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Journal articles on the topic 'Eyewitness testimony'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 24 February 2023

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1

Puddifoot, Katherine. "RE-EVALUATING THE CREDIBILITY OF EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY: THE MISINFORMATION EFFECT AND THE OVERCRITICAL JUROR." Episteme 17, no. 2 (December 26, 2018): 255–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/epi.2018.42.

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ABSTRACTEyewitnesses are susceptible to recollecting that they experienced an event in a way that is consistent with false information provided to them after the event. The effect is commonly called the misinformation effect. Because jurors tend to find eyewitness testimony compelling and persuasive, it is argued that jurors are likely to give inappropriate credence to eyewitness testimony, judging it to be reliable when it is not. It is argued that jurors should be informed about psychological findings on the misinformation effect, to ensure that they lower the credence that they give to eyewitness testimony to reflect the unreliability of human memory that is demonstrated by the effect. Here I present a new argument, the overcritical juror argument, to support the conclusion that eyewitnesses are likely to make inappropriate credence assignments to eyewitness testimony. Whereas previously authors have argued that jurors will tend to give too much credence to eyewitness testimony, I identify circumstances in which jurors will give too little credence to some pieces of testimony. In my view jurors should be informed by psychological findings relating to the misinformation effect to ensure that they do not lower the credence that they give to eyewitness testimony when they should not.

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2

Wells, Gary L., and Elizabeth A. Olson. "Eyewitness Testimony." Annual Review of Psychology 54, no. 1 (February 2003): 277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145028.

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3

Dutton, Anna, and Marie Carroll. "Eyewitness testimony." Australian Journal of Psychology 53, no. 2 (August 2001): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049530108255128.

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4

Gross, William David. "The Unfortunate Faith: A Solution to the Unwarranted Reliance Upon Eyewitness Testimony." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 5, no. 2 (March 1999): 307–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v5.i2.7.

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The purpose of this Comment is to argue for the mandatory admission of expert testimony on eyewitness testimony in criminal trials with a jury as the finder of fact. Juries have a preference for direct testimonial evidence."8 But, the impact of direct eyewitness testimony is often misleading to jurors. The rule of law allows eyewitness testimony in most cases but does not require expert testimony to illuminate it. 9 This idea requires a change in the Federal Rules of Evidence. The nondiscretionary admission of expert witness testimony will aid the jury when the accuracy of eyewitness testimony is the pivotal proof. Part I chronicles historical mistaken identification cases that exemplify major failures in the criminal justice system. Part II presents the unique reasons why eyewitness testimony creates the need for special expert testimony. Part III analyzes the current state of the law in Texas, allowing admission of expert testimony on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. Part IV argues for the proposed solution to unreliable eyewitness testimony and the jury's unreasonable dependence upon it. The Conclusion explains why the recommended change in the law is prudent and necessary for the cause of justice.

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5

Budyakova, Tatyana P. "Memory Errors in Eyewitness Identification Testimony." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 3 (March 30, 2020): 2931–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i3/pr2020326.

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6

KÖSTENBERGER, ANDREAS J., and STEPHEN O. STOUT. ""The Disciple Jesus Loved": Witness, Author, Apostle — A Response to Richard Bauckham's Jesus and the Eyewitnesses." Bulletin for Biblical Research 18, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 209–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26423844.

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Abstract Richard Bauckham's Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2006) makes a persuasive argument that the Gospels display eyewitness testimony and thus renews the quest for the identity of the Beloved Disciple as the author of the Fourth Gospel. While Bauckham attributes this Gospel to "the presbyter John" mentioned by Papias, the authors of this study show that the patristic evidence more likely seems to support the authorship of John the apostle and that the literary device of inclusio in the Fourth Gospel, astutely observed by Bauckham, also favors the authorship of John the son of Zebedee.

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7

KÖSTENBERGER, ANDREAS J., and STEPHEN O. STOUT. ""The Disciple Jesus Loved": Witness, Author, Apostle — A Response to Richard Bauckham's Jesus and the Eyewitnesses." Bulletin for Biblical Research 18, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 209–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/bullbiblrese.18.2.0209.

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Abstract Richard Bauckham's Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2006) makes a persuasive argument that the Gospels display eyewitness testimony and thus renews the quest for the identity of the Beloved Disciple as the author of the Fourth Gospel. While Bauckham attributes this Gospel to "the presbyter John" mentioned by Papias, the authors of this study show that the patristic evidence more likely seems to support the authorship of John the apostle and that the literary device of inclusio in the Fourth Gospel, astutely observed by Bauckham, also favors the authorship of John the son of Zebedee.

