Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fabrication additive laser'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Fabrication additive laser.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Cherri, Alexis. "Poudres PEKK pour la fabrication additive par fusion laser." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022HESAE031.
Full textNowadays, the need to develop ever more innovative and efficient materials puts constant pressure on a large number of industrial sectors. Among them, aeronautics, aerospace, transport and energy production sectors seek to lighten the structure of their equipment in order to reduce energy consumption and minimize their environmental footprint. This reduction generally results in the conversion of metallic and dense materials towards plastic and lighter materials. The specificities of these industrial sectors, as well as the conditions of temperature, pressure, and accelerated aging to which some of their equipment are constrained, impose very precise specifications. The selective laser sintering process (also called SLS), recently implemented for the manufacture of thermoplastic parts, is of great interest for these different sectors of activity in which custom-made parts with complex geometry are often required. This process consists of the layer-by-layer manufacturing of parts by selective melting of powder by a laser beam. PEKK, a high performance semi-crystalline thermoplastic copolymer, validates many of the criteria for use in SLS manufacturing. However, the still limited knowledge that we have of this polymer, as well as its copolymer-like structure, still require substantial research work to this day. The aim of this work was to deepen our knowledge of the properties of crystallization and melting of a commercially available PEKK grade designed for use in SLS. These properties are of key importance for the successful implementation of the SLS process. A second objective was to develop a new grade of PEKK copolymers with a regular structure. In order to better understand the crystallization properties of our polymers, a model was used and a combination of SAXS / WAXS, DSC and rheological studies is carried out. The way of using in SLS the new grade of PEKK, hitherto very little explored, was also studied. We demonstrated that the copolymer with the regular chain structure exhibits a much simpler crystallization mechanism and a higher crystallization enthalpy which may be a advantage for use in SLS
Kovaleva, Irina. "Simulation numérique des procédés de fabrication additive: projection laser et fusion laser sélective." Ecole nationale d'ingénieurs (Saint-Etienne), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENISE031.
Full textThis work is devoted to development of mathematical modeling methods of laser interaction with materials and porous media, used in the additive technologies for the production of volume products. The process of laser cladding suffers from faults and defects of parts and coatings obtained such as cracks, exudations, residual stresses and etc. Currently, the general theory of this process does not exist. A large number of parameters affect the laser cladding such as laser parameters (power, beam diameter, scanning speed, etc. ), parameters of powder and gas flow. Therefore, experimental investigations of optimum technological modes become the complex problem. The relevance of this work is the need to perform calculations and predictions of rational modes of laser treatment, due to the increasing quality requirements of manufactured parts and technological processes optimization. We investigated in details the parameters of the gas stream and the powder for different coaxial nozzles. The parameters of powder jet essentially depends on the geometrical configuration and the size of output nozzle channels and also the composition of the powder, its dispersion and features of particles interaction with the walls of nozzle. We developed a physical-mathematical model of acceleration of powder particles in the light field of a permanent laser radiation in the conditions of laser cladding owing to the force caused by the reaction of the material–vapor recoil from the beamed part of the particle. We proposed a calculation method of random packing of polydisperse spherical particles which allows, taking into account the weight force and adhesive force between the particles in contact, to obtain the internal structure of loose powder layer close to the real. Discrete model is developed to describe the processes of heat and mass transfer in loose powder layer, which is applicable in the conditions of local laser irradiation in selective laser melting and selective laser sintering. Physico-mathematical models proposed in this work and results of calculations are new and have a practical relevance. The reliability of spent researches is consistent qualitatively with experimental data
Sakly, Adnene. "Fabrication additive de pièces à base d'alliages métalliques complexes." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0008/document.
Full textThis study aimed at developing new materials for additive manufacturing. We focused on producing parts containing complex metallic alloys (CMA) using a UV laser used for stereolithography. The selected intermetallic is a quasicrystalline alloy dominated by the icosahedral phase in the system AlCuFeB. The raw powders produced by gas atomization were characterized by X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis. The powders exhibit good optical absorption properties in the UV-visible range allowing direct laser sintering as evidenced by the formation of bridges between the grains at a temperature of about 820°C. In a second step, we have considered the manufacturing of parts made of a suspension of CMA powders in a binder. We have studied the wetting properties of the particles AlCuFeB and optimized a mixture consisting of an epoxy resin filled with 20 % vol. of CMA particles. The optical absorption of the suspension in the UV range was sufficient to produce composite parts by stereolithography. The particle size used was smaller than 25 micrometers. We have managed to make parts reaching 14 mm in height by adding layers with a thickness of 50 microns. Using test samples, we have characterized the hardness and the tribological properties of this new composite material. The hardness of the parts produced by stereolithography is larger than that of epoxy parts and reaches 88 Shore D. We have also shown a 30 % reduction of the friction coefficient as well as a 40 % reduction of wear losses compared to the epoxy matrix. These properties make attractive this new composite material for stereolithography applications
Andreau, Olivier. "Nocivité en fatigue et contrôle de défauts produits par fabrication additive." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENAM0037.
Full textThe Selective Laser Melting Process (SLM) consists in manufacturing metallic parts by melting successive powders layers. This new additive manufacturing method allows building new complex geometries that can help lighten structures, such as lattice parts. However, the mechanical properties of additive manufacturing parts are still an industrial concern, especially for high cycle fatigue behavior. Such parts can indeed comprise surface and internal pores that can be deleterious to mechanical properties. The goal of this thesis is to characterize the influence of porous defects on the high cycle fatigue fatigue performance of 316L SLM parts. Firstly, some key SLM parameters that can control the porosity and the microstructure of fabricated parts were quantified. A distinction between the pore types was proposed, and their characteristics were related to the volumetric energy density delivered by the laser. The microstructure was also investigated, with a focus on crystallographic orientation and grain size, depending on the melt pool overlap and morphology. Secondly, using X-ray tomography, a parametric research was conducted to generate and characterize optimized fatigue samples with a minimal amount of pores. Such samples were used as a reference for other fatigue samples containing various randomly distributed pore populations, with similar microstructures. The relative influence of different internal pore populations on the high cycle fatigue endurance was quantified, for similar surface pore population. Finally, deterministic pores with controlled morphology, position and various dimensions were generated after a detailed parametric optimization. A specific internal crack initiation threshold was evidenced for deterministic defects, which was supposed to be linked to the local gaseous environment during crack initiation and propagation
Pouzet, Sébastien. "Fabrication additive de composites à matrice titane par fusion laser de poudre projetée." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENAM0051/document.
Full textTitanium matrix composites are attractive materials for aeronautical applications, mainly because of their superior mechanical resistance at elevated temperature, combined with a low density. The critical machinability of such composites makes additive manufacturing processes particularly adapted for building complex 3D shapes. This study has been focused on the Direct Metal Deposition (DMD) of Metal matrix composites. In a first step, various powders and powder blends have been carried out in order to facilitate the DMD process and to obtain homogeneous microstructures. Following this, Ti-6Al-4V / B4C powder blends, allowing to obtain TiB + TiC particles distributed in the Ti matrix were more specifically considered. Metallurgical mechanisms involved in the formation of microstructures were identified prior to an investigation on mechanical properties at ambient and elevated temperature for various DMD process conditions and particle concentrations. Among the most interesting results of this study, the influence of a high carbon content solubilized in the Ti-matrix was considered as a dominant factor to explain the evolution of mechanical properties with increased amounts of reinforcements
Constantin, Loic. "Fabrication additive assisté laser de matériaux composites 3D et revêtement diamant par CVD." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0066.
Full textThe constant increase of the working frequency of semiconductor-based devices with their miniaturization led to severe overheating, which affect their lifetime and reliability. Hence, thermal management has become a significant concern for the microelectronic area and needs to be addressed. Diamond (D) is known to be an excellent material for thermal dissipation as it possesses one of the highest thermal conductivity (TC) of any natural material and has a high electrical resistivity. D can cool electronic chips in two ways. When used in the form of a film, D acts as a heat spreader. When utilized in powder-form, Ds can be introduced into metals to enhance their TC and bring dimensional stability at elevated temperatures. The resulting metal/D composite materials are thus, excellent component to form heat sinks. Naturally, the thermal performances of heat sinks are closely related to their surface area. Although the attractiveness of D-based materials in term of thermal performance, they often exhibit simple geometry mostly due to the complexity of machining D-based materials into intricated designs. Laser 3D printing is an emerging method of manufacturing sophisticated designs and has shown promising results for various metal and alloys. In this study, the laser 3D printing of copper/D composite materials is proposed to fabricate highly complex Cu/D structures which could remodel their applications. Before additively manufactured Cu/D composite materials, several challenges need to be addressed. First, the additive manufacturing of pure Cu is optimized and characterized. Then, due to a lack of a chemical affinity between Cu and D, the Cu-D interfacial zone is introduced in the composite material. Later, a molten salt coating process is studied to produced graded and multilayer coating of oxide/carbide and carbide/carbide, respectively, on carbon materials. Next, the additive manufacturing of highly sophisticated Cu/D composite structures is presented. Finally, the deposition of D films is performed by laser-assisted combustion flame. The effects of introducing ultraviolet lasers into the combustion flame are characterized in terms of chemical reaction and D film quality and growth rate
François, Mathieu. "Conception pour la fabrication additive, par fusion laser sur lit de poudre, de composants hyperfrequences." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAE008.
