Journal articles on the topic 'Faba bean residue'
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1
Lupwayi, Newton Z., and Yoong K. Soon. "Soil microbial properties during decomposition of pulse crop and legume green manure residues in three consecutive subsequent crops." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 96, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2016-0039.
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Crop residue decomposition not only is mainly driven by, but also affects, soil microorganisms. However, soil microbial responses to legume crops are usually studied only in one subsequent crop. We compared the soil microbial effects of pea (Pisum sativa L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) pulse crops (grown for seed) with faba green manure (GM) and chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.) GM crops in three subsequent crops. Soil microbial biomass C (MBC), β-glucosidase enzyme activity, and bacterial physiological (C substrate utilization) diversity were measured in the summer (rhizosphere and bulk soil) and fall (bulk soil) in all subsequent crops: wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Residues of faba bean (grown for GM, herein called faba GM, or for seed, herein called faba bean) usually resulted in the most soil MBC and β-glucosidase activity relative to the other residues. Faba and vetch GM residues increased bulk soil MBC or β-glucosidase enzyme activity more than pulse crop residues in the first and (or) third subsequent crops. Soil MBC and β-glucosidase activities were often positively correlated with initial crop residue N concentrations and negatively correlated with initial C:N ratios or C concentrations. Bacterial physiological diversity was the least responsive to crop residues and was affected differently by sampling time. β-Glucosidase activity was always greater in the fall after crop harvest than in summer. Therefore, β-glucosidase activity was a more sensitive and consistent biological indicator of crop residue effects, and perhaps soil health, than MBC or bacterial physiological diversity.
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Badagliacca, Giuseppe, Robert Martin Rees, Dario Giambalvo, and Sergio Saia. "Vertisols and Cambisols had contrasting short term greenhouse gas responses to crop residue management." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 5 (May 25, 2020): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/599/2019-pse.
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In sustainable agriculture crop residues management should consider the interactions between soil and residue properties, which can affect the decomposition and global greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission. Through a laboratory experiment, we investigated the effect of the management (incorporation and surface placement) of wheat and faba bean residues on their decomposition and CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from two soils, a Chromic Vertisol and an Eutric Cambisol. In the Vertisol, wheat residues increased the CO<sub>2</sub> emission more than faba bean when left on the surface whereas no differences among residues were observed when incorporated. In the Cambisol, faba bean emitted more than wheat when left in the surface and less when incorporated. Total CH<sub>4</sub> emissions were higher in faba bean in Cambisol for both management and only when applied in the surface in Vertisol. Total N<sub>2</sub>O emission in the Vertisol was higher when faba bean was incorporated, and wheat was left on the surface. In the Cambisol, wheat addition increased total N<sub>2</sub>O emissions by 20% compared to faba bean, with no differences between managements. Our study confirmed that contrasting properties among tested soils resulted in significant interactions with residues own degradability and their placement affecting residue decomposition, soil C and N dynamics, and GHGs emission.
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Rubio, Luis A., George Grant, Susan Bardocz, Peter Dewey, and Arpad Pusztai. "Nutritional response of growing rats to faba beans (Vicia faba L., minor) and faba bean fractions." British Journal of Nutrition 66, no. 3 (November 1991): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19910053.
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The effects of raw faba bean (Vicia faba L., minor) meal (VFM) and its fractions on the growth and nitrogen utilization of rats have been determined in two experiments. Two commercial varieties of VFM were tested, local VFM (409–439 g/kg diet) and Troy VFM (439 g/kg diet). The bean fractions tested were V. faba lectin-depleted protein (VFDP), V. faba lectin (VFL) and V. faba cotyledon residue (VFCR). All diets were supplemented with amino acids to target requirements. Body-weight, body N and lipid contents of rats fed on VFM were reduced significantly in comparison with control rats fed on lactalbumin. This was due, in part, to the lower digestibility of the protein, lipid and dry matter (DM) of VFM diets. As a result, net protein utilization (NPU) and biological value (BV) of faba bean proteins were less than expected. Urine and urea-N outputs of the VFM-fed rats were also elevated in both experiments. Increasing the energy content of local VFM diets led to significantly higher dry body-weight, body N and lipid contents, with the result that the NPU and BV values of the protein also increased. However, the NPU values for VFM-fed rats were still significantly lower than those for the controls in both experiments. In contrast, true N, lipid and DM digestibilities in rats given local VFM were not significantly affected by the difference in the energy content of the diets. The replacement of two-thirds of the lactalbumin in the diet with VFDP (65 g/kg) reduced dry body-weight, N and lipid contents, NPU and BV compared with the control rats, even though N, lipid and DM digestibilities were not significantly different. The nutritional performance of rats fed on lactalbumin-based diets containing 7 g VFL/kg was similar to that of the controls. Similarly, the inclusion of the cotyledon residue (237 g VFCR/kg diet) had no appreciable effect on any of the variables studied. As VFL and VFCR had no antinutritional effects in these rats, it appears that the low nutritional value of VFM for rats (NPU 0.66) results not only from the low digestibility of the bean proteins, but also from disturbances in N metabolism.
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Oliveira, Miguel, Dragan Rebac, João Coutinho, Luís Ferreira, and Henrique Trindade. "Nitrogen mineralization of legume residues: interactions between species, temperature and placement in soil." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 18, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): e1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020181-15174.
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Aim of study: To assess the interactive effects of legume species, residue placement and temperature on the net nitrogen (N) mineralization dynamics in a sandy loam soil.Area of study: Northern PortugalMaterial and methods: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) residues were incorporated or applied to the soil surface at typical field yields in Europe and incubated in aerobic conditions for up to 240 days, either at 10ºC or 20ºC. Initial chemical characteristics of the soil and residues were determined. Net N mineralization was estimated at eight time intervals.Main results: Cowpea residues caused no negative changes in soil mineral N contents and were able to release the equivalent of 21-45 kg N ha-1 in 240 days. Net N immobilization (up to 17 kg N ha-1) was observed throughout most of the trial in soil with faba bean and pea residues. Differences in mineralization patterns could be attributed to the higher quality (lower carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratios) of cowpea. Surface placement increased net N mineralized by as much as 18 kg N ha-1. The sensitivity of N mineralization to changes in temperature and residue placement varied with legume species, likely due to effects associated with differences in C:N ratios.Research highlights: Adding cowpea residues to soil is suitable when high N availability is immediately required. Faba bean or pea residues are better suited for conservation of soil N for later release.
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Andersen, Bryce J., Dulan P. Samarappuli, Abbey Wick, and Marisol T. Berti. "Faba Bean and Pea Can Provide Late-Fall Forage Grazing without Affecting Maize Yield the Following Season." Agronomy 10, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010080.
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Faba bean (Vicia faba Roth) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) are grown worldwide as protein sources for food and feed and can be used as cover crops after wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, faba bean is underutilized in upper Midwest farming systems. This study was conducted to determine how faba bean relates to pea as a forage, cover crop, and in cycling of nutrients to maize (Zea mays L.) in the following season. Five faba bean cultivars and two pea cultivars, a forage pea and a field pea, were established after wheat harvest in North Dakota, in 2017 and 2018. Faba bean and pea cultivars averaged 1.3 Mg ha−1 of biomass, enough to support 1.5 animal unit month (AUM) ha−1 for a 450 kg cow (Bos taurus L.) with calf, at 50% harvest efficiency. Crude protein content was highest in faba bean cv. Boxer (304 g kg−1), with faba bean cv. Laura and forage pea cv. Arvika having similar content, and field pea having the least (264 g kg−1). Cover crop treatments did not affect maize in the following year, indicating no nutrient cycling from faba bean and pea to maize. Both cover crop species tested provided high protein forage, suitable for late grazing, with a more fibrous crop residue. Faba bean has potential as a cover crop in the upper Midwest while providing greater quality forage than pea.
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Alsaadawi, I. S., A. Khaliq, A. A. Al-Temimi, and A. Matloob. "Integration of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) residues with a pre-plant herbicide enhances weed suppression in broad bean (Vicia faba)." Planta Daninha 29, no. 4 (December 2011): 849–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582011000400015.