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8

Rakoff, Jed S., and Elizabeth F. Loftus. "The Intractability of Inaccurate Eyewitness Identification." Daedalus 147, no. 4 (October 2018): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00522.

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Inaccurate eyewitness testimony is a leading cause of wrongful convictions. As early as 1967, the U.S. Supreme Court recognized this danger, but the tests it promulgated to distinguish reliable from unreliable eyewitness testimony were based largely on surmise. More recently, substantial research has demonstrated that, while significant improvements can be made in the manner in which lineups, photo arrays, and other identification procedures are conducted, inherent limitations of human perception, memory, and psychology raise, in many cases, intractable barriers to accurate eyewitness testimony. Where barriers to accurate eyewitness testimony exist, one response is to sensitize jurors to the limitations of eyewitness identifications, but studies to date have not shown that special jury instructions can accomplish that purpose. Moreover, research on expert testimony has produced mixed results, with some studies showing that it helps jurors discriminate between good and bad eyewitness evidence, and other studies showing that it merely creates overall skepticism.

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9

Bauckham, Richard. "In Response to My Respondents: Jesus and the Eyewitnesses in Review." Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 6, no. 2 (2008): 225–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174551908x349707.

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AbstractThis response replies individually to each of the responses by Samuel yrskog, David Catchpole, Howard Marshall, Stephen Patterson and Theodore Weeden who have written reviews of Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony. Important issues discussed include: names as indications of eyewitness sources, variations between the Gospels, the identity of the Beloved Disciple, models of oral tradition, and Mark as a Petrine Gospel.

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10

Frumkin, Lara. "impact of British accents on perceptions of eyewitness statements." Journal of Language and Discrimination 4, no. 1 (May 6, 2020): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jld.39368.

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The current study looked at the impact of British regional accents on evaluations of eyewitness testimony in criminal trials. Ninety participants were randomly presented with one of three video recordings of eyewitness testimony manipulated to be representative of Received Pronunciation (RP), Multicultural London English (MLE) or Birmingham accents. The impact of the accent was measured through eyewitness (a) accuracy, (b) credibility, (c) deception, (d) prestige, and (e) trial outcome (defendant guilt and sentence). RP was rated more favourably than MLE on accuracy, credibility and prestige. Accuracy and prestige were significant with RP rated more highly than a Birmingham accent. RP appears to be viewed more favourably than the MLE and Birmingham accents although the witness’s accents did not affect ratings of defendant guilt. Taken together, these findings show a preference for eyewitnesses to have RP speech over some regional accents.

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11

Tuite, Patrick A., Bennett G. Braun, and Edward J. Frischholz. "Hypnosis and Eyewitness Testimony." Psychiatric Annals 16, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-19860201-09.

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12

SLOVENKO, RALPH. "Eyewitness Testimony: Psychological Perspectives." American Journal of Psychiatry 143, no. 11 (November 1986): 1478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.143.11.1478.

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13

Parker, Janat Fraser, Elizabeth Haverfield, and Stephanie Baker-Thomas. "Eyewitness Testimony of Children1." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 16, no. 4 (June 1986): 287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01141.x.

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14

Spanos, Nicholas P., Bryan Myers, Susan C. Dubreuil, and Anne E. Pawlak. "The Effects of Polygraph Evidence and Eyewitness Testimony on the Beliefs and Decisions of Mock Jurors." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 12, no. 2 (October 1992): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1ab2-3wlx-bfy1-8ycp.

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Mock jurors heard one of four versions of a murder trial and then deliberated in small groups to a verdict. Half the juries heard a trial in which an eyewitness identified the defendant as the murderer and half heard a trial in which a polygraph expert testified that the defendant responded deceptively when denying the crime. These two factors were completely crossed in a 2 × 2 (eyewitness/no eyewitness x polygraph/no polygraph) design. Jurors exposed to the eyewitness testimony believed more strongly in the defendant's guilt and voted guilty more frequently than did those not exposed to eyewitness testimony. Eyewitness testimony also enhanced the degree to which jurors believed that other pieces of evidence indicated that the defendant was guilty. Polygraph evidence exerted no significant effects either on jurors' beliefs or on their verdicts.

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15

Ohashi, Yasushi, and Naohisa Mori. "Joint Construction of ‘Facts’ in Court: A Case Study of Microscopic Communication." International Journal of Police Science & Management 4, no. 1 (March 2002): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146135570200400108.