Full textFor many years, passive microwave waveguide components have been used in communication systems, particularly for antenna feed chains. This kind of radiofrequency equipment is already widely operational in various fields such as satellite communications, radars, space observations, etc. Because of their low loss as well as their high energy management capacity. However, the emergence of new technologies and the significant degree of competition that occurs within the defense market, customers are increasingly calling for lower-cost products, shorter lead times, with requirements equally high.Over the past years, several institutions and industries have become more and more interested in additive manufacturing processes for passive waveguide components. Without any need for raw material or dedicated tools, additive technologies bring some new design perspectives. In particular, the addition of material layer by layer promotes the manufacture of monolithic parts, which would contribute to lighten the weight of antennas and save time and costs. On the other hand, it offers additional degrees of freedom during the design stage, encouraging the development of complex and innovative architectures, resulting in increased performance, which would be unachievable by conventional techniques. As such, additive manufacturing has been identified as being able to play a crucial role in the development of this type of part.However, like any other manufacturing process, additive processes involve several physical phenomena and so have their own manufacturing specificities and constraints to consider during the design phase to benefit fully from all the potential of additive manufacturing. Combined with the microwave requirements, the designer must then be able to identify the correlation between design, process and electromagnetic to guarantee a quality part conforming to the specifications.The objective of this study is twofold. The first one consists of identifying the specificities of the laser beam melting process with a major influence on electromagnetic properties, in order to be able to pay special attention during the design phase. The second concerns the development of a method that incorporates the constraints and opportunities of additive manufacturing while meeting the objectives arising from the microwave specifications
Ettaieb, Kamel. "Contribution à l'optimisation des stratégies de lagase en fabrication additive LPBF." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLN050.
Full textDuring manufacturing by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF), the achieved temperatures in local areas could generate significant thermal gradients. These gradients lead to the apparition of residual stresses which affect the mechanical characteristics of the part and may cause deformation, as well as micro and macro cracks. In this context, scanning paths play a fundamental role on temperature level and distribution during manufacturing. For that reason, it is necessary to validate the generation of trajectories considering the thermal behaviour induced by this process.The purpose of this PhD thesis is to use an analytical method in order to develop a model that allows a fast and efficient analysis of thermal behaviour, during part manufacturing. Indeed, with a given scanning path, material properties and process parameters, the developed tool performs a temperature simulation at each point of the part, over time and in a fast way, compared to other thermal simulation software. In order to reduce computation time and memory storage used for such a simulation, a set of optimization techniques has been proposed.The developed model has been validated in the case of the Ti6Al4V alloy through a comparison with a finite element thermal simulation obtained by industrial software. Then, the results of this model were compared to experimental results. Once validated, it has been implemented to analyze trajectories commonly used in the literature and industry.In order to reduce thermal gradients and improve part quality, the proposed solution consists in controlling the temperature and size of melt pool. For this purpose, the developed thermal model has been used to modulate the process parameters during manufacturing on the one hand and to develop an adaptive scanning strategy on the other hand
Galy, Cassiopee. "Etude des interactions matériau/procédé en vue d'une optimisation des conditions opératoires du procédé de fabrication additive SLM sur des alliages d'aluminium pour des applications aéronautiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0106/document.
Full textInterest in selective laser melting (SLM) has been growing in recent years, particularly with regard to the production of metal parts.The low density of aluminum alloys, combined with the possible design optimization enabled by additive manufacturing processes,ensures a significant decrease in the mass of structures which is very interesting for manufacturers in the automotive and aerospaceindustries. However, it is difficult to control the final properties of aluminum parts manufactured by SLM because many defects, suchas porosity, hot cracking, and surface roughness, are generated during the process. To better understand how to optimize theperformance of SLM aluminium parts, several studies were conducted during this work: An identification and selection of characterization methods well-adapted to the specificities of metallic materials developedby powder bed additive manufacturing processes was established. For instance, the comparison of different methods ofdetermining the relative density of parts showed the advantages and disadvantages of each of the techniques; A study of the SLM machine highlighted the influence of various factors (gas flow, positions of specimens on the constructionplate, or methods of depositing the powder) on the final properties of the produced parts. These elements have an impacton the density of the parts, their surface properties, and their mechanical properties. We found that the positioning of a pieceon the tray is a critical step in the preparation of a build that is not to be neglected; Parametric studies carried out on two types of aluminum alloys—AlSi7Mg0,6 and AM205—have shown that the chemicalcomposition of the aluminum alloy used has a significant influence on the set of operating parameters required tomanufacture an acceptable aluminum alloy part. The energy density, ψ, which is the ratio of the laser power to the productof the lasing speed, the hatching distance, and the layer thickness, is conventionally used for the optimization of the operatingconditions in SLM. Our experimental studies performed at different scales (1D and 3D) have shown the limits of this criterion.The combination of these results with the numerical simulation of the lasing of a single powder bead served as a basis forthe definition of an initial model, the final objective of which will be to optimize the choice of manufacturing parameters
Relave, Sébastien. "Caractérisation et prédiction de la microstructure obtenue par fabrication additive. Application aux aciers inoxydables." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEM003.
Full textThe laser beam melting (LBM) is an additive manufacturing process that allows the production of complex samples trough a layer-by-layer melting of the powder bed by the laser beam. In the most of the studies, the solidification mechanisms were not studied in details. However, from scientific and practical point of view, it is necessary to study and to describe these mechanisms which can help to optimize the mechanical properties of LBM samples. The purposes of this study were to analyse the influence of process parameters and the powder chemical composition on the microstructure of manufactured parts and to develop a numerical simulation model capable to predict the microstructure of the part after material solidification. In this work, the microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L alloy LBM samples were analysed in dependence on the process parameters and the chemical composition of the powders. The results obtained during the study showed the significant influence of the chemical composition of the powder on the sample microstructure for the same process parameters. It was found that the chemical composition impacts the solidification path of the alloy, the latter can give different microstructure and therefore different mechanical properties. Meanwhile, thanks to thermal model developed, the solidification structure and the shape and size of the melting pool have been identified, according to the process parameters used for the experiment part. Finally, the link between the microstructure observed and the microstructure predicted by the model have been settled, leading to a deeper understanding of the solidification mechanism encountered during the LBM process
Chougrani, Laurent. "Modélisation avancée de formes complexes de pièces mécaniques pour lesprocédés de fabrication additive." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENAM0054.
Full textAdditive manufacturing processes have been quickly growing those past decades and are now getting to their sustainable industrial. Industry has been caring about the mass to rigidity ratio of the structures it produces (especially in aeronautics), and is now acknowledging the potential of additive processes to produce more complex shapes than classical processes. Industry is now trying to take advantage of this potential by designing highly complex structures like lattices or metal foams. The work that is presented in this document propose a methodology, models and numerical tools allowing the conception, dimensioning and optimization of such structures through additive manufacturing. The proposed framework can be describe through the height following steps:- Importing the design space and the technical requirement (load cases).- Topology optimization of the design space- Geometry reconstruction to create a primitive which will be the lattice insertion area.- Finite elements computation to ensure that the structure meets the requirements.- Lattice topology definition using 3D graphs.- Lattice deformation and optimization.- Creation of the volumes around the lattice.- Printing file creation and 3D printing
Durand, Pierre-Yves. "Modélisations multiphysiques à deux échelles du procédé de fabrication additive par fusion laser de lit de poudre." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4012.
