakness may save the upper face and may affect emotional and voluntary functions differentially. There are several causes of bilateral facial palsy but statistically, Bell’s palsy is still the most common. Long term complications of facial palsy can be devastating and facial rejuvination surgery is usually only modestly effective.
4
Shaibani, Aziz. Facial Weakness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Unilateral or bilateral facial weakness is an important manifestation of many neuromuscular disorders; some of them are as simple as Bell’s palsy, while others are as serious as Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Facial weakness can be easily mimicked, and therefore, psychogenic etiology should always be kept in mind. Peripheral facial weakness affects all functions and parts, while central weakness may save the upper face and may affect emotional and voluntary functions differentially. Botulinum toxin injection has become a common cause of facial palsy, therefore detailed history is crucial. Examination of the sensory and motor systems is important to define the type and cause. Imaging and electrodiagnostic testing are often needed in the diagnostic process.
5
Wilmshurst, Linda A. Encoding and decoding of posed facial expressions and personal response style. 1989.
Find full text
6
Affekte und die Regulation nonverbalen, interaktiven Verhaltens: Strukturelle Aspekte des mimisch-affektiven Verhaltens und die Integration von Affekten in Regulationsmodelle. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang, 1996.
Find full text
7
Russell, James A. Toward a Broader Perspective on Facial Expressions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190613501.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter offers an alternative account to the basic emotion theory. In my alternative, termed psychological construction, episodes called “emotional” consist of changes in various component processes (peripheral physiological changes, information processing including appraisals and attributions, expressive and instrumental behavior, subjective experiences), no one of which is itself an emotion or necessary or sufficient for an emotion to be instantiated. One hypothesis, for example, is that the production of facial expressions is accounted for by one or more of various alternative sources(such as perception, cognition, signaling of intented behavior, paralanguage, preparation for action, or core affect), not by a discrete emotion or affect program dedicated exclusively to emotion or to a specific emotion.
8
Gilad-Gutnick, Sharon, and Pawan Sinha. The Presidential Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0090.
Full textAbstract:
The effectiveness of the presidential illusion underscores the important point that by excluding external facial features, such as the head and hair shape, we lose critical information about the way faces are represented in real life. This chapter considers the question of whether whole-head processing is a general principle that can be extended to all face processes or if it specifically reflects the nature of facial encoding used by the visual system for the identification of individuals. For example, would supplementing the internal features of one face with those of another affect the perception of other common facial attributes, such as gender, race, or age? The eyes, nose, and mouth are believed to be the primary purveyors of facial identity. The presidential illusion challenges this dogma and suggests that external head features (the hair and jawline) are also crucial constituents of facial representation and strongly influence identity judgments.
9
Ellis, Kathryn. A Brief Overview of the Effect of War Injuries on Sexual Health and Intimacy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190461508.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter establishes definitions of sexual health and intimacy, provides insight into how they interact and affect successful relationships, and communicates the importance of addressing the sexual and intimacy needs of injured service members and their partners. Common deployment-related diagnoses, including post-traumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injury, orthopedic injuries, spinal cord injuries, genital injuries, burns, and facial injuries, and their possible corresponding limitations are reviewed, along with how such limitations can result in sexual avoidance and intimacy avoidance, thus leading to more relationship issues and poor quality of life. The experience of partners, including perceptions about the dependence of the injured service member, is discussed as well.
10
Bindemann, Markus, ed. Forensic Face Matching. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837749.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Person identification at passport control, at borders, in police investigations, and in criminal trials relies critically on the identity verification of people via image-to-image or person-to-image comparison. While this task is known as ‘facial image comparison’ in forensic settings, it has been studied as ‘unfamiliar face matching’ in cognitive science. This book brings together expertise from practitioners, and academics in psychology and law, to draw together what is currently known about these tasks. It explains the problem of identity impostors and how within-person variability and between-person similarity, due to factors such as image quality, lighting direction, and view, affect identification. A framework to develop a cognitive theory of face matching is offered. The face-matching abilities of untrained lay observers, facial reviewers, facial examiners, and super-recognizers are analysed and contrasted. Individual differences between observers, learning and training for face recognition and face matching, and personnel selection are reviewed. The admissibility criteria of evidence from face matching in legal settings are considered, focusing on aspects such as the requirement of relevance, the prohibition on evidence of opinion, and reliability. Key concepts relevant to automatic face recognition algorithms at airports and in police investigations are explained, such as deep convolutional neural networks, biometrics, and human–computer interaction. Finally, new security threats in the form of hyper-realistic mask disguises are considered, including the impact these have on person identification in applied and laboratory settings.
11
Finzi, Eric. The face of emotion: How botox affects our moods and relationships. 2013.
Find full text
12
Castriotta, Natalie, and Michelle G. Craske. Depression and Comorbidity with Panic Disorder. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.027.
Full textAbstract:
Comorbidity between panic disorder and major depression is found in the majority of individuals with panic disorder and a substantial minority of individuals with major depression. Comorbidity between panic disorder and depression is associated with substantially more severe symptoms of each of the disorders, greater persistence of each disorder, more frequent hospitalization and help-seeking behavior, more severe occupational impacts, and a significantly higher rate of suicide attempts. These two disorders share many risk factors, such as neuroticism, exposure to childhood abuse, informational processing biases, and elevated amygdala activation in response to negative facial expressions. Research on the temporal priority of panic disorder and major depression has most frequently found that panic attacks and other symptoms of anxiety predate the onset of the first major depressive episode, but the first depressive episode predates the onset of full panic disorder. Treatment studies indicate that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most effective treatment for panic disorder. Other forms of treatment include medication, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Comorbid depression does not appear to affect the outcome of CBT for a principal diagnosis of panic disorder, and CBT for panic disorder has positive, yet limited, effects on symptoms of depression.