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Eyewitness testimony is generated through communication between the examiner and non-examiner (eyewitness) in interrogation rooms or public courts. In this analysis, the authors have studied the ‘fact-generating’ process microscopically, and the issue of credibility in testifying from one's experience. Specifically, they examined the Kabutoyama case, in which it took more than 20 years to render a final verdict of not guilty. They closely examined the credibility of testimony made by a key witness in the case. After analysing the testimony both qualitatively and quantitatively, they observed several characteristics in the witness-examiner exchanges and consider that non-empirical eyewitness testimony is a product of witness-examiner interactions. This paper is based on a research project carried out to report on expert opinion regarding credibility of eyewitness testimony. Part of the results of this project have already been published by Mori and Ohashi (1997).

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16

Keener, Craig S. "Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony." Bulletin for Biblical Research 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26423825.

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17

Keener, Craig S. "Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony." Bulletin for Biblical Research 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/bullbiblrese.19.1.0130.

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18

Penrod, Steven D., Solomon M. Fulero, and Brian L. Cutler. "Expert Psychological Testimony in the United States: A New Playing Field? 1This paper is based in part on material presented at greater length in , and ." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 11, no. 1 (January 1995): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.11.1.65.

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This paper examines the legal and scientific aspects of expert psychological testimony in the United States and discusses the possible implications for such testimony of a recent decision by the United States Supreme Court. We consider expert testimony on eyewitness identification issues as an illustration of the reaction of the courts to, particularly, novel scientific evidence offered in adversarial settings. First, an historical perspective on the use of expert testimony is traced with particular attention to the criteria that state and federal courts have used in determining whether to admit expert testimony. We then examine the new Supreme Court decision and discuss its implications for the use of expert eyewitness testimony. We conclude by illustrating how eyewitness research and research on jury decisionmaking is likely to assume new importance in light of new expert evidence criteria.

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19

Albright, Thomas D. "Why eyewitnesses fail." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 30 (July 25, 2017): 7758–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706891114.

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Eyewitness identifications play an important role in the investigation and prosecution of crimes, but it is well known that eyewitnesses make mistakes, often with serious consequences. In light of these concerns, the National Academy of Sciences recently convened a panel of experts to undertake a comprehensive study of current practice and use of eyewitness testimony, with an eye toward understanding why identification errors occur and what can be done to prevent them. The work of this committee led to key findings and recommendations for reform, detailed in a consensus report entitledIdentifying the Culprit: Assessing Eyewitness Identification. In this review, I focus on the scientific issues that emerged from this study, along with brief discussions of how these issues led to specific recommendations for additional research, best practices for law enforcement, and use of eyewitness evidence by the courts.

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20

Butts, Shirley J., Katrina D. Mixon, Madhuri S. Mulekar, and Wolfgang G. Bringmann. "Gender Differences in Eyewitness Testimony." Perceptual and Motor Skills 80, no. 1 (February 1995): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.1.59.

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21

Davies, Graham, and Sarah Hine. "Change Blindness and Eyewitness Testimony." Journal of Psychology 141, no. 4 (July 2007): 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/jrlp.141.4.423-434.

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22

Lindholm, Torun, and Sven-Åke Christianson. "Intergroup Biases and Eyewitness Testimony." Journal of Social Psychology 138, no. 6 (December 1998): 710–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224549809603256.

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23

BERLINER, LUCY. "Expert Evidence and Eyewitness Testimony." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 3, no. 1 (March 1988): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088626088003001011.

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24

Manning, Charles G., and Elizabeth F. Loftus. "Eyewitness testimony and memory distortion." Japanese Psychological Research 38, no. 1 (March 1996): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5884.1996.tb00003.x.

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25

Goodman, Gail S., and Rebecca S. Reed. "Age differences in eyewitness testimony." Law and Human Behavior 10, no. 4 (1986): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01047344.

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26

姜, 丽娜. "Psychological Perspective on Eyewitness Testimony." Advances in Psychology 08, no. 12 (2018): 1825–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ap.2018.812212.

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27

Buckley, Andrea, and Brian H. Kleiner. "The accuracy of eyewitness testimony." Managerial Law 44, no. 1/2 (February 2002): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090550210770650.

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28

Koshland, D. "DNA fingerprinting and eyewitness testimony." Science 256, no. 5057 (May 1, 1992): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1585167.

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29

Watson, Roland. "Reply to Champagne's Comments on "Empirical Analysis of the Hugh Gray 'Nessie' Photograph"." Journal of Scientific Exploration 36, no. 4 (February 11, 2023): 828–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31275/20222803.