Full textRegardless the industry, additive manufacturing processes for metallic materials have a great industrial potential, especially to product high added value parts. One of the main users of these processes, and more specifically the Selective Laser Melting (SLM), is the tooling industry for plastics processing. It make possible to reduce production costs and manufacturing times while increasing the complexity of manufactured parts. However, in order to improve the quality of the latter and ensure their certifications, a better insight into the related physical phenomena undergone by the material during the process is still needed. In this PhD thesis, the SLM process modeling is multiphysic and concerns two different scales. The first modeling scale uses the Volume Of Fluid method to model the powder bed melting and its ensuing solidification. The numerical powder bed is computed thanks to a specific generator enabling to take account for the experimental granulometry. Once some simplifying assumptions on the physical phenomena stated, the surface tension has been implemented requiring the "heights functions" method use. The second modeling scale corresponds to the building of laser tracks series through the finite element method. The thermomechanical approach uses the element birth method in order to meet as far as possible the experimental conditions. Following its assessment through experiment/simulation face off, model have enable to predict the temperature field and the melted zone width as well as the keyhole formation
Gunenthiram, Valérie. "Compréhension de la formation de porosités en fabrication additive (LBM). Analyse expérimentale de l’interaction laser – lit de poudre – bain liquide." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENAM0028/document.
Full textThe selective laser melting (SLM) process allows to produce dense metal parts directly from the melting of successive powder layers. However, many technical issues are still to overcome for making SLM a fully viable manufacturing process. This is the case of surface finishing and the systematic occurrence of porosities, which require post machining steps. Up till now, the origin of porosities remains unclear but is expected to be related to the stability of the process. This thesis proposes an original study of the laser-powder-melt pool interaction on 316 L and on two aluminum alloys (5086 and 4047) before studying the material’s densification conditions. The work is structured in two parts. In the first part, an experimental study of the laser-matter interaction has been carried out on an instrumented SLM setup equipped with a fast camera (>10 000 images /s). The conditions of formation of metal ejections, denudation and hydrodynamics of melt pool (including humping) have been characterized and quantified. All these phenomena are related to the high power densities used in SLM, which favor keyhole regime and vaporization. The aim of the second part of this work was to characterize the origin and the porosity fraction on an SLM machine. A first correlation has been made between the dimensions of the fusion beads and the densification conditions. A strong interaction (Rayleigh scattering or absorption) has been observed between the incident laser beam and the nanoparticles contained in the metal vapor column: this interaction is responsible for the significant dispersion of melting depths
Limousin, Maxime. "Développement d’inserts de moule pour l’injection plastique en acier inoxydable martensitique et en verre métallique massif produits par Laser Beam Melting (LBM)." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEE003.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to increase molds lifetime. Mains phenomena to limit are abrasion wear and corrosion. For this purpose, two material families have been preselected. They have been identified among stainless steels and bulk metallic glasses. This work details their selection, development in additive manufacturing and characterization for both materials. In the end, this thesis delivers a new steel grade adapted to the additive manufacturing and plastic injection molds, which affords good corrosion resistance, high hardness and a comparatively good thermal conduction. Concerning the bulk metallic glass, this work shows that the chosen composition allowed to preserve enough amorphous material to induce exceptional properties and give strong hopes to continue in this vein
Mezari, Rezak. "Etude du contrôle de procédé de projection laser pour la fabrication additive : Instrumentation, Identification et Commande." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENAM0050/document.
Full textApplications using the direct metal deposition laser process have been expanded rapidly, particularly in aeronautics. However, this promising technology reported some difficult points and faced several problems, mainly the process instability. When these phenomena are not controlled, several defects was obtained (lack of mechanical strength, excessive porosity, poor surface, ... etc.). According to their distribution and size, non-conformity, deteriorate the mechanical characteristics of the parts was recorded and result in a significant cost of post-processing. Therefore, it is important to control the process, to make the process both robust and preserve the structural integrity of the piece. This requires the development of instrumentation through the control process, in order to have a real-time system able to adjust the process parameters to keep a high quality of the manufactured part. In this perspective, the studied thesis developed a technological solution (hardware and algorithms) based on cameras (vision) to monitor key parameters during manufacture. The application of this vision system has been allowed for the implementation of innovative methods by using modern automatic tools to monitor the status of the built part or even correct their defects during the manufacture parts, having a monitoring and process control in real time. Furthermore this vision system performed measurements for the inputs and outputs of the process, matched to a dynamic model that lead to the realization of the process control system
De, Terris Thibaut. "Fabrication additive par fusion laser sélective (SLM) d’un superalliage base nickel : relations procédé – microstructures – propriétés mécaniques." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENAM0061.
Full textThe Selective Laser Melting (SLM) additive manufacturing process is a 3D metal printing process controlled by many parameters related to the machine and to the manufacturing environment. As a result, the quality of the parts (porosity rate, surface roughness) and the productivity depend on the parameters. The work carried out aims to optimize the SLM process in order to be able to produce exchangers for Air Liquide. On the other hand, once the process is optimized, it is necessary to qualify the microstructures induced by the process, and their effects on the mechanical properties. The first part of the study consisted in developing sets of parameters allowing to reduce as much as possible the porosity of the parts, while improving the surface roughness and the productivity. A lot of experimental work has been carried out on the SLM machine of the PIMM laboratory, and a wide exploration of the effects of the first and second order parameters has been done on Inconel 625. The second part of the study consisted of studying the microstructures of parts developed by SLM, from their raw state to their recrystallized state after heat treatment. The relationship between the manufacturing process and the microstructures has been demonstrated, and the mechanical properties of raw and heat-treated parts were then characterized. It appears that the manufacturing parameters will influence the raw microstructural state, on which the mechanical properties depend. Indeed, columnar grains are formed along the building direction. The use of a suitable heat treatment, however, makes it possible to cancel the effect of the process
Millon, Célia. "Contribution à l’inspection d’échantillons de fabrication additive métallique par ondes de Rayleigh au moyen d’une méthode ultrasons-laser." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1195/document.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the detection of flaws in laser metal deposition (LMD) additive manufacturing process samples towards an in situ control of the process. The in situ control foreseen concerns the last layers deposited by the process (316L and Inconel 718 steel) for which porosities and cracks may appear (~ 100 µm). The inspection is performed by laser-ultrasonics (LU), an all-optical and non-invasive technic. Experiments are conducted in thermoelastic mode. The LMD process gives rise to coarse grain microstructure and surface roughness, that make the control tricky. Indeed, those characteristics generate scattering elastic waves. Thus, this work contributes to the better comprehension of those phenomena and their effects of the detection on subsurface flaws which dimensions are close to the acoustic wavelength. Surface inspection has been optimized by designing an optical setup, improving the Rayleigh wave generation by using a thin laser line source (~200 µm). Hence, the spectral content has been increased until it reaches 10 MHz, that is to say a wavelength equals to 700 µm (λR). Then, the limits have been brought out through the inspection of LMD samples. Those samples include sided drilled holes and notches which dimensions are less than λR, on rough surface (multiple scattering of Rayleigh wave). Moreover, real subsurface flaws inspections have been studied. The flaws have been created by the instability of one of the process parameter: the hatch (distance between each layer), or by a bad powder quality. By intentionally deteriorating those parameters, the samples, then, have porosity rate (Φ) with ranging from 0.5% to 10%. Finally, two correlation methods have been studied to discriminate porosity rate: through the study of the normalized cross correlation function and by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The first method, simple and fast to implement, does not allow distinguishing the porosity rates. Nevertheless, the PCA indicates that it is possible to discriminate all the flaws. Finally, preliminary tests have been carried out to show that LU measurements is feasible on rough surfaces, while keeping a good signal-to-noise ratio, without averaging, during an automated displacement
Moniz, da Silva Sancho Liliana. "Etude de l'interaction laser-matière pour la fabrication de pièces à haute valeur ajoutée en céramiques oxydes semi-transparentes par fusion laser sélective sur lit de poudre." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM060.
Full textSelective laser melting of oxide ceramics (Al2O3-ZrO2and Al2O3) is identified as a promising way to produce complex shaped parts with oriented fine microstructures, which would not be achievable by conventional sintering. These lightweight parts, presenting excellent resistance to creep at high temperature and oxidation, would appear as the answer to weight reduction and temperature increasing of turbojet engines, as compared to the usual metal parts coated with porous ceramics. The material/process coupling relies on the controlled addition of an absorber to pure ceramic powders, that compensate the quasi-transparency of these materials to Yb:YAG laser radiation. The effect on optical properties of process parameters, absorbent nature and content, compactness of the powder bed and their influence on manufacturing stability are identified. For this purpose, innovative radiative measurements in reflection and in transmission were carried out during manufacturing and for different operating conditions. These dynamic measurements through an integrating sphere provide information on the laser-material interaction mechanisms taking place in each media and they give access to optical material properties. These measurements enrich an analytical laser-matter interaction model based on the radiation attenuation by the Beer-Lambert law. This model gives a relation between melt pool dimensions, radiative propertiesof the different media (powder bed, substrate and liquid) along with the associated absorption coefficients, the process parameters and powder bed porosity. This model expresses also the apparent melted section within the powder bed, the section of the melted zone within the substrate and the consolidation section within the powder bed. Some of these calculated data are not measurable and usefully contribute to a consolidation model of the powder bed. This model takes into account the material exchanges observed between so-called bare zones (linked to the ejection of powder particles) and consolidation zones. Quantification of these particles exchanges, which have a strong impact on the LBM of these oxide ceramics, allows the definition of a specific manufacturing strategy that compensates for the bare zone formation while avoiding the formation of hot spots. These data collection enables the manufacturing of LBM ceramic oxide parts with reduced porosity and controlled micro-cracking
Pavlov, Mikhail. "Application des dispositifs de diagnostic optique multi-spectraux dans les procédés de fabrication additive : fusion sélective par laser et projection laser coaxiale." Ecole nationale d'ingénieurs (Saint-Etienne), 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENISE007.
Full textThe manuscript contains four chapters including a general introduction presenting the optical diagnostics, followed by a chapter on the application of the selective laser melting and two chapters on a process of laser cladding. Chapter 1 is an introduction to optical diagnostics tools designed to measure the temperature of an object without physical contact. The importance of the choice of the spectral band as a function of temperature is also highlighted. Chapter 2 describes the study the process of selective laser melting. The first part concerns the description of the selective laser melting machine used. On this machine various optical elements have been added for visualization of powder layering process and the molten pool coaxially with the laser beam. Chapter 3 describes the study of laser cladding of titanium carbide and steel powders. This chapter begins with a bibliographical part. Thermal imaging camera (3-5 micron band) and a multi-wavelength pyrometer (1-1. 27 microns) were applied to monitor the zone of laser action. The effects of various operating parameters on the temperature profiles (true and brightness) were examined in detail. The fourth chapter describes the laser cladding on a substrate TA6V with powder of the same composition. A thermal imaging camera (3-5 microns) was applied to obtain the temperature distributions in the laser action zone
Obielodan, John Olorunshola. "Fabrication of Multi-Material Structures Using Ultrasonic Consolidation and Laser-Engineered Net Shaping." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/776.
Full textDupin, Stephane. "Etude fondamentale de la transformation du polyamide 12 par frittage laser : mécanismes physico-chimiques et relations microstructures/propriétés." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAL0062/document.
Full textAdditive processing technologies are aimed at manufacturing parts directly from a computer-aided design (CAD) file, without the need for tooling. Therefore flexibility of production increases and manufacturing of small to mid-size series of very complex or even customized parts becomes possible within reduced development time and expenses. Because of the good mechanical properties obtained in the parts, the most commonly used among additive technologies for polymers is laser sintering (LS). The objective of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of the different physical mechanisms involved during laser sintering of polyamide 12 powders. Many operating variables impact the laser sintering process. Especially, the energy supplied to the powder with the laser beam depends on its power, its displacement velocity and the scan spacing. Moreover, the polymer material undergoes a quite severe thermal treatment : before its sintering, the powder is preheated, then in the build tank the sintered parts and the un-sintered surrounding powder remain until the end of the job at elevated temperatures. This thermal history induces ageing, which modifies some powder features and hinders its future reuse. The influence of the parameters mentioned above on the part microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. Moreover the use of different polyamide 12 powders enabled to identify the key material characteristics towards the physical processes involved in LS and towards the final properties of parts. The laser sintering of semi-crystalline polymers is governed by several fundamental mechanisms: melting of particles, interdiffusion of macromolecular chains at interfaces, coalescence of molten particles, then densification and finally crystallisation. The study and modelling of crystallisation were carried out with one of the PA12 powders used in the first part of this work. From this modelling, the time during which the polymer remains in the molten state during the process was estimated. Next, a rheological analysis made within the framework of linear viscoelasticity of polymer melts allowed to compute the interdiffusion time of the macromolecular chains. Moreover, the coalescence process of molten particles was observed at different temperatures and modeled. The characteristic times thus estimated for these physical processes were opposed to the time during which the polymer remains in the molten state and confirmed the good consolidation obtained by laser sintering of polyamide 12. In conclusion this work contributes to understand the different physico-chemical mechanisms involved during polymer laser sintering by specifying the relations between powder parameters, process variables and final properties of parts. Many recommendations for the optimisation of powder properties can be derived from this work for the purpose of developing new polymeric materials adapted to this process
Touzé, Stéphane. "Laser Metal Deposition of Aluminium-Copper alloys for Repair applications." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECDN0025.
Full textThe present thesis aims at demonstrating the feasibility of repairing high performance castings made of an aluminiumcopper alloy using the Laser Metal Deposition metal additive manufacturing process. These alloys present a low weldability and thus cannot be reliably repaired with manual arc-welding processes. To instead use this innovative additive manufacturing process for repair applications and thereby improve upon current methods, major challenges had to be overcome regarding the flowability and solidification behavior of this aluminium alloy powder as well as the overall methodology to reliably and efficiently perform the repair operation. Experimental, theoretical and numerical studies allowed to elucidate some of these aspects and eventually enabled the use of a 224.0 casting aluminium alloy with the Laser Metal Deposition metal additive manufacturing process. A repair methodology including a robust segmentation algorithm was also developped to automate the repair process and permit the generation of toolpaths based on raw in-situ 3D scanning measurements. Repairs of high performance aluminium-copper castings were carried out successfully as no major lack of fusion, bonding or cracking defects were observed. A metallographic analysis showed that the aluminium deposits obtained by Laser Metal Deposition generally offer a refined microstructure with limited solute segregation and hot cracking
Blanc, Toinou. "Fabrication additive par dépôt laser direct de TA6V : étude expérimentale dans des régimes de forte productivité, modèles de comportement et recyclage de la poudre." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEM047.
Full textAdditive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, aggregates several processes that allows to build parts by stacking layers of a given material, directly from CAD models, without specific tools. Over the past decade, additive processes have gained in notoriety much more rapidly than their industrial applications gained in profitability.Indeed, these technologies must still mature, especially for metallic applications. This is the challenge of the project FUI-9 FALAFEL, in which this thesis takes place, carried out in partnership with several industrial and academic actors. It aims to accompany the development of the direct laser deposition process (DLD), also known as laser metal deposition (LMD).This consists in projecting and melting metal powder on a substrate in a defined pattern, layer by layer. It allows to obtain large size and low complexity parts with high roughness and a proper productivity, despite being still insufficient for industrialization.The specificity of the present work is to study the DLD process in operating modes that allow to reach high build rates (> 100 cc/h), in application to the titanium alloy TA6V.This work is driven by two research focus. In the first place, we try to improve the understanding and control of the process by establishing the relationships between operating parameters, geometric criteria, melt pool stability, process efficiency and generated microstructure.In a second stage, we focus on the possibility to reuse powders that remain unmelted after deposition. Up to 3 levels of powder recycling are studied, without dilution with new powder. We then carried out tests to check that the mechanical properties were in accordance with the aeronautical requirements
Chen, Qiang. "Modélisation numérique thermomécanique de fabrication additive par fusion sélective de lit de poudre par laser : Application aux matériaux céramiques." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM004/document.
Full textThe application of SLM process is limited by the difficulty of process control. Its application to ceramics is especially challengeable due to their weak absorption to laser and weak resistance to thermal shock. The mastery of this process requires a full understanding of heat transfer, fluid dynamics in melt pool and solid mechanics. In this work, we propose a numerical model for the simulation of SLM process applied to ceramics. The model is developed at the track scale and with the assumption of continuous powder bed. It is based on level set method and multiphase homogenization, with which we are able to follow the evolution of gas/material interface and phase transformation. Simulations are performed to study the influence of material properties and process parameters on temperature, melt pool shape, fluid dynamics and solid mechanics. Apart from the laser power and scanning speed, material absorption is also found to be important to the thermal behavior and the melt pool shape. With the fluid dynamics, convex shape of track cross section is achieved under surface tension. Besides that, liquid droplets collapsing formed by the melting of powder create melt pool instability when falling, thus leading to track irregularity after solidification. The Marangoni effect, caused by surface tension gradient at gas/material interface, is investigated. Its influence on temperature distribution, melt pool shape and track regularity is recognized. One interesting finding is the smoothing effect of track surface with negative ∂γ/∂T. When combine surface tension with scanning speed, track surface becomes more irregular with the increase of scanning speed. The well-known balling effect is reproduced with high scanning speed. This can be helpful to find the regime for regular track shape with given laser power and scanning speed. Cracking defect is deleterious in additive manufacturing. The use of an auxiliary laser can help to avoid this defect by decreasing the maximum tensile stress. The process mode of this auxiliary laser remains an interesting subject to be studied and some guidelines have been given by the presented simulations. The model is validated by the comparison of melt pool shape with experiments under different process conditions. Simulations can also reveal the tendency of track surface variation for certain cases. By the application to multi-track deposition, the influence of hatch distance on layer surface, temperature and stress evolution is emphasized
Dumoulin, Emmanuel. "Fabrication additive de pièces en polymères thermoplastiques hautes performances et en polyamide 12 par le procédé de frittage sélectif par laser." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2014. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01021861.
Full textFischer, Marie. "Élaboration in situ d’alliages de titane et de structures architecturées par fabrication additive : application aux dispositifs médicaux implantables." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0257/document.
Full textThe initial problematic arises from the fact that implant failure is often caused by a mismatch between the elastic properties of the bone and those of the implant. Nowadays, an increasing interest is given to this mechanical biocompatibility and led to the development of β-metastable titanium alloys that possess low Young’s modulus, about half that of the conventionally used Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Moreover, lattice structures are currently being the subject of many investigations with the aim of achieving low Young’s modulus and high strength. Their fabrication, with accurate control over the architecture, is made possible thanks to additive manufacturing processes and the several possibilities they offer: design freedom, reduced material usage rate, complex shapes, mass customisation... The present work focuses on the implementation of low modulus titanium alloy Ti-26Nb(at.%) by the means of selective laser melting. An in situ elaboration strategy, based on a mixture of elemental powders, is explored in order to allow potential composition adjustments and to overcome the unavailability of titanium alloy powders. The approach is carried out using two distinct powder morphologies, spherical and irregular. The effects of the numerous parameters of the process (laser power, speed, scanning strategy...) on homogeneity and porosity of the manufactured parts is quantified. A homogeneous alloy can be obtained subject to the use of suitable energy density levels and powder size distributions that take into account the respective fusion temperatures of both elements. Microstructure characterisation highlights a pronounced texture resulting from the scanning strategy. The elaborated samples display a low Young’s modulus associated with a high strength, and hence a favourable strength to elastic modulus ratio compared to the reference cast alloy. Furthermore, an optimization algorithm is developed and allows controlling the mechanical properties of a lattice structure with its geometrical parameters (radius, length and orientation of struts). The combined use of this low Young’s modulus titanium alloy with a lattice structure developed through this algorithm was applied to the design of a total hip prosthesis that was subjected to finite element simulations. Stress-shielding evaluation shows that, compared to a solid design, this kind of prosthesis permits to reduce stress-shielding significantly. By getting closer to a physiological model, this prosthesis can be qualified as “biomimetic” in terms of mechanical behaviour
Godineau, Kévin. "Optimisation du pilotage de chaînes opto-mécaniques pour l'exécution de trajectoires en fabrication additive par fusion laser sur lit de poudre." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLN019.
Full textIn metal additive manufacturing by laser powder bed fusion, the geometry and mechanical characteristics of the produced parts are generated during the manufacturing process. These two aspects are greatly influenced by the laser spot trajectories, and by the control of the energy provided to the powder locally. The numerical control system, whose purpose is to generate instructions to be sent to actuators, has therefore a significant impact on the quality of the parts produced.This work proposes to study the local impact of the operations carried out in the numerical control on both the trajectories executed and the energy provided to the material. In the literature, few studies have addressed these aspects in additive manufacturing. For this reason, an experimental platform is implemented and used to analyze and better understand the operations currently implemented in industrial numerical controls.First, a mathematical model representative of the machine geometry is established. This model converts the laser spot trajectories into instructions for actuators. The model developed is used to improve the calibration step of the machines. Once the system is calibrated, the instructions sent to the actuators are studied. The various processes carried out in the industrial numerical control are analysed, limitations are highlighted and several proposals for improvements are implemented. All these developments are then used to precisely control the energy supplied to the material in the case of certain trajectories adapted to the process. The scientific developments proposed in these works are all validated experimentally on an additive manufacturing machine or on the test bench developed. The work carried out makes it possible to envisage many perspectives concerning the improvement of the treatments carried out inside the numerical control in additive manufacturing
Annovazzi, Alicia. "Contribution à l'étude - interaction laser-matière à différentes pressions résiduelles : Application au procédé micro-fusion laser sur lit de poudre." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCA024.
Full textThe laser beam melting (LBM) and electron beam melting (EBM) processes are two additive manufacturing technologies allowing the production of metallic parts. The intense energy density provided by the power supply is sufficient in order to melt the material creating a molten pool, and will solidify after cooling. This change of phase which takes place in a very short time, induced complexthermodynamics phenomena. Each of the processes offer advantages that could be interesting to be combined. Hence, a combination of the two technologies has been investigated. The EBM process requiring a rough vacuum in the work chamber, the issue of this work is based on the study of the laser melting at low pressure. Besides the intended combination, the selective laser melting under vacuum pressure can be attractive with the aim of improving the material integrity, in particular on the oxygen-sensitive materials. However, a clear decrease of the process efficiency has been observed. This work includes two parts: a) Firstly, an experimental study of samples fabricability at different pressures conditions is observed. For the same manufacturing parameters, a significant decrease of samples densification is observed in rough vacuum. The parameters volumetric energy density and the laser displacement speed have to beadapted in function of the chamber pressure. b) The second part is an attempt to explain the molten pool motion which change depending on the pressure. This can be achieved with a fast cam allowing the observations of strong instabilities in the powder bed with the denudation zone, and the molten pool with the morphology, for specific laser parameters. These phenomena are more important for residual pressures under 30 mbar. Then, a powder bed pre-sintering for the purpose of ”in-situ” annealing of the materials studied, has shown the beneficial effect during the interaction laser-powder under vacuum. Improvement melt quality and increased manufacturing efficiency have beenachieved
Kang, Nan. "Élaboration "in-situ" par mélanges de poudres de composites à matrice métallique au cours du processus de fabrication additive." Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BELF0305/document.
Full textAs a new manufacturing technology, Selective laser melting (SLM) has a large potential in the manufacturing of complex parts with ultrafine microstructure.Selective laser melting has many significant advantages over traditional manufacturing methods but still faces a low availability of powder materials. With SLM, the part is firstly designed via 3D computer-aided design (CAD)), then built layer-by-layer with a high energy computer-controlled laser beam The work done in this study was therefore aiming at developing a new way to obtain alloys and composites directly from elemental powder mixtures with a large composition flexibility.Experimentally the choice was made of the aluminum-silicon system with several silicon contents (12, 18, 50 wt. %).Adding a static magnetic field was also considered as an additional way to control the microstructure. When parts are manufactured by SLM, laser power and scanning speed are the main parameters determining the density, microstructure, phase composition and mechanical properties. A systematic analysis of the role of these parameter on the manufacturing of Al - Si alloys by SLM from mixtures of powders was therefore conducted. Al - Si alloys with a very fine microstructure were thus obtained for several composition ranges corresponding to practical applications (lightweight structures, high wear resistance alloys, electronic packaging material, ...). The properties of the materials obtained in this way, according to the performed characterizations, compares favorably with those obtained via the conventional production technologies
Masmoudi, Amal. "Modélisation et développement expérimental du procédé de fabrication additive par fusion laser sélective d'un lit de poudre métallique : influence de la pression de l'atmosphère." Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BELF0287/document.
Full textThe selective laser melting process (SLM) of a metallic powder bed is an innovative process that allows the manufacturing of complex shape parts directly from a CAD file via a complete melting of powder layers deposited successively. During the SLM process, the high laser energy density creates many thermal cycles: melting - vaporization - solidification.The purpose of this work was: 1) to better characterize and understand experimentally the phenomena that occur during the laser beam - powder / molten metal pool interaction and 2) to develop a numerical model taking into account the phenomena of melting and vaporizing of the material and the presence of the surrounding gas in the build chamber.In a first time, considering simple geometries (tracks and surfaces) and 316L stainless steel as material, we studied the interaction between the laser beam, the powder bed and the liquid metal pool using several experimental techniques (spectrometry, calorimetry, ...) in order to understand the nature and the role of the metal vapor generated during the process. The results showed that the vapor has no effect on the transmission of the laser beam energy to the material during the SLM process. Meanwhile it leads to the deposition of condensed vapor and also drag some molten metal droplets.In a second time a numerical model was developed to determine the influence of the pressure of the surrounding environment on the melting process of a powder bed by a laser beam. Parameters characterizing the evolution of the physical properties of the material and of the gaseous medium according to the temperature and pressure were incorporated into the model database. Some material parameters were determined from the literature and others were obtained empirically using specific experimental measurements.Finally, this numerical model, complementing experimental results, was used to treat the main subject of the thesis which is the effect of the surrounding pressure on the SLM process. The model helped to clarify the physical phenomena provided by the change in the pressure level and its validity was checked through experimental measurements
Song, Bo. "Nouvelles voies de fabrication d'alliages métalliques à hautes performances à partir de poudres." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01004824.