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Field trial was conducted with the aim of utilizing allelopathic crop residues to reduce the use of synthetic herbicides in broad bean (Vicia faba) fields. Sunflower residue at 600 and 1,400 g m-2 and Treflan (trifluralin) at 50, 75 and 100% of recommended dose were incorporated into the soil alone or in combination with each other. Untreated plots were maintained as a control. Herbicide application in plots amended with sunflower residue had the least total weed count and biomass, which was even better than herbicide used alone. Integration of recommended dose of Treflan with sunflower residue at 1,400 g m-² produced maximum (987.5 g m-2) aboveground biomass of broad bean, which was 74 and 36% higher than control and recommended herbicide dose applied alone, respectively. Combination of herbicide and sunflower residue appeared to better enhance pod number and yield per unit area than herbicide alone. Application of 50% dose of Treflan in plots amended with sunflower residue resulted in similar yield advantage as was noticed with 100% herbicide dose. Chromatographic analysis of residue-infested field soil indicated the presence of several phytotoxic compounds of phenolic nature. Periodic data revealed that maximum suppression in weed density and dry weight synchronized with peak values of phytotoxins observed 4 weeks after incorporation of sunflower residues. Integration of sunflower residues with lower herbicide rates can produce effective weed suppression without compromising yield as a feasible and environmentally sound approach in broad bean fields.
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Rubio, Luis A., George Grant, Susan Bardocz, Peter Dewey, and A. Pusztai. "Mineral excretion of rats fed on diets containing faba beans (Vicia faba L.) or faba bean fractions." British Journal of Nutrition 67, no. 2 (March 1992): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19920033.
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The effects on faecal mineral excretion of two commercial varieties (local cultivar and Troy cultivar) of raw faba beans (Vicia faba L., minor) meal (VFM) and its fractions have been studied in growing rats. Diets contained local-VFM (dark seed coat) and Troy-VFM (light seed coat) at 474–500 g/kg diet, hull (VFH) from both varieties at 65 g/kg diet, and the insoluble cotyledon residue (VFCR) obtained from the Troy variety at 237 g/kg diet. Rats were pair-fed on diets which had been supplemented with amino acids to target requirements and contained similar amounts of zinc, manganese, iron and copper. With VFM diets the apparent absorption of Zn and Mn was significantly reduced. On the other hand, with hulls the apparent absorption of Fe was reduced while that of Cu slightly increased. As the amounts of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in VFM and VFH diets were higher than in the controls, the increased intake resulted in a significant increase in both the apparent absorption and the faecal excretion of these minerals. The inclusion of VFCR in the diet had no significant effect on the mineral content of faeces. The relatively low concentrations of phytate in the bean seeds of 7.8 and 6.7 g/kg for the local and Troy cultivars respectively, could not adequately account for the increased mineral excretion. The results suggest that other seed constituents, possibly the soluble non-starch polysaccharides, may be involved in the elevated loss of Zn and Mn in rats fed on diets containing faba bean for extended periods, while some insoluble structural hull components may interfere with the absorption of Fe from the gut.Faba bean (Vicia faba): Faecal mineral excretion: Rat.
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WRIGHT, A. T. "YIELD EFFECT OF PULSES ON SUBSEQUENT CEREAL CROPS IN THE NORTHERN PRAIRIES." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 1023–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-125.
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A study comparing the crop sequences pulse-barley-wheat and barley-barley-wheat, was conducted from 1982 to 1987 on Black and Gray-wooded soils in northeastern Saskatchewan. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), and lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) had similar effects, increasing subsequent cereal yield, on average, by 21% in the first and 12% in the second year. Incorporation of pulse residue was not necessary in order to attain high yields. The yield response of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to N fertilizer was slightly greater on barley than on pulse residue, but N fertilizer alone was unable to bring the yield on barley residue up to the yield on pulse residue. However, there were great differences in the effect of year, soil type, preceding crop, residue incorporation, and fertilizer response, and there were many significant interactions of these treatments. These treatment effects could not be consistently accounted for by differences in N cycling, soil moisture, or disease.Key words: Barley, faba bean, field pea, lentil, wheat, crop sequence
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Siczek, Anna, Magdalena Frąc, and Agata Gryta. "Forecrop Effects on Abundance and Diversity of Soil Microorganisms during the Growth of the Subsequent Crop." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 1971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121971.
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Plant residues introduced into the soil influence the soil’s physical, chemical, and consequently, biological parameters, which have an influence on plant health and yields. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of the cultivation of widespread plant species, faba bean (Vicia faba L., F) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L., W) (as forecrops) grown under conventionally tilled fields, on the diversity of microorganisms and the enzymatic activities of soil during the growth of the subsequent wheat. Bulk soil samples (0–20 cm) were taken three times from two months after residue incorporation into the soil to the maturity of the subsequent wheat crop in order to assess the fungal and bacterial communities (Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), terminal restriction fragments lengths polymorphism (t-RFLP)), ammonia oxidizing archaea (t-RFLP, denaturing gradient gel glectrophoresis (DGGE)), and the enzymatic activity of soil. Differences in the genetic structure of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) were observed for each treatment and sampling term, indicating that plant and weather conditions are the driving force for microorganism selection and adaptation. We observed that the fungal community was more influenced by the forecrop type used than the bacterial community. The activities of the enzymes changed in response to the forecrop and sampling period. A higher number of microorganisms that are associated with plant benefits with respect to nutrients and growth, as well as higher amounts of N in the residues, was noted in faba bean than in wheat soil. This could indicate better growth conditions after faba bean and, consequently, better yield quality and quantity. This may also indicate some protective role of the soil after faba bean against pathogens, which may be connected with lower fungicide requirements. The obtained results lead to a deeper understanding of the microorganism reactions to faba bean and wheat residues during wheat cultivation. In addition, they may be helpful in improving our understanding of subsequent crop yield responses to forecrops.
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Kimber, R. B. E., J. G. Paull, E. S. Scott, C. B. Dyson, and J. A. Davidson. "Temporal and Spatial Development of Cercospora Leaf Spot of Faba Bean Influenced by In Situ Inoculum." Plant Disease 100, no. 9 (September 2016): 1823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-14-1264-re.
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The temporal and spatial dynamics of Cercospora leaf spot on susceptible and resistant lines of faba bean grown in or at defined distances from soil with residues infested by Cercospora zonata were examined in South Australia in 2005 and 2006. The disease was first observed on susceptible seedlings 49 days after sowing (DAS) in soil that had been sown with faba bean every 3 years since 1997 (positive soil zone for C. zonata) but was delayed by 1 week in adjacent soil (0 to 16 m away) with no history of cultivation of faba bean (negative soil zone). The incidence of diseased seedlings from 49 to 63 DAS showed a gradient from 4 to 16 m from the infested soil and was significantly greater for susceptible plants grown in the positive versus negative soil zones in field trials conducted in 2005 and 2006 (92 versus 30% in 2005, χ21 = 32.2, P < 0.001; 98 versus 55% in 2006, χ21 = 12.1, P < 0.001). The incidence of Cercospora leaf spot on the resistant line 1322/2 was significantly less (χ26 = 171.7; P < 0.001) than on the susceptible line ‘Farah’ at that time in both years, with fewer than 5% of the seedlings showing the disease. However, a gradient was shown at 70 to 84 DAS, where disease incidence was significantly greater on line 1322/2 in the positive soil zone than on plants in the negative soil zone in both years (62 and 18%, respectively, with χ21 = 27.9, P < 0.001 in the 2005 trial; and 47 and 6%, respectively, with χ21 = 33.3, P < 0.001 in the 2006 trial). At peak disease severity on Farah, Cercospora leaf spot mean leaf area diseased (%LAD) was severe (85 ± 4.3%) on leaves of the three nodes closest to the soil surface, and much less severe (1 ± 0.6%) in the upper canopy. Defoliation combined with %LAD was used to describe the loss of photosynthetic leaf area (%LPLA) in both cultivars, on both soil zones, in each year. Nonlinear regression analyses using a logistic model described disease development over time on susceptible plants grown in infested soil (e.g., for +12-m blocks within infested soil, y = 2.66 + 46.08/[1 + exp(−0.23 × [X − 40.92])] in 2005 and y = 0.49 + 5.02/[1 + exp(−0.14 × [X − 28.30])] in 2006, where X = DAS and y = %LPLA, with both regressions significant at P < 0.001), whereas an exponential model (e.g., for −12-m blocks from infested soil, y = 0.23 + 0.77 × 1.04X in 2005 and y = 0.44 + 0.56 × 1.04X in 2006, both at P < 0.001) best described disease gradients with increasing distance from the inoculum source. Paired t tests of %LPLA at 77 and 98 DAS showed significant differences in disease severity in the positive versus negative soil zones and a steep gradient in %LPLA from 0 to 4 m from the inoculum source. The role of infested faba bean residue in survival of C. zonata over time was also examined using a pot-bioassay and in situ field assay. When residues were removed from the soil surface or depleted rapidly by animal grazing, the amount of C. zonata inoculum in the soil was significantly less (P < 0.001) than for soil with residue remaining on the soil surface. C. zonata survived in soil and remained infective for at least 30 months after harvest of an infected faba bean crop.