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The matter of Hugh Gray stating he saw no head versus what others see in his photograph is indeed a conflict requiring resolution. The simple solution is to discount all but Gray’s words as flawed. But this makes the assumption that eyewitnesses always perfectly describe what they see. Normally the imperfections of human observation and recall is used to reject all eyewitness testimony as inadmissible as evidence. But what I propose is that one can be an eyewitness to a large creature but still describe it imperfectly. Indeed, it should be the default position that every account has some degree of inaccuracy.

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30

Itsukushima, Yukio, Kouji Nomura, and Nobuo Usui. "Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony: A Field Experimental Approach for a Real Crime." International Journal of Police Science & Management 4, no. 1 (March 2002): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146135570200400105.

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To develop a method to assess the reliability of eyewitness testimony in a real criminal case, a field experimental or simulation method was introduced. In that case, an eyewitness witnessed a man at night who was in an escaping vehicle and identified him as a criminal from a photo-spread about two weeks later. The description of the eyewitness was detailed; however, there might be estimator variables that lower his performance of perception and memory. To clarify whether such testimony is trustworthy, a field experimental method was adopted. Results of the experiment showed that almost all subjects of the experiment could not only not recall the details of the events but also could not identify the target person. From these findings it is concluded that the testimony was not reliable enough to convict the suspect. In this paper the usefulness of a field experimental approach is stressed and it is suggested that guidelines such as PACE or recently issued US guidelines for treating eyewitness testimony should be used to prevent miscarriage of justice.

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31

Cantone, Jason A. "“Do You Hear What I Hear?”: Empirical Research on Earwitness Testimony." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 17, no. 2 (January 2011): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v17.i2.2.

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Despite recurring empirical interest in eyewitness research, legal scholars have conducted far less research exploring the significance and limitations of earwitness testimony. Nevertheless, earwitness expert testimony serves an important purpose, which dates back many centuries. This Article analyzes empirical studies regarding earwitness testimony and places them into a recognized legal framework regarding admission of expert testimony. The result of this analysis demonstrates that, if courts believe that eyewitness testimony meets the restrictions on "junk science" employed by both Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and the Federal Rules of Evidence, then the courts should also admit earwitness testimony under the same rationale. This Article, however, recognizes the many methodological issues in the study of earwitness testimony and addresses both the limitations in earwitness expert testimony and the hurdles it must face to meet the evidential standards of admissibility.

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32

Maeder, Evelyn M., and Logan Ewanation. "What Makes Race Salient? Juror Decision-Making in Same-Race Versus Cross-Race Identification Scenarios and the Influence of Expert Testimony." Criminal Justice and Behavior 45, no. 8 (June 19, 2018): 1234–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818776998.

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Research demonstrates that juror race may interact with defendant race to influence decision-making, but little work has investigated interactions with eyewitness race. This study tested whether Black/White jurors would produce different perceptions/decisions when faced with a Black/White defendant identified by a Black/White eyewitness. We also examined the influence of expert testimony regarding the cross-race effect in two floating cells. Mock jurors read a trial transcript, provided a verdict and trial party ratings, and indicated perceived race salience. Black jurors were more likely to convict a White defendant identified by a Black eyewitness than a Black defendant identified by a White eyewitness. Expert testimony was valued more highly when the defendant was Black, but had no direct influence on verdict; however, it raised race salience perceptions (as did presence of Black trial parties). Perceived race salience was associated with lower rates of conviction, suggesting that race and expert testimony have potential courtroom implications.

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33

Bauckham, Richard. "Eyewitnesses and Healing Miracles in the Gospel of Mark." Biblical Annals 10, no. 3 (May 17, 2020): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/biban.9680.

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This essay builds on my extensive argument elsewhere to the effect that the Gospels are closely based on eyewitness testimony. It focuses on the nine healing miracles in the Gospel of Mark. The intention is not to offer any kind of proof that the stories really are based on eyewitness reports, but to show that Mark wanted to claim eyewitness testimony for them and that this explains some features of the narratives. The features that are discussed from this perspective are the Aramaic words of Jesus, the occurrence of personal names, and the literary construction of point of view.

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34

Loftus, Elizabeth F. "Eyewitness Science and the Legal System." Annual Review of Law and Social Science 14, no. 1 (October 13, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101317-030850.

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For more than four decades, I have been studying the malleable nature of human memory. For most of this time period, I have also played a role as a consultant or expert in many legal cases that hinged on eyewitness testimony or other memory evidence. Here I describe some of the science that reveals how error prone eyewitnesses can be. Getting the legal field to recognize potential problems with memory evidence, and taking steps to solve those problems, has been a continuing struggle. It is a success story worth sharing.

