Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Eyewitness testimony'
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Ferreira, Pedro João Bem-Haja Gabriel. "Psychophysiology of eyewitness testimony." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22797.
Full textAs testemunhas oculares são muitas vezes o único meio que temos para aceder à autoria de um crime. Contudo, apesar dos 100 anos de evidência de erros no testemunho ocular, a consciência das suas limitações como meio de prova só ganhou força no advento do ADN. De facto os estudos de exoneração mostraram que 70 % das ilibações estavam associadas a erros de testemunho ocular. Estes erros têm um impacto social elevado principalmente os falsos positivos, por colocar inocentes na prisão. De acordo com a literatura, deverão ser utilizadas novas abordagens para tentar reduzir o numero de erros de identificação. Destas abordagens, destacam-se a análise dos padrões de movimentos oculares e os potenciais evocados. Nos nossos estudos utilizamos essas novas abordagens com o objetivo de examinar os padrões de acerto ou de identificação do criminoso, usando um paradigma de deteção de sinal. No que diz respeito aos movimentos oculares, não foram encontrados padrões robustos de acerto. No entanto, obtiveram-se evidências oculométricas de que a fusão de dois procedimentos (Alinhamento Simultâneo depois de um Alinhamento Sequencial com Regra de Paragem) aumenta a probabilidade de acerto. Em relação aos potenciais evocados, a P100 registou maior amplitude quando identificamos um inocente. Este efeito é concomitante com uma hiperactivação no córtex prefrontal ventromedial (CPFVM) identificada na análise de estimação de fontes. Esta hiperativação poderá estar relacionada com uma exacerbação emocional da informação proveniente da amígdala. A literatura relaciona a hiperativação no CPFVM com as falsas memorias, e estes resultados sugerem que a P100 poderá ser um promissor indicador de falsos positivos. Os resultados da N170 não nos permitem associar este componente ao acerto na identificação. Relativamente à P300, os resultados mostram uma maior amplitude deste componente quando identificamos corretamente um alvo, mas não diferiu significativamente de quando identificamos um inocente. Porém, a estimação de fontes mostrou que nessa janela temporal (300-600 ms) se verifica uma hipoativação dos Campos Oculares Frontais (COF) quando um distrator é identificado. Baixas ativações dos COF estão relacionadas com redução da eficiência de processamento e com a incapacidade para detetar alvos. Nas medidas periféricas, a eletromiografia facial mostrou que a maior ativação do corrugador e a menor ativação do zigomático são um bom indicador de quando estamos perante um criminoso. No que diz respeito ao ritmo cardíaco, a desaceleração esperada para os alvos devido à sua saliência emocional apenas foi obtida quando a visualização de um alvo foi acompanhada por um erro na identificação (i.e., um falso negativo). Neste trabalho de investigação parece que o sistema nervoso periférico está a responder corretamente, identificando o alvo, por ser emocionalmente mais saliente, enquanto que a modulação executiva efectuada pelo CPFVM conduz ao falso positivo. Os resultados obtidos são promissores e relevantes, principalmente quando o resultado de um erro poderá ser uma condenação indevida e, consequentemente, uma vida injustamente destruída.