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Shirtliffe, Steven J., and Eric N. Johnson. "Progress towards no-till organic weed control in western Canada." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 27, no. 1 (January 3, 2012): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170511000500.
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AbstractOrganic farmers in western Canada rely on tillage to control weeds and incorporate crop residues that could plug mechanical weed-control implements. However, tillage significantly increases the risk of soil erosion. For farmers seeking to reduce or eliminate tillage, potential alternatives include mowing or using a roller crimper for terminating green manure crops (cover crops) or using a minimum tillage (min-till) rotary hoe for mechanically controlling weeds. Although many researchers have studied organic crop production in western Canada, few have studied no-till organic production practices. Two studies were recently conducted in Saskatchewan to determine the efficacy of the following alternatives to tillage: mowing and roller crimping for weed control, and min-till rotary hoeing weed control in field pea (Pisum sativum L.). The first study compared mowing and roller crimping with tillage when terminating faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and field pea green manure crops. Early termination of annual green manure crops with roller crimping or mowing resulted in less weed regrowth compared with tillage. When compared with faba bean, field pea produced greater crop biomass, suppressed weeds better and had less regrowth. Wheat yields following pea were not affected by the method of termination. Thus, this first study indicated that roller crimping and mowing are viable alternatives to tillage to terminate field pea green manure crops. The second study evaluated the tolerance and efficacy of a min-till rotary harrow in no-till field pea production. The min-till rotary hoe was able to operate in no-till cereal residues and multiple passes did not affect the level of residue cover. Field pea exhibited excellent tolerance to the min-till rotary hoe. Good weed control occurred with multiple rotary hoe passes, and pea seed yield was 87% of the yield obtained in the herbicide-treated check. Therefore, this second study demonstrated that min-till rotary hoeing effectively controls many small seeded annual weeds in the presence of crop residue and thus can reduce the need for tillage in organic-cropping systems.
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KHEMIR, Eya, Samira CHEKALI, Antonio MORETTI, Mohamed Salah GHARBI, Mohamed Bechir ALLAGUI, and Samia GARGOURI. "Impacts of previous crops on inoculum of Fusarium culmorum in soil, and development of foot and root rot of durum wheat in Tunisia." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 59, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-10827.
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Fusarium foot and root rot (FFRR) of cereals, caused by Fusarium culmorum and other Fusarium spp., is one of the most important soil- and residue-borne diseases in Tunisia. Management of the disease relies primarily on cultural practices such as crop rotation. Impacts of previous crops on the population of F. culmorum in the soil, and the incidence and severity of FFRR in durum wheat, were evaluated under Tunisian farming systems. A field trial showed that break crops of faba bean and fenugreek reduced the amount of F. culmorum DNA in soil, by 58% (faba bean) and 65% (fenugreek), and decreased numbers of F. culmorum propagules per g of soil by 83% (faba bean) and 85% (fenugreek). Farm demonstration trials also showed that faba bean and vetch used as previous crops reduced F. culmorum inoculum in the soil. Non-cereal crops also reduced the incidence of F. culmorum present in durum wheat roots and stem bases. The greatest grain yields and thousand kernel weights were recorded when faba bean and vetch were used as previous crops, but were less where durum wheat was previously grown. There were strong correlations between inoculum level of F. culmorum in the soil and incidence of FFRR in the following year. Results obtained in the field trial were supported by those collected from three demonstration farm trials during two cropping seasons. This study demonstrated for the first time in Tunisia and the Mediterranean region that break crops are effective for reducing F. culmorum inoculum in the soil and decreasing the pathogen in wheat roots and stem bases. Inoculum levels in soil can predict the expression of the disease in the following year in Tunisian farming conditions. These results are likely to be useful for developing and implementing guidelines for the management of FFRR of durum wheat.
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Alamgir, Md, and Petra Marschner. "Changes in phosphorus pools in three soils upon addition of legume residues differing in carbon/phosphorus ratio." Soil Research 51, no. 6 (2013): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr12378.
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Previously we showed that addition of legume residues affected the size of different soil phosphorus (P) pools in an alkaline loamy sand soil. Here, we tested whether the changes in soil P pools induced by residue addition are generally applicable or whether they are dependent on certain soil properties. Three legume residues differing in P concentration, faba bean (Vicia faba L.) (high P), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (medium P), and white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) (low P), were added at a rate of 20 g residue kg–1 soil to three different soils with low Colwell-P concentration: Mt Bold (sandy clay loam, high organic carbon (C) content, pH 5.1), Monarto (loamy sand, low organic C content, pH 7.5), and Langhorne Creek (sandy loam, low organic C content, pH 8.1). Soil P pools were assessed by sequential P fractionation on days 0 and 42. In residue-amended soils from day 0 to day 42, the concentrations of water-soluble and microbial P decreased, whereas the concentrations of NaHCO3-Pi (inorganic P) and NaOH-Po (organic P) increased. The magnitude of these changes differed among soils, being greatest in the Mt Bold soil. Residue addition had little or no effect on the concentrations of NaOH-Pi and residual P, which also did not change significantly over time. Principal component analysis of the data showed that the size of the P pools was related to soil properties; high concentrations of HCl-P were associated with high pH and calcium concentrations, high concentrations of NaOH-P and residual P were correlated with high aluminium, silt, organic C, and total nitrogen and P. In the unamended soil on day 0, the concentration of NaHCO3-Pi was correlated with the clay content, whereas on day 42, the concentrations of the labile P pools were related to amount of P added with the residues. It can be concluded that most effects of residue addition to soils on microbial activity and growth and soil P pools can be generalised across the three soil used in this study, but that the size of the P pools is affected by soil properties such as organic C content, pH, and texture.
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Asseng, S., I. R. P. Fillery, and P. J. Gregory. "Wheat response to alternative crops on a duplex soil." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 5 (1998): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97152.
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Summary. Rates of crop growth (including the root system), water extraction from specific soil layers, leaf water potential and crop nitrogen content were measured in a field experiment of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown after alternative crops. The previous crops of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), vetch (Vicia sativa L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) all showed a ‘break crop’ effect compared with wheat after wheat. In addition, the legumes lupin, faba bean, chickpea and vetch stimulated biomass production of successive wheat crops via increased nitrogen supply. When the previous crop was lupin, wheat root length density at depth in a duplex soil tended to be increased and post-anthesis water uptake by wheat was enhanced. Wheat after lupin resulted in a 42–76% higher yield than wheat after the other legumes, a 37–68% higher yield than wheat after the non-legumes and a 131% higher yield than wheat after wheat. Wheat yields did not relate to previous crop root depth, but correlated well with residue nitrogen from the various alternative crops.
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Hiel, Marie-Pierre, Sophie Barbieux, Jérôme Pierreux, Claire Olivier, Guillaume Lobet, Christian Roisin, Sarah Garré, Gilles Colinet, Bernard Bodson, and Benjamin Dumont. "Impact of crop residue management on crop production and soil chemistry after seven years of crop rotation in temperate climate, loamy soils." PeerJ 6 (May 23, 2018): e4836. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4836.
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Society is increasingly demanding a more sustainable management of agro-ecosystems in a context of climate change and an ever growing global population. The fate of crop residues is one of the important management aspects under debate, since it represents an unneglectable quantity of organic matter which can be kept in or removed from the agro-ecosystem. The topic of residue management is not new, but the need for global conclusion on the impact of crop residue management on the agro-ecosystem linked to local pedo-climatic conditions has become apparent with an increasing amount of studies showing a diversity of conclusions. This study specifically focusses on temperate climate and loamy soil using a seven-year data set. Between 2008 and 2016, we compared four contrasting residue management strategies differing in the amount of crop residues returned to the soil (incorporation vs. exportation of residues) and in the type of tillage (reduced tillage (10 cm depth) vs. conventional tillage (ploughing at 25 cm depth)) in a field experiment. We assessed the impact of the crop residue management on crop production (three crops—winter wheat, faba bean and maize—cultivated over six cropping seasons), soil organic carbon content, nitrate (${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) soil content and uptake by the crops. The main differences came primarily from the tillage practice and less from the restitution or removal of residues. All years and crops combined, conventional tillage resulted in a yield advantage of 3.4% as compared to reduced tillage, which can be partly explained by a lower germination rate observed under reduced tillage, especially during drier years. On average, only small differences were observed for total organic carbon (TOC) content of the soil, but reduced tillage resulted in a very clear stratification of TOC and also of P and K content as compared to conventional tillage. We observed no effect of residue management on the ${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$ content, since the effect of fertilization dominated the effect of residue management. To confirm the results and enhance early tendencies, we believe that the experiment should be followed up in the future to observe whether more consistent changes in the whole agro-ecosystem functioning are present on the long term when managing residues with contrasted strategies.
