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Academic literature on the topic 'F2A'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "F2A"

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Schmiedeke, T. M., F. W. Stöckl, R. Weber, Y. Sugisaki, S. R. Batsford, and A. Vogt. "Histones have high affinity for the glomerular basement membrane. Relevance for immune complex formation in lupus nephritis." Journal of Experimental Medicine 169, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 1879–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.169.6.1879.

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An effort has been made to integrate insights on charge-based interactions in immune complex glomerulonephritis with nuclear antigen involvement in lupus nephritis. Attention was focussed on the histones, a group of highly cationic nuclear constituents, which could be expected to bind to fixed anionic sites present in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). We demonstrated that all histone subfractions, prepared according to Johns (4), have a high affinity for GBM and the basement membrane of peritubular capillaries. Tissue uptake of 125I-labeled histones was measured by injecting 200 micrograms of each fraction into the left kidney via the aorta and measuring organ uptake after 15 min. In glomeruli isolated from the left kidneys, the following quantities of histones were found: f1, 13 micrograms; f2a (f2al + f2a2), 17 micrograms; f2b, 17 micrograms; and f3, 32 micrograms. Kinetic studies of glomerular binding showed that f1 disappeared much more rapidly than f2a. The high affinity of histones (pI between 10.5 and 11.0; mol wt 10,000-22,000) for the GBM correlates well with their ability to form aggregates (mol wt greater than 100,000) for comparison lysozyme (pI 11, mol wt 14,000), which does not aggregate spontaneously bound poorly (0.4 micrograms in isolated glomeruli). The quantity of histones and lysozyme found in the isolated glomeruli paralleled their in vitro affinity for a Heparin-Sepharose column (gradient elution studies). This gel matrix contains the sulfated, highly anionic polysaccharide heparin, which is similar to the negatively charged heparan sulfate present in the GBM. Lysozyme eluted with 0.15 M NaCl, f1 with 1 M NaCl, and f2a, f2b, and f3 could not be fully desorbed even with 2 M NaCl; 6 M guanidine-HCl was necessary. Two further findings of great relevance for the concept of induction of immune complex glomerulonephritis by histones were: (a) glomerular-bound histone was accessible for specific antibody given intravenously; and (b) prior binding of histones promoted glomerular deposition of anionic antigens, as could be shown with ssDNA fragments. These data justify the proposal that glomerular deposition of histones can induce immune complex formation, start an inflammatory process, and produce tissue damage.
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Ahmad Diab, Diab, Philippe Njandjock Nouck, Abdelhakim Boukar, Zakari Aretouyap, Janvier Domra Kana, and Valentin Oyoa. "DELINEATION OF LINEAMENTS IN THE REGION OF OUADDAI (CHAD) USING GRAVITY DATA." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 09 (September 30, 2021): 573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13452.

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The gravity map of Ouaddai in the eastern region of Chad exhibits important anomalies that are often delimitated by the high gravity gradients, resulting from the density contrasts between various anomaly sources. This presumes an important tectonic activity in zone. Because of its arid and desert nature, the region is water-poor or even lacking water resources. The main source of water in the region is made of very deep aquifers. The gravity analysis from this study helps to better understand the network of faults in the area. Many complementary approaches of the gravity data processing have been applied, namely the horizontal gradient coupled to the upward and downward continuation and the Euler method. Results from the data filtring have allowed highlighting faults network in various directions (SSW-NNE S-N E-W, NE-SW) and the main direction. In total, 37 major faults were detected with various lengths including 11 (F6, F9, F10, F12, F17, F29, F31, F34, F35, F37) for a cumulative total length of 353 km oriented towards Bongor basin and 15 others (F1, F4, F7, F8, F11, F13, F18, F20, F23, F25, F26, F27, F28, F30, F33), for a cumulative total length of 621 km, oriented towards Doba basin. These faults are of paramount importance with great potential impacts on the regions hydrocarbon reservoirs. Thise results in one hand confirmed some known faults from the previous investigations. In the other hand, the study helps to identify other new and unknown tectonic signatures.
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Istiqomah, Nurul, and Juliyanti Akuba. "FORMULASI EMULGEL DARI EKSTRAK DAUN KELOR (Moringa oleifera LAM) SERTA EVALUASI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DENGAN METODE DPPH." Journal Syifa Sciences and Clinical Research 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37311/jsscr.v3i1.9874.

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Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) is one of the plants that has high antioxidant activity, especially in the leaves. Emulgel is one of the topical dosage which dermatologically has several beneficial properties, namely thixotropic, not oily, easy to spread, easy to clean, soft, easy to wash, long lasting, transparent and comfortable when used. The purpose of this research was to formulate moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) leaves extract into emulgel dosage forms and determine the antioxidant activity of the dosage using DPPH method.The research began with extraction of moringa leaves and optimization of the base by varying the concentration of carbopol 940 as gelling consisting of F1 0.5%, F2 1%, F3 1.5% and F4 2%. The base that met the requirements of good physical stability was F2. The F2 base was then made into emulgel dosage with 3 concentration variations of the extract, namely F2a 4%, F2b 5% and F2c 6%. The physical stability test result of each formula met the organoleptic test,the pH test, the dispersion test, the adhesion test, the viscosity test, and the freeze-thaw test. The One way ANOVA statistical test result showed that the p value was greater than 0.05, which meant that the emulgel dosage had good physical stability. The IC50values of each antioxidant activity result were F2a (t0 = 120.464 g/mL; t28 = 144.887 g/mL), F2b (t0 = 113.642 g/mL; t28 = 128.407g/mL), F2c (t0 = 74.745 g/mL; t28 = 90.618 g/mL). The statistical results of the t-test showed thep value = 0,027, (0.05), This indicated that there were significant difference results of the antioxidant activity test between the three formulas on the first day (t0) and on the 28th day (t28).
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Rauf, Jais, Ishak Isa, and Nur Ain Thomas. "Formulasi Sediaan Emulgel Ekstrak Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lam) Dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Menggunakan Metode DPPh." Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 1, no. 1 (February 14, 2021): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37311/ijpe.v1i1.9947.