Full textDupin, Stéphane. "Etude fondamentale de la transformation du polyamide 12 par frittage laser : mécanismes physico-chimiques et relations microstructures/propriétés." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00782461.
Full textLiu, Xin. "Numerical modeling and simulation of selective laser sintering in polymer powder bed." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI012/document.
Full textMany industrial and academic interests concerning the additive manufacturing processes are developed in the last decades. As one of the most promising technique of additive manufacturing, the Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) has been valued by both industry and academic. However, it remains that several phenomena are still not well understood in order to properly model the process and propose quality improvement of parts made. The goal of this Ph.D. project is to develop a framework of numerical simulation in order to model the SLS process in polymer powder bed, meanwhile understanding multiple physical phenomena occurring during the process and studying the influence of process parameters on the quality of final product. In contrast to traditional approach, based on the equivalent homogeneous material in numerical modeling of partial differential equations derived from conservation laws, we propose a global model to simulate powder-based additive manufacturing by using the Discrete Element method (DEM). It consists in a coupling between four different physical models: radiative heat transfer, discrete heat conduction, sintering and granular dynamics models. Firstly, the submodel of radiative heat transfer concerns the interaction between the laser beam and powder bed. Several phenomena are considered, including the reflection, transmission, absorption and scattering. Besides, a modified Monte Carlo ray-tracing method is developed in order to study the influence of scattering on the distribution of the deposited laser energy inside the powder bed Furthermore, the submodel of discrete heat conduction describes the inter-particles heat diffusion. Moreover, the sintering submodel concerns the phenomena of coalescence and air diffusion. It describes the melting kinetics of grains, driven by surface tension and the release of entrapped gases inside powder bed. Finally, the granular dynamics submodel concerns the motions and contacts between particles when depositing a new layer of powders. The coupling between these submodels leads to propose a global numerical framework, validated by comparing the results to both simulated and experimental ones from literatures. A parametric study is then proposed for model validation and process analysis. The Influence of different material and process parameters on the evolution of temperature, relative density and materials structure and characteristics are investigated. The results exhibit accurate modeling of the complex phenomena occurring during the SLS process, and the work constitute a great potential in modeling and optimization of additive processes
Regniere, Matthieu. "Impact du conditionnement de poudres de Ti6Al4V sur le procédé de fusion sélective laser." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEM038/document.
Full textSelective Laser Melting (SLM), through additive manufacturing process, allows the conception of specific shapes through a layer-by-layer building method from a powder bed. The emphasis between processing parameters as, laser power, scan speed, scan strategy… has already been well investigated for a wide panel of material. Nevertheless, the powder interaction with electromagnetic waves remains a topical issue to handle the stabilization of the melting pool, and optimize the amount of energy used within the process.The purpose of this survey is : (a) the understanding and handling of powder bed layering mechanism through SLM Phenix rolling blade ; (b) the analysis and quantification of morphological and microstructural evolutions single tracks according to SLM process and powder bed parameters ; (c) development of a thermal and microstructural model standing for post SLM single tracks edification.First of all, the process of powder spreading by rolling blade has been investigated in order to tame and modelize the porosity and effective thickness of the powder bed. Thereafter, characteristics of Ti6Al4V single tracks produced by SLM were analyzed according to process and bed powder parameters. This approach tends to quantify the impact of the powder bed packing on the SLM melting mechanism. Accordingly, fine microstructural analysis and reconstruction have been extracted. Finally, a radiative thermal model linked to a microstructural prediction of single tracks has been settled, leading to a deeper understanding of the melting mechanism
Stef, Jonathan. "Fusion Laser Selective de poudres de TA6V : microstructure et mécanismes de formation des porosités en lien avec les paramètres du procédé SLM et les propriétés structurales." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0433/document.
Full textSelective Laser Melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing process of metallic parts based on powder bed fusion (PBF). SLM is part of the industry 4.0 concept and is opposed to conventional manufacturing processes where the material is either subtracted, deformed or molded. From a numerical model, parts are built by material addition layer by layer. The SLM process has incontestable advantages as it offers the possibility of making small parts with complex shapes and reducing transportation costs. It also promotes mass customization and relocation of factories close to customers. However, the SLM process suffers of a lack of repeatability and control of manufactured parts which hinders its development on a larger scale. Among the possible reasons, the control of part properties is made difficult since it depends on many complex interactions between the input powders, the process parameters and microstructural features.In this work, we propose to investigate the relationships between manufacturing process parameters of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy parts, the mechanisms of formation of their voids, their microstructure and their structural properties. In this purpose, a parametric study was conducted to evaluate the influence of laser power, scanning speed and hatch-spacing parameters. Three energy densities were considered (50, 75 and 100J/mm3), and a rotative scanning strategy was chosen.From an original approach based on 2D fracture surface and 3D-Xray tomography analysis of parts, two mechanisms of pore formation were identified and investigated. For 50J/mm3, the spatial distribution of voids is shown to be dependent to the scanning strategy. The volume fraction and density of pores depend on the laser power and the scanning speed. For higher energy densities (75 and 100 J/mm3), two new mechanisms of pore formation were identified corresponding to over-melting and gas trapping.Concerning the microstructure, the whole characterized specimens have shown a weakly textured α’ martensitic structure. For a same energy density, prior-β grain morphology and α’ needle size were revealed to be dependent to the process parameters. Fine investigations carried out by Transmission Electron Microscopy underscored the presence of un-identified twins in literature. They are first, twins of type {01̅11} <2̅111̅>a’ or {01̅11} <21̅1̅1>’ with a rotation of 57° around the [21̅1̅0]a’ zone axis and a twinning shear of 0,542, and secondly, twins of type {011̅1}<7̅ 21 14 11>a’ or {1̅011}<11 14 1̅ 0>a’ with a rotation of 63° around the [12̅2̅1]a’ zone axis and a twinning shear of 0,963. These twins would indicate that a stress relaxation phenomenon takes place, induced by the high cooling rates and the martensitic transformation.Concerning mechanical properties, porosity affects the material ductility. Its behavior is more brittle even when the volume fraction of voids is small (<1%). 3D reconstruction of a tensile broken specimen attests a one to one relationship between the spatial distribution of pores and the crack path. Finally, pores formed by a lack of fusion and denudation are more detrimental for mechanical properties than over melting ones. This analyze is also performed by comparison with the volume fraction and the morphology of voids corresponding to each mechanism of formation
Ruggi, David. "Mise en œuvre de poudres de polyamides : Influence des conditions de transformation sur la microstructure et les propriétés. Application à la fabrication additive par fusion laser." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI057.
Full textSelective Laser Sintering, also called Powder Bed Fusion, is an additive manufacturing process that transforms a polymer powder layer-by-layer by melting with a laser beam scanning specific areas of each layer. The stages of transformation of a semi-crystalline polymer by laser fusion are: the flow of the powder at high temperature, the melting-coalescence of the particles, the resorption of the porosities and the solidification by crystallization during cooling. The most important parameters are the power of the laser and the temperature field in the manufacturing tank. The material undergoes high temperatures and thermal variations whose kinetics are still poorly known. The cohesion of the successive layers and the microstructure of the manufactured object (porosity, crystallinity) depend on these complex thermal conditions. The relationships between microstructure, final properties and thermal history of the material are not fully understood. In this work, two powders of polyamides (PA 6 and PA 12) are studied. First, the physical processes described above are analyzed under laboratory conditions with a controlled thermal history. This makes it possible to better understand and to model the role of the intrinsic properties of the polymer in the physicochemical phenomena involved in its transformation at different scales. This study gives access to the time scales of these mechanisms, as a function of temperature, and to the resulting microstructures. Then, parts are produced by two methods of powder melting, one in the laboratory on a hot plate, the other in an industrial SLS machine. Knowledge of the characteristic times of coalescence, evolution of porosities and crystallization enables to explain the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the objects in relation to their production method and the associated thermal history. This analysis sheds new light on the development of microstructures of polyamides transformed by laser fusion and the resulting properties
Kottman, Michael Andrew. "Additive Manufacturing of Maraging 250 Steels for the Rejuvenation and Repurposing of Die Casting Tooling." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1416854466.
Full textMarion, Guillaume. "Modélisation de procédés de fabrication additive de pièces aéronautiques et spatiales en Ti-6AI-4V par dépôt et fusion sélective d'un lit de poudre par laser : Approche thermique, métallurgique et mécanique." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM055.