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Timchenko, Tatiana, Françoise de Kouchkovsky, Lina Katul, Chantal David, Heinrich Josef Vetten, and Bruno Gronenborn. "A Single Rep Protein Initiates Replication of Multiple Genome Components of Faba Bean Necrotic Yellows Virus, a Single-Stranded DNA Virus of Plants." Journal of Virology 73, no. 12 (December 1, 1999): 10173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.12.10173-10182.1999.
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ABSTRACT Faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV) belongs to the nanoviruses, plant viruses whose genome consists of multiple circular single-stranded DNA components. Eleven distinct DNAs, 5 of which encode different replication initiator (Rep) proteins, have been identified in two FBNYV isolates. Origin-specific DNA cleavage and nucleotidyl transfer activities were shown for Rep1 and Rep2 proteins in vitro, and their essential tyrosine residues that catalyze these reactions were identified by site-directed mutagenesis. In addition, we showed that Rep1 and Rep2 proteins hydrolyze ATP, and by changing the key lysine residue in the proteins’ nucleoside triphosphate binding sites, demonstrated that this ATPase activity is essential for multiplication of virus DNA in vivo. Each of the five FBNYV Rep proteins initiated replication of the DNA molecule by which it was encoded, but only Rep2 was able to initiate replication of all the six other genome components. Furthermore, of the fiverep components, only the Rep2-encoding DNA was always detected in 55 FBNYV samples from eight countries. These data provide experimental evidence for a master replication protein encoded by a multicomponent single-stranded DNA virus.
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Abdelhamid, Magdi, Takatsugu Horiuchi, and Shinya Oba. "Nitrogen Uptake by Faba Bean from15N-Labelled Oilseed-Rape Residue and Chicken Manure with Ryegrass as a Reference Crop." Plant Production Science 7, no. 4 (January 2004): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1626/pps.7.371.
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Massengo-Tiassé, R. Prisca, and John E. Cronan. "Vibrio cholerae FabV Defines a New Class of Enoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase." Journal of Biological Chemistry 283, no. 3 (November 21, 2007): 1308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m708171200.
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Enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase catalyzes the last step of the fatty acid elongation cycle. The paradigm enoyl-ACP reductase is the FabI protein of Escherichia coli that is the target of the antibacterial compound, triclosan. However, some Gram-positive bacteria are naturally resistant to triclosan due to the presence of the triclosan-resistant enoyl-ACP reductase isoforms, FabK and FabL. The genome of the Gram-negative bacterium, Vibrio cholerae lacks a gene encoding a homologue of any of the three known enoyl-ACP reductase isozymes suggesting that this organism encodes a novel fourth enoyl-ACP reductase isoform. We report that this is the case. The gene encoding the new isoform, called FabV, was isolated by complementation of a conditionally lethal E. coli fabI mutant strain and was shown to restore fatty acid synthesis to the mutant strain both in vivo and in vitro. Like FabI and FabL, FabV is a member of the short chain dehydrogenase reductase superfamily, although it is considerably larger (402 residues) than either FabI (262 residues) or FabL (250 residues). The FabV, FabI and FabL sequences can be aligned, but only poorly. Alignment requires many gaps and yields only 15% identical residues. Thus, FabV defines a new class of enoyl-ACP reductase. The native FabV protein has been purified to homogeneity and is active with both crotonyl-ACP and the model substrate, crotonyl-CoA. In contrast to FabI and FabL, FabV shows a very strong preference for NADH over NADPH. Expression of FabV in E. coli results in markedly increased resistance to triclosan and the purified enzyme is much more resistant to triclosan than is E. coli FabI.
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Wunsch, E. M., L. W. Bell, and M. J. Bell. "Can legumes provide greater benefits than millet as a spring cover crop in southern Queensland farming systems?" Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 8 (2017): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17223.
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Cover crops grown during fallows can increase organic matter inputs, improve soil surface cover to reduce erosion risk, and enhance rainfall infiltration. An experiment compared a chemical fallow control with six different cover crops terminated at either 60 or 90 days after sowing. The commercial choice of millet (Echinochloa esculenta) was compared with two summer legumes (lablab (Lablab purpureus) and soybean (Glycine max)), and three winter legumes (field pea (Pisum sativum), faba bean (Vicia faba) and common vetch (Vicia sativa)). Cover crop biomass growth, atmospheric nitrogen (N) fixation, surface residue cover, and soil water and mineral N dynamics during the growth period and subsequent fallow were measured. Soil water and N availability and yield of wheat crops following the experimental treatments were simulated over a 100-year climate record using APSIM. Both experiments and simulations found the legumes inferior to millet as spring-sown cover crops, because they were slower to accumulate biomass, required later termination and provided groundcover that was less persistent, resulting in lower soil water at the end of the fallow. After 90 days of growth, the summer legumes, lablab and soybean, produced the most biomass and fixed more N (up to 25 kg N/ha) but also extracted the most soil water and mineral N. Legume N fixation was low because of high soil mineral N status (>100 kg N/ha) and occurred only when this had been depleted. At the end of the subsequent fallow in April, soil water was 30–60 mm less and soil mineral N 80–100 kg/ha less after both millet and 90-day terminated summer legume cover crops than the chemical fallow control. Simulations predicted soil-water deficits following legume cover crops to be >50 mm in the majority of years, but soil mineral N was predicted to be lower (median 80 kg N/ha) after millet cover crops. In conclusion, monoculture legume cover crops did not provide advantages over the current commercial standard of millet, owing to less effective provision of groundcover, low N fixation and possibly delayed release of N from residues. Further work could explore how legumes might be more effectively used as cover crops to provide N inputs and soil protection in subtropical farming systems.
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Cessna, Allan J. "Metribuzin and trifluralin residues in faba bean following preplant incorporated application." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-089.
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In a study involving three sites in western Canada, residues of the herbicides metribuzin and trifluralin in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) were monitored by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection following pre-plant incorporation of tank mixtures of metribuzin plus trifluralin at (0.28 + 1.12) and (0.42 + 1.12) kg ha–1. In green foliage samples collected 40 to 48 and 90 d after seeding, mean residues (n = 4) of either herbicide did not exceed 0.10 mg kg–1. No metribuzin or trifluralin residues were detected in the mature seed. Key words: Metribuzin, trifluralin, faba bean, Vicia faba L., herbicide residues, gas chromatography
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Meresa, Birhanu Kahsay, and Hailay Mehari Gebremedhin. "Faba Bean Gall (Olpidium viciae K.) as a Priority Biosecurity Threat for Producing Faba Bean in Ethiopia: Current Status and Future Perspectives." International Journal of Agronomy 2020 (August 18, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4629230.
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The diploid cool-season legume species, faba bean (Vicia faba L.), is one of the vital pulses for the people in the world as it maintains the sustainability of agriculture and provides nutrient-rich grains. Biotic and abiotic stresses are, however, challenging the faba bean production in many countries. The foliar diseases of faba bean are among the major constraints for the production and productivity of faba bean. Recently, a new foliar disease “Faba bean gall” caused by plant debris and soil-borne pathogen (Olpidium viciae K.) is rapidly spreading and causing high yield losses in Ethiopia. This review paper presents the distribution, impact, epidemiology, and biology of faba bean gall pathogen and principally illustrates how the application and investigation of the various diseases’ management approaches such as avoiding crop residues, crop rotation, intercropping, use of elicitors to induce host resistance, use of resistant genotypes, bioagents, compost teas, plant extracts, and lastly use of chemical fungicides could be important to control the faba bean gall disease underlying in faba bean.
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Herridge, David F. "Validation of NBudget for estimating soil N supply in Australia's northern grains region in the absence of soil test data." Soil Research 55, no. 6 (2017): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16336.