13
Franco, Brunella. Oral-facial-digital type 1 syndrome. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0319_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses oral-facial-digital type 1 syndrome (OFD1), which represents a rare syndromic form of inherited renal cystic disease associated with dysfunction of primary cilia. The disease is transmitted as an X-linked dominant male lethal trait. Embryonic lethality in affected hemizygous males is usually reported in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. The clinical spectrum for this disease includes malformation of the face, oral cavity, and digits with a high degree of phenotypic variability, even within the same family, possibly due to X-inactivation. Renal cystic disease is present in over 65% of adult cases and is usually observed in the second and third decades of life.
14
Parkinson, Brian. Interpersonal Effects and Functions of Facial Activity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190613501.003.0023.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses how and why facial activity affects other people. First, I distinguish three general functions relating to practical object-directed action, regulating interpersonal interaction, and coordinating two or more people’s orientations toward objects, events, or other people. Facial activity can also acquire secondary signal and symbolic functions, some of which relate to emotion communication. Second, I discuss interpersonal effects of gaze deriving from these functions. Gaze plays an important role in regulating social attention as a prior condition for many of facial activity’s other interpersonal effects, and in coordinating attention on referential objects at which orientations (including emotional orientations) are directed. Only some of these processes require decoding of emotional meanings. Finally, I discuss explicit and implicit processes underlying mimicry and social appraisal effects, concluding that facial activity other than gaze can also influence other people’s behavior in the absence of emotion attribution.
15
Verschaffel, Lieven, Fien Depaepe, and Wim Van Dooren. Individual Differences in Word Problem Solving. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.040.
Full textAbstract:
There is currently a rather broad consensus that the competencies that are required to solve word problems involve: (a) a well-organized and flexibly accessible knowledge base involving the relevant factual, conceptual, and procedural knowledge that is relevant for solving word problems; (b) heuristic methods, i.e. search strategies for problem analysis and transformation which increase the probability of finding a solution; (c) metacognition, involving both metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive skills; (d) positive task-related affects, involving positive beliefs, attitudes, and emotions; and (e) meta-affect, involving knowledge about one’s affects and skills for regulating one’s affective processes. The present chapter reviews and discusses research that provides a view on how individual differences in performance on word problems can be related to each of these components.
16
Russell, Richard. The Illusion of Sex. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0088.
Full textAbstract:
In the Illusion of Sex, an androgynous face has been manipulated to have increased or decreased contrast between its features and the surrounding skin. This manipulation makes the face appear male or female. The Illusion of Sex works by manipulating the luminance contrast between the eyes and lips and the rest of the face. It has been shown that manipulating it affects the attractiveness of male and female faces differently. In particular, female faces are more attractive with facial contrast increased than decreased, while male faces are more attractive with facial contrast decreased than increased. This effect of facial contrast on attractiveness is a result of a naturally occurring sex difference in facial contrast. The illusion demonstrates the importance of this kind of contrast for the perception of gender and is related to typical cosmetics use, which involves the darkening of the eyes and lips relative to the surrounding skin.
17
Lewis-Smith, Helena, Diana Harcourt, and Alex Clarke. Interventions to Support Patients Affected by an Altered Appearance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190655617.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: Changes to appearance as a result of disease and treatment can be a source of considerable distress for many patients. This chapter applies a stepped model of care as a framework to consider the use of psychosocial approaches to support people whose appearance and/or body image has changed as a result of cancer. In doing so, it explores the use of a range of interventions, from societal-level approaches aiming to shift attitudes toward appearance amongst the general population through to high-level interventions for patients with high levels of distress, delivered by psychosocial specialists with expertise in this field. The chapter also reflects on the challenges facing health professionals and researchers who are looking to provide evidence-based care and offers suggestions for the future direction of research.
18
Eisenberg, Melvin A. Shared Mistaken Factual Assumptions (“Mutual Mistakes”). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0043.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 43 concerns mutual mistakes, or more accurately, shared mistaken factual assumptions. In analyzing this type of case it is useful to begin with shared mistaken factual assumptions that are made explicit in a contract. If a contract is explicitly based on a shared factual assumption that turns out to have been mistaken, normally the mistake should furnish a basis for relief as a matter of interpretation. The general principle that should govern shared mistaken factual assumptions that are not made explicit in a contract is as follows: Where a shared mistaken factual assumption would provide a basis for relief to the adversely affected party if the assumption was made explicit, so too should the assumption provide a basis for relief to the adversely affected party if the assumption is tacit.
19
Kapetanovic, Suad, Lori Wiener, Lisa Tuchman, and Maryland Pao. Childhood and Adolescence. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0033.
Full textAbstract:
Mental health professionals need to understand how the psychosocial and mental health needs of HIV-infected youth evolve over time and to be able to identify salient clinical challenges that present with each developmental stage. It is also important to understand that HIV/AIDS affects children’s lives indirectly, by the presence of HIV/AIDS in a family member, even if the child is not HIV infected. This chapter uses a developmental perspective to introduce key mental health objectives in the lives of developing HIV-infected children and adolescents and provides an overview of epidemiological, psychosocial, and clinical parameters to be considered in their clinical care and management. The chapter also addresses issues facing perinatally and behaviorally HIV-infected children and adolescents. Separate sections of the chapter discuss biopsychosocial factors salient to children and adolescents who are affected by HIV infection in the family.