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Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) is one of the plants that has high antioxidant activity, especially in the leaves. Emulgel is one of the topical dosage which dermatologically has several beneficial properties, namely thixotropic, not oily, easy to spread, easy to clean, soft, easy to wash, long lasting, transparent and comfortable when used. The purpose of this research was to formulate moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) leaves extract into emulgel dosage forms and determine the antioxidant activity of the dosage using DPPH method.The research began with extraction of moringa leaves and optimization of the base by varying the concentration of carbopol 940 as gelling consisting of F1 0.5%, F2 1%, F3 1.5% and F4 2%. The base that met the requirements of good physical stability was F2. The F2 base was then made into emulgel dosage with 3 concentration variations of the extract, namely F2a 4%, F2b 5% and F2c 6%. The physical stability test result of each formula met the organoleptic test,the pH test, the dispersion test, the adhesion test, the viscosity test, and the freeze-thaw test. The One way ANOVA statistical test result showed that the p value was greater than 0.05, which meant that the emulgel dosage had good physical stability. The IC50values of each antioxidant activity result were F2a (t0 = 120.464 g/mL; t28 = 144.887 g/mL), F2b (t0 = 113.642 g/mL; t28 = 128.407g/mL), F2c (t0 = 74.745 g/mL; t28 = 90.618 g/mL). The statistical results of the t-test showed thep value = 0,027, (0.05), This indicated that there were significant difference results of the antioxidant activity test between the three formulas on the first day (t0) and on the 28th day (t28).
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Rixon, Helen W. McL, Craig Brown, Gaie Brown, and Richard J. Sugrue. "Multiple glycosylated forms of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein are expressed in virus-infected cells." Journal of General Virology 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-83-1-61.

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Analysis of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) protein in RSV-infected Vero cells showed the presence of a single F1 subunit and at least two different forms of the F2 subunit, designated F2a (21 kDa) and F2b (16 kDa), which were collectively referred to as [F2]a/b. Enzymatic deglycosylation of [F2]a/b produced a single 10 kDa product suggesting that [F2]a/b arises from differences in the glycosylation pattern of F2a and F2b. The detection of [F2]a/b was dependent upon the post-translational cleavage of the F protein by furin, since its appearance was prevented in RSV-infected Vero cells treated with the furin inhibitor dec-RVKR-cmk. Analysis by protein cross-linking revealed that the F1 subunit interacted with [F2]a/b, via disulphide bonding, to produce equivalent F protein trimers, which were expressed on the surface of infected cells. Collectively, these data show that multiple F protein species are expressed in RSV-infected cells.
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Minskaia, Ekaterina, and Martin D. Ryan. "Protein Coexpression Using FMDV 2A: Effect of “Linker” Residues." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/291730.

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Many biomedical applications absolutely require, or are substantially enhanced by, coexpression of multiple proteins from a single vector. Foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A (F2A) and “2A-like” sequences (e.g.,Thosea asignavirus 2A; T2A) are used widely for this purpose since multiple proteins can be coexpressed by linking open reading frames (ORFs) to form a single cistron. The activity of F2A “cleavage” may, however, be compromised by both the use of shorter versions of F2A and the sequences (derived from multiple-purpose cloning sites) used to link F2A to the upstream protein. To characterise these effects, different lengths of F2A and T2A were inserted between green and cherry fluorescent proteins. Mutations were introduced in the linker region immediately upstream of both F2A- and T2A-based constructs and activities determined using both cell-free translation systems and transfected cells. In shorter versions of F2A, activity may be affected by both the C-terminal sequence of the protein upstream and, equally strikingly, the residues immediately upstream introduced during cloning. Mutations significantly improved activity for shorter versions of F2A but could decrease activity in the case of T2A. These data will aid the design of cloning strategies for the co-expression of multiple proteins in biomedical/biotechnological applications.
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Mahyudin, Mahyudin, and Yusrizal Yusrizal. "Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Keputusan Mahasiswa dalam Memilih Studi Online Program Sarjana dan Diploma di UPBJJ Ut Jambi." Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 21, no. 2 (July 4, 2021): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v21i2.1482.

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The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the description of student decisions in choosing online studies at UPBJJ UT Jambi, and (2) the factors that influence student decisions in choosing online studies at UPBJJ UT Jambi. The results showed that (1) the student's decision variable in choosing online studies was in the high category with an average of 4.29 and the Respondent Achievement Level (TCR) of 85.81, (2) There were 6 (six) dominant factors that influenced the decision. students in choosing online studies, namely (a) Factor 1 which is given the identity of the Motivation, which consists of statement items F8, F9, F10, F11, and F12, (b) Factor 2 which is given the identity of the Reference Group, which consists of statement items F19 , F20, and F21, (c) Factor 3 which is given the identity of Belief and Attitude, which consists of statement items F4, F16, F17, and F18, (d) Factor 4 which is given the identity of Economic State, which consists of statement items F3, F5, and F6, (e) Factor 5 which is given the identity of Perception, which consists of statement items F14, F15, and F26, and (f) Factor 6 which is assigned the identity of Role and Status, which consists of statement items F23, F24, and F25.
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Pérez-Corrales, Jorge, Marta Pérez-de-Heredia-Torres, Rosa Martínez-Piedrola, Carlos Sánchez-Camarero, Paula Parás-Bravo, and Domingo Palacios-Ceña. "‘Being normal’ and self-identity: the experience of volunteering in individuals with severe mental disorders—a qualitative study." BMJ Open 9, no. 3 (March 2019): e025363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025363.

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ObjectiveThis study sought to explore the views and experiences of a group of people with severe mental disorders (SMDs) who performed volunteer services.DesignA qualitative phenomenological study.SettingCommunity public mental health services of the Community of Madrid and the province of Barcelona (Spain).ParticipantsPurposive sampling techniques were used between September 2016 and April 2017. The inclusion criteria were: individuals aged 18–65 years who participated in volunteer activities during the performance of this study, based on the regulations of volunteer services in Spain and the community of Madrid; a diagnosis of non-organic psychotic disorder (F20.x, F21, F22, F24, F25, F28, F29, F31.x, F32.3 and F33) according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision; an evolution of ≥2 years; and a moderate to severe dysfunction of global functioning with scores ≤70 in the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. Ultimately, 23 people with SMD participated in the study with a mean age of 47 years (SD 8.23).MethodsData were collected through in-depth interviews and researcher field notes. A thematic analysis was performed following appropriate guidelines for qualitative research.ResultsTwo main themes emerged to describe the experience of participating in volunteer activities: (1) rebuilding self-identity, based on the participant’s experience of volunteering, of acquiring a new role and a new perceived identity that made them feel valued and respected; and (2) being a so-called normal person with a ‘normal’ life, based on recovering a sense of normality, unmarked by the illness, thanks to daily responsibilities and occupations.ConclusionsQualitative research offers insight into the way people with SMD experience volunteering and may help to improve understanding of the underlying motivations that drive these individuals. These findings may be applied to improve guidance during their process of recovery and subsequent inclusion into society.
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Kumano, S. "Shadowing Aspects of Nuclear Parton Distributions." Australian Journal of Physics 50, no. 1 (1997): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/p96035.

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Various shadowing aspects of nuclear parton distributions are discussed in a parton-model framework. We explain existing x dependent data of F2A /F2D, then the model is applied to a flavour asymmetry – d in a nucleus, to shadowing in valence-quark distributions, and to nuclear dependence of Q2 evolution. First, we find that a finite nuclear ū – đ distribution could be possible due to nuclear interactions even in the flavour symmetric case in the nucleon ( ū – đ = 0). Second, it is indicated that valence-quark shadowing could be used for discriminating among various shadowing models. Third, we find that nuclear dependence of Q2 evolution ∂ [F2Sn/F2C]/∂[ln Q2], which was found by the New Muon Collaboration (NMC), is essentially understood by modification of parton distributions in nuclei. However, higher-twist effects in nuclear interactions could be tested by studying the details of the nuclear Q2 evolution.
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Lestel, L., M. Meybeck, and D. R. Thévenot. "Metal contamination budget at the river basin scale: a critical analysis based on the Seine River." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 3 (June 20, 2007): 1795–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-1795-2007.

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Abstract. Material flow analysis and environmental contamination analysis are merged into a flux-flow analysis (F2A) as illustrated for the metal circulation in the Seine River catchment. F2A combines about 30 metal flows in the anthroposphere (14 million people) and/or metal fluxes in the environment (atmosphere, soils, and aquatic system) originating from two dozens of sources. The nature and quality of data is very heterogeneous going from downscaled national economic statistics to upscaled daily environmental surveys. A triple integration is performed: space integration over the catchment (65000 km2), time integration for the 1950–2000 trend analysed at 5 year resolution, and a conceptual integration resulting in two F2A indicators. Despite the various data sources an average metal circulation is established for the 1994–2003 period and illustrated for zinc: (i) metal circulation in the anthroposphere is now two orders of magnitude higher than river outputs, (ii) long term metal storage, and their potential leaks, in soils, wastedumps and structures is also orders of magnitude higher than present river fluxes. Trend analysis is made through two F2A indicators, the per capita excess load at the river outlet and the leakage ratio (excess fluxes/metal demand). From 1950 to 2000, they both show a ten fold improvement of metal recycling while the metal demand has increased by 2.5 to 5 for Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn, and the population by 50%.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "F2A"

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Bracken, Katherine Emma. "The control of prostaglandin F2a in the guinea pig uterus." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29436.

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Prostaglandin F2 (PGF2) secretion is lowest at mid-cycle and highest on day 15 at luteolysis in the cycling guinea pig uterus, and is inversely related to serum progesterone levels. An increase in 17- oestradiol (E2) occurs towards the end of the cycle. The guinea pig cDNAs for cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) which catabolises PGF2, and a fragment of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) were cloned. The effect of steroids on uterine PGF2 metabolism in endometrial primary cultures was investigated. COX-2 mRNA expression is correlated to PGF2 secretion. In epithelial cells steroid-modulated changes were observed; the addition of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) to E2-primed cells led to a decrease, and the addition of E2 to MPA-primed cells to an increase, in COX-2 mRNA expression and PGF2 secretion. In contrast, steroid-modulated changes in PGDH transcripts were observed in stromal cells, and were upregulated by the addition of MPA to E2-primed cells. COX-1 transcripts were low and unaffected by treatment in both cell types. The in vitro observations were in keeping with the secretory profile seen in vivo in the cycling guinea pig uterus and suggest a differential role for the uterine stroma and epithelium, the former acting to remove (via PGDH), and the latter to produce (via COX-2) biologically active prostaglandin.;PGDH, COX-2 and COX-1 mRNA and protein expression were also analysed in uterine sections of the cycle and pregnancy. COX-1 mRNA expression was present during the cycle and pregnancy, and upregulated during late pregnancy. COX-1 protein was localised to the whole uterus except during early pregnancy. COX-2 mRNA was detected only at luteolysis. During pregnancy PGDH mRNA was expressed as a layer around the foetus, initially in the endometrial stroma (day 15) and later the luminal epithelium (day 50), providing a barrier between foetally derived PGs and the myometrium. The in vivo results confirmed the in vitro findings and indicate that COX-2 is responsible for the rise in uterine PG output seen during the cycle, and COX-1 during pregnancy.
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Münster, Achim. "Einfluss von Prostaglandin F2a auf die Fruchtbarkeitsparameter weiblicher und männlicher Schweine /." Kiel : Selbstverl. des Inst. für Tierzucht und Tierhaltung der Christian-Albrechts-Univ. zu Kiel, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017645570&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Kaptari, L. P., A. Yu Umnikov, and Burkhard Kämpfer. "Nuclear structure funktion F2A:Moments Mn(F2A) and kinematics beyond x=1." Forschungszentrum Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-32553.

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Kaptari, L. P., A. Yu Umnikov, and Burkhard Kämpfer. "Nuclear structure funktion F2A:Moments Mn(F2A) and kinematics beyond x=1." Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, 1992. https://hzdr.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A22082.

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Şirin, Burcu Delibaş Namık. "MCI ve alzheimer hastalarında F2a izoprostan ve melatonin seviyelerinin bilişsel durumla ilişkisi /." Isparta: SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi, 2006. http://tez.sdu.edu.tr/Tezler/TT00273.pdf.

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CHISCI, ELISA. "Investigating cytoprotective molecular mechanisms against inflammation and oxidative stress stimuli by using newly developed multi-cistronic genetic tools." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/199021.

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Lo stress ossidativo è una causa ricorrente di danno durante l’infiammazione associata al danno da ischemia-riperfusione (I/R). E’ noto che il pathway purinergico abbia un ruolo chiave nel contesto di I/R. Durante il processo di I/R, infatti, l'ATP e l'ADP extracellulari si accumulano nei siti di lesione promuovendo risposte pro-infiammatorie e pro-trombotiche in cellule vascolari e immunitarie. I livelli extracellulari dei nucleotidi adeninici sono principalmente modulati dall'ectonucleoside trifosfato difosfidridrasi 1 (ENTPD1) e dall'ecto-5-nucleotidasi (E5NT), le cui attività enzimatiche combinate trasformano l'ATP in adenosina, una molecola anti-infiammatoria. Inoltre, l'eme ossigenasi-1 (HO-1) ha acquisito molta attenzione nel contesto dell'I/R e del trapianto grazie al suo ruolo nel contrastare la risposta infiammatoria e l'apoptosi e agli effetti vasodilatatori, antiossidanti e anti-infiammatori mediati dai suoi cataboliti, monossido di carbonio e bilirubina. Diverse applicazioni biomediche, ad esempio lo xenotrapianto, richiedono molteplici modificazioni genetiche dei sistemi eucariotici per garantire successo come applicazioni cliniche. I progressi nelle tecnologie di ingegneria genetica hanno portato allo sviluppo di efficienti vettori policistronici basati sull'utilizzo del peptide virale 2A. Il nostro gruppo ha sviluppato un sistema multicistronico basato sul peptide F2A per valutare gli effetti funzionali della co-espressione delle tre proteine anti-infiammatorie, HO-1, E5NT e ENTPD1. Il plasmide tricistronico p2A è in grado di guidare efficientemente l'espressione simultanea dei tre geni nelle cellule HEK293T. Inoltre, tali proteine esogene hanno mostrato attività enzimatiche rilevanti, rendendo il costrutto tricistronico uno strumento efficace e ottimale per testare gli effetti protettivi combinati di HO1, E5NT e ENTPD1 contro l'infiammazione e le lesioni da stress ossidativo. Pertanto, abbiamo valutato la potenziale protezione mediata da questa nuova combinazione di geni nelle cellule NIH3T3 esposte a TNF-α, una citochina pro-infiammatoria coinvolta nella risposta infiammatoria durante l'I/R. Le cellule NIH3T3 transfettate stabilmente con una versione aggiornata del plasmide tricistronico (pCX-TRI-2A) hanno mostrato un effetto citoprotettivo sinergico contro il danno e la morte cellulare indotti da TNF-α e questa protezione può essere almeno in parte spiegata dall'induzione di un fenotipo di sopravvivenza in queste cellule. Poiché sono stati ottenuti risultati incoraggianti nel nostro modello in vitro, la cassetta tricistronica è stata utilizzata per la produzione di un modello di topo multi-transgenico. Sono state prodotte tre linee transgeniche che esprimono le due ectonucleotidasi enzimaticamente attive in diversi tessuti. Abbiamo infine valutato se la co-espressione delle due ectonucleotidasi vascolari, protegga dallo stress ossidativo indotto da H2O2 in vitro. A tale scopo, abbiamo assemblato un plasmide dicistronico (pCX-DI-2A) e trasfettato stabilmente cellule endoteliali iliache porcine (PIEC). Tali cellule esprimono simultaneamente le due proteine che vengono processate correttamente e presentano un’azione sinergica che comporta una riduzione della produzione di ROS, citotossicità e apoptosi indotte da H2O2. È interessante notare che il fenotipo citoprotettivo osservato nelle cellule trasfettate con pCX-DI-2A è associato ad una maggiore attività detossificante della catalasi e ad una maggiore attivazione delle molecole dei signaling pathways Akt, ERK1/2 e p38 MAPK. Nel complesso, il nostro lavoro aggiunge nuove conoscenze alla comprensione dell'effetto anti-infiammatorio e anti-ossidativo mediato da una nuova combinazione di tre geni umani e costituisce una dimostrazione preliminare per poter testare questa nuova combinazione in modelli pre-clinici rilevanti per lo studio dell'I/R e delle malattie su base infiammatoria, come trapianto e aterosclerosi.
Oxidative stress is a major and recurring cause of damage during inflammation, as following ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Increasing evidences report purinergic signaling as a key pathway in inflammation and IRI settings. Indeed, following IRI, extracellular ATP and ADP accumulate in the sites of injury leading to pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic responses on vascular and immune cells. The extracellular levels of adenine nucleotides are mainly modulated by the ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (ENTPD1) and ecto-5-nucleotidase (E5NT), whose combined enzymatic activities convert ATP into adenosine, an anti-inflammatory molecule. On the other hand, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gained much attention in the context of IRI and transplantation because of its role in down-regulating inflammatory response and apoptosis and the well-known vasodilatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of its catabolites, carbon monoxide and bilirubin. Several biomedical applications, such as xenotransplantation, require multiple genetic modifications in eukaryotic cells to ensure a successful outcome. Advances in genetic engineering technologies have led to the development of efficient polycistronic vectors based on the use of the 2A self-processing oligopeptide. We developed an F2A-based multicistronic system to evaluate functional effects of co-expression of the three anti-inflammatory proteins, HO-1, E5NT and ENTPD1. The novel tricistronic p2A plasmid we designed and produced was able to efficiently drive simultaneous expression of the three genes in HEK293T cells. All the exogenously overexpressed proteins possessed relevant enzymatic activities and the tricistronic p2A construct resulted to be effective and optimal to test the combined protective effects of HO1, E5NT and ENTPD1 against inflammation and oxidative stress injury. Thus, we evaluated the potential protection mediated by this new combination of genes in NIH3T3 cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), as a key pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the inflammatory response during IRI. NIH3T3 cells stably transfected with an updated tricistronic plasmid (pCX-TRI-2A) showed a synergic cytoprotective effect against TNF-α-induced injury and cell death and this protection may be at least in part explained by the induction of a pro-survival phenotype in these cells. Since encouraging results were obtained in our in vitro model, the tricistronic cassette was used for the production of a multi-gene transgenic mouse model for the over-expression of hHO1, hE5NT and hENTPD1. Three transgenic mouse strains were produced and the proper enzymatic activity of the two ectonucleotidases was observed in different tissues of the mouse strains. We furthermore investigated whether the co-expression of the two main vascular ectonucleotidases, might protect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in vitro. To this purpose, we assembled a dicistronic plasmid (pCX-DI-2A) for the co-expression of hE5NT and hENTPD1. pCX-DI-2A-transfected porcine iliac endothelial cells (PIEC) simultaneously overexpressed and correctly processed the two human proteins and such co-expression system led to the synergistic enzymatic activity of hE5NT and hENTPD1 and a concomitant reduction of H2O2-induced ROS production, cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Interestingly, we showed that the cytoprotective phenotype observed in pCX-DI-2A-transfected cells was associated with higher detoxifying activity of catalase as well as increased activation of the survival signaling molecules Akt, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs. Overall, our work add new insights to the understanding of the anti-inflammatory effect and the ability to counteract oxidative stress mediated by a novel combination of the three human genes and constitute a proof of concept for testing this new genetic combination in pre-clinical models relevant for the study of IRI and inflammatory-based diseases, as transplantation and atherosclerosis.
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Fairnie, Ian James. "The effects of prostaglandin F2a on the fertility of artificially inseminated merino ewes." Thesis, Fairnie, Ian James (1985) The effects of prostaglandin F2a on the fertility of artificially inseminated merino ewes. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1985. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/53182/.

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Artificial insemination (AI) of sheep is a technique being adopted by an increasing number of sheep breeders in Australia and a system to synchronise ovulation should make the technique more efficient. The discovery of the luteolytic activity of prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) and its analogues in the early 1970's lead to experiments which evaluated the potential of PGF2a to regulate the oestrous cycle of sheep. This thesis presents the results of a number of field and laboratory studies which examined various aspects of the fertility of parous Merino ewes after treatments with one of the analogues of PGF Cloprostenol. The studies involved treating ewes with two injections of Cloprostenol, spaced either eight, 11 or 14 days apart, with the first treatment always given 4 to 14 days following detection of behavioural 2a’ oestrus. While nearly all ewes ovulated following treatments, a variable number were detected in behavioural oestrus in the period up to 64 hours following the second treatment. There was also some variability in the time of onset of oestrus between treatments with the results indicating earlier onset of oestrus in ewes treated twice 8 days apart than those treated twice at longer intervals. Some ewes were artificially inseminated (under the same conditions as practiced commercially in Australia) and their fertility, as measured by fertilisation, embryo survival or lambing rates, was usually poorest in ewes treated twice with Cloprostenol 8 days apart. It was postulated that the shortened luteal phase of the oestrous cycle due to its interruption with Cloprostenol was the cause of these effects and that exogenous progesterone might overcome the infertility demonstrated. Although increasing the length of time between the second treatment of Cloprostenol and the onset of oestrus, no other change could be demonstrated in ewes treated with progesterone prior to the second Cloprostenol treatment. A review of the literature suggested that poor sperm transport within the ewe may result from PGF2a treatments, but this could not be demonstrated in experiments conducted under the field conditions of normal AI programmes. It was concluded that Cloprostenol, an analogue of PGF2a, while effective in synchronising ovulation in Merino ewes when given during the luteal phase of their cycles, is not sufficiently reliable and predictable to be recommended for use in artificial insemination programmes as currently conducted in Australia.
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Hess, Milan B. "The Effects of Prostaglandin F2a, Oxytocin and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone on Ejaculate Characteristics in the Dog." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31135.

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Prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a), oxytocin and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) have been used in bulls, rams, boars, stallions or rodents to increase sperm numbers in the ejaculate. Improving sperm quantity in the canine ejaculate would benefit all assisted reproductive techniques used in this species. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of PGF2a, oxytocin and GnRH on canine ejaculate characteristics. Eight, mature, medium size (25-30 kg), mixed breed dogs were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups (N=2 dogs each); each group received one treatment per week for four weeks. Treatments were assigned based on a Latin Square design. A two-week training period was used to acclimate the dogs to manual semen collection. Treatments were 0.1 mg/kg PGF2a 15 minutes prior to collection, 2.5 units/dog oxytocin 10 minutes prior to collection, 50 mg/dog GnRH 60 minutes prior to collection, or 1.0 ml of saline 30 minutes prior to collection. An evaluator that was blinded to treatment analyzed ejaculate characteristics. Samples were evaluated for semen volume, concentration of spermatozoa per milliliter, motility, morphology, total sperm number and total morphologically normal motile sperm number (TNMS). In addition, a subjective ease of collection score was assigned following each collection (Scale 1-9, 1 being easiest to manually ejaculate). Semen concentration, motility and morphology were not different between treatments. Semen volume was greater for dogs treated with PGF2a or oxytocin compared to saline. Total sperm number and TNMS were greater when dogs were treated with PGF2a compared to oxytocin, GnRH and saline (p<0.05). The subjective ease of collection score was lower for dogs receiving PGF2a compared to GnRH or saline (p<0.05). In summary, administration of PGF2a or oxytocin prior to semen collection increased semen volume and PGF2a increased total sperm number in the ejaculate of the dog. It did not appear that treatment with GnRH had an effect on semen parameters evaluated in this study.
Master of Science
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Jobst, Shelly Marie. "Evaluation of systematic breeding programs in lactating dairy cows." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35439.

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Observing cows in estrus and inseminating them at the optimal time are necessary steps for effective reproductive management of a dairy herd. However, increasing herd sizes can lead to reproductive inefficiency resulting in decreased profits on dairy herds. Synchronization of estrus, through pharmacological control, has been used to improve reproductive efficiency. Systematic breeding programs provide an organized approach for administering artificial insemination (AI) at first service. Moreover, reproductive management is based on a methodical approach for the entire herd rather than for the individual cow. Seven-hundred and thirty four Holstein cows from 16 commercial dairy herds were used to conduct this study evaluating three systematic breeding protocols; 14-d PGF2a, timed AI (TAI), and GnRH-PGF2α, in comparison with an untreated control group. Eight herds relied on visual observation as their primary method for detection of estrus, and 8 herds utilized the HeatWatch® (DDx, Inc., Denver, CO) electronic estrus detection system. The average days to first postpartum AI were longer for untreated control cows when compared to the other breeding protocols. First AI conception rates did not differ among control, 14-d PGF2a, or GnRH-PGF2a protocols, but were higher than the TAI protocol. However, first AI pregnancy rates were higher for untreated controls versus hormonally treated cows. Estrus characteristics associated with each protocol were also evaluated and no difference was detected across treatments. An economic analysis determining cost per pregnancy for each protocol when considering drug costs, and pregnancy rates, resulted in the highest cost per pregnancy for TAI followed by GnRH-PGF2a and 14-d PGF2a. These programs should be considered as tools for convenience and efficiency of estrus detection; however, reduced labor costs from less time spent on estrus detection may be offset by the cost of the drug protocols. Cost effectiveness must be calculated on an individual herd basis when deciding whether a systematic breeding program is the appropriate choice.
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Rovani, Monique Tomazele. "ROTA DE AÇÃO DA PROSTAGLANDINA F22 α ADMINISTRADA VIA SUBMUCOSA VULVAR NA LUTEÓLISE DE BOVINOS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10104.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The aim of this study was to verify if prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) administered by intravulvosubmucous (IVSM) injection induces luteolysis by reaching the corpus luteum (CL) directly by a local absorption rote, preventing its metabolism in the lungs, or after absorption and distribution via the systemic circulation. In a first trial, the estrus rate of 1,937 beef cows was monitored for 5 days (25.6% of estrus). At day 5, the cows that did not show estrus received 1/5 of the standard dose of dinoprost IVSM (5 mg; n = 1440) and resulted in 68.2% of estrus in the next 5 days. However, in a second trial, the number of heifers detected in estrus after dinoprost injected via the IVSM (47.4%; n = 97) or intramuscular route (IM; 54.7%; n = 95) at day 5 was not different (P > 0.05). Based on serum progesterone concentrations, animals treated with 5 mg dinoprost at day 5 of the estrous cycle do not present functional luteolysis regardless of the administration route. At day 10 of the estrous cycle, luteolysis was variable in cows treated with 5 mg of dinoprost. Nevertheless, luteolysis occurred in all animals treated with 25 mg dinoprost independent of the estrous cycle day. After treatment, the PGF2α concentration did not differ in serum from uterine and jugular veins. This was further confirmed by measuring the concentration of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto- PGF (PGFM) after 5 mg dinoprost injection via the IM or IVSM route. Dinoprost IM- and IVSM-administered resulted in a similar PGFM serum pattern over time, suggesting the same absorption rate for both routes. Although anatomical evidences suggest that PGF2α injected IVSM could be taken direct to the ovaries, avoiding the systemic circulation, the results do not support this hypothesis. In summary, the route of PGF2α administration (IVSM or IM) resulted in similar serum concentrations of PGF2α, PGFM, and luteolysis. Taking all the results together, the PGF2α injection via IVSM reached the systemic circulation before reaching the ovary, and the effectiveness of low doses of PGF2α was dependent on luteal phase and not on the route of administration.
O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar se a prostaglandina F2α (PGF2α) administrada na submucosa vulvar (IVSM) induz a luteólise ao alcançar o corpo lúteo (CL) diretamente por uma via local, evitando sua metabolização nos pulmões, ou após a absorção e distribuição através da circulação sistêmica. Em um primeiro estudo, o estro de 1937 vacas de corte foi monitorado durante 5 dias (25,6% de estro). No dia 5, as vacas que não apresentaram estro receberam 5mg de dinoprost via IVSM (1/5 da dose padrão; n=1440), resultando em 68,2% de estro nos 5 dias seguintes. Todavia, em outro experimento utilizando a mesma dose, o número de novilhas detectadas em estro após o tratamento IVSM (47,4%, n=97) ou intramuscular (IM; 54,7%, n=95) no dia 5 não diferiu entre os grupos (P>0,05). Com base na concentração sérica de progesterona, os animais tratados com 5mg de dinoprost no dia 5 do ciclo estral não apresentaram luteólise funcional, independentemente da via de administração. Após o tratamento com 5mg dinoprost IM ou IVSM no dia 10 do ciclo, 3/5 e 2/5 animais apresentaram luteólise, respectivamente. Entretanto, a luteólise ocorreu em todos os animais tratados com 25mg de dinoprost, independente do dia do ciclo estral (dia 5 ou 10). A concentração de PGF2α não diferiu no soro das veias uterina e jugular. O mesmo foi observado quanto ao padrão de 13,14-dihidro-15-ceto prostaglandina F2α (metabólito de PGF2α; PGFM) sérico ao longo do tempo após a aplicação de 5 mg de dinoprost via IM ou IVSM. Em resumo, a via de administração de PGF2α (IVSM ou IM) resultou em concentrações séricas semelhante de PGF2α, PGFM e luteólise. Embora evidências anatômicas permitam sugerir que a PGF2α injetada via IVSM possa ser transportada diretamente aos ovários, a injeção de PGF2α via IVSM atinge a circulação sistêmica antes de chegar ao ovário, e a eficácia de baixas doses de PGF2α é dependente da fase luteal e não da via de administração.
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Books on the topic "F2A"

1

Maas, Jim. F2A Buffalo in action. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1987.

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Fia maintaining financial records fa2. [Place of publication not identified]: Bpp Learning Media, 2016.

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Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA). ACCA Paper F2 and FIA Diploma in Accounting and Business: Management accounting (MA/FMA) : complete text. Wokingham: Kaplan Publishing UK, 2016.

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Noszczak, Maciej. Brewster F2A Buffalo: F2A-1, F2A-2, F2A-3. Oficyna Wydawnicza Kagero, 2018.

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Dann, Richard, and Steve Ginter. Brewster F2A Buffalo and Export Variants. Steve Ginter, 2017.

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Maas, Jim. F2A Buffalo in action - Aircraft No. 81. Squadron/Signal Publications, 1988.

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Brewster F2a Buffalo Aces Of World War 2. Osprey Publishing (UK), 2010.

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U.S. Navy Carrier Fighters of WWII: F2A Buffalo; F4F Wildcat; F6F Hellcat; F4U Corsair; F8F Bearcat - Aerodata International (6204). Squadron/Signal Publications, 1987.

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Staff, BPP Learning Media. FIA Maintaining Financial Records Fa2: IPass. BPP Learning Media, 2013.

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Media, BPP Learning. FIA Maintaining Financial Records FA2: Passcards. BPP Learning Media, 2022.

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Book chapters on the topic "F2A"

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Egarter, Ch, R. Fitz, and P. Husslein. "Neue Behandlungsmethode der Tubargravidität durch Prostaglandin F2a und E2." In Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe 1988, 413–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74784-7_201.

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Fiedler, L., W. Vogel, and C. Schrulle. "Prostaglandin (PG) F2a — Eine Bereicherung der Pharmakotherapie des paralytischen Ileus?" In Kongreß der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Chirurgie München, 10.–13. April 1985, 279–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70325-6_58.

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Fukunaga, Megumu, Takafumi Yura, Kihito Takahashi, and Kamal F. Badr. "Regulation of MAP-Kinase Activation by 8-Iso-Prostaglandin F2a in Cultured Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 193–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1810-9_40.

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Schöpf, Josef. "F20–F29: Schizophrenie, schizotype und wahnhafte Störungen." In Psychiatrie für die Praxis, 129–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97592-9_10.

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Rothenhäusler, Hans-Bernd, and Karl-Ludwig Täschner. "Schizophrenie, schizotype und wahnhafte Störungen (F20–F29)." In Kompendium Praktische Psychiatrie, 277–95. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1237-3_6.

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Phull, Jaspreet. "Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders (F20–F29)." In ICD-10 in Psychiatry, 47–59. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781846198618-4.

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Ulatowski, Heike. "Schizophrenie, schizotype und wahnhafte Störungen (F20–F29)." In Pflegeplanung in der Psychiatrie, 53–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48546-0_7.

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Verster, Joris C., Thomas M. Tzschentke, Kieran O’Malley, Francis C. Colpaert, Bart Ellenbroek, Bart Ellenbroek, R. Hamish McAllister-Williams, et al. "FAA." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 531. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_597.

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Ward, Tracey, Raphael Bernier, Cora Mukerji, Danielle Perszyk, James C. McPartland, Ellen Johnson, Susan Faja, et al. "FBA." In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders, 1253. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_100589.

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Gooch, Jan W. "FDA." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 297. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_4808.

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Conference papers on the topic "F2A"

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Wachter, Eduardo. "F2A: Low power design." In 2017 30th IEEE International System-on-Chip Conference (SOCC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/socc.2017.8226073.

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"F2A: MPSoC and Design Methodologies II." In 2018 31st IEEE International System-on-Chip Conference (SOCC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/socc.2018.8618539.

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"F2A: RF, Analog and Mixed-signal Circuits II." In 2019 32nd IEEE International System-on-Chip Conference (SOCC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/socc46988.2019.9088064.

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Rossi, Giulio Maria, Roland E. Mainz, Fabian Scheiba, Yudong Yang, Giovanni Cirmi, and Franz X. Kartner. "Half-cycle mJ-level CEP-stable Pulses from Parametric Waveform Synthesis." In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Pacific Rim. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleopr.2018.f2a.1.

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Ishii, Hirotaka, Bo Xu, Yuxuan Ma, Isao Matsushima, Yoshiaki Nakajima, Thomas Schibli, Zhigang Zhang, and Kaoru Minoshima. "Nonlinear amplification for a 10 W, 750-MHz Yb:fiber frequency comb." In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Pacific Rim. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleopr.2018.f2a.2.

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Williams, Robert J., Zhenxu Bai, Soumya Sarang, David J. Spence, and Richard P. Mildren. "Brillouin Lasing and Frequency Comb Generation in Bulk CVD Diamond." In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Pacific Rim. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleopr.2018.f2a.3.

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Bai, Zhenxu, Robert J. Williams, Ondrej Kitzler, Soumya Sarang, David J. Spence, and Richard P. Mildren. "Continuous-Wave Brillouin Laser Using Bulk Diamond." In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Pacific Rim. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleopr.2018.f2a.4.

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Deng, Zejiang, Chao Wang, Yangcheng Ou, Zhiwei Zhu, Chenglin Gu, Yang Liu, Daping Luo, and Wenxue Li. "Mode-resolved dual-comb spectroscopy with a free-running polarization-maintain fiber laser cavity." In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Pacific Rim. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleopr.2018.f2a.5.

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Nakajima, Yoshiaki, Yuya Hata, and Kaoru Minoshima. "All-polarization-maintaining Er-fiber-based dual optical frequency combs with nonlinear amplifying loop mirror." In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Pacific Rim. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleopr.2018.f2a.6.

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Zhang, Yanyan, Lulu Yan, Pan Zhang, Bingjie Rao, Shougang Zhang, and Haifeng Jiang. "An hybrid er:fiber femtosecond Laser for optical frequency comb applications." In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Pacific Rim. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleopr.2018.f2a.7.

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Reports on the topic "F2A"

1

Meidan, Rina, and Joy Pate. Roles of Endothelin 1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-A in Determining Responsiveness of the Bovine Corpus Luteum to Prostaglandin F2a. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695854.bard.

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The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine gland that has a vital role in the regulation of the estrous cycle, fertility and the maintenance of pregnancy. In the absence of appropriate support, such as occurs during maternal recognition of pregnancy, the CL will regress. Prostaglandin F2a (PGF) was first suggested as the physiological luteolysin in ruminants several decades ago. Yet, the cellular mechanisms by which PGF causes luteal regression remain poorly defined. In recent years it became evident that the process of luteal regression requires a close cooperation between steroidogenic, endothelial and immune cells, all resident cells of this gland. Changes in the population of these cells within the CL closely consort with the functional changes occurring during various stages of CL life span. The proposal aimed to gain a better understanding of the intra-ovarian regulation of luteolysis and focuses especially on the possible reasons causing the early CL (before day 5) to be refractory to the luteolytic actions of PGF. The specific aims of this proposal were to: determine if the refractoriness of the early CL to PGF is due to its inability to synthesize or respond to endothelin–1 (ET-1), determine the cellular localization of ET, PGF and tumor necrosis factor a (TNF a) receptors in early and mid luteal phases, determine the functional relationships among ET-1 and cytokines, and characterize the effects of PGF and ET-1 on prostaglandin production by luteal cell types. We found that in contrast to the mature CL, administration of PGF2a before day 5 of the bovine cycle failed to elevate ET-1, ETA receptors or to induce luteolysis. In fact, PGF₂ₐ prevented the upregulation of the ET-1 gene by ET-1 or TNFa in cultured luteal cells from day 4 CL. In addition, we reported that ECE-1 expression was elevated during the transitionof the CL from early to mid luteal phase and was accompanied by a significant rise in ET-1 peptide. This coincides with the time point at which the CL gains its responsiveness to PGF2a, suggesting that ability to synthesize ET-1 may be a prerequisite for luteolysis. We have shown that while ET-1 mRNA was exclusively localized to endothelial cells both in young and mature CL, ECE-1 was present in the endothelial cells and steroidogenic cells alike. We also found that the gene for TNF receptor I is only moderately affected by the cytokines tested, but that the gene for TNF receptor II is upregulated by ET-1 and PGF₂ₐ. However, these cytokines both increase expression of MCP-1, although TNFa is even more effective in this regard. In addition, we found that proteins involved in the transport and metabolism of PGF (PGT, PGDH, COX-2) change as the estrous cycle progresses, and could contribute to the refractoriness of young CL. The data obtained in this work illustrate ET-1 synthesis throughout the bovine cycle and provide a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating luteal regression and unravel reasons causing the CL to be refractory to PGF2a.
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2

Britt, Jack, Miriam Rosenberg, Steven Washburn, and Moshe Kaim. Development and Evaluation of a Method of Hormonal Treatment to Increase Fertility in Dairy Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7612833.bard.

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The objectives were: 1) to develop a practical method for improving conception rates of dairy cows by administering progesterone during the critical period of the luteal phase prior to first insemination, 2) to determine which cows respond best to such a progesterone treatment, and 3) to determine physiological changes that are associated with this treatment. Experiment 1, conducted in the US and Israel, tested three treatment protocols. Holstein cows: 1) served as controls, 2) received two injections of prostaglanding F2a (PGF) 14 days apart, or 3) received two PGF injections and were inserted with a progesterone releasing intravaginal device (PRID) for 6 days beginning 9 days after the first injection of PGF. Fertility was positively related to plasma progesterone concentations prior to the second PGF injection, but PRID treatment did not improve fertility in cows with low progesterone. Cows in synchronized estrus 2-8 days after the second injection of PGF had higher fertility and better reproductive performance than non-synchronized cows. Experiment 3, conducted in Israel, involved three studies that assessed effect of PRID treatment on: 1) progesterone concentration in ovarian tissue and uterine tissue and fluids, 2) changes in systemic LH and estradiol, and 3) development and function of dominant follicles. Treatment with PRID increased progesterone in uterine tissue and fluid exclusive of effects on systemic concentrations. Low progesterone resulted in persistent follicles that exceeded normal size and produced excessive estrogen. Experiment 4, conducted in the US, evaluated influence of endogenous progesterone on embryo development. Cows were given two injections of PGF 14 days apart and single embryos were recovered 7 days after estrus. Among cyclic cows, there was a linear relationship between progesterone concentration and percentage of cows from which an embryo was recovered. Overall these experiments show that systemic progesterone concentrations affect fertility in high-producing dairy cows through effects on follicular development and embryo survival
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3

Aragon, Diego, Andrew Caplin, Sumit Chopra, John Leahy, Yann LeCun, Marco Scoffier, and Joseph Tracy. Reassessing FHA Risk. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15802.

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4

King, Lucy. FSA Consumer segmentation. Food Standards Agency, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.bmo506.

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For our audiences, it is important to find out how their attitudes and behaviours relating to food safety differ, in order to understand who is more likely to take food safety risks and in what context. This is essential for effective communications and helps us to shape food safety policy. The audiences in these documents have been created using attitudinal and behavioural segmentation that categorises people based on their attitudes to food and their reported hygiene and food safety behaviours.
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5

Barbir, A., D. Carr, and W. Simpson. PPP Gandalf FZA Compression Protocol. RFC Editor, August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc1993.

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6

Mason, John Jeffrey. TOA/FOA geolocation error analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/957215.

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7

Banning, Jeffery, James Follum, and Eric Andersen. FOA 1861 Data Curation Overview. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1860940.

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8

Hilsen, Anne Inga, and Asbjørn Grimsmo. Underveisrapport fra prosjektet Gravide i handelsnæringen. Oslo: Arbeidsforskningsinstuttet, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.7577/afi/fou/2011/4.

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9

Blackard, Jock A., and Paul L. Patterson. National FIA plot intensification procedure report. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-329.

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10

Puckett, A. FEA stress analysis for SAFKEG 2863B. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/569116.

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