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Effective management of fertiliser nitrogen (N) inputs by farmers will generally have beneficial productivity, economic and environmental consequences. The reality is that farmers may be unsure of plant-available N levels in cropping soils at sowing and make decisions about how much fertiliser N to apply with limited information about existing soil N supply. NBudget is a Microsoft (Armonk, NY, USA) Excel-based decision support tool developed primarily to assist farmers and/or advisors in Australia’s northern grains region manage N. NBudget estimates plant-available (nitrate) N at sowing; it also estimates sowing soil water, grain yields, fertiliser N requirements for cereals and oilseed crops and N2 fixation by legumes. NBudget does not rely on soil testing for nitrate-N, organic carbon or soil water content. Rather, the tool relies on precrop (fallow) rainfall data plus basic descriptions of soil texture and fertility, tillage practice and information about paddock use in the previous 2 years. Use is made of rule-of-thumb values and stand-alone or linked algorithms describing, among other things, rates of mineralisation of background soil organic N and fresh residue N. Winter and summer versions of NBudget cover the 10 major crops of the region: bread wheat, durum, barley, canola, chickpea and faba bean in the winter crop version; sorghum, sunflower, soybean and mung bean in the summer crop version. Validating the winter crop version of NBudget estimates of sowing soil nitrate-N against three independent datasets (n=65) indicated generally close agreement between measured and predicted values (y=0.91x+16.8; r2=0.78). A limitation of the tool is that it does not account for losses of N from waterlogged or flooded soils. Although NBudget also predicts grain yields and fertiliser N requirements for the coming season, potential users may simply factor predicted soil N supply into their fertiliser decisions, rather than rely on the output of the tool. Decisions about fertiliser N inputs are often complex and are based on several criteria, including attitudes to risk, history of fertiliser use and costs. The usefulness and likely longevity of NBudget would be enhanced by transforming the current Excel-based tool, currently available on request from the author, to a stand-alone app or web-based tool.
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Paré, Théophile, François P. Chalifour, Josée Bourassa, and Hani Antoun. "Residual effects of faba bean and soybean for a second or third succeeding forage-corn production." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 495–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-067.
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Many studies have been conducted on the effects of annual legumes on subsequent corn production but they rarely extended beyond a second succeeding crop. We have therefore conducted field experiments on a sandy gravelly loam at St-Anselme and on a silty loam at Deschambault in eastern Quebec to determine the residual effects of (i) faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) on a third succeeding corn (Zea mays L.) crop and (ii) 2 consecutive years of these legumes on a second subsequent corn crop. In monoculture or following legumes, corn was fertilized with 0, 50, 100 or 150 kg N ha−1 as NH4NO3. The corn stover and whole-plant dry matter yields (DMY), and the ear and whole-plant N uptake were higher following faba bean grown 3 years earlier than in monoculture at both locations. At Deschambault, the stover DMY of second subsequent corn following 2 consecutive years of faba bean did not vary with the N application. At both locations, the DMY, N concentrations and N uptake of second subsequent corn were higher after 2 consecutive years of faba bean than after other previous crop sequences. Two consecutive years of soybean had significant effects on the DMY and N uptake of a second subsequent corn crop with N application at Deschambault. At both locations, the N-fertilizer replacement values (NFRV) of soybean were lower or equal to 0 kg N ha−1. The NFRV (DMY and N uptake bases) of faba bean grown three years earlier and of 2 consecutive years of this pulse varied widely between locations. Key words: Corn, faba bean, soybean, residual N, crop sequence, rotation effects
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Warren Raffa, Dylan, Melania Migliore, Gabriele Campanelli, Fabrizio Leteo, and Alessandra Trinchera. "Effects of Faba Bean Strip Cropping in an Outdoor Organic Tomato System on Soil Nutrient Availability, Production, and N Budget under Different Fertilizations." Agronomy 12, no. 6 (June 7, 2022): 1372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061372.
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Crop diversification has been identified as a tool to improve both productive and environmental performances of organic horticulture. We tested the introduction of faba beans in a tomato cropping system—both as preceding crop and in strip cropping (SC)—under different fertilization strategies—faba residues, animal manure, and vegetable compost. We studied: (i) the tomato nutrient uptake and yield and quality; (ii) the soil-N and P, the N-budget, and the mycorrhizal colonization. SC did not provide consistent positive effects on tomato production and quality, namely the N-uptake, N in the tomato yield, the mean fruit weight, and the sugar accumulation in berries, regardless of the type of fertilizers applied. SC improved the tomato dry yield and P-uptake, especially in years when the faba growth and the subsequent yield were problematic. Faba residues could provide sufficient N to sustain tomato production but care should be given in balancing additional N-inputs. Organic fertilization increased the soil-N concentration but did not always translate into an increased yield and a higher quality production, with the risk of escalating N-losses. SC improved the soil-P availability and mycorrhizal colonization in tomato, due to the rhizobia–mycorrhiza-mycorrhiza association, especially when coupled with organic fertilization. Finally, introducing faba as SC holds potential to improve the productive and environmental performance of organic tomato production.
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Flayyih, Taisir M., and Ahmed A. Almarie. "Allelopathic effect of sunflower residues on some soil properties and growth parameters of wheat, bean and flax crops." Bionatura 7, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2022.07.04.38.
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Allelopathic effects of the sunflower verities Helianthus annuus residues were evaluated on some soil properties and their potential against growth parameters of the proposed successive crops Wheat Triticum aestivumL., Broad Bean Vicia fabe L. and Flax Linum UstatissmimL. Sunflower plants were chopped and incorporated with field soil after getting seed, and then successive crops were cultivated. The sunflower residues have reinforced the soil with the macronutrients considered essential for the germination of any crop. The soil organic matter content and the percentage of organic carbon in the ground were increased. Significant suppression of broad bean and flax crops was observed, while the sunflower residues did not affect wheat growth. The results obtained showed that broad bean and flax crops are not recommended to grow after the sunflower crop to avoid losses due to the negative allelopathic potential of these crops. Sunflower residue incorporation may provide multidimensional benefits for better weed control, enhanced soil health, and higher seed yield of wheat. Keywords: Allelopathic effect; Sunflower residues; Succssesive crops. Crop injury symptoms
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Yfantopoulos, Dionisios, Georgia Ntatsi, Nazim Gruda, Dimitrios Bilalis, and Dimitrios Savvas. "Effects of the Preceding Crop on Soil N Availability, Biological Nitrogen Fixation, and Fresh Pod Yield of Organically Grown Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)." Horticulturae 8, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8060496.
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In the current study, the impact of the preceding crops on growth, fresh pod yield, nitrogen fixation efficiency, and nitrogen nutrition of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) was investigated for two years in both organic and conventional crops. As preceding crops served cabbage, pea, and faba bean. The pod number per plant (PN) and the total fresh pod yield (TFPY) were significantly lower with cabbage compared to pea and faba bean as preceding crops in both cropping systems and both experimental years. However, in the organic farming system, pea increased significantly in PN and TFPY compared to faba bean as a preceding crop, while in the conventional system, there was no significant difference between the two legumes. The greater yield performance with the two legumes as preceding crops was associated with higher soil NO3-N and total-N concentrations at the beginning of the subsequent faba bean crop. The higher soil N availability when the preceding crop was a legume resulted partly from the higher biomass of crop residues left by these crops on the field after harvest, compared to cabbage. However, it was also associated with a more extensive nodulation of the faba bean roots by rhizobia and a higher percentage of N derived from atmosphere (%Ndfa) in their plant tissues, as determined through the natural abundance of the 15N isotope, when the preceding crop was a legume. The cropping system had no impact on pod yield, but organic farming increased the %Ndfa in both years.
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Kadiata, Bakach Dikand, Feng Yan, and Sven Schubert. "Nodulation and N2 fixation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) after soil amendment with crop residues." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 165, no. 6 (December 2002): 725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200290010.
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Romaneckas, Kęstutis, Rasa Kimbirauskienė, Aušra Sinkevičienė, Iwona Jaskulska, Sidona Buragienė, Aida Adamavičienė, and Egidijus Šarauskis. "Weed Diversity, Abundance, and Seedbank in Differently Tilled Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Cultivations." Agronomy 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030529.
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Differently tilled faba bean cultivations, in particular, require a comprehensive study of weed diversity, abundance, and seedbank due to the lack of experimental data. Therefore, in 2016–2018, field trials were conducted at Vytautas Magnus University on the basis of a long-term tillage experiment. Conventional deep and shallow plowing, deep chiseling, shallow disking, and no-tillage systems were investigated. According to the results of the investigations, the air temperature and amount of precipitation during the vegetative season had a greater influence on the total number of weeds (r = 0.538 and 0.833 p > 0.05) than the types of tillage systems investigated. However, on average, a reduction in tillage intensity did not change the weed number, especially in disked and not tilled plots. On average, the biomass of weeds varied little between the treatments (from 105.9 to 125.7 g m−2) and mainly depended on the volume of forecrop residues (rannual = −0.982 p ≤ 0.01 and rperennial = 0.890 p ≤ 0.05). Higher total weed seedbanks were found in the disked (+43.0%) and not tilled (+21.6%) soils compared to deeply plowed ones. The weed seedbank was almost similarly distributed between the treatments, irrespective of the tillage depth and method used.