20
Sambo, Luis. Epidemiology and health policy in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703327.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 6 describes the epidemiological challenges facing Africa, the way in which the wider determinants of health affect the population, and the wider international context within which health systems developed in recent years. It covers how Africa is facing a disproportionately large share of the world’s burden of disease with a tiny part of its resources, and also how Africans, supported by international partners, have tackled these problems with considerable success. It also discusses how some of the intractable public health challenges and underlying systems’ issues remain serious challenges to be tackled in coming years. It concludes with thoughts on how health in Africa has changed in the last 10 years and the need for a more holistic health systems approach in the future.
21
Archibald, Robert B. The Diverse US Higher Education System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190251918.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
The American higher education system consists of over 4,700 institutions educating over twenty-one million students. The most striking feature of this system is its diversity. There is no “typical college.” Much of the story about the future of America’s four-year higher education institutions is found in their differences, not their similarities. Schools are public and private, large and small, elite and open enrollment, tuition dependent and well endowed, liberal arts oriented and vocational. The challenges facing America’s colleges and universities will affect the diverse parts of this system in very different ways. Generalizing about this system can be very dangerous.
22
Monaghan, Sean F., and Alfred Ayala. Adaptive immunity in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0311.
Full textAbstract:
The development of sepsis remains a significant morbid event facing the critically-ill/severely-injured patient and while substantial improvements in supportive care have been made, a true molecular pharmacological treatment directed at mitigating the development of this condition has remained elusive. This is due, at least in part, to our lack of appreciation of the complex and intertwined changes in the nature of not only the innate, but also the adaptive immune response and how they affect our response to septic challenge. Here, we consider some of the aspects of the adaptive immune response, how it changes in the response to sepsis, possible pathological processes contributing to patient/experimental animal susceptibility to poorer outcomes and where novel immune-therapeutic targets/biomarkers may exist.
23
Ichino, Anna, and Greg Currie. Truth and Trust in Fiction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805403.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines two pathways through which fictions may affect beliefs: by invading readers’ cognitive system via heuristics and other sub-rational devices, and by expressing authorial beliefs that readers take to be reliable. Focusing mostly on the latter pathway, the chapter distinguishes fiction as a mechanism for the transmission of uncontroversial factual information from fiction as a means of expressing distinctive perspectives on evaluative propositions. In both cases, the inferences on which readers rely are precarious, and especially so with evaluative cases where there is little hope of independent verification. Moreover, trust, which in other contexts can increase the reliability of beliefs transmitted from person to person, cannot be much depended on when it comes to belief transmission from author to reader.
24
Brown, Andrew, Christopher T. Flinton, Josh Gibson, Brian Grant, Barrie Greiff, Duane Hagen, Stephen Heidel, et al. Forces Disrupting Relationships at Work: Technology and Globalization. Edited by Andrew Brown, Christopher T. Flinton, Josh Gibson, Brian Grant, Barrie Greiff, Duane Hagen, Stephen Heidel, et al. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190697068.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Advances in technology and an increasingly global marketplace have brought about many positive changes in business, but they have also had some negative effects on workplace relationships. Incrementally and over time, these two drivers of change have significantly reshaped workplace relationships at both the company and employee level. Managers work in this ever-changing context each day, facing the impact of technology and globalization on their emotional lives as well as the ways in which they relate to others in their Credibility Crosses—a concept that is developed in this chapter. Unfortunately, managers often have time only to react to these changes rather than consider how they affect the bigger relationship picture. Consciously understanding the interpersonal impact of technology and globalization provides managers with opportunities to improve workplace relationships.
25
Jakab, András, and Dimitry Kochenov. Introductory Remarks. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746560.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This introductory chapter puts emphasis on defiance as one of the most important crises facing the EU today. It briefly showcases the apparent inability of the Union to be effective in ensuring that all its Member States comply with the principles and values underlying the integration project in Europe. An array of countries ranging from Hungary and Greece to Poland illustrates this point. While the values in question are spelled out in the Treaties in an overwhelmingly clear fashion, trying to come up with clear examples of their successful enforcement by the Union should problems arise would leave a sense of loss. Defiance in the face of the EU, including not only the letter and the spirit of the acquis sensu stricto, but also seemingly the very values on which the Union is built, has thus come to affect the Union profoundly.
26
Jacquet, Gabrielle, and Lawrence Page. Odontogenic Infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
Odontogenic infections often arise from dental caries (usually the mandibular teeth) or from dental extraction. Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) is more common in immunocompromised patients. These infections may spread into the parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal spaces, involving the airway and mediastinum. Airway management is critical as odontogenic infections can compromise airways via mass effect. Complications include the following: abscess, facial or orbital cellulitis/abscess, intracranial invasion, Ludwig’s angina, Lemierre syndrome, carotid artery erosion, descending necrotizing mediastinitis, airway compromise, hematogenous dissemination to distant organs, intraoral or dentocutaneous fistula formation, and cardiovascular disease. Antibiotics are not a substitute for definitive airway management. In addition, many cases of odontogenic infection will require surgical drainage, either at the bedside in the emergency department or in the operating room. Prior to this, consider using a nerve block to obtain anesthesia to the affected area of the face. Patients with necrotizing infections need emergent surgery with wide local debridement.