Eyewitnesses are often the only way we can access the author of a crime. However, despite 100 years of evidence of errors in eyewitness testimony, awareness of its limitations only gained strength with the advent of DNA. In fact, 70% of exonerations have been associated with eyewitness errors. These errors have a high social impact, mainly false positives. According to the literature, new approaches to try to reduce the number of identification errors should be used. Of these, the study of oculometric patterns and event-related Potentials (ERP) stand out. In our studies, these new approaches were used with the objective of examining patterns of accuracy, using a signal detection paradigm. Regarding eye movements, no entirely clear patterns were found. However, there was oculometric evidence that the merging of two procedures (Simultaneous Lineup after a Sequential Lineup with Stopping Rule) increases performance accuracy. Regarding ERPs, the P100 registered a larger amplitude when an innocent was identified. This effect is concomitant with a hyperactivation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) identified by source estimation analysis. This hyperactivation might be related to an emotional exacerbation of the information coming from the amygdala. The literature relates the hyperactivation in the VMPFC with false memories, and these results suggest that the P100 component might be a promising marker of false positive errors. The results of the N170 do not allow to associate this component with accuracy. Regarding the P300, the results showed a greater amplitude of this component when a target was correctly identified but did not differ significantly from when an innocent was identified. However, source analysis in this time window (300-600 ms) showed a hypoactivation of Frontal Eye Fields (FEF) when a distractor was identified. FEF inactivations are related to the reduction of processing efficiency and to the inability to detect a target. Concerning the peripheral measures, facial electromyography showed that the greater activation of the corrugator and the lower activation of the zygomaticus are a good marker of when we are facing a perpetrator. Regarding heart rate, the expected deceleration for the targets due to their emotional salience was only obtained when the visualization of a target was accompanied by an error in the identification (i.e., a miss). In this research it seems that the peripheral nervous system is responding correctly, identifying the target, because it is emotionally more salient, while the executive modulation carried out by the VMPFC causes the false positive error. The results presently obtained are promising and relevant, especially when the result of an error might be an undue condemnation of an innocent and consequently a destroyed life.
Ridley, Anne M. "The effect of anxiety on eyewitness testimony." Thesis, University of East London, 2003. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/1227/.
Full textMaras, Katie. "Eyewitness testimony by adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder." Thesis, City University London, 2011. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/1145/.
Full textMoston, S. J. "Social support and the quality of children's eyewitness testimony." Thesis, University of Kent, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234441.
Full textDixon, Susan. "The effects of post-event feedback on eyewitness testimony." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445158.
Full textLougklou, Fani. "Attachment and memory does attachment experience influence eyewitness testimony? /." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2002. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=123.
Full textKrahenbuhl, Sarah Joanne. "The effect of question repetition on young children's eyewitness testimony." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487599.
Full textBerman, Garrett L. "Effects of inconsistencies in eyewitness testimony on mock-juror decisionmaking." FIU Digital Commons, 1995. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1627.
Full textSchachter, Ashley M. "Improving eyewitness testimony methods for more accurate recall of events." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/514.
Full textB.S.
Bachelors
Sciences
Psychology
Cook, Matthew A. "The effects of misleading information and group discussion on eyewitness testimony." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60799.pdf.
Full textMcCurry, Ford C. "How Psychology’s Empirical Results Can Benefit the Criminal Justice System: Expert Testimony." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1166.
Full textMartire, Kristy Anne Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "Helping jurors to evaluate eyewitness identifications: the role of expert evidence and judicial instruction." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Psychology, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40801.
Full textMaxwell, John Bruce. "Detail and weapon focus in eyewitness testimony : the application of "trivial persuasion" /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SPS/09spsm4654.pdf.
Full textTerrell, Jonathan Trent Weaver Charles A. "Eyewitness testimony in civil litigation retention, suggestion, and misinformation in product identification /." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5162.
Full textBern, Zachary. "Legal and Scientific Implications of Daubert: An Empirical Analysis of Expert Psychological Testimony." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1862.
Full textGwyer, Pat. "The effects of retrieval procedures on recall, recognition, confidence and the confidence/accuracy relationship." Thesis, University of East London, 1997. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/1281/.
Full textChrobak, Quin M. "The Role of Causal Connections in the Development of False Memories for Entire Fabricated Events." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1278623190.
Full textJohnson, Terry L. "Eyewitness Testimony, False Confession, and Human Performance Technology: An Examination of Wrongful Convictions." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1379676653.
Full textNelson, Breanna. "The impact of training on eyewitness memory." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/889.
Full textB.S.
Bachelors
Sciences
Psychology
Gurney, D. J. "The misleading potential of communicative hand gestures in a forensic interview." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/6003.
Full textBlank, Hartmut. "Remembering discrepant information in eyewitness testimony experiments and paired-associate learning tasks : an integrative model /." Marburg : Tectum-Verl, 1996. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB5173436.