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Treder, Kinga, Magdalena Jastrzębska, Marta Katarzyna Kostrzewska, and Przemysław Makowski. "Do Long-Term Continuous Cropping and Pesticides Affect Earthworm Communities?" Agronomy 10, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040586.
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Earthworm species composition, the density of individuals, and their biomass were investigated in spring barley and faba bean fields in a long-term (52-year) experiment conducted at the Production and Experimental Station in Bałcyny, in north-eastern Poland (53°40′ N; 19°50′ E). Additionally, post-harvest residues biomass, soil organic matter (SOM), and soil pH were recorded. The above traits were investigated using two experimental factors: I. cropping system—continuous cropping (CC) vs. crop rotation (CR) and II. pesticide plant protection: herbicide + fungicide (HF+) vs. no plant protection (HF−). A total of three species of Lumbricidae were found: Aporrectodea caliginosa (Sav.) in both crops, Aporrectodea rosea (Sav.) in spring barley, and Lumbricus terrestris (L.) in faba bean. The density and biomass of earthworms were unaffected by experimental treatments in spring barley fields, whereas in faba bean CC increased and HF+ decreased earthworm density and biomass in comparison with CR and HF− respectively. Total post-harvest residues in faba bean fields were higher under CC in relation to CR and under HF+ compared with HF− treatment in both crops. Compared to CR, CC increased soil pH in spring barley fields and decreased in faba bean fields. Experimental factors did not affect SOM. Earthworm density and biomass were positively correlated with SOM content.
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Kimbirauskienė, Rasa, Kęstutis Romaneckas, Vilma Naujokienė, Aušra Sinkevičienė, Egidijus Šarauskis, Sidona Buragienė, and Stanisław Bielski. "Planosol CO2 Respiration, Chemical and Physical Properties of Differently Tilled Faba Bean Cultivation." Land 9, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9110456.
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Soil tillage intensity influences the chemical composition of soil, the distribution of nutrients, and soil physical and mechanical properties, as well as gas flows. The impact of reduced tillage on these indices in faba bean cultivation is still insufficient and requires more analysis on a global scale. This study was carried out at Vytautas Magnus University, Agriculture Academy (Lithuania) in 2016–2018. The aim of the investigation was to establish the influence of the tillage systems on the soil chemical composition, temperature, moisture content, and CO2 respiration in faba bean cultivation limited by the semi-humid subarctic climate. On the basis of a long-term tillage experiment, five tillage systems were tested: deep and shallow moldboard plowing, deep cultivation-chiseling, shallow cultivation-disking, and no-tillage. Results showed that in conditions of plowless tillage systems, the content of precrops’ residues on the topsoil before the spring tillage was 5 to 15 times higher than in plowed plots. It undoubtedly was for the amount of available nutrients in the soil, soil temperature, and moisture content. Plowless and no-tillage systems could initiate an increase in the amount of available nutrients in soil. The highest concentration of chemical elements was found in no-tilled plots. So faba bean crops could largely increase the composition of potassium and total nitrogen and stabilized CO2 respiration from soil during one vegetative period.
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Wolf, J. "Effects of nutrient (NPK) supply on faba bean response to elevated atmospheric CO2." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 44, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v44i3.543.
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In greenhouse pot experiments, Vicia faba cv. Minica was grown at ambient (315 ppm) or increased CO2 concentrations (695 ppm) with sufficient or 90 or 70% of required N, P and K. Doubling of atmospheric CO2 resulted in a >100% increase in total yield. This CO2 effect disappeared rapidly with increasing N, P or K shortage. Doubling of atmospheric CO2 resulted in no change in minimum N concentration and no change or a slight decrease in minimum P concentration in crop residues.
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WRIGHT, A. T. "QUALITY EFFECTS OF PULSES ON SUBSEQUENT CEREAL CROPS IN THE NORTHERN PRAIRIES." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 1013–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-124.
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A study comparing the crop sequences pulse-barley-wheat and barley-barley-wheat was conducted from 1982 to 1987 on black and gray soils in northeastern Saskatchewan. Faba bean, field pea, and lentil had a similar effect on the subsequent barley crop increasing kernel mass by 1.9 mg, plumpness by 5 percentage units, and protein content by 0.6 percentage units. This indicates that barley produced on pulse residues would likely have higher nutritive value and higher malting quality than that grown on barley residues, unless conditions were such that the increase in protein were enough to cause the sample to be discriminated against for malting purposes. Incorporation of pulse residues was unnecessary to attain high barley quality. In general, linear response of kernel mass and plumpness to N fertilizer was greater on barley than pulse residues, but the response of protein content to N fertilizer was unaffected by preceding crop. Fertilizer N was unable to increase barley quality produced on barley residues to the level of that produced on pulse residues. Protein content of wheat grown in year 3 of each cycle was unaffected by whether or not a pulse crop had been included in the crop sequence.Key words: Barley, faba bean, field pea, lentil, wheat, tillage
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Ma, Lingling, Gen Kaneko, Jun Xie, Guangjun Wang, Zhifei Li, Jingjing Tian, Kai Zhang, et al. "Safety evaluation of four faba bean extracts used as dietary supplements in grass carp culture based on hematological indices, hepatopancreatic function and nutritional condition." PeerJ 8 (July 7, 2020): e9516. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9516.
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Faba bean (Vicia faba, FB) is known to improve the texture of fish meat but retards growth possibly by inducing hemolysis, hepatopancreas damage, and metabolic disorder. In this study, we used ultrasonic processing to isolate four FB extracts (water extract, alcohol extract, proteins and residues) and examined their beneficial and detrimental effects. These extracts were separately mixed with commercial feed and fed to grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) using whole FB and commercial feed as controls. After fish were fed one of the six experimental diets for 50 d and 100 d, we evaluated the growth and hematological parameters, activities of metabolic enzymes, hepatopancreatic histology and oxidative response, and lipid metabolism. Results showed that both whole FB and FB residues caused growth retardation and hepatopancreas damage (P < 0.05), whereas growth performance was improved in the FB water and alcohol extract groups compared to the whole FB group. Although the FB water extract negatively affected the number and morphological parameters of red blood cells (P < 0.05), the hematological damage was less pronounced than that of the whole FB group. Excessive hepatopancreatic fat accumulation was found in the whole FB, FB alcohol extract and FB residues groups. Moreover, serious hepatopancreas damages were observed in the FB residues group. These results suggest that the beneficial and detrimental components of FB were successfully separated in the four extracts, and the FB water extract would be the best choice for grass carp culture in terms of growth performance and health. The safety evaluation of the four FB extracts would facilitate further application of FB in aquatic feed.
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Trolove, M. R., T. K. James, A. W. Holmes, M. D. Parker, S. J. McDougall, and M. R. Pirie. "Winter cover crops to reduce herbicide inputs in maize crops." New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (July 24, 2017): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.46.
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Winter cover crops potentially have a number of positive production and environmental benefits on subsequent maize (Zea mays) crops. A field study was undertaken in 2016/17 to evaluate the effects of winter cover crop residues on the emergence and growth of weeds, required herbicide inputs, and yields of maize in comparison to a winter fallow. Weed ground cover at maize canopy closure was 81—85% less than the winter fallow in plots with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), oats (Avena sativa) and gland clover (Trifolium glanduliferum) residues and 57% less in faba bean (Vicia faba). Ryegrass and oats residues maintained ground coverage of >70%, while clover had only 6% at canopy closure, but suppressed weeds similarly. In the absence of herbicides maize silage yields in plots with cover crop residues were similar to those in herbicide treatments, although maize establishment and growth was slower in oats and ryegrass.
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Kaçan, Koray. "EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CROP ROTATIONS ON WEED INFESTATION AND YIELD OF SILAGE MAIZE (Zea mays L.) AND MUSKMELON (Cucumis melo L.) IN ORGANIC CULTIVATION." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 18, no. 1 (February 19, 2019): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.1.3.
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In our study, we investigated how crop rotation of a spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica), vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mixture and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) with maize (Zea mays L.) and muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) products affected the weed density and coverage area in organic crop production. The weed coverage areas and densities (weeds m–2) of summer crops produced in rotation with winter crops were compared with those of control plots in the experimental area. As a result of this comparison, the most effective winter crops for reducing weed density in silage maize were found to be broccoli (50.4%), barley + vetch (48.3%) and faba bean (45.3%). When the effect of winter crops on weeds in terms of muskmelon production was examined, barley + vetch (53.2%), broccoli (36.1%) and faba bean (33.4%) were found to reduce the density of weeds. In contrast, the application of barley + vetch (67.0%), faba bean (65.3) and broccoli (62.0%) was the most effective applications for the muskmelon product in terms of weed coverage area; spinach (24.7%) and constantly weedless (16.8%) applications were less effective. When the silage maize and muskmelon yield results were examined, it was determined that yield differences were statistically significant. It was also determined that the highest yield was obtained from the barley + vetch rotations. This application effectiveness was followed by that of the faba bean, constantly weedless, broccoli and spinach applications.
Novelty statement. Recently, non-chemical applications have been considered for weed control due to growing concerns about herbicide resistance and chemical residues in the environment. Moreover, organic crop systems are gradually developing. One of the options for weed control in organic farming is crop rotation. In this study, we found that crop rotations controlled weeds effectively in organic farming.
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Barłóg, Przemysław, and Remigiusz Łukowiak. "Potassium and Elemental Sulfur as Factors Determining Nitrogen Management Indices of Soil and Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061137.
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Faba bean plays a significant role in nitrogen (N) cycling as they fix atmospheric N2 through biological symbiosis (SNF). It has been assumed that soil potential to supply plants with potassium (K) and sulfur (S) is crucial for plant and soil N management indices. The experimental factors were as follows: variable soil K availability content and fertilization (K1, K2, K3, and K4); and elemental S application (0, 25, and 50 kg S ha−1). K treatments had a positive impact on N accumulation in crop residues and SNF. The application of S increased the amount of N in grain and SNF. The most beneficial influence of S on these indices was registered on K-poor soil. The total N increase in soil (NgainT) was relatively constant across the years and ranged between 106 and 124 kg N ha−1. This parameter depended however, on the K and S treatments. The highest NgainT increase (52–54 kg N ha−1) was obtained in soil of a medium K content (K2, K3), and simultaneously fertilized with S. The results indicated that balanced fertilization with K and S guarantees not only a high grain yield but also improved soil potential to supply N to successive plants.
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Hou, Jing, Heping Zheng, Maksymilian Chruszcz, Matthew D. Zimmerman, Igor A. Shumilin, Tomasz Osinski, Matt Demas, Sarah Grimshaw, and Wladek Minor. "Dissecting the Structural Elements for the Activation of β-Ketoacyl-(Acyl Carrier Protein) Reductase from Vibrio cholerae." Journal of Bacteriology 198, no. 3 (November 9, 2015): 463–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00360-15.
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ABSTRACTβ-Ketoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) reductase (FabG) catalyzes the key reductive reaction in the elongation cycle of fatty acid synthesis (FAS), which is a vital metabolic pathway in bacteria and a promising target for new antibiotic development. The activation of the enzyme is usually linked to the formation of a catalytic triad and cofactor binding, and crystal structures of FabG from different organisms have been captured in either the active or inactive conformation. However, the structural elements which enable activation of FabG require further exploration. Here we report the findings of structural, enzymatic, and binding studies of the FabG protein found in the causative agent of cholera,Vibrio cholerae(vcFabG). vcFabG exists predominantly as a dimer in solution and is able to self-associate to form tetramers, which is the state seen in the crystal structure. The formation of the tetramer may be promoted by the presence of the cofactor NADP(H). The transition between the dimeric and tetrameric states of vcFabG is related to changes in the conformations of the α4/α5 helices on the dimer-dimer interface. Two glycine residues adjacent to the dimer interface (G92 and G141) are identified to be the hinge for the conformational changes, while the catalytic tyrosine (Y155) and a glutamine residue that forms hydrogen bonds to both loop β4-α4 and loop β5-α5 (Q152) stabilize the active conformation. The functions of the aforementioned residues were confirmed by binding and enzymatic assays for the corresponding mutants.IMPORTANCEThis paper describes the results of structural, enzymatic, and binding studies of FabG fromVibrio cholerae(vcFabG). In this work, we dissected the structural elements responsible for the activation of vcFabG. The structural information provided here is essential for the development of antibiotics specifically targeting bacterial FabG, especially for the multidrug-resistant strains ofV. cholerae.
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Lokareddy, Ravi K., Ying-Hui Ko, Nathaniel Hong, Steven G. Doll, Marcin Paduch, Michael Niederweis, Anthony A. Kossiakoff, and Gino Cingolani. "Recognition of an α-helical hairpin in P22 large terminase by a synthetic antibody fragment." Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology 76, no. 9 (August 17, 2020): 876–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2059798320009912.
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The genome-packaging motor of tailed bacteriophages and herpesviruses is a multisubunit protein complex formed by several copies of a large (TerL) and a small (TerS) terminase subunit. The motor assembles transiently at the portal protein vertex of an empty precursor capsid to power the energy-dependent packaging of viral DNA. Both the ATPase and nuclease activities associated with genome packaging reside in TerL. Structural studies of TerL from bacteriophage P22 have been hindered by the conformational flexibility of this enzyme and its susceptibility to proteolysis. Here, an unbiased, synthetic phage-display Fab library was screened and a panel of high-affinity Fabs against P22 TerL were identified. This led to the discovery of a recombinant antibody fragment, Fab4, that binds a 33-amino-acid α-helical hairpin at the N-terminus of TerL with an equilibrium dissociation constant K d of 71.5 nM. A 1.51 Å resolution crystal structure of Fab4 bound to the TerL epitope (TLE) together with a 1.15 Å resolution crystal structure of the unliganded Fab4, which is the highest resolution ever achieved for a Fab, elucidate the principles governing the recognition of this novel helical epitope. TLE adopts two different conformations in the asymmetric unit and buries as much as 1250 Å2 of solvent-accessible surface in Fab4. TLE recognition is primarily mediated by conformational changes in the third complementarity-determining region of the Fab4 heavy chain (CDR H3) that take place upon epitope binding. It is demonstrated that TLE can be introduced genetically at the N-terminus of a target protein, where it retains high-affinity binding to Fab4.
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Nebiyu, Amsalu, Adeline Vandorpe, Jan Diels, and Pascal Boeckx. "Nitrogen and phosphorus benefits from faba bean (Vicia faba L.) residues to subsequent wheat crop in the humid highlands of Ethiopia." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 98, no. 3 (April 2014): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-014-9609-x.
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Stagnari, Fabio, and Michele Pisante. "Managing faba bean residues to enhance the fruit quality of the melon (Cucumis melo L.) crop." Scientia Horticulturae 126, no. 3 (September 2010): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.07.004.
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Smeti, Samir, Yathreb Yagoubi, Houssemeddine Srihi, Sandra Lobón, Juan Ramón Bertolín, Mokhtar Mahouachi, Margalida Joy, and Naziha Atti. "Effects of Using Rosemary Residues as a Cereal Substitute in Concentrate on Vitamin E, Antioxidant Activity, Color, Lipid Oxidation, and Fatty Acid Profile of Barbarine Lamb Meat." Animals 11, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 2100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072100.
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The shortage of some ingredients and, consequently, the continuous increase in the price of feed encourage the search for other alternatives to maintain animal production and enhance its products. In this line, the use of aromatic plant by-products in animal diet has been recently and widely considered, given their richness in bioactive compounds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the inclusion of rosemary residues (RR) and protein sources on lamb meat quality. The experiment was carried out on 24 male Barbarine lambs (3 months old) with an average body weight (BW) of 17.8 ± 2.6 kg, which were divided into three homogeneous groups according to BW. The diet comprised 600 g of oat hay and 600 g of concentrate. Three types of concentrate were evaluated: commercial concentrate as the control group (C); rosemary residues (RR) plus soybean meal as the RRS group, and RR plus faba bean as the RRF group. After an experimental period of 65 days, lambs were slaughtered. The inclusion of RR in both concentrates increased the α-tocopherol and total polyphenol content in meat and protected meat against discoloration (high red index and chroma after 9 days of storage) but did not affect meat lipid oxidation, which was similar for all groups. The FA profile was affected by the inclusion of RR, with no effect from the source of protein (faba bean or soybean). The inclusion of RR in the concentrate increased the C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3, C20:4 n-6, C20:5 n-3, and C22:5 n-3 content (p < 0.05). Consequently, the inclusion of RR also increased the total polyunsaturated FA (p < 0.05) and the ratio of polyunsaturated FA to saturated FA (p < 0.05). The results of this study demonstrate that concentrate based on RR could be useful for lamb meat production by improving the nutritional quality of meat, especially the fatty acid profile. In addition, soybean meal can be replaced by faba bean in lamb concentrate without affecting meat quality.
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Mostafa, I. Y., S. M. A. D. Zayed, M. Farghaly, and F. Mahdy. "Bioavailability to rats and toxicity in mice of carbofurah residues bound to faba beans." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 27, no. 4 (August 1992): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601239209372790.
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Nuruzzaman, M., Hans Lambers, Michael D. A. Bolland, and Erik J. Veneklaas. "Phosphorus uptake by grain legumes and subsequently grown wheat at different levels of residual phosphorus fertiliser." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 10 (2005): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05060.
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A considerable portion of the phosphorus (P) fertilisers applied in agriculture remains in the soil as sorbed P in the forms of various P compounds, termed residual P. Certain grain legume crops may be able to mobilise residual P through root exudates, and thus increase their own growth, and potentially that of subsequent cereal crops. The first objective of this pot experiment was to compare the growth and P uptake of 3 legume crop species with that of wheat grown in a soil with different levels of residual P. Another objective was to determine whether the influence of legumes on subsequent P uptake by wheat was due to legume-induced changes in the rhizosphere, or to the presence of legume roots. White lupin (Lupinus albus L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in a soil containing 25.7, 26.4, 30.8, 39.0, or 51.9 mg/kg of bicarbonate-extractable P and sufficient amounts of nitrogen to suppress nodulation and dinitrogen fixation. Differences among the species in root dry mass were much larger than those in shoot dry mass. Faba bean produced the greatest root dry mass. All the legumes exuded carboxylates from their roots, predominantly malate, at all soil P levels. Rhizosphere concentrations of carboxylates were highest for white lupin, followed by field pea and faba bean. All of the investigated legumes enhanced the growth of the subsequently grown wheat, compared with wheat grown after wheat, even at relatively high levels of soil P. The positive effect on growth was not dependent on the incorporation of the legume roots into the soil. The legumes also caused a modest increase in wheat shoot P concentrations, which were higher when roots were incorporated into the soil. Because of the increased growth and tissue P concentrations, wheat shoot P content was 30–50% higher when grown after legumes than when grown after wheat. The study concludes that the legume crops can enhance P uptake of subsequently grown wheat, even at relatively high levels of residual P.
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Julien, Jean-Philippe, Nerea Huarte, Rubén Maeso, Stefka G. Taneva, Annie Cunningham, José L. Nieva, and Emil F. Pai. "Ablation of the Complementarity-Determining Region H3 Apex of the Anti-HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 2F5 Abrogates Neutralizing Capacity without Affecting Core Epitope Binding." Journal of Virology 84, no. 9 (February 10, 2010): 4136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02357-09.
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ABSTRACT The identification and characterization of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV-1 has formed a major research focus, with the ultimate goal to help in the design of an effective AIDS vaccine. One of these bnAbs, 2F5, has been extensively characterized, and residues at the apex of its unusually long complementarity-determining region (CDR) H3 loop have been shown to be crucial for neutralization. Structural studies, however, have revealed that the 100TLFGVPI100F apex residues of the CDR H3 loop do not interact directly with residues of its core gp41 epitope. In an attempt to gain better insight into the functional role of this element, we have recombinantly expressed native 2F5 Fab and two mutants in which either the apical Phe100B(H) residue was changed to an alanine or the CDR H3 residues 100TLFGVPI100F were replaced by a Ser-Gly dipeptide linker. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and competitive-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) rendered strikingly similar affinity constants (Kd [dissociation constant] of ∼20 nM) for linear peptide epitope binding by 2F5 Fabs, independent of the presence or absence of the apex residues. Ablation of the CDR H3 apex residues, however, abolished the cell-cell fusion inhibition and pseudovirus neutralization capacities of 2F5 Fab. We report competitive ELISA data that suggest a role of 2F5 CDR H3 apex residues in mediating weak hydrophobic interactions with residues located at the C terminus of the gp41 membrane proximal external region and/or membrane components in the context of core epitope binding. The present data therefore imply an extended 2F5 paratope that includes weak secondary interactions that are crucial for neutralization of Env-mediated fusion.
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Moyer, James R., Rudy Esau, and A. Lyle Boswall. "Effects of Quinclorac on Following Rotational Crops." Weed Technology 13, no. 3 (September 1999): 548–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00046182.
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Quinclorac was registered for weed control in wheat (Triticum spp.) for western Canada in 1997. Residues from quinclorac may persist in the soil and may damage following crops; therefore, field and growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine the tolerance of several following rotational crops. Cereals and bromegrass (Bromus biebersteinii) were sufficiently tolerant that they could be seeded within 16 d of quinclorac application without risk of injury. At the other extreme, marketable and total potato (Solanum tuberosum) yields were reduced by quinclorac on irrigated land 1 yr after application. Growth chamber experiments were used to rank crops in order of their tolerance of quinclorac residues and to compare the tolerance of crops that were grown in the field with additional crops. Quinclorac injured several legume and oilseed crops when the crops were seeded immediately after application, but quinclorac did not reduce the dry matter yield of two of the most sensitive legumes, faba bean (Vicia faba) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa), 1 yr after application on irrigated land. However, based on a previous study, one can conclude that injury to these crops may occur in the field under drought conditions in rain-fed agricultural systems.
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Zekiwos-Gichamo, Tesfanesh, Erik Karltun, Motuma Tolera, and Linley Chiwona-Karltun. "The Impact of Faba Bean Theft in Rural Ethiopia: To Dispute or to Reside Together in Harmony?" International Journal of Rural Criminology 4, no. 2 (2019): 217–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/1811/87909.
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Kassab, Zineb, Youness Abdellaoui, Mohamed Hamid Salim, and Mounir El Achaby. "Cellulosic materials from pea (Pisum Sativum) and broad beans (Vicia Faba) pods agro-industrial residues." Materials Letters 280 (December 2020): 128539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128539.
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Mahgoub, Samir A., Elmadawy G. A. Kedra, Hassan I. Abdelfattah, Howaida M. Abdelbasit, Soha A. Alamoudi, Diana A. Al-Quwaie, Samy Selim, Salam S. Alsharari, Wesam I. A. Saber, and Rasha M. El-Mekkawy. "Bioconversion of Some Agro-Residues into Organic Acids by Cellulolytic Rock-Phosphate-Solubilizing Aspergillus japonicus." Fermentation 8, no. 9 (September 3, 2022): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8090437.
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Biological-based conversion of agricultural residues into bioactive compounds may be considered to be the basis for various vital industries. However, finding a suitable microorganism is a challenge in the bioconversion process. Therefore, this study was conducted to find local fungal isolates able to convert a combination of plant biomass residues into organic acids (OAs). Based on their cellulase and phytase activities and rock phosphate (RP) solubilization potential, an efficient 15 fungal isolates (named F1 to F15) were selected and identified by both morphological and molecular methods using the 18S rRNA sequencing technique. The best fungal isolate (F15) was identified as Aspergillus japonicus. After 4 weeks of incubation below solid-state fermentation (SSF) with a mix of sugarcane bagasse and faba bean straw (3:7), with 7.5% (v/w) fungal inoculum to the growth medium, the biodegradation process by the fungus reached its peak, i.e., maximum cellulolytic activity and RP solubilization ability. Under such fermentation conditions, seven organic acids were detected using HPLC, in the following order: ascorbic acid > oxalic acid > formic acid > malic acid > succinic acid > lactic acid > citric acid. Based on the results, Aspergillus japonicus (F15) could produce OAs and cellulose enzymes, and could be considered a new single-step bio-converter of sugarcane bagasse and faba bean straw residues into OAs. Furthermore, this fungus could be a new source of fungal cellulose, and could present a practical approach to reducing environmental contamination. Additional work is encouraged for more optimization of fermentation conditions.
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Senaratne, R., and G. Hardarson. "Estimation of residual N effect of faba bean and pea on two succeeding cereals using15N methodology." Plant and Soil 110, no. 1 (August 1988): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02143543.
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Sharma, M. P. "Effect of aqueous leachates from polyvinyl chloride on seed germination and growth of various crop species." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): 1072–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-147.
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Aqueous leachates obtained from soaking 0.5-cm2 pieces of flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheets in water for 1, 4, or 24 weeks and applied to various crops in sand culture exhibited no effect on seed germination but severely inhibited the growth, measured as fresh and dry weights of foliage, of all the crop species tested. In general, growth inhibition of various crops by PVC leachates of 4- and 24-week duration was significantly greater than that caused by the leachates of 1-week duration. There was, however, no significant difference in growth inhibition by PVC leachates of 4- and 24-week duration. Growth of broadleaved species, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.), was inhibited more than in the monocot species, com (Zea mays L.). Residues from PVC leachates persisted in sand and caused severe growth inhibition of all crop species tested for two subsequent plantings.