27
Grant, Robert. Neurocutaneous syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0235.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter describes several neurocutaneous syndromes, including tuberous sclerosis, neurofibromatosis, Sturge–Weber syndrome, Von-Hippel–Lindau disease and ataxia telangiectasia amongst others.Tuberous sclerosis, also known as Epiloia or Bournville’s Disease, is an autosomal dominant multisystem disease it usually presents in childhood with a characteristic facial rash, adenoma sebaceum, seizures, and sometimes learning difficulties. Central nervous system lesions in tuberous sclerosis are due to a developmental disorder of neurogenesis and neuronal migration. Other organs such as the heart and kidney are less commonly involved. The condition has very variable clinical expression and two-thirds of cases are thought to be new mutations, therefore it is important to examine and screen relatives. Management may involve many specialists and close co-operation between specialists is essential.The neurofibromatoses are autosomal-dominant neurocutaneous disorders that can be divided into ‘peripheral’ and ‘central’ types, although there is significant overlap. The characteristic features of neurofibromatosis type 1 are café au lait spots, neurofibromas, Lisch nodules, osseous lesions, macrocephaly, short stature and mental retardation, axillary freckling, and associations with several different types of tumours.Sturge–Weber syndrome involves a characteristic ‘port-wine’ facial naevus or angioma associated with an underlying leptomeningeal angioma or other vascular anomaly. It affects approximately 1/20 000 people. There can be seizures, low IQ, and underlying cerebral hemisphere atrophy as a result of chronic state of reduced perfusion and increased oxygen extraction. Patients may present with focal seizures which are generally resistant to anticonvulsant medication and can develop glaucoma.Von-Hippel– Lindau disease is one of the most common autosomal-dominant inherited genetic diseases that are associated with familial cancers. Von-Hippel–Lindau disease is characterized by certain types of central nervous system tumours, cerebellar and spinal haemangioblastomas, and retinal angiomas, in conjunction with bilateral renal cysts carcinomas or phaechromocytoma, or pancreatic cysts/islet cell tumours (Neumann and Wiestler 1991).Other neurocutaneous syndromes discussed include Hypomelanosis of Ito, Gorlin syndrome, Sjogren–Larsson syndrome, Proteus syndrome, Hemiatrophy and hemihypertrophy, Menke’s syndrome, Xeroderma pigmentosum and Cockayne’s syndrome.
28
McKee-Ryan, Frances, and Robyn Maitoza. Job Loss, Unemployment, and Families. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.027.
Full textAbstract:
The detrimental effects of job loss and unemployment are not limited to the unemployed worker but ripple out to affect those closest to him or her. These ripple effects most notably impact the unemployed worker’s family, including a spouse or partner and/or children. In this chapter, we summarize previous research related to the impacts on marital or partner relationships and families and the particular effects of unemployment on children. For couples and families, we explore the financial or economic stressors and strain brought about by job loss; the direct, crossover, and relationship quality effects of stress and reduced mental health among unemployed workers and their spouses; protective resources for coping with job loss, such as social support and family resilience; and the social roles and identity of the unemployed worker. For children, we focus on mental health, child development, and educational/human capital attainment. We then offer suggestions for future research on families facing unemployment.
29
Flood, Julee T., and Terry L. Leap. Managing Risk in High-Stakes Faculty Employment Decisions. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501728952.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Using a risk management framework, the book discusses the landscape of U.S. higher education and faculty employment decisions. Topics include institutional differences, challenges facing colleges and universities, the erosion of academic standards, administrative bloat, changing promotion and tenure standards, sexual harassment, and Title IX concerns about campus safety. Attention is also given to the manner in which faculty members are hired and mentored and the decision-making biases that affect the way in which faculty members are granted promotion and tenure. The social psychological aspects of faculty employment decisions have been largely ignored in the literature, and we attempt to shed some light on these issues as we deconstruct promotion and tenure decisions. Traditional legal concepts of contract and employment law are examined as they pertain to hiring, promotion, and tenure decisions along with the cherished, but changing, ideals of free speech, academic freedom, and collegiality that have altered how faculty must deal with the rising tensions of political correctness on campus.
30
Grossmann, Matt. How Social Science Got Better. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197518977.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Social science research is facing mounting criticism, as canonical studies fail to replicate, questionable research practices abound, and researcher social and political biases come under fire. Far from being in crisis, however, social science is undergoing an unparalleled renaissance of ever-broader and deeper understanding and application—made possible by close attention to criticism of our biases and open public engagement. Wars between scientists and their humanist critics, methodological disputes over statistical practice and qualitative research, and disciplinary battles over grand theories of human nature have all quietly died down as new generations of scholars have integrated the insights of multiple sides. Rather than deny that researcher biases affect results, scholars now closely analyze how our racial, gender, geographic, methodological, political, and ideological differences impact our research questions; how the incentives of academia influence our research practices; and how universal human desires to avoid uncomfortable truths and easily solve problems affect our conclusions. To be sure, misaligned incentive structures remain, but a messy, collective deliberation across the research community is boosting self-knowledge and improving practice. Ours is an unprecedented age of theoretical diversity, open and connected data, and public scholarship. How Social Science Got Better documents and explains recent transformations, crediting both internal and public critics for strengthening social science. Applying insights from the philosophy, history, and sociology of science and providing new data on trends in social science research and scholarly views, it demonstrates that social science has never been more relevant, rigorous, or self-reflective.