Full textBlank, Hartmut. "Remembering discrepant information in eyewitness testimony experiments and paired-associate learning tasks ; an integrative model /." [S.l.] : Universität Konstanz , Sozialwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Fachgruppe Psychologie, 1995. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB8500809.
Full textRoss, Audrey E. "Can Knowledge of Future Public Presentations of Eyewitness Testimonies Obviate Positive Post-Identification Feedback Effects?" Marietta College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marhonors1367867665.
Full textPerez, Christina. "Narrative Abilities and Resistance to Suggestion in Monolingual and Bilingual Children: Implications for Forensic Interviews." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1556563428655542.
Full textSousa, Almeida Telma Sofia de. "The impact of Autism Spectrum Disorder on event memory and accuracy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/285408.
Full textMorrison-Blair, Amanda B. "Misattributing post-event causal suggestions to the original story event: Rates of false memory for human and physical causes of negative outcomes." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1341518229.
Full textDeFranco, Rachel M. "Determinants of Juror Belief in Witness Testimony: The Role of Witness Uncertainty and Certainty." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1460552577.
Full textVanEaton, Jessica R. "Eyewitness Recall of Noncriminal Events: An Examination of Demographic Characteristics with a Selected Population." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1821.
Full textLawson, Monica L. "The Reliability of Children’s Event Reports to Their Mothers." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo148093558237461.
Full textGültekin, Raver. "Testifying through another tongue:Examining the effects of language barriers on accuracy and suggestibility in eyewitness testimonies." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Psykologiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-160651.
Full textCaldeira, Johanne Lia Emonts. "How misleading information interferes with child eyewitness identification : effect of lineup type and age in target absent trials." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14160.
Full textExisting literature on eyewitness testimony indicates that there is a wide range of variables which interfere with the reliability of eyewitness identifications (e.g., eyewitness’ age, target presence in the lineup, presence of misleading information and the entity that delivers it, lineup type). The present study focused on the efficency of simultaneous versus sequential lineups in children eyewitness testimonies in the case of target absent lineups, with the insertion of misleading information. The effect of children’s age was also investigated. Hence, 55 children of two different age groups (4-5 years-old and 8-10 years-old), divided into two lineup type conditions, viewed four videos of fake CCTV footage that depicted minor thefts. After a brief interference task, the children were asked to identify the suspect seen in the video, if they believed that he was amongst lineup members. Answers were registered according to the lineup member chosen, and could be of four different types: correct (no lineup member was chosen), dummy (the filler with the misinformation described features was chosen), pseudo-target (the filler with highest resemblance to the suspect in the video was chosen) and other (any of the other four lineup members was chosen). Results showed that younger children identify more frequently the dummy in the lineups than older children, evidencing a greater suggestibility. Additionally, results showed that participants identified significantly more “other” lineup members in the sequential lineup than in the simultaneous one, possibly because of not being able to exclude these members from their choice as easily as in the simultaneous lineup, which permits a relative judgment. This study has the potential to aid forensic investigations envolving child eyewitnesses, in an effort to understand and improve testimony and lineup methodology.
A literatura tem vindo a demonstrar que existe uma diversidade de variáveis que interferem com a fiabilidade da identificações por testemunha ocular (e.g., idade da testemunha, se o é alvo ausente ou presente, presença de informação errónea e entidade que a introduz, tipo de alinhamento utilizado). O presente estudo teve como objetivo testar a eficácia do tipo de alinhamento utilizado (simultâneo ou sequencial), face à introdução de um enviesamento de memória, em crianças como testemunhas oculares perante alinhamentos de alvo ausente. Para tal, 55 crianças de faixas etárias diferentes (4-5 anos e 8-10 anos), separadas em dois grupos por tipo de alinhamento, visualizaram quatro vídeos que mimicavam metragens de câmaras de vigilância e retratavam um furto. Após uma breve tarefa de interferência foi pedido que identificassem o suspeito que tinham visto no vídeo, caso achassem que este se encontrava entre os membros do alinhamