Journal articles: 'F3-layer'

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Sreeja, V., S. Ravindran, and T. K. Pant. "Features of the F3 layer occurrence over the equatorial location of Trivandrum." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 9 (September 24, 2010): 1741–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-1741-2010.

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Abstract. The general features of the F3 layer occurrence over the magnetic equatorial location of Trivandrum (8.5° N; 77° E; dip lat ~0.5° N) in India during the period from 1996–2005 are presented using the ionosonde observations. The study brings out that the F3 layer occurrence over Trivandrum is weak and rare compared to the other equatorial locations. The F3 layer occurrence is relatively more pronounced during the magnetically active conditions, thus indicating the dependence of the layer formation over Trivandrum on magnetic activity. It is also observed that the percentage occurrence of the F3 layer decreases with increasing solar activity.

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Jenkins, B., G. J. Bailey, M. A. Abdu, I. S. Batista, and N. Balan. "Observations and model calculations of an additional layer in the topside ionosphere above Fortaleza, Brazil." Annales Geophysicae 15, no. 6 (June 30, 1997): 753–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0753-3.

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Abstract. Calculations using the Sheffield University plasmasphere ionosphere model have shown that under certain conditions an additional layer can form in the low latitude topside ionosphere. This layer (the F3 layer) has subsequently been observed in ionograms recorded at Fortaleza in Brazil. It has not been observed in ionograms recorded at the neighbouring station São Luis. Model calculations have shown that the F3 layer is most likely to form in summer at Fortaleza due to a combination of the neutral wind and the E×B drift acting to raise the plasma. At the location of São Luis, almost on the geomagnetic equator, the neutral wind has a smaller vertical component so the F3 layer does not form.

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Batista, I. S., M. A. Abdu, A. M. da Silva, and J. R. Souza. "Ionospheric F3 layer: Implications for the IRI model." Advances in Space Research 31, no. 3 (January 2003): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(03)00023-1.

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Depuev, V. H., and S. A. Pulinets. "Intercosmos-19 observations of an additional topside ionization layer: the F3 layer." Advances in Space Research 27, no. 6-7 (January 2001): 1289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(01)00205-8.

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Vikhorev, Alexander V., Ksenia V. Strygina, and Elena K. Khlestkina. "Duplicated flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase and flavonoid 3’, 5’-hydroxylase genes in barley genome." PeerJ 7 (January 15, 2019): e6266. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6266.

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Background Anthocyanin compounds playing multiple biological functions can be synthesized in different parts of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plant. The diversity of anthocyanin molecules is related with branching the pathway to alternative ways in which dihydroflavonols may be modified either with the help of flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H) or flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H)—the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases. The F3′H and F3′5′H gene families are among the least studied anthocyanin biosynthesis structural genes in barley. The aim of this study was to identify and characterise duplicated copies of the F3′H and F3′5′H genes in the barley genome. Results Four copies of the F3′5′H gene (on chromosomes 4HL, 6HL, 6HS and 7HS) and two copies of the F3′H gene (on chromosomes 1HL and 6HS) were identified in barley genome. These copies have either one or two introns. Amino acid sequences analysis demonstrated the presence of the flavonoid hydroxylase-featured conserved motifs in all copies of the F3′H and F3′5′H genes with the exception of F3′5′H-3 carrying a loss-of-function mutation in a conservative cytochrome P450 domain. It was shown that the divergence between F3′H and F3′5′H genes occurred 129 million years ago (MYA) before the emergence of monocot and dicot plant species. The F3′H copy approximately occurred 80 MYA; the appearance of F3′5′H copies occurred 8, 36 and 91 MYA. qRT-PCR analysis revealed the tissue-specific activity for some copies of the studied genes. The F3′H-1 gene was transcribed in aleurone layer, lemma and pericarp (with an increased level in the coloured pericarp), whereas the F3′H-2 gene was expressed in stems only. The F3′5′H-1 gene was expressed only in the aleurone layer, and in a coloured aleurone its expression was 30-fold higher. The transcriptional activity of F3′5′H-2 was detected in different tissues with significantly higher level in uncoloured genotype in contrast to coloured ones. The F3′5′H-3 gene expressed neither in stems nor in aleurone layer, lemma and pericarp. The F3′5′H-4 gene copy was weakly expressed in all tissues analysed. Conclusion F3′H and F3′5′H-coding genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis in H. vulgare were identified and characterised, from which the copies designated F3′H-1, F3′H-2, F3′5′H-1 and F3′5′H-2 demonstrated tissue-specific expression patterns. Information on these modulators of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway can be used in future for manipulation with synthesis of diverse anthocyanin compounds in different parts of barley plant. Finding both the copies with tissue-specific expression and a copy undergoing pseudogenization demonstrated rapid evolutionary events tightly related with functional specialization of the duplicated members of the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases gene families.

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Zain, A. F. M., S. Abdullah, M. J. Homam, F. C. Seman, M. Abdullah, and Y. H. Ho. "Observations of the F3-layer at equatorial region during 2005." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 70, no. 6 (April 2008): 918–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2007.12.002.

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Handayani, Nestri, Subagus Wahyuono, Triana Hertiani, and Retno Murwanti. "Immunomodulatory activity and phytochemical content determination of fractions of suji leaves (Dracaena angustifolia (Medik.)Roxb.)." Food Research 4, no. 1 (August 9, 2019): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(1).228.

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Suji is a plant that has long been used as food colorant and medicinal plant in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the immunomodulatory activity of fractions obtained from suji leaves by using in vitro phagocytic macrophage assay and also to determine the phytochemical compounds of the most active fraction. Initially, Suji dry leaves powder were macerated with 96% ethanol upon filtration, then the filtrate obtained was evaporated to dryness. The extract obtained was triturated with chloroform to give fraction soluble (F1) and insoluble fraction (F2). Then, F1 was partitioned using a mixture of hexane-methanol-water (25: 14: 1 v /v) to give two layers, namely upper layer (F3) and lower layer (F4). Furthermore, the four fractions (F1, F2, F3 and F4) were tested by in vitro phagocytic macrophages method at the concentration of 10, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL. The parameters used were the Phagocytic Index (PI) and the Phagocytic Capacity (PC). Macrophage phagocytic in vitro assay showed that fractions of the suji leaf ethanolic extract could improve the phagocytic activity of macrophages. The fraction that demonstrated the highest activity was subjected to phytochemical study by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Based on the data obtained, F3 was the most active fraction, because it has the highest PC and PI values compared to other fractions or negative control. TLC test revealed that F3 contained terpenoids and flavonoids.

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Antos, Piotr A., Anna Hrabia, Anna Gdula, and Andrzej Sechman. "Apoptosis in chicken ovarian follicles following in vitro exposure to TCDD, PCB 126 and PCB 153." Annals of Animal Science 17, no. 3 (July 26, 2017): 787–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2016-0087.

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Abstract The study was conducted in order to compare the in vitro effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin (TCDD), 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) on the number of apoptotic cells and the activity of caspase-3 in chicken ovarian follicles. The ovarian stroma, white (WF) and yellowish (YF) prehierarchical follicles and fragments of the theca and granulosa layers of the 3 largest preovulatory follicles (F3-F1) were in vitro exposed to TCDD (10 nM), PCB 126 (10 nM) and PCB 153 (10 μM) for 24 h. After incubation the number of apoptotic cells and caspase-3 activity were determined by TUNEL method and fluorometric assay, respectively. PCB 126 and PCB 153 increased the number of apoptotic cells in the ovarian stroma while TCDD and PCB 126 elevated it in the WF follicles. Under the control conditions, caspase-3 activity steadily increased along with maturation of the follicles, reaching the highest level in the theca layer of the F1 follicle. The activity of this enzyme in the granulosa layer of F3-F1 follicles was on average 60% lower in comparison to the stroma. Exposure to TCDD elevated caspase-3 activity in prehierarchical follicles and in the granulosa layer of F2 and F1 preovulatory follicles. On the contrary, PCB 126 exerted a suppressive effect on caspase-3 activity in the WF follicles and the granulosa layer of the F2 follicle, and PCB 153 in the theca layer of F2 and F1 and the granulosa layer of the F3 follicle. In conclusion, the results indicate that TCDD and PCBs affect apoptosis in chicken ovarian follicles and in consequence may disrupt follicle development.

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Mridula, N., and Tarun Kumar Pant. "On the F3 layer occurrence and drift over the equatorial location of Thiruvananthapuram." Advances in Space Research 69, no. 10 (May 2022): 3717–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2022.02.057.

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Karpachev, A. T., M. V. Klimenko, V. V. Klimenko, and V. P. Kuleshova. "Statistical study of the F3 layer characteristics retrieved from Intercosmos-19 satellite data." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 103 (October 2013): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2013.01.010.

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Karpachev, A. T., M. V. Klimenko, V. V. Klimenko, G. A. Zhbankov, and V. A. Telegin. "Latitudinal structure of the equatorial F3 layer based on Intercosmos-19 topside sounding data." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 77 (March 2012): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2011.12.018.

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Hsieh, Mon-Chai, Guan-Han Huang, Alexei V. Dmitriev, and Chia-Hsien Lin. "Deep Learning Application for Classification of Ionospheric Height Profiles Measured by Radio Occultation Technique." Remote Sensing 14, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 4521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14184521.

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Modern space missions provide a great number of height profiles of ionospheric electron density, measured by the remote sensing technique of radio occultation (RO). The deducing of the profiles from the RO measurements suffers from bias, resulting in negative values of the electron density. We developed a machine learning technique that allows automatic identification of ionospheric layers and avoids the bias problem. An algorithm of convolutional neural networks was applied for the classification of the height profiles. Six classes of the profiles were distinguished on the base of prominent ionospheric layers F2, Es, E, F1 and F3, as well as distorted profiles (Sc). For the models, we selected the ground truth of more than 712 height profiles measured by the COSMIC/Formosat-3 mission above Taiwan from 2011 to 2013. Two different models, a 1D convolutional neural network (CNN) and fully convolutional network (FCN), were applied for classification. It was found that both models demonstrate the best classification performance, with the average accuracy around 0.8 for prediction of the F2 layer-related class and the E layer-related class. The F1 layer is classified by the models with good performance (>0.7). The CNN model can effectively classify the Es layer with an accuracy of 0.75. The FCN model has good classification performance (0.72) for the Sc-related profiles. The lowest performance (<0.4) was found for the F3 layer-related class. It was shown that the more complex FCN model has better classification performance for both large-scale and small-scale variations in the height profiles of the ionospheric electron density.

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Mustofa, Rachmawati Ramadhana, and Iskandarsyah . "PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTI-ACNE ETHOSOMES USING COLD AND THIN-LAYER HYDRATION METHODS." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2018.v10s1.75.

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Objective: This study aimed to prepare and characterize anti-acne ethosomes using the cold- and thin-layer hydration methods.Methods: A sonication step was included during ethosome preparation to improve the quality of the cold method. Azelaic acid, Phospholipon 90G,ethanol, propylene glycol, and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) were used in the procedures. Prepared ethosomal suspensions were characterized usingtransmission electron microscopy, particle-size analysis, and spectrophotometry.Results: Ethosomes prepared using the thin-layer hydration method (F1) had small unilamellar vesicles, while those prepared using the cold methodwith 15-min sonication (F4) showed spherical, elliptical, unilamellar, and multilamellar vesicles. F1 ethosomes had a Dmean volume of 648.57±231.26,whereas those prepared using the cold method with 5- (F2), 10- (F3), and 15-min (F4) sonication had Dmean volumes of 2734.04±231.49 nm,948.90±394.52 nm, and 931.69±471.84 nm, respectively. Polydispersity indices of F2, F3, and F4 ethosomes were 0.74±0.21, 0.86±0.05, and 0.91±0.03,respectively, with a poor particle-size distribution, compared to that of F1 (0.39±0.01). Zeta potentials of F1–F4 ethosomes were −38.27±1.72 mV,−23.53±1.04 mV, −31.4±1.04 mV, and −34.3±1.61 mV, respectively. Entrapment efficiencies of F1–F4 ethosomes were 90.71±0.11%, 53.84±3.16%,72.56±0.28%, and 75.11±1.42%, respectively.Conclusion: Anti-acne ethosomes produced using the thin-layer hydration method had superior properties than those produced using the coldmethod with 15-min sonication.

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Wolak, Dominika, and Anna Hrabia. "Ovarian mRNA Expression and Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase 16 in the Domestic Hen." Folia Biologica 70, no. 4 (December 6, 2022): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3409/fb_70-4.17.

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In mammals, membrane-bound matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) are thought to play an important role in ovarian remodeling. However, the role and regulation of these proteases in the ovary of birds remain largely unknown. One of MT-MMPs, i. e., MMP-16, has been found in the hen ovary; therefore, this study was undertaken to examine whether the transcript level of MMP-16 changes during follicle development and whether gonadotropins and estrogen are involved in the regulation of this enzyme expression. The relative expression of MMP-16 mRNA in the ovarian follicles (white, yellowish, small yellow, and the granulosa and theca layers of three of the largest yellow preovulatory [F3-F1]) was examined 22 h and 3 h before F1 follicle ovulation as well as following equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) or tamoxifen (estrogen receptor modulator, TMX) treatments by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). MMP-16 transcripts were detected in all examined ovarian tissues of control and treated hens. The relative expression of MMP-16 depended on follicular size/maturation and the layer of the follicular wall. A relatively higher expression of MMP-16 mRNA in the granulosa layer at 3 h compared to 22 h before ovulation of F1 was found. The injections of eCG decreased transcript abundance of MMP-16 in white and small yellow follicles, as well as in the theca layer of F3-F2 and the granulosa layer of the F1 follicle. In turn, TMX caused an increase in mRNA expression of MMP-16 in the theca layer of the largest preovulatory follicles and a decrease in the granulosa layer of the F1 follicle. Our results provide the first mRNA expression analysis of MMP-16 in the hen ovary under different physiological states. In addition, results indicate a possible role of gonadotropins and estrogen in regulating the transcription of MMP-16 in the chicken ovary.

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Batista, I. S., M. A. Abdu, J. MacDougall, and J. R. Souza. "Long term trends in the frequency of occurrence of the F3 layer over Fortaleza, Brazil." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 64, no. 12-14 (August 2002): 1409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6826(02)00104-9.

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TACHIKAWA, Yuya, Osamu SAKURAGI, Hiroshi KANAYAMA, and Chiaki ISHII. "F3-3 A Characteristic Change of the Fuel Cell by a Micro Porous Layer (MPL)." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2007.20 (2007): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2007.20.34.

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Paznukhov, V. V., B. W. Reinisch, P. Song, X. Huang, T. W. Bullett, and O. Veliz. "Formation of an F3 layer in the equatorial ionosphere: A result from strong IMF changes." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 69, no. 10-11 (July 2007): 1292–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2006.08.019.

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Bu, Yushan, Yisuo Liu, Yinxue Liu, Jiayuan Cao, Zhe Zhang, and Huaxi Yi. "Protective Effects of Bacteriocin-Producing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on Intestinal Barrier of Mice." Nutrients 15, no. 16 (August 10, 2023): 3518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15163518.

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Bacteriocins are crucial metabolites of probiotics that display beneficial functions. The intestinal barrier is an important target on which probiotics exert their intestinal health activity. However, the impacts of bacteriocin-producing probiotics on the intestinal barrier are unclear. In this study, the effects of bacteriocin-producing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Q7 and L. plantarum F3-2 on the intestinal barrier of mice were explored. It was shown that L. plantarum Q7 promoted the expression of mucin MUC2 to enhance the protection provided by the intestinal mucus layer. L. plantarum Q7 up-regulated the gene expression of intestinal tight junction proteins ZO-1 and JAM-1 significantly, and L. plantarum F3-2 up-regulated ZO-1 and Claudin-1 markedly, which exhibited tight junction intestinal barrier function. The two strains promoted the release of IgA and IgG at varying degrees. The antimicrobial peptide gene RegIIIγ was up-regulated markedly, and the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines appeared to exhibit an upward trend with L. plantarum Q7 treatment, so as to enhance intestinal immune regulation function. Furthermore, L. plantarum Q7 and L. plantarum F3-2 increased the abundance of the beneficial bacteria Muribaculaceae, inhibited the growth of the harmful bacteria Parabacteroides, and facilitated the synthesis of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which seemed to favor the prevention of metabolic diseases. Our results suggested that L. plantarum Q7 and L. plantarum F3-2 showed strain specificity in their protective effects on the intestinal chemical, physical, immunological and biological barriers of mice, which provided theoretical support for the selective utilization of bacteriocin-producing strains to regulate host health.

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Saada, Mariem, Hanen Wasli, Inès Jallali, Rim Kboubi, Karl Girard-Lalancette, Vakhtang Mshvildadze, Riadh Ksouri, Jean Legault, and Susana M. Cardoso. "Bio-Guided Fractionation of Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb & Berthel Polar Extracts." Molecules 26, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 5800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195800.

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The fractionation of the methanolic extract (MeOH-E) of Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb & Berthel and further analysis by thin layer chromatography resulted in four fractions (F1, F2, F3 and F4) that, in parallel with the MeOH-E, were screened for antioxidant, cytotoxic, antidiabetic and antibacterial properties. In addition, chemical characterization of their bioactive molecules was performed using LC-DAD-ESI/MSn. The results indicated that F3 was the most promising regarding antioxidant and cytotoxicity abilities, possibly due to its richness in flavonoids class, particularly isoflavones. In turn, F1 was characterized by the presence of the most polar compounds from MeOH-E (organic acids and piscidic acid) and showed promising abilities to inhibit α-amylase, while F4, which contained prenylated flavonoids and furanoflavonoids, was the most active against the tested bacteria. The gathered results emphasize the distinct biological potentials of purified fractions of Retama raetam.

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Zhu, Jie, Biqiang Zhao, Weixing Wan, and Baiqi Ning. "An investigation of the formation patterns of the ionospheric F3 layer in low and equatorial latitudes." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 102 (September 2013): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2013.04.015.

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Isnan, Astrid Permatasari, and Mahdi Jufri. "FORMULATION OF NIOSOMAL GEL CONTAINING GREEN TEA EXTRACT (CAMELLIA SINENSIS L. KUNTZE) USING THIN-LAYER HYDRATION." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 9 (October 30, 2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2017.v9s1.23_28.

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Objective: Green tea is known as a source of antioxidants. The most abundant of these is epigallocatechin gallate, which has been shown to modulatebiochemical pathways in the skin. Niosomes are an alternative to liposomal drug-vehicle systems, which have disadvantages such as cost and stability.To overcome the problem of low permeation of active substances through skin layers and to increase their stability, a topical antioxidant preparationbased on niosomes was prepared.Materials and Methods: To enhance drug stability, niosomal formulations were prepared in four different molar ratios of surfactant-to-cholesterol,that is, 3:1 (F1), 2:1 (F2), 1:1 (F3), and 0.5:1 (F4). These were prepared using the thin-layer method. The niosomal suspensions were evaluated forparticle size and distribution, lamellarity, encapsulation efficiency, and zeta potential, and were then incorporated into gels using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose as the gelling agent. The niosomal gels were evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, stability, and antioxidant activityusing 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl.Results: Results for the suspensions showed that F1 had the best encapsulation efficiency but experienced separation after 7 days.Conclusions: Results for the niosomal gels (using F3) showed stable formulation without changes.

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Das, Sudipta, Baishali Ghosh, and Surita Basu. "Formulation and Evaluation of Pulsatile Drug Delivery System of Atenolol." Journal of Basic and Applied Research in Biomedicine 6, no. 1 (August 4, 2020): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51152/jbarbiomed.v6i1.8.

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The objective of the present study was formulation and evaluation of pulsatile release tablets of Atenolol. A tablet system consisting of cores which was coated with layers of swelling and rupturable coatings. Cores containing Atenolol as model drug were prepared by direct compression with appropriate ratios of lactose and microcrystalline cellulose and then coated sequentially with different ratios of an inner swelling layer containing HPMC and an outer rupturable layer of Ethyl Cellulose. The effect of level of swelling layer and rupturable coating was investigated. The different formulation press coated by using different weight ratios of Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) / Ethyl Cellulose (EC) / both HPMC and EC. The optimum result was achieved in formulation containing HPMC: EC weight ratios. The F3 batch achieved a highest burst release after the lag time which is applicable pulsatile drug delivery system of Atenolol.

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Fagundes, P. R., V. Klausner, J. A. Bittencourt, Y. Sahai, and J. R. Abalde. "Seasonal and solar cycle dependence of F3-layer near the southern crest of the equatorial ionospheric anomaly." Advances in Space Research 48, no. 3 (August 2011): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2011.04.003.

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Zhu, Zhengping, Kun Chen, Jiaping Lan, and Fenglou Sun. "F3 layer feature under low and medium solar activity observed at a Chinese low latitude station Fuke." Advances in Space Research 52, no. 3 (August 2013): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2013.03.031.

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Limberger, M., W. Liang, M. Schmidt, D. Dettmering, M. Hernández-Pajares, and U. Hugentobler. "Correlation studies for B-spline modeled F2 Chapman parameters obtained from FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC data." Annales Geophysicae 32, no. 12 (December 17, 2014): 1533–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1533-2014.

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Abstract. The determination of ionospheric key quantities such as the maximum electron density of the F2 layer NmF2, the corresponding F2 peak height hmF2 and the F2 scale height HF2 are of high relevance in 4-D ionosphere modeling to provide information on the vertical structure of the electron density (Ne). The Ne distribution with respect to height can, for instance, be modeled by the commonly accepted F2 Chapman layer. An adequate and observation driven description of the vertical Ne variation can be obtained from electron density profiles (EDPs) derived by ionospheric radio occultation measurements between GPS and low Earth orbiter (LEO) satellites. For these purposes, the six FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F3/C) satellites provide an excellent opportunity to collect EDPs that cover most of the ionospheric region, in particular the F2 layer. For the contents of this paper, F3/C EDPs have been exploited to determine NmF2, hmF2 and HF2 within a regional modeling approach. As mathematical base functions, endpoint-interpolating polynomial B-splines are considered to model the key parameters with respect to longitude, latitude and time. The description of deterministic processes and the verification of this modeling approach have been published previously in Limberger et al. (2013), whereas this paper should be considered as an extension dealing with related correlation studies, a topic to which less attention has been paid in the literature. Relations between the B-spline series coefficients regarding specific key parameters as well as dependencies between the three F2 Chapman key parameters are in the main focus. Dependencies are interpreted from the post-derived correlation matrices as a result of (1) a simulated scenario without data gaps by taking dense, homogenously distributed profiles into account and (2) two real data scenarios on 1 July 2008 and 1 July 2012 including sparsely, inhomogeneously distributed F3/C EDPs. Moderate correlations between hmF2 and HF2 as well as inverse correlations between NmF2 and HF2 are reflected from the simulation. By means of the real data studies, it becomes obvious that the sparse measurement distribution leads to an increased weighting of the prior information and suppresses the parameter correlations which play an important role regarding the parameter estimability. The currently implemented stochastic model is in need of improvement and does not consider stochastic correlations which consequently cannot occur.

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Kushwaha, Prabodh Kumar, S. P. Maurya, Piyush Rai, and N. P. Singh. "Porosity Prediction from Offshore Seismic Data of F3 Block, the Netherlands using Multi-Layer Feed-Forward Neural Network." Current Science 119, no. 10 (November 25, 2020): 1652. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v119/i10/1652-1662.

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Hamouda, Saad E. S., Amal A. AbdAllah, and Reda A. El-Sharkawy. "Synthesis, formulation, evaluation of insecticidal activity of chromen derivatives against cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their mode of action under laboratory conditions." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, no. 2 (June 18, 2022): 310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i2.3359.

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The toxicity of benzothiazole derivatives obtained from 2-cyanomethyl benzothiazole against cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis 2nd and 4th instar larvae has been documented. The main objective of this research was to formulate two previously reported chromen derivatives and test their biological activity against cotton leafworm S. littoralis 2nd and 4th instar larvae under laboratory conditions. According to the standard method, two chromen derivatives with two distinct substituents (salicylaldehyde and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde) were synthesized. Their physical and chemical properties were evaluated, and both were formulated as 10 and 9.5 percent dustable powder formulations. Both formulae were then evaluated in the laboratory on cotton leafworm S. littoralis 2nd and 4th instar larvae for mortality and developmental effect percentage. Formulation (F2) was more efficient than formulation (F3) in both cases and for both stages. Furthermore, when comparing the developmental effects on the 2nd and 4th instar larvae, the 4th instar larvae demonstrated marked tolerance. Both stages were unable to complete their life cycle. Histopathological analysis of samples from the affected stages was performed to assess the mode of action of these formulations on 4th instar larvae at their LC50 values. Experimental data showed that Formulation (F3) resulted in epidermal cells separated from the cuticular layer, necrosis, ruptured columnar cells with pyknotic nuclei, disrupted basement membrane, and weak epicuticle necrosis and separation. In comparison, formulation (F2) revealed a midgut with vacuoles, damaged columnar, muscle cell necrosis, and a ruined peritrophic matrix. Thus, the cotton leafworm S. littoralis could be combated with the newly prepared formulations (F2) and (F3).

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Andriani, Dewi, Putri Rizkiyah, and Ilham Junaid. "Organoleptic Test Of Butter Substitution Formulation With Avocado Flesh (Persea Americana Mill) On The Thousand Layers Roll." Pusaka: Journal of Tourism, Hospitality, Travel and Business Event 4, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33649/pusaka.v4i1.103.

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The aim of this study was to describe the effect of the substitution of butter with avocado flesh on the organoleptic properties of the thousand layers roll. The second objective of this study was to describe the community's acceptance of the hedonic test on the substitution of butter with avocado flesh on a thousand layers roll. Based on the Duncan test, the entire treatment had significant differences in texture and taste. Whereas color and scent have differences in treatment F0 and F1 but have significant differences in treatment F2 and F3. This is because the texture and taste are largely determined by the level of maturity of the avocado, not all avocados can be precise and the weight ratio used between treatments. In addition, the fiber and fat in the avocado are stronger so that the more avocado content, the thicker it will be and dominate the rolled legit layer cake. In terms of quality of treatment F3 (60% butter, 40% avocado) has the highest value with color 5.68 (like category), texture (like category), scent 5.48 (somewhat like category) and taste 5.84 (like category). Of the four treatments, there was one treatment that was somewhat disliked by the panelists, namely F0 where the composition of 0% avocado butter with an inaccurate formula resulted in the finished product of rolled legit rolls, which differed greatly from the finished results of the other three treatments (F1, F2 and F3). This is because the avocado content cannot fully replace the function of butter in the thousand layers roll.

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Supardan, Atep Dian. "UJI TOKSISITAS HASIL FRAKSINASI KOLOM KROMATOGRAFI EKSTRAK METANOL BUAH MAHKOTA DEWA (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl)." Jurnal Sains Terapan 12, no. 1 (July 29, 2022): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jstsv.12.1.32-42.

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Fruit of mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl) is one of the herbal medicines used against cancer in society. The aim of the research was to investigate the toxic effect of metanol extract mahkota dewa fruit fractionation against Artemia salina Leach, as the primary step test to identify an anticancer activity. Metanol extract from mahkota dewa fruit content 9.51% which secondary metabolit compound were alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, saponin, and tanin. The result showed the output metanol extract fractionation from mahkota dewa fruit produced 3 fraction which were F1, F2, and F3 and the LC50 were 761, 53, and 91 ppm. The fractions were separated by using preparative thin layer chromathography. Fraction 1 and 2 produced 7 spots, while fraction 2 produced 6 spots. The most active fraction was F17 (LC50 = 325 ppm) from F1. The identification of ultra violet and infra red Spectrophotometer showed spectrum of F1, F2, and F3 BMKD have nitrogen atom in their molecul and suggested that F1, F2, and F3 BMKD contained alkaloids. ABSTRAKPada penelitian ini dilakukan uji toksisitas hasil fraksinasi kolom kromatografi ekstrak metanol buah mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl) terhadap larva udang Artemia salina Leach sebagai uji pendahuluan terhadap anti kanker. Ekstrak metanol buah mahkota dewa memiliki rendemen sebesar 9.51% dengan kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder antara lain alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, saponin, dan tanin. Hasil fraksinasi ekstrak metanol dengan kromatografi kolom menghasilkan 3 fraksi dengan nilai LC50 masing-masing 761, 53, dan 91 ppm. Ke-3 Fraksi tersebut kemudian dipisahkan lagi menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis preparatif, menghasilkan 7 spot pada fraksi 1 dan 3 sedangkan fraksi 2 menghasilkan 6 spot. Hasil pemurnian menggunakan KLTP menunjukkan toksisitas yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan fraksi kasarnya yaitu yang berasal dari fraksi 1 (F1) yaitu F17 (LC50 = 325 ppm). Identifikasi spektrofotometer ultra violet dan infra merah menunjukan bahwa F1, F2, dan F3 BMKD diduga memiliki gugus fungsi amina yang merupakan ciri khas dari alkaloid.

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Li, Mingming, Jun Zheng, Xiangquan Liu, Yupeng Zhu, Chaoqun Niu, Yaqing Pang, Zhi Liu, Yuhua Zuo, and Buwen Cheng. "Sn composition graded GeSn photodetectors on Si substrate with cutoff wavelength of 3.3 μm for mid-infrared Si photonics." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 12 (March 21, 2022): 121103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0084940.

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The Sn composition graded GeSn layer with Sn content increased from 11% to 14.3% was grown on a Si substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. The structural properties of the GeSn layer are investigated, and the film is gradually relaxed along the thickness, reaching approximately 71.6%. The GeSn p–i–n detectors were fabricated by using a complementary metal oxide semiconductor compatible process. The GeSn detectors demonstrated a cutoff wavelength of approximately 3.3 μm at room temperature with a dark current of 0.3 A/cm2 @ -1 V. At a wavelength of 2000 nm, the GeSn detectors had a responsivity of 110 mA/W and -3 dB bandwidth ( f3 dB) about 3 GHz. These results suggest that high Sn content relax GeSn can be grown by MBE and paves the way toward the feasibility of mid-infrared GeSn photonics.

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Chen, Yao, Fanfan Su, and Bo Su. "Application of silver nanoparticles in the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy." Materials Express 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2023.2353.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the therapeutic effect of silver nanoparticles in the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). After the establishment of CSC in New Zealand rabbits (n = 128), the animals were treated with iodized lecithin tablets by gavage (ILT only, n = 64) or ILT gavage followed by injection of silver nanoparticles into the vitreous cavity (SN, n = 64). The sum retinal layer thickness of SN group before gavage was lower than that of ILT group, and the total retinal thickness of SN group after gavage was also lower than that of ILT group. There were interaction effects between groups and time (Fgroup effect = 42.570, Ftime effect = 19.250, Finteraction effect = 2.885, all P < 0.05). Electroretinograms showed lower peak latency in oscillatory potential (OP1, OP2, and OP3) in the SN group than in the ILT group before and after gavage (intergroup effect: F1 = 40.280, F2 = 52.760, F3 = 133.700; time effect: F1 = 10.330, F2 = 9.082, F3 = 93.760; interaction effects: F1 = 4.204, F2 = 3.059, F3 = 12.260; all P < 0.05). The b-wave amplitudes and total amplitudes were higher in the SN group than in the ILT group before and after gavage (intergroup effect: F1 = 10.540, F2 = 13.270; time effect: F1 = 25.910, F2 = 35.120; interaction effects: F1 = 2.817, F2 = 5.264; all P < 0.05). No significant differences in intraocular pressure were observed, and there were no interaction effects (Fintergroup effect = 0.046, Ftime effect = 0.001, Finteraction effect = 0.027, all P > 0.05). We conclude that silver nanoparticles provide a significant therapeutic effect on CSC in rabbits, ensuring the integrity of retinal morphology, structure, function, and limiting damage to visual function.

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Klimenko, M. V., and V. V. Klimenko. "Mechanisms of stratification of the F2 layer and formation of the F3 and G layers in the equatorial ionosphere." Geomagnetism and Aeronomy 52, no. 3 (May 2012): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0016793212030097.

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Amin Mir M, Muhammad Waqar Ashraf, and Maythem Mahmud. "Formulation Design and Evaluation of Solid Lipid Micro-particles of Curcumin for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (November 21, 2020): 6739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3610.

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Solid lipid microparticles reach the site of its action in a controlled rate and do show controlled release for a better therapeutic result. A good drug carrying and release system involve a controlled drug delivery that improves bioavailability, to enrich stability and to minimise the toxic effects followed with a targeted drug at the site of its action. The solid lipid microparticles of curcumin were prepared in a view to achieving high permeability of curcumin in the brain through blood-brain-barrier. The lipid microsphere solids were prepared by hot melts microencapsulation technique to formulate solid lipid microspheres. Twelve lipid formulations were prepared with varying concentration of surfactants (span 40, span 70, span 90 and Tween 100). The developed formulation was subjected to various parameters such as the particle size, % entrapment efficiencies, yield productions, % cumulative release, percentage yield and drug loading, based upon highest entrapment efficiency, drug release and % cumulative release, the F3 formulation was considered as the best formulation. The prepared microsphere was subjected to different evaluation parameters such as thin-layer chromatography, melting point, FTIR, solubility, compatibility study and In-vitro drug release. The developed formulation shows spherical and smooth surface. The percentage release of drug F3 formulation has been found highest of about 86.23% after 12 hr.

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34

Culshaw, N. "Buckle folding and deep-crustal shearing of high-grade gneisses at the junction of two major high-strain zones, Central Gneiss Belt, Grenville Province, Ontario." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1907–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-078.

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Low-plunging, transport-parallel F3 folds are common at all scales in the Central Gneiss Belt of the Grenville Province, but few of these folds are sheath folds. Where the D1D2 Parry Sound shear zone intersects the D3 Shawanaga shear zone (SSZ) at a high angle, F3 folds formed at several scales (centimetre to greater than outcrop scale) in layered D1D2 "straight" gneisses. At the start of their evolution, the F3 folds formed just beyond the SSZ with hinges near orthogonal to the D3 shear direction and with typical buckle features, e.g., wavelengths vary with layer thickness, and hinges are discontinuous and bifurcate. The buckle folds evolved within the SSZ by rotation of hinges towards the shear direction. Even though hinges initiated at a high angle to the shear direction, sheath folds were not produced. In addition to tightening the buckles, the ductile reorientation produced thinthick (extendedshortened) limb pairs and very straight, ridge-like fold hinges and removed small folds from the extended limbs of larger folds. Such features may serve as criteria to distinguish transport-parallel folds that initiated in layering at high angles to the shear direction from those formed in layers containing the shear direction. A general shear parallel to the SSZ can reproduce several features inferred to mark stages in the progressive reorientation of the folds; the pure shear component of the general shear is inferred to have had a positive stretch direction down the dip of the shear zone, at a high angle to the transport (simple shear) direction. The interplay of buckling and shearing in the study area is, plausibly, the expression of deformation at the upper boundary of a channel-like flow that succeeded initial crustal thickening.

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35

Budzulyak, I. M., B. I. Rachiy, V. M. Vashchynsky, and M. V. Berkeschuk. "Specific Capacitance Characteristics of Carbons, Activated by Potassium Hydroxide." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 16, no. 1 (March 30, 2015): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.16.1.98-106.

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This work is devoted to the study of the charge accumulation in the electric double layer on the polarized electrode of the electrochemical systems. A series of samples of the nanoporous carbon material obtained from natural raw materials. In order to improve its performance it has been made the modification of porous structure of the samples by thermal and chemical treatment. As an activator potassium hydroxide was used. Determination of the specific characteristics of ultracapacitors was conducted in a two-electrode cells by potentiodynamic and galvanostatic methods. The pore formation process was studied by simultaneous thermoanalyzer STA 449 F3 Jupiter. It is shown that the resulting materials have high values of capacitance, which is realized by charge accumulation in the electric double layer, the pseudocapacitance contribution is absent. The optimal modes of carbonization and chemical activation were defined. The dependence of specific characteristics on the modification mode has explained. It is shown that almost all the samples are highly resistant in a wide range of current densities.

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Lima, Carolina Oliveira de, Fernanda Leal Fonseca de Carvalho, Sandra Rivera Fidel, Celso Neiva Campos, Jefferson Jose de Carvalho Marion, Rivail Antonio Sergio Fidel, and Maíra do Prado. "Efeito de diferentes protocolos de irrigação final na remoção da smear layer." Dental Press Endodontics 9, no. 2 (May 24, 2019): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14436/2358-2545.9.2.043-049.oar.

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Objetivo: esse estudo avaliou o efeito de protocolos de irrigação final, associados ao uso de EDTA e QMix, na remoção de smear layer. Métodos: foram utilizados 40 dentes humanos com canal único. Os canais foram instrumentados com sistema ProTaper Universal SX-F3. As substâncias químicas utilizadas durante o preparo foram hipoclorito de sódio a 5,25% (NaOCl) ou clorexidina a 2% (CHX) gel. Terminado o preparo, os dentes foram divididos em oito grupos, de acordo com os irrigantes: G1) NaOCl 5,25% + EDTA 17% + NaOCl 5,25%; G2) NaOCl 5,25% + EDTA 17% + água destilada (AD); G3) NaOCl 5,25% + QMix + NaOCl 5,25%; G4) NaOCl 5,25% + QMix + AD; G5) CHX 2% gel + EDTA 17% + CHX 2% solução; G6) CHX 2% gel + EDTA 17% + AD; G7) CHX 2% gel + QMix + CHX 2% solução e G8) CHX 2% gel + QMix + AD. As amostras foram avaliadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura ambiental, antes e após os protocolos de irrigação final. As imagens foram classificadas por escores, em relação à presença de smear layer, e os dados foram analisados pelos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: o G1 mostrou os melhores resultados em relação à remoção de smear layer (p < 0,05). A CHX gel 2% mostrou menor formação de smear layer, quando comparada ao NaOCl, após o preparo biomecânico; e o NaOCl apresentou melhor limpeza como irrigante final (p < 0,05). Conclusões: o NaOCl como irrigante final, combinado ao EDTA, mostrou melhor capacidade de remoção da smear layer.

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Yu, Chuantao, Suoliang Chang, Yu Han, Jishan Liu, and Enguo Li. "Characterization of Geological Structures under Thick Quaternary Formations with CSAMT Method in Taiyuan City, Northern China." Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 24, no. 4 (December 2019): 621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/jeeg24.4.621.

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A controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) survey was used to detect geological structures beneath the thick quaternary formation in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, northern China. Two main CSAMT survey lines with 182 survey sites were recorded. A two-dimensional (2D) inversion technique was used to interpret the CSAMT data. The inversion results suggested that: 1) there are four main buried faults named F1, F2, F3, and F4 with dip angles about 65° across the survey line from west to east, the fault displacements of these faults are about 230 m, 180 m, 220 m and 200 m, respectively; 2) the depth of the bedrocks decrease from 1600 to 500 m along the survey lines; and 3) from top to bottom, there are four major layers in the survey area that include the upper layer with the resistivity less than 40 ohm-m represents unconsolidated sediments in the Quaternary formation, a second layer with the resistivity range from 40 to 120 ohm-m represents mudstone and sandstone, a third layer with the resistivity range from 120 to 280 ohm-m represents coal measure strata in the Permian and Carboniferous and a bottom layer with the resistivity higher than 280 Ω·m represents limestone in Ordovician. The CSAMT method is an effective technique for exploring buried fault of several hundred meters deep in metropolitan environment.

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Tanjung, Yenni Puspita, Andi Ika Julianti, and Aghnia Wulan Rizkiyani. "Formulation and Physical Evaluation of Edible Film Dosage from Ethanol Extract of Betel Leaves (Piper betle L) for Canker Sore Drugs." Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology 8, no. 1 (February 12, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/ijpst.v8i1.29225.

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Canker sore which in medical terms is called aphthous stomatitis is a wound in the mouth that can cause pain and discomfort. Piper betel leaf can be used for strengthening the teeth, cure canker sores, treat the bad breath and stop the gum from bleeding. The research aimed to determine the edible film formula of betel leaf ethanol extract that met the physical evaluation requirements and to determine the effect of variation concentration of sorbitol and HPMC (Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) on the physical evaluation. Edible film preparation from betel leaf extract is a thin layer made from the basic ingredients of corn starch, sorbitol, and HPMC. In this research, 3 edible film formulas were made with variations in the concentration of sorbitol and HPMC, namely: F1 (5%;5%), F2 (4%;4%), F3 (3%;3%). Data of evaluation results were analyzed statistics by Kruskal wallis method. The results showed that F1, F2 and F3 meet the physical evaluation requirements for edible film dosage. Variations in the concentration of sorbitol and HPMC gave different results significantly influence (p<0.05) on weight uniformity, film thickness, solubility and dissolution time, and did not significantly influence (p>0.05) on the organoleptic test, fragility of edible film, water resistance (swelling) and moisture content.Keywords: Betel leaf extract, edible film, HPMC, canker sore, sorbitol

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Subroto, Toto, Ari Hardianto, Abdul Alim Kahari, and Tika Pradnjaparamita. "Sintesis Tiga Peptida Bergugus Pelindung sebagai Prekursor Komponen Vaksin Influenza Universal." Jurnal Natur Indonesia 15, no. 2 (July 27, 2015): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jnat.15.2.84-91.

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Current highly effective conventional vaccine to halt the spread of bird flu has not been invented yet because of susceptiblemutation of influenza virus. In spite of undergoing mutation which causes the amino acid sequence change, influenzaviruses maintain conservation at ectodomain of M2 protein, especially M2e(2-16) (SLLTEVETPIRNEW). The use ofconserved epitope M2e(2-16) in epitope-based vaccine potentially produces universal influenza vaccine. In designingepitope-based vaccine, the M2e(2-16) needs to be coupled with T helper epitope, P25, which is subsequently mentioned asM2e(2-16)-K-P25 (SLLTEVETPIRNEWGKKKL IPNASLIENCTKAEL). The M2e(2-16)-K-P25 was synthesized usingconvergent solid phase peptide synthesis strategy because of the size of the sequence. In this strategy, four peptideprecursors of M2e(2-16)-K-P25; SLLTEVETP (F1), IRNEWGK (F2), KLIPNASLI (F3), and ENCTKAEL (F4); were synthesizedin advance. After the precursors ready, coupling reaction was performed to obtain M2e(2-16)-K-P25. In the previousresearch, F3 has been obtained in high purity through Fmoc/tBu solid phase peptide synthesis method. In this conductedresearch, the three remaining precursors; F1, F2, and F4; were synthesized by the same method. Each peptide was analysedby thin layer chromatography, HPLC, and mass spectroscopy methods. F1, F2 and F4 were successfully synthesized andeach of them was detected at 1490.0, 1874.8 and 1881.9 amu, respectively. However, F1 was not possible to purify becauseof its insolubility in various solvents.

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Alfiona, Fitra Nabiila, RR Mahayu Dewi Ariani, Nadia Hardini, and Gloria Fortuna. "Effect of temperature and passive ultrasonic irrigation of EDTA 17% in smear layer removal." Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia 7, no. 1 (April 12, 2022): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/majkedgiind.64026.

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Smear layer removal in root canal treatment is required to aid the diffusion of intracanal medicament and help sealer penetrate into dentinal tubules. The need for irrigants is important to facilitate smear layer removal in the root canal. Various methods have been proposed in some articles, but their application in apical third still challenges many clinicians due to the complexity of the root canal. This study aimed to analyze the effect of temperature and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) activation of EDTA 17% solution in smear layer removal. Twenty-four extracted mandibular premolars were decoronated to standard root length of 14 mm. The preparation of root canals was completed with crown-down technique using ProTaper FHU to file F3 (30/.09). The root canal irrigation was done with NaOCl 5.25% and EDTA 17% solution. The samples were divided into four groups, namely 25 ºC of EDTA 17% solution (group 1), 37 ºC of EDTA 17% solution (group 2), 25 ºC of EDTA 17% solution with PUI activation (group 3), and 37 ºC of EDTA17% solution with PUI activation (group 4). Smear layer removal was observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scored ordinally from 1-5. Non-parametric Friedman test showed significant results in all the groups (p<0.05). Post hoc Wilcoxon Signed Rank test showed significant results between group 2 and group 3 (p = 0.039), and between group 3 and group 4 (p = 0.038). The combination methods of temperature and PUI activation showed a significant result in smear layer removal.

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Thapak, Gourav, Ashtha Arya, Mandeep S. Grewal, and Anshul Arora. "A Comparative Evaluation of Smear Layer Removal Using Erbium:YAG Laser-Activated Irrigation, Sonic Irrigation, and Manual Dynamic Irrigation: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study." Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences 12, no. 1 (June 9, 2021): e22-e22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jlms.2021.22.

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Introduction: The conventional chemomechanical procedures are ineffective in complete disinfection of the pulp space due to the complexities of the root canal architecture. The present study aims to compare the efficacy of erbium: YAG laser-activated irrigation, sonic irrigation, and manual dynamic irrigation in the removal of the smear layer through a scanning electron microscope study. Methods: Fifty extracted single rooted mandibular premolars with single canal were used and instrumented until F3 ProTaper rotary file reached the working length. Upon the completion of the canal preparation, each specimen was irrigated with 3 mL of 4% NaOCl for 3 minutes, 3 mL saline for 1 minute and 3 mL of 17% EDTA for 3 minutes. The teeth were assigned to three experimental groups (n=15 each): manual dynamic irrigation, sonic irrigation (EndoActivator), and Er:YAG laser using an X pulse tip. Root canals were sectioned longitudinally and the smear layer at the apical, middle and coronal third was examined under a scanning electron microscope. Smear layer scores were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests at P=0.05. Results: The Er:YAG laser group showed significantly lower smear layer scores in the apical third as compared to all other groups. EndoActivator resulted in better cleaning efficacy at the apical area compared to manual dynamic agitation. Conclusion: This study showed results in favor of Er:YAG with an X-pulse tip followed by EndoActivator activation.

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Chan-Higuera, Jesús Enrique, Hisila del Carmen Santacruz-Ortega, Ángel A. Carbonell-Barrachina, Armando Burgos-Hernández, Rosario Maribel Robles-Sánchez, Susana Gabriela Cruz-Ramírez, and Josafat Marina Ezquerra-Brauer. "Xanthommatin is Behind the Antioxidant Activity of the Skin of Dosidicus gigas." Molecules 24, no. 19 (September 20, 2019): 3420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193420.

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Marine bioactive compounds have been found in very different sources and exert a very vast array of activities. Squid skin, normally considered a discard, is a source of bioactive compounds such as pigments. Recovering these compounds is a potential means of valorizing seafood byproducts. Until now, the structure and molecular properties of the bioactive pigments in jumbo squid skin (JSS) have not been established. In this study, methanol–HCl (1%) pigment extracts from JSS were fractionated by open column chromatography and grouped by thin-layer chromatography in order to isolate antioxidant pigments. Antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH●) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS●+) radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing power (FRAP) assay. Fractions 11–34 were separated and grouped according to flow rate values (F1–F8). Fractions F1, F3, and F7 had the lowest IC50 against ABTS●+ per milligram, and fractions F3 and F7 showed the lowest IC50 in the FRAP assay. Finally, fraction F7 had the highest DPPH● scavenging activity. The chemical structure of the F7 fraction was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry. One of the compounds identified in the fraction was xanthommatin (11-(3-amino-3-carboxypropanoyl)-1-hydroxy-5-oxo-5H-pyrido[3,2-a]phenoxazine-3-carboxylic acid) and their derivatives (hydro- and dihydroxanthommatin). The results show that JSS pigments contain ommochrome molecules like xanthommatin, to which the antioxidant activity can be attributed.

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Liu, Zhaomei, Xingxing Han, and Aixia Wang. "Ultrathin polarization-insensitive tri-band THz perfect metamaterial absorber." EPJ Applied Metamaterials 7 (2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjam/2020003.

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In this paper, an ultrathin and polarization-insensitive THz perfect metamaterial absorber (PMA) was proposed using the traditional sandwiched structure with circular patch resonators on the top layer. The simulated spectrum shows that the proposed PMA has three distinctive absorption peaks at f1 = 0.8 THz, f2 = 2.28 THz and f3 = 3.62 THz, with absorbance of 96.7%, 97.9% and 99.8%, respectively. The electric field distributions of the PMA reveal that the absorption mainly originates from the standing wave resonances between the top and bottom layers. The proposed PMA is polarization insensitive due to its axisymmetric unit cell structure. By adjusting the structure parameters, the resonance frequency, intensity and Q-factor of absorption peak can be tuned effectively. Our design may find potential applications in THz imaging, sensing and signal detection.

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Ningsih, Wida, and Afdhil Arel. "Clove Oil (Syzygium aromaticum) Edible Film Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Test against Streptococcus mutans." Journal of Fundamental and Applied Pharmaceutical Science 2, no. 1 (August 25, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jfaps.v2i1.11640.

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Clove oil contains eugenol as an antibacterial. Meanwhile, products containing clove oil have been widely used as toothpaste and mouthwash. In this study, clove oil was formulated in the form of edible film because it is practical, easy to use, and could be used without water like other oral hygiene preparations. The edible film is a thin layer film made of consumable materials used as a carrier of antibacterial compounds. Clove oil edible film was then formulated with clove oil concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, and 2% and determined for its antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. Clove oil edible film preparations were evaluated under their physical properties, including friability, drying shrinkage, pH, thickness, and swelling ability. Antibacterial activity testing of clove oil edible film was conducted, employing the blood agar diffusion method against Streptococcus mutans. The physical evaluation of the clove oil edible film showed almost the same physical properties as the comparison (GF). Clove oil edible film test results revealed the greatest inhibition at F1 of 18.6 mm ± 0.577, F2 of 22.3 mm ± 2.081, and F3 of 25.3 mm ± 1.527. According to David and Stout, the inhibition activity of bacteria on F3 was categorized as a very strong group inhibition response. In addition, ANOVA test analysis results uncovered that the concentration of clove oil affected the inhibition of the Streptococcus mutans bacteria with a significance value of 0.000 (p 0.05). Also, Duncan's test exhibited that each concentration of clove oil had a significant difference in the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans bacteria.

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Momose, Haruka, Kazuya Takizawa, Madoka Kuramitsu, Takuo Mizukami, Atsuko Masumi, Kazunari Yamaguchi, and Isao Hamaguchi. "Ang1 Functions as An Autocrine Activating Factor of Tie2 Signaling In Hematopoietic Stem Cells." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.1548.1548.

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Abstract Abstract 1548 Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are clonogenic cells that possess the self-renewal capacity to produce more HSCs, as well as the multilineage potential that gives rise to a defined set of mature differentiated progeny for maintenance or repair of the whole blood system. HSCs lie in the hematopoietic niches located along the inner surface of the bone or the sinusoidal endothelium, and are in contact with niche cells. The cell-cell interactions with niche cells are believed to be an important prerequisite to trigger signaling events in HSCs, thereby controlling the balance between HSC self-renewal and differentiation. However, the precise molecular mechanisms regulating niche cell-HSC interactions are not well understood. One of the key molecules for those interactions is Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1). Ang1 is expressed by the niche cells and has been identified as an activating ligand for Tie2 (tyrosine kinase with Ig-like loops and epidermal growth factor homology domains 2). The expression of Tie2 is dominant in HSCs, and Tie2 in HSCs is supposed to be stimulated by Ang1 derived from niche cells. However, Ang1 is also expressed in HSCs. Detailed analysis has shown that Ang1 expression was found to be restricted in long-term HSCs (CD34-lineage-Sca-1+c-Kit+), indicating that Ang1 derived from HSCs plays a role in regulating HSCs. We attempted to elucidate a novel regulating system for HSCs through Ang1-Tie2 signaling by utilizing a hematopoietic cell line in which Tie2 was stably expressed (Ba/F3-Tie2). In Ba/F3-Tie2 cells, Tie2 was found to be phosphorylated on tyrosine residues, even without exogenous addition of Ang1. In the same cells, the expression level of endogenous Ang1 was increased four-fold. When Ang1 expression was down-regulated by transduction with a lentiviral vector expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) for Ang1 (shAng1), the phosphorylation of Tie2 was suppressed, suggesting that Tie2 expressed in Ba/F3-Tie2 cells could be stimulated by endogenous Ang1. To mimic the physiological circumstances of the bone marrow, Ba/F3-Tie2 cells were cultured on OP9 stromal cells. Under these culture conditions, the effect of endogenous Ang1 was investigated. Down-regulation of Ang1 by shAng1 demonstrated an approximate 50% reduction in the proliferation of Ba/F3-Tie2 cells on the OP9 cell layer. A HSC-rich population of cells prepared from bone marrow (lineage-Sca-1+c-Kit+; LSK) was also analyzed on OP9 cell layers. Similar to the results obtained from the analysis of Ba/F3-Tie2 cells, down-regulation of Ang1 by shAng1 resulted in an approximately 70% decrease in the proliferation of LSK cells cultured on OP9 monolayers. We confirmed that the suppressive effect on HSC proliferation was due to the lack of Ang1 from HSCs by culturing on Ang1-defective OP9 cells. Finally, we performed in vivo analysis to confirm the importance of endogenous Ang1 to HSCs. Ly5.2 LSK cells transduced with the shAng1 expressing vector were transplanted along with Ly5.1xLy5.2 bone marrow cells into lethally irradiated Ly5.1 mice. The Ly5.2 donor-derived cells in the recipient's peripheral blood were monitored every 2 weeks. As expected, shAng1-introduced donor cells were at decreased ratios at week four (mean ratios, 31.5% for control vs. 17.5% for shAng1), and were reduced to an even lower level at week 12 (mean ratios, 27.1% for control vs. 6.79% for shAng1). This phenomenon was also confirmed by histochemical results, where statistically fewer HSCs existed in the bone marrow of recipient mice in which shAng1-introduced HSCs were transplanted, as compared to the control. Altogether, our data suggested that Tie2 in HSCs could be stimulated by the Ang1 produced by the surrounding HSCs, and this possible autocrine regulation might control the functions of HSCs. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Pavan Chaitanya, P., A. K. Patra, N. Balan, and S. V. B. Rao. "Ionospheric variations over Indian low latitudes close to the equator and comparison with IRI-2012." Annales Geophysicae 33, no. 8 (August 13, 2015): 997–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-997-2015.

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Abstract. In this paper, we analyze daytime observations of the critical frequencies of the F2 (foF2) and F3 (foF3) layers based on ionosonde observations made from Indian low latitudes close to the magnetic equator and study their local time, seasonal, planetary-scale variations (including the solar rotation effect), and solar activity dependence. Given the occurrence of the F3 layer, which has remarkable local time, seasonal and solar activity dependences, variations in foF2 have been evaluated. Local time variations in foF2 and foF3 show noon "bite-out" in all seasons and in all solar activity conditions, which are attributed to vertically upward plasma transport by the zonal electric field and meridional neutral wind. Comparison of observed foF2 with those of the IRI-2012 model clearly shows that the model values are always higher than observed values and the largest difference is observed during noontime owing to the noon bite-out phenomenon. Peak frequency of the F layer (foF2 / foF3), however, is found to have better agreement with IRI-2012 model. Seasonal variations of foF2 and foF3 show stronger asymmetry at the solstices than at the equinoxes. The strong asymmetry at the solstice is attributed to the asymmetry in the meridional neutral wind with a secondary contribution from E × B drifts, and the relatively weak asymmetry observed at the equinox is attributed to the asymmetry in E × B drifts. Variations in foF2 and foF3 with solar flux clearly show the saturation effect when F10.7 exceeds ~ 120 sfu, which is different from that of the mid-latitudes. Irrespective of solar flux, both foF2 and foF3 in summer, however, are found to be remarkably lower than those observed in other seasons. Variations in foF2 show dominant periods of ~ 27, ~ 16 and ~ 6 days. Intriguingly, amplitudes of ~ 27-day variations in foF2 are found to be maximum in low solar activity (LSA), moderate in medium solar activity (MSA) and minimum in high solar activity (HSA), while the amplitudes of ~ 27-day variations in F10.7 are minimum in LSA, moderate in MSA and maximum in HSA. These results are presented and discussed in light of current observational and model-based knowledge on the variations of low-latitude foF2 and foF3.

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Senthil Kumar, K. L., P D Gokulan, A. Vasanthan, S. Venkateswaran, H. Santhosh, R. Vinoth kumar, and S. Ragul. "Preparation and evaluation of matrix type of transdermal patches containing anti –diabetic drug." Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 9, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpp.2022.006.

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The current research aims to formulate and evaluated medicated transdermal patches containing an anti-diabetic drug. A good penetration enhancer would improve drug delivery from various polymer-based transdermal patches. Transdermal patches of the matrix type are made. Using various PVP K30, MC ratios and solvent evaporation techniques. All prepared formulations were tested for weight variation, thickness, drug content, moisture content, moisture uptake, flatness, and in vitro drug release. Bath F3 was optimised formula from all formulation baths shows linear zero order release for 24 hours, with a cumulative percentage of drug diffusion of 87.35% from 4cm2 patches. It has been determined that polymer concentration. When the concentration of PVP K30 increases in the primary layer, the in – vitro diffusion rate increases, and when the concentration of PVP K30 decreases, the drug diffusion decreases. It allows for more controlled drug release from the patch.

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Yuan, Huadong, Jianwei Nai, He Tian, Zhijin Ju, Wenkui Zhang, Yujing Liu, Xinyong Tao, and Xiong Wen (David) Lou. "An ultrastable lithium metal anode enabled by designed metal fluoride spansules." Science Advances 6, no. 10 (March 2020): eaaz3112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz3112.

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The lithium metal anode (LMA) is considered as a promising star for next-generation high-energy density batteries but is still hampered by the severe growth of uncontrollable lithium dendrites. Here, we design “spansules” made of NaMg(Mn)F3@C core@shell microstructures as the matrix for the LMA, which can offer a long-lasting release of functional ions into the electrolyte. By the assistance of cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, we reveal that an in situ–formed metal layer and a unique LiF-involved bilayer structure on the Li/electrolyte interface would be beneficial for effectively suppressing the growth of lithium dendrites. As a result, the spansule-modified anode affords a high Coulombic efficiency of 98% for over 1000 cycles at a current density of 2 mA cm−2, which is the most stable LMA reported so far. When coupling this anode with the Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2 cathode, the practical full cell further exhibits highly improved capacity retention after 500 cycles.

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Klimenko, M. V., and V. V. Klimenko. "Numerical simulation of the F2-layer stratification and appearance of the F3 and G layers in the equatorial ionosphere: The morphology of the phenomena." Geomagnetism and Aeronomy 51, no. 5 (September 29, 2011): 646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0016793211050082.

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Amatrejo, Samran, and Tanjung Hr. "TINOSPORA EXTRACT (TINOSPORA CRISPA (L.) MIERS.) ENCAPSULATION WITH SODIUM ALGINATE ISOLATED FROM BROWN ALGAE (SARGASSUM ILICIFOLIUM)." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2017): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i11.16517.

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Objective: Brotowali (Tinospora crispa) is well known as a bitter medicinal plant and traditionally has been used to treat rheumatism, gout, bruise, and fever and also to stimulate appetite. The bitter flavor of Tinospora extract has influenced the patient’s compliance in using the Tinospora extract, especially for the pediatric patients. Encapsulation was a coated process of drug using solid or liquid form of thin layer. The encapsulation process was used at the pharmaceutical and food industry to mask the bitter taste of product and protect the active ingredients from oxidation process. The study aims were to encapsulate the Tinospora extract with sodium alginate by drips method.Methods: Brown algae (Sargassum ilicifolium) were a resource of alginate acid. Brown algae were macerate using HCl 5% to produced alginate acid, and sodium alginate was obtained by adding Na2CO3 5% to alginate acid solution. The study revealed that sodium alginate resulted from brown algae isolation process was 19.98% of the wet weight of brown algae. The formula of Tinospora extract microencapsulation was design into three formulas with different sodium alginate concentrations (F1=0.5%, F2=1%, and F3=1.5%).Results: The microcapsule resulted from three formulas had the various weight of xerogel alginate but with similar diameter. Xerogel alginate weight of F1 was 1.98 g, F2 was 2.15 g, and F3 was 3.21 g. It can be concluded that the weight of xerogel alginate microcapsule and form of microcapsule were depended on the sodium alginate concentration.Conclusions: The xerogel alginate microcapsule was evaluated for pre-formulation test, and the results showed that the microcapsule met the requirements of pre-formulations parameters without the adding of lubrication compound. The hedonic organoleptics test revealed that the microencapsulation process was able to cover the bitter taste and odor of Tinospora extract.

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Journal articles on the topic 'F3-layer'

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