31
Weingart, Peter. Is There a Hype Problem in Science? If So, How Is It Addressed? Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.12.
Full textAbstract:
As scientists increasingly communicate with the public, hype (i.e., exaggerating and/or sensationalizing communication with other scientists and with public audiences) has become a matter of concern. There are many sources of hype, some of which reinforce each other—science itself, mass media science reporting, and universities engaging in public relations and self-promotion with varying degrees of legitimacy. Competition for public attention affects science in particular when the resulting hype undermines public perception of science’s commitment to factual evidence, and hype borders on fraud when claims of discoveries prove to be unsubstantiated. Science organizations have reacted by formulating codes of conduct and trying to eliminate both practices that overstate the impact of findings and postpublication activities that distort scholarly conclusions. More research is needed on the effects of hype on public trust in science and the effectiveness of alternative ways to discourage and penalize it.
32
Guisinger, Alexandra. Could Positive Information Shift National-Level Beliefs? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190651824.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 8 asks whether changing the types of information provided to voters would sufficiently move public opinion to make such a strategy viable for political actors. Three original survey experiments explore the role of positive factual information, partisan factual information, and simple altruistic framing in shaping opinions. In the first case, a randomly selected half of respondents watched a trade supportive political campaign ad narrated by John McCain. In the second case, respondents received positive messages from experts about the benefits for the United States of the World Trade Organization and the costs to the United States of responding to Chinese currency manipulation, but the partisan attribution of the expert cited in these messages varied. In the final case, respondents identified in random order their preference for U.S. trade policy and their preference for Chinese trade policy. Although all three affected individuals’ beliefs, those effects were not strong enough to overcome most participants’ support for trade protection. Positive messages also increased, rather than decreased, gender and race gaps in preferences for trade protection. The chapter concludes by arguing that these findings support the decision of most individuals seeking reelection not to embrace pro-trade messages.
33
Neiberg, Michael S. The Treaty of Versailles: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190644987.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Signed on June 28, 1919, between Germany and the principal Allied powers, the Treaty of Versailles formally ended World War I. Problematic from the very beginning, the treaty was seen even by its contemporaries as a mediocre compromise, creating a precarious order in Europe and abroad and destined to fall short of ensuring lasting peace. The Treaty of Versailles: A Very Short Introduction explains the enormous challenges facing those who tried to put the world back together after the global destruction of World War I amid competing national interests. It analyzes the many subtle factors that influenced the treaty and shows how the treaty affected not only Europe, but also the rest of the world.
34
Olsen, Jan Abel. Principles in Health Economics and Policy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794837.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Principles in Health Economics and Policy, second edition, is a concise introduction to health economics and its application to health policy. It introduces the subject of economics, explains the fundamental failures in the market for healthcare, and discusses the concepts of equity and fairness when applied to health and healthcare. The book takes a globally relevant, policy-oriented approach that emphasizes the application of economic analysis to universal health policy issues in an accessible manner. It explores four principal questions facing health policymakers all over the world. These questions are universal in that they are relevant no matter how much money a country spends on its health service, and no matter its political system. The structure of this book reflects the following logical order of these four questions: How should society intervene in the determinants that affect health? How should healthcare be financed? How should healthcare providers be paid? And, how should alternative healthcare programmes be evaluated when setting priorities? The book is an ideal reference guide for everyone interested in how the tools of health economics can be applied when shaping health policy.
35
Westendorf, Jasmine-Kim. Violating Peace. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748059.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book investigates sexual misconduct by military peacekeepers and abuses perpetrated by civilian peacekeepers and non-UN civilian interveners. Based on extensive field research in Bosnia, Timor-Leste, and with the UN and humanitarian communities, the book uncovers a brutal truth about peacebuilding as it investigates how such behaviors affect the capacity of the international community to achieve its goals related to stability and peacebuilding, and its legitimacy in the eyes of local and global populations. As the book shows, when interveners perpetrate sexual exploitation and abuse, they undermine the operational capacity of the international community to effectively build peace after civil wars and to alleviate human suffering in crises. Furthermore, sexual misconduct by interveners poses a significant risk to the perceived legitimacy of the multilateral peacekeeping project, and the United Nations more generally, with ramifications for the nature and dynamics of United Nations in future peace operations. The book illustrates how sexual exploitation and abuse relates to other challenges facing UN peacekeeping, and shows how such misconduct is deeply linked to the broader cultures and structures within which peacekeepers work, and which shape their perceptions of and interactions with local communities. Effectively preventing such behaviors is crucial to global peace, order, and justice. The book thus identifies how policies might be improved in the future, based on an account of why they have failed to date.
36
Pombi, Marco, David Modiano, and Gilberto Corbellini. Malaria eradication in Italy: the story of a first success. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
The Italian experience represents a historical example that education and sociopolitical vision can effectively contribute to the conquest of malaria. Until the end of 19th century, the infection spread mostly in the Central and Southern parts of Italy, with about 7 percent of the population affected and 20,000 annual deaths. Malaria showed different facies, owing to a complex vectorial system with remarkable ecological and behavioral differences. With the involvement of a critical mass of scientists and physicians, the etiology of malaria and the biological and socioeconomics determinants of the transmission dynamics were identified. This provided the opportunity to break the “malaria transmission chain” by an integrated approach. Moreover, Italy was the first country to develop special legislation for the fight against malaria, representing an example of integration between scientific, political, social and economic knowledge. In 1970, after decades of fight, the World Health Organization officially declared Italy free from malaria.
37
Herbst, Jeffrey. The Europeans and the African Problem. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164137.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the persistence of what the Afro-Caribbean diplomat Edward W. Blyden called “the African Problem”—the inability of Europe to conquer Africa in the same manner as other regions—throughout the brief (by historical standards) period of formal European rule. European colonialism wrought changes in Africa that were so fundamental as to mark a new era in African politics, such as creating the immediate predecessors to today’s states. The chapter explores the broadcasting of European power in colonial Africa by focusing on the cost structure facing white leaders attempting to broadcast power, the nature of the boundaries established by the Europeans, and the state system that was created by the particular needs of state-builders and which, in turn, greatly affected the consolidation of power. The chapter shows that Europeans provided a set of answers to the African problem that allowed them to avoid the costs inherent to hegemony.
38
Egorova, Yulia. Terror, Race, Security. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199856237.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
The chapter engages with the two main themes of the book by focusing on the way in India the relationship between Jews and Muslims and imageries of Jewish and Muslim communities became affected by the Mumbai attacks and the general post 9/11 rhetoric of the “war on terror.” The chapter shows that these events and the securitization discourses that emerged in their aftermath created new challenges for local Jewish and Muslims groups, but it also complicates accounts that reduce Jewish-Muslim relations to problems of security. The ethnographic examples presented in this chapter suggest that concerns about the perceived Muslim threat that some of the Jewish respondents exhibited in relation to Indian Muslims ultimately had very little to do with Islam and were embedded in the wider problematics of security issues facing Jewish communities around the world, the politics of Jewish identity arbitration in the State of Israel, and even the reality of caste discrimination in India.
39
Genetic improvement of farmed animals. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241723.0000.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This 484-paged book is an extensively updated and expanded edition of the previous book by Simm, which focused on cattle and sheep. It has 14 chapters, the first chapter in the book sets the scene for modern livestock breeding, by looking at the origins and roles of today's livestock breeds. The next four chapters deal with the scientific principles of livestock improvement. Chapter 2 outlines some of the basic principles in genetics and attempts to illustrate the link between genes and the performance of individual farm animals, or populations of them. In Chapter 3 the main strategies for genetic improvement are discussed. The factors which affect responses to within-breed selection, and some of the tools and technologies used, especially for more effective within-breed selection, are discussed in Chapters 4 and 5. Chapter 6 explores in more depth how we analyse variation in farm animals. Chapter 7 discusses approaches to predicting breeding values. Chapters 8 to 13 deal with the application of these principles in practical breeding programmes in dairy cattle, beef cattle, sheep and goats, poultry, pigs and aquaculture. Finally, Chapter 14 discusses some of the key societal, technical and ethical challenges facing farm animal production in general, and animal breeding and genetics in particular. It discusses how livestock breeders, scientists and others might respond to ensure wide societal and animal benefits from future breeding schemes. There is a glossary of technical terms at the end of the book.
40
Lowitt, Kristen, Katherine Gray-Donald, Gordon M. Hickey, Arlette Saint Ville, Isabella Francis-Granderson, Chandra A. Madramootoo, and Leroy E. Phillip. The Obesity Pandemic and Food Insecurity in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626686.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
Overweight and obesity affect over half a billion people globally and represent major public health concerns because excess weight gain is a key risk factor for non-communicable diseases. This chapter presents an overview of global trends in obesity, considering both developed and developing country contexts. It describes how this pandemic is rooted in the “nutrition transition” taking place around the world as a result of a globalized agri-food system that is changing the quantity, types, and desirability of foods available for consumption. In some countries, this is contributing to a “double burden of malnutrition,” as the problem of undernutrition now coexists alongside an increasing prevalence of over-nutrition. An overview of key policy responses and policy instruments that governments can utilize to address obesity is provided, recognizing that a holistic food systems response is needed to address the global challenge of obesity. The remainder of the chapter focuses on the food security and obesity challenges facing the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and profiles a “farm to fork” school feeding project in the island nation of St. Kitts-Nevis that was designed to reduce obesity and improve food security among children. Implementation and key results of this integrated project are presented, including the core components of agricultural production, procurement of local produce, and children’s consumption of nutritious foods. The chapter concludes by identifying lessons for supporting “farm to school”-type projects as a possible food systems response to addressing obesity and food insecurity.
41
Frosio, Giancarlo, ed. Oxford Handbook of Online Intermediary Liability. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198837138.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The theoretical—and market—background against which the intermediary liability debate developed has changed considerably since the first appearance of online intermediaries almost two decades ago. These changes have been reflected—or will soon most likely be reflected—in changing policy approaches. The role of Online Service Providers (OSPs) is unprecedented for their capacity to influence the informational environment and users’ interactions within it. The ethical implications of OSPs’ role in contemporary information societies are raising unprecedented social challenges. The decisions made by these platforms increasingly shape contemporary life. Therefore, whether and when access providers and communications platforms such as Google, Twitter, and Facebook are liable for their users’ online activities is a key factor that affects innovation and fundamental rights. There are emerging legal, policy, and ethical issues facing online intermediaries that have so far received various inconsistent answers even within the same jurisdiction. To better understand the heterogeneity of the international online intermediary liability regime, The Oxford Handbook of Online Intermediary Liability is designed to provide a comprehensive, authoritative, and ‘state-of-the-art’ discussion of this topic. This book will review fundamental legal issues in online intermediary liability, while also describing advances in intermediary liability theory and identifying recent policy trends.
42
Rainey, Bernadette, Elizabeth Wicks, and Clare Ovey. Jacobs, White, and Ovey: The European Convention on Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198767749.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Nearly seventy years after the founding of the European Court of Human Rights it has dispensed more than 20,000 judgments and affects the lives of over 800 million people. The seventh edition of Jacobs, White & Ovey: The European Convention on Human Rights provides an analysis of this area of the law. Examining each of the Convention rights in turn, this book lays out the key principles. Updated with all the significant developments of the previous three years, it offers a synthesis of commentary and carefully selected case-law, focusing on the European Convention itself rather than its implementation in any one Member State. Part 1 of the book looks at institutions and procedures, including the context, enforcement, and scope of the Convention. Part 2 examines Convention rights in terms of many aspects, including rights to remedy, rights to life, prohibition of torture, protection from slavery and forced labour, and family and private life. Part 2 also examines the freedom of thought, conscience, and religion; the freedom of expression; and the freedom of assembly and association. The rights to education and elections are considered towards the end of Part 2, as are the freedoms of movement and from discrimination. Part 3 reflects on the achievements and criticisms of the Court and examines the prospects and challenges facing the Court in the present political climate and in the future.
43
Rainey, Bernadette, Pamela McCormick, and Clare Ovey. Jacobs, White, and Ovey: The European Convention on Human Rights. 8th ed. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198847137.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Seventy years after the founding of the European Court of Human Rights it has dispensed more than 22,000 judgments and affects the lives of over 800 million people. The eighth edition of Jacobs, White & Ovey: The European Convention on Human Rights provides an analysis of this area of the law. Examining each of the Convention rights in turn, this book lays out the key principles. Updated with all the significant developments of the previous three years, it offers a synthesis of commentary and carefully selected case-law, focusing on the European Convention itself rather than its implementation in any one Member State. Part 1 of the book looks at institutions and procedures, including the context, enforcement, and scope of the Convention. Part 2 examines each of the Convention rights including the right to a remedy, right to life, prohibition of torture, protection from slavery and forced labour, and respect for family and private life. Part 2 also examines the freedom of thought, conscience, and religion; the freedom of expression; and the freedom of assembly and association. The rights to education and elections are considered towards the end of Part 2, as are the freedoms of movement and from discrimination. Part 3 reflects on the achievements and criticisms of the Court and examines the prospects and challenges facing the Court in the present political climate and in the future.
44
Gill, Hannah. The Latino Migration Experience in North Carolina, Revised and Expanded Second Edition. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469646411.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Now thoroughly updated and revised—with a new chapter on the Dreamer movement and the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Program (DACA)—this book offers North Carolinians a better understanding of their Latino neighbors, illuminating rather than enflaming debates on immigration. In the midst of a tumultuous political environment, North Carolina continues to feature significant in-migration of Mexicans and Latin Americans from both outside and inside the United States. Drawing on the voices of migrants as well as North Carolinians from communities affected by migration, Hannah Gill explains how larger social forces are causing demographic shifts, how the state is facing the challenges and opportunities presented by these changes, and how migrants experience the economic and social realities of their lives. Gill makes connections between our hometowns and the globalization of people, money, technology, and culture by shedding light on the many diverse North Carolina residents who are such a vital part of the state’s population but are often unrecognized in many ways. This book is essential for everyone, including students and teachers, who wants to understand what is at stake for all parties and wants to work toward solutions.
45
Narayanamoorthy, A. Farm Income in India. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190126131.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The Green Revolution resulted in spectacular advancements in Indian agriculture. Having achieved food security for its citizens, the country has now become a net exporter of different agricultural commodities. But sadly, this does not reflect the real state of the Indian agricultural sector. In truth, our farmers are plagued by crop failures, poor income, and indebtedness. Such is their misery that they are of late driven to commit suicide. In this book, the author identifies poor returns from crop cultivation as the root cause of farmers’ problems. Using vast temporal and spatial data, the author explores further and attempts to address some very pertinent questions facing Indian agriculture today: What is the current trend in farm income? Are the returns from irrigated crops better than un-irrigated crops? Does increased productivity guarantee increased income? Has the agricultural price policy benefitted farmers? To what extent does rural infrastructure development help in increasing farm income? Has the rural employment guarantee scheme affected farm profitability? The answers will help us determine if we can double farm income by 2022–3, a target set by the present union government.
46
Forquilha, Salvador. Decentralization reforms in Mozambique: The role of institutions in the definition of results. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/889-4.
Full textAbstract:
With the introduction of the economic reforms in the late 1980s, the opening up of the political arena and the end of the civil war in the early 1990s, the decentralization process began in Mozambique. Different research developed in recent years shows that, as is the case in other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the impact of the decentralization reforms on the promotion of local development and the strengthening of democracy in Mozambique is modest. How can this modest impact be explained? Based on three important reforms in the decentralization process in Mozambique, namely the ‘7 million’, municipalization and decentralized provincial governance, this article seeks to answer this question by analysing how different aspects of the institutions affect the results of the reforms. The main argument in the article underlines the idea according to which the results of the decentralization reforms in Mozambique are constrained by the nature and by the operation mechanisms of the political system. Of these institutional factors/constraints, state capacity and independence from private interests, particularly political groups, stand out in the three reforms analysed throughout this article. In this context, the reforms develop according to group interests, particularly party political interests, which capture the state and use the reforms as a mechanism for maintaining and bolstering political power. In this sense, rather than being a means of improving the provision of public services and strengthening democracy, decentralization works more as an instrument for reinforcing state control and pandering to the elite. This is probably the biggest challenge decentralization is facing in Mozambique, therefore making it a fundamental issue to be taken into account in any reform in this area, within the context of strengthening democracy and promoting local development.
47
Mitchell, Olivia, and Annamaria Lusardi, eds. Remaking Retirement. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867524.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Around the world, people nearing and entering retirement are holding ever-greater levels of debt than in the past. This is not a benign situation, as many pre-retirees and retirees are stressed about their indebtedness. Moreover, this growth in debt among the older population may render retirees vulnerable to financial shocks, medical care bills, and changes in interest rates. Contributors to this volume explore key aspects of the rise in debt across older cohorts, drill down into the types of debt and reasons for debt incurred by the older population, and review policies to remedy some of the financial problems facing older persons, in the United States and elsewhere. The authors explore which groups are most affected by debt, and they also identify the factors causing this important increase in leverage at older ages. It is clear that the economic and market environments are influential when it comes to saving and debt. Access to easy borrowing, low interest rates, and the rising cost of education have had important impacts on how much people borrow, and how much debt they carry at older ages. In this environment, the capacity to manage debt is ever more important as older workers lack the opportunity to recover for mistakes.
48
Lora-Wainwright, Anna. Resigned Activism. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262036320.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Pollution is one of the most pressing issues facing contemporary China and among the most prominent causes for unrest. Much of industry and mining takes place in rural areas, yet we know little about how rural communities affected by severe pollution make sense of it and the diverse form of activism they embrace. This book describes some of these engagements with pollution through three in-depth case studies based on the author’s fieldwork and an analysis of “cancer villages” examined in existing social science accounts. It challenges assumptions that villagers are ignorant about pollution or fully complicit with it and it looks beyond high-profile cases and beyond single strategies. It examines how villagers’ concerns and practices evolve over time and how pollution may become normalised. Through the concept of “resigned activism”, it advocates rethinking conventional approaches to activism to encompass less visible forms of engagement. It offers insights into the complex dynamics of popular contention, environmental movements and their situatedness within local and national political economies. Describing a likely widespread scenario across much of industrialised rural China, this book provides a window onto the staggering human costs of development and the deeply uneven distribution of costs and benefits. It portrays rural environmentalism and its limitations as prisms through which to study key issues surrounding contemporary Chinese culture and society, such as state responsibility, social justice, ambivalence towards development and modernisation and some of the new fault lines of inequality and social conflict which they generate.
49
Chancer, Lynn S., Martín Sánchez-Jankowski, and Christine Trost, eds. Youth, Jobs, and the Future. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685898.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book confronts the persistent issues of youth unemployment and worsening socioeconomic precarity in the United States. While overall unemployment has declined, the unemployment rate remains nearly twice as high for young people 16–19 years of age and nearly three times as high for those aged 20–24. Millions of youth are neither in school nor working, and rates of unemployment and underemployment are nearly two to three times higher for black and Latino youth. Despite these glaring statistics, far more attention has been given to diminished social prospects facing young people in Europe than in America, and this is what makes this book so important. The volume’s Introduction places the issue in a global and national context, while suggesting a range of solutions and discussing the distinctive cultural ideology of the American dream as it intersects with young people's diverse experiences. Chapters in each of the book’s four sections explore structural and cultural causes of youth unemployment, their ramifications for both native and immigrant youth, and how both middle- and working-class youth across diverse races and ethnicities are affected within and outside the legal economy. Overall, the book insists that because the youth of today face greater insecurity than earlier generations, the time has come to address factors like technological changes, the rise of the 24/7 and “gig” economy, and the polarization between “good” and “bad” jobs; thus, the book features chapters on potential solutions including effective school-to-work models, shorter and shared hours, full employment, and basic income.
50
Addison, Tony, and Alan Roe, eds. Extractive Industries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book is about the challenges and opportunities facing developing countries in using their extractive industries (oil and gas and mining) to achieve inclusive and sustainable development. While resource wealth can yield prosperity, it can also cause acute social inequality, deep poverty, environmental damage, and political instability. There is a new determination to improve the benefits of extractive industries to their host countries, and to strengthen the sector’s governance. The book provides a comprehensive contribution to a debate on what must be done for the extractive industries to deliver development, protect often-fragile environments from damage, enhance the rights of affected communities (and the benefits to them), and support climate change action (as the world transitions away from fossil fuels). That debate has many participants: governments of resource-abundant countries; extractives companies (together with their industry associations); community-based organizations (and their NGO and INGO partners); bilateral and multilateral development agencies; the national and international media; and the research community in universities and think tanks. New initiatives all recognize that resource wealth can provide a means for poorer nations to decisively break with poverty—by diversifying economies and funding development spending. This book offers ideas and recommendations in the main policy areas as it brings together international experts from many disciplines and organizations. From this collective insight and experience, the book concludes that more attention must be given to the development role of extractive industries, and looks to the future as action on climate change will shape the prospects for the sector.