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35

Penrod, Steven D., and Brian L. Cutler. "Eyewitness Expert Testimony and Jury Decisionmaking." Law and Contemporary Problems 52, no. 4 (1989): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1191907.

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36

Areh, Igor. "Gender-related differences in eyewitness testimony." Personality and Individual Differences 50, no. 5 (April 2011): 559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.027.

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37

YAMADA, Kyoko, Shohei OMOTO, and Kazamitsu CHUJO. "Weapon focus effect on eyewitness testimony." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 74 (September 20, 2010): 3PM069. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.74.0_3pm069.

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38

KITAGAMI, Shinji, Yohei YAMADA, and Jun KAWAGUCHI. "Retrieval-induced forgetting on eyewitness testimony." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 75 (September 15, 2011): 1PM091. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.75.0_1pm091.

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39

NABATA, Yasuyuki, and Makiko NAKA. "Lay judges' perception of eyewitness testimony." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 75 (September 15, 2011): 1PM127. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.75.0_1pm127.

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40

Skolnick, Paul, and Jerry I. Shaw. "A Comparison of Eyewitness and Physical Evidence on Mock-Juror Decision Making." Criminal Justice and Behavior 28, no. 5 (October 2001): 614–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009385480102800504.

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Two studies compared the effectiveness of eyewitness testimony and physical evidence on mock-juror decision making. Jury-eligible participants were randomly assigned to read one of eight versions of a hypothetical murder scenario and were each asked to render a verdict, to recommend a sentencing option, and to make other evaluative judgments of the defendant. In Study 1, either eyewitness testimony or physical evidence was presented, whereas in Study 2, both types of evidence were presented together. Also, in both studies, the strength of evidence varied. Log linear analysis confirmed that mock jurors’ verdicts and evaluative judgments were influenced to a greater extent by physical evidence than by eyewitness testimony. Strong evidence produced more guilty verdicts than weak evidence. However, combining strong evidence of both types was no more effective than presenting strong evidence of either type. Implications of these factors for prosecutors and defense attorneys in criminal proceedings are discussed.

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41

Tveito, Hanne Birgitte Sødal. "Richard Bauckham: Jesus and the Eyewitnesses. The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony." Tidsskrift for Teologi og Kirke 82, no. 01 (March 15, 2011): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn1504-2952-2011-01-07.

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42

Downing, F. Gerald. "Book review: Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as eyewitness testimony." Theology 111, no. 861 (May 2008): 190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040571x0811186106.

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43

Robinson, William E. W. "Book Review: Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony." Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology 62, no. 4 (October 2008): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002096430806200416.

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44

Wang, Jianqin, Henry Otgaar, Tom Smeets, Mark L. Howe, Harald Merckelbach, and Chu Zhuo. "Consequences of False Memories in Eyewitness Testimony: A Review and Implications for Chinese Legal Practice." Psychological Research on Urban Society 1, no. 1 (April 18, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/proust.v1i1.15.

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False memories can result in severe legal consequences including the imprisonment of innocent people. False memory in eyewitnesses is the largest factor contributing to miscarriages of justice in the United States. To date, no study has focused on how false memories might play a role in the Chinese legal system. The purpose of this review is to summarize the latest findings on false memory and eyewitness testimony in the literature, and to shed some light on how the Chinese legal system may incorporate these experiences into practice. Overall, false memories of eyewitnesses are generated either by external misleading information or by internal cognitive processes; false memories may guide police investigations in the wrong direction or cause eyewitnesses to misidentify an innocent person as the perpetrator. We conclude that specially designed interview protocols such as the Cognitive Interview, warnings given to eyewitnesses, and blind lineup administration may prevent or lower the risk of false memory occurrence.

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45

O'Collins, Gerald. "Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: the Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony. By Richard Bauckham." Heythrop Journal 49, no. 2 (March 2008): 309–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2265.2008.00376.x.

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46

Bond, H. K. "Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony. By RICHARD BAUCKHAM." Journal of Theological Studies 59, no. 1 (February 6, 2008): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jts/flm134.

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47

Licona, Michael R. "Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony. By Richard Bauckham." Journal of Theological Studies 70, no. 1 (March 21, 2019): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jts/flz036.

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48

Telford Work. "Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony (review)." Biography 31, no. 2 (2008): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bio.0.0024.

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49

Crotty, Robert. "Jesus and the Eyewitnesses. The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony - By Richard Bauckham." Journal of Religious History 34, no. 2 (June 2010): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.2010.00865.x.

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Playoust, Catherine. "Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony – By Richard Bauckham." Religious Studies Review 33, no. 3 (July 2007): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0922.2007.00203_13.x.

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