Full textAdditive manufacturing processes allow to build finished industrial parts with very complex geometry, while reducing development time and costs compared to conventional manufacturing processes. The main principle of all these processes is to build components directly from a CAD file defining its geometry without requiring any mold nor specific tools.This study is part of the FALAFEL research project focused on additive manufacturing processes by laser and electron beams. It is composed of academic research laboratories and industrial partners from Aeronautics and Laser Processes industries. The main goal of this project is to implement, improve and validate additive manufacturing processes regarding the production of metallic components for Aeronautics. Studies are conducted under industrial conditions.The aim of our thesis is to provide a numerical model to obtain, within a reasonable time, information about the mechanical and metallurgical properties of industrial components made out of titanium Ti-6Al-4V. It is aimed at two additive manufacturing processes: the Direct Metal Deposition (DMD) and the Selective laser melting (SLM)
Chniouel, Aziz. "Etude de l’élaboration de l’acier inoxydable 316L par fusion laser sélective sur lit de poudre : influence des paramètres du procédé, des caractéristiques de la poudre, et des traitements thermiques sur la microstructure et les propriétés mécaniques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS379/document.
Full textAdditive Manufacturing (AM) recently became an attractive manufacturing process in several industrial fields such as aeronautics, aerospace and automotive. The exploitation of AM processes for the nuclear industry is currently being studied in different countries. The AM enables the creation of optimized parts with complex geometries impossible to manufacture with conventional processes. This thesis aims to determine the potential contribution of AM processes for the production of metal components for various nuclear applications including future Generation IV reactors. First, the microstructural and mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel parts built by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process are presented. Three thematics were assessed in this study: the SLM process parameters, the powder characteristics and two post heat treatments (700 ° C-1h and hot isostatic pressing: 1100 ° C-3h under 1800 Bar). Their effects on microstructure and mechanical properties were analyzed. Tensile properties of 316L steel specimens were measured and compared to those of forged 316L steel described in the nuclear field by RCC-MRX standards. The results obtained are superior to those of the standard and comparable to those of a forged steel. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of interactions between the process parameters, the microstructure and the mechanical properties
Korycki, Adrian. "Study of the selective laser sintering process : materials properties and effect of process parameters." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. https://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/27651/1/Korycki_Adrian.pdf.
Full textAdditive manufacturing is attractive because it allows to reduce significantly the development and industrialization phases of part design. Among the promising technologies for thermoplastic parts, the SLS (Selective Laser Sintering) process stands out because of its ability to produce geometries with low dimensional tolerances. This process is based on the displacement of a laser beam that interacts with the powder bed. The attractiveness of additive manufacturing counterbalances, however, with the choice of currently available materials: these are mainly polyamides. Polyaryletherketones (PAEK) suitable to SLS process are still rare on the market and expensive. In this work, various powders have been characterized to deeper understand the properties necessary for their use in SLS and to define their processability temperature window. The absence of suitable PEEK powder led us to develop a new material by blending PEEK with an amorphous thermoplastic, polyethersulfone (PESU). The initially immiscible blends have been compatibilized in order to improve their mechanical properties and to delay their crystallization on cooling. During manufacturing, many process parameters control the melting of the powder, and thus the properties of the parts and their dimensional accuracy. Thus, a statistical analysis of the response of the parameters was led by a design of experiments to extract the most influential parameters. The parametric study, done with the polyamide powder, was carried out by varying five parameters and by looking at their influence on five groups of responses relating to the physical, mechanical and thermal properties as well as to the printing duration of the parts. The design of experiments made it possible to establish the mathematical models of the response surfaces linking the responses to factors and their interactions. These statistical models were used to define an optimal set of parameters. Finally, a combined experimental and numerical simulation approach was conducted to estimate the influence of each laser pass on the degree of crystallinity and the mechanical properties of each layer. The results show that the heating due to the successive laser passes cover a thickness equivalent to 14 deposited layers. However, only the 4 upper layers are significantly thermally affected by the laser pass on a powder layer and thus show an evolution of their degree of crystallinity
Schneider-Maunoury, Catherine. "Application de l’injection différentielle au procédé de fabrication additive DED-CLAD® pour la réalisation d’alliages de titane à gradients de compositions chimiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0260/document.
Full textSince 1984, the Functionally Graded Material (FGM) allow to create a thermal barrier and to reduce the strong discontinuities of properties between two materials of different composition. These multimaterials,whose consist of an intentional variation in the chemical composition and, consequently, modify the microstructural, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties, lead to a smooth distribution of the thermal stress. The in-situ development of these custom-made alloys is made possible by the use of additive manufacturing processes such as the DED-CLAD® powder deposition process. These processes have grown substantially since the 1980s and are optimal for the manufacture of FGM. During this industrial thesis, technical developments have been carried out to adapt the DED-CLAD® process and to allow the manufacturing of FGM. Thanks to two industrial collaborations, a full study was carried out on titanium-molybdenum and titanium-niobium alloys. These alloys make it possible, in the first case, to produce parts resistant to strong thermal stress (space sector), and in the second case to combine mechanical properties and biocompatibility (biomedical sector). The originality of this thesis rests on the study of a complete gradient, that is the addition in alloy element varied from 0% to 100%. In fact, studies reported in the literature do not mention titanium-refractory material for high levels of refractory element. Microstructural (XRD, crystallographic analysis by EBSD technique), chemical (EDS) and mechanical (microhardness, tensile test and instrumented indentation) analyses revealed an evolution of the properties along the chemical gradient. The mechanical characterization of the sample by instrumented indentation has also proved particularly relevant in the case of these multi-materials
Piniard, Matthieu. "Contrôle en ligne du procédé Laser Beam Melting : apports de l'holographie numérique à deux longueurs d'onde." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS571.pdf.
Full textThis manuscript describes the development of a system to measure the 3D shapeLaser Beam Melting (LBM) process melt pool. Noting the lack of means adapted to the fullfield,real-time, in situ topography monitoring of the melt pool and the adjacent zone, it is shown that a system based on digital holography at two wave lengths presents all the assets to achieve this objective. A bench based on the principle of space-chromatic multiplexing of off-axis digital holograms at two wavelengths was then designed. A photometric study allowed to quantify the contributions of the various radiations involved and to evaluate the level of the noise sources. In particular, an analytical model describing the contribution of the phase noise induced by the decorrelation of speckle due to the topography of the inspected surface was developed. A realistic simulation of the experimental conditions allowed to validate the model. Numerical and experimental studies allowed to choose the adequate pair of wavelengths to realize the measurement. Finally, the holographic system has been implemented on a simplified LBM bench and the relevance of our concept is demonstrated. To process the holograms, a method of compensation of the spatial frequencies of the carrier waves has been proposed and validated. The first experimental results have been obtained with the measurement of static track, in translation and melt pool in the in situ condition. These results open perspectives for the improvement of the bench and for quantitative studies of the melt
Grange, David. "Fusion laser sélective de pièces en Inconel 738 et René 77 : vers une maîtrise de la fissuration au cours du procédé pour les superalliages à haute fraction de précipités γ'." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM029.
Full textLaser Beam Melting (LBM) opens up new opportunities for the manufacturing of aerospace equipment. This process increases design freedom and enables faster iterations from prototype to final part. Inconel 738 and René 77 are nickel-based superalloys with a precipitation hardening: the γ′ precipitates - whose fraction reaches 45 vol % - provide a high resistance to creep over 900◦ C, but make their shaping by LBM more complex. During the scanning of the laser beam, the materials are subjected to a high thermal gradient. Parts in Inconel 738 can therefore crack during the fabrication. Like Inconel 738, some non-weldable nickel-based superalloys are currently ineligible for a manufacturing by LBM. Our work seeks to make it possible to form such materials by LBM. We confirm the occurrence of microscopic cracks during solidification, just after laser fusion. Minimal cracking of the material is achieved with small melt pools and a high overlap between two adjacent pools. This result is discussed in the light of solidification theory. We then find evidence of macroscopic cracking during the heat treatment after the fabrication by LBM, more precisely during the first heating ramp oft he solution heat treatment, starting from 700◦ C. The cracking is the result of high residual stresses and of a hyperfine γ′ precipitation at low temperature. Inconel 738 is more susceptible than René 77 to both types of cracking due to a different composition of the γ′ phase and trace elements content. Finally, a second heating laser is used to control the thermal gradient and the cooling rate near the molten bath. We demonstrate the value of such a system for the shaping of refractory materials
Josse, François. "Apport à la compréhension et à la simulation numérique du procédé Laser Metal Deposition – poudre." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ECDL0025.
Full textAdditive manufacturing allows a greater freedom of geometry thanks to the layer-by-layer construction of the parts from a CAD model. Reparation, prototyping and functionalisation are the main applications of the additive processes. Therefore, many challenges are still to overcome in order to master those processes. One of the main challenges is the dimensions of the parts built by metallic additive manufacturing.The Direct Energy Deposition technologies, specifically powder fed Laser Metal Deposition, are a solution to build parts without neither dimension nor geometric limitations. Experimental and numerical work has been conducted in the objective of improving the understanding of this process. This work focus on mastering high mechanical performances as well as predict bead geometry thanks to the numerical simulation.Three martensitic stainless steel showing high mechanical performances (YS> 1000MPa, UTS> 1200 MPa et E%>12%) are obtained. A specific attention has been paid to the microstructure and its stability during the build-up the volumes. The effect of the heat treatments on the mechanical properties was investigated to improve the performances.A new numerical strategy simulating the freeform of the melt pool surface has been developped. The strategy allow the modelisation of the bead’s geometry from process parameters without any thermo-fluid calculation. The model is able to reproduce the bead’s thickness evolution during a wall build-up in short computation time
Massard, Quentin. "Compréhension et maîtrise de la mise en oeuvre en fabrication additive d’aciers à haute teneur en carbone tel que le 100Cr6 par fusion sélective par laser sur lit de poudre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ECDL0024.
Full textNowadays, the production of steel parts by additive manufacturing (AM) is a central topic in the world of industry, including automotive. Indeed, the possibilities offered by additive manufacturing are diverse and numerous (weight reduction, complex shapes, ...). 100Cr6 is a high mechanical performance steel, mainly used for the production of ball bearings, due to its high hardness and fatigue resistance. A processability study of 100Cr6 steel produced by selective laser melting on powder bed was first performed. After having characterized the physical and chemical properties of the material, dense and non-cracked samples were produced through a parametric optimization. A post-treatment cycle was defined and plane tensile tests and rotary bending fatigue tests were performed.In order to understand and control the cracking phenomenon of 100Cr6 when used in L-PBF, a thorough metallurgical study (microhardness, optical imaging, SEM, XRD, EBSD) was conducted. The influence of the use of the heating plate on the formation of Bainite and Martensite and their impact on cracking was highlighted.Finally, a recyclability study of the oxidized 100Cr6 powder was carried out through the use of a radiofrequency plasma spheroidization machine. A powder feed rate in the plasma allowing to regenerate the physical and rheological properties of the powder was defined. A cleaning method to improve the chemical properties of the powder was also proposed
Jain, Akshay Ashok. "Design and LENS® Fabrication of Bi-metallic Cu-H13 Tooling for Die Casting." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1385987045.
Full textNain, Vaibhav. "Efficient thermomechanical modeling of large parts fabricated by Directed Energy Deposition Additive Manufacturing processes." Thesis, Lorient, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORIS630.
Full textDirected Energy Deposition (DED) Additive Manufacturing technology offers a unique possibility of fabricating large-scale complex-shape parts. However, process-induced deformation in the fabricated part is still a big obstacle in successfully fabricating large-scale parts. Therefore, multiple numerical models have been developed to understand the accumulation of induced deformation in the fabricated part. The first model predicts the thermo-elastoplastic behaviour that captures the laser movement. The laser-material interaction and metal deposition are modeled by employing a double ellipsoid heat source and the Quiet/Active material activation method respectively. The model considers isotropic non-linear material hardening to represent actual metal behaviour. It also employs an instantaneous stress relaxation model to simulate the effects of physical phenomena like annealing, solid-state phase transformation, and melting. Using this model as a reference case, an efficient model is developed with an objective to reduce the computation time and make it feasible to simulate large-part. The model employs an Elongated Ellipsoid heat source that averages the heat source over the laser path which reduces the computational burden drastically. However, averaging over large laser path results in inaccurate results. Therefore, new parameters are developed that identify the best compromise between computation time reduction and accuracy. Both models are validated with experimental data obtained from several experiments with different process parameters. Finally, other Multi- scale methods such as the Layer-by-layer method and Inherent Strain-based methods are implemented and explored
Papy, Kévin. "Compréhension et maîtrise de la mise en oeuvre des cermets par procédé de fusion laser sur lit de poudre pour la réalisation de pièces anti-usure." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ECDL0025.
Full textTechnogenia® is a French company, founded in 1979, specialized in hardfacing solutions based on tungsten carbide welding overlays. As part of the thesis, Technogenia® wishes to assess the suitability of using Additive Manufacturing technology to produce wear-resistant parts based on tungsten carbide. The company's primary objective is to use laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) technology to produce tungsten carbide-based parts that approach the mechanical characteristics of tungsten carbide-based parts made by conventional processes. The aim of this thesis is to study the feasibility of producing tungsten carbide-based parts, and to characterize the microstructures and mechanical and wear properties of parts produced by Additive Manufacturing. The properties of materials obtained using the L-PBF process will be compared with the known properties of parts produced by conventional processes. Firstly, two tungsten carbide-based powders with metal binders (cemented carbides) are selected for parametric optimization in the L-PBF process. This step is carried out by analyzing the influence of the main process parameters (laser power, scanning speed, scanning strategy, vector deviation, layer thickness, etc.) on the materials. An experimental design is defined in several steps, such as the production of beads, surfaces and cubes, in order to determine the main parameters. Two types of thermal post-treatment are carried out to study the influence on the materials and to eliminate certain structural defects. Microstructural differences between the two binders are analyzed and studied. Numerous phenomena due to the laser process are observed and commented on during sample analysis. Secondly, the samples successfully manufactured are subjected to mechanical and tribological characterization. Various mechanical tests (hardness, toughness, impact strength) are carried out to characterize and compare L-PBF materials with a reference material produced by conventional methods
Marcos, Daniel. "Développement de MOULes INNOVants à haute conductivité thermique pour l’injection de matières plastiques fabriquées par Selective Laser Melting (SLM/LBM)." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM080.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to propose materials adapted to the needs of a mold cavity for plastic injection, manufactured layer by layer by "Selective Laser Melting" (SLM). The production of high productivity tools requires the design of multi-cavity molds, with high heat dissipation and wear resistance to resist the injection of aggressive polymers with highglass transition and glass fiber reinforced. These molds must be able to with stand high rates and binding thermal cycles. The solution exposed in this thesis is to work on the fabrication by SLM of materials with high thermal conductivity and high hardness. At first, a commercial material partially meeting industrial demand has been proposed. It is a low alloy steel (42CrMo4). A characterization of the powder from a gas atomization was undertaken and its layering characteristics were evaluated. The experiences, of melting it with a laser, have identified a set of viable parameters, allowing the construction of parts with satisfactory metallurgical quality. The development of a suitable heat treatment completes the studyof this steel. The last part of this thesis consist in a proposition of a "design" of powder for the fabrication by SLM of MetalMatrix Composites, with WC base, fulfilling the industrial specifications. However, this study remains exploratory and focused on the identification of metallurgical mechanisms (reactions, changes in solid / liquid and liquid/ vapor states, etc.), thermo-capillarity phenomena and matter transport by gas convection
Liang, Xiaoyu. "Comportement en fatigue à grand nombre de cycle d’un acier inoxydable 316L obtenu par fabrication additive : effets de la microstructure, de la rugosité et des défauts." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAE017.
Full textThis study aims to investigate the influence of both the microstructure and surface defects on the high cycle fatigue (HCF) behavior of a 316L stainless steel obtained by additive manufacturing (AM). Surface defects and microstructure are dominant factors of fatigue behavior, while the AM materials often exhibit distinguished surface state and microstructure compared to conventional materials. The current study begins with an investigation of the material properties that are related to fatigue behavior. Microstructure observations of the powder and fabricated specimens are undertaken. Profilometry and tomography analyses make the inherent defects visible. The hardness, elastic behavior and elastic-plastic behavior are studied via mechanical tests. Then, load-controlled fatigue tests concerning different surface-treated specimens under different loading types are conducted. To reveal the mechanism of fatigue failure in the studied specimens, a comprehensive fractography analysis is carried out. Experimental research reveals the weakening of fatigue strength due to lack-of-fusion defects. Yet, the effect of the microstructural attributes is difficult to evaluate without numerical tools. A preliminary numerical study about the application of the non-local method in an explicit microstructure sensitive model is undertaken to complement the microstructure-sensitive modeling framework. Based on the data collected in the experimental campaign, a finite element model that can take into consideration of the defects and the microstructure of the SLM SS 316L is built up. Finite element analyses are performed with both cubic elasticity and polycrystal plasticity constitutive laws. With the help of the statistical method, the results from the FE model are used to quantitatively assess the influence of surface roughness and microstructural attributes on the fatigue performance of SLM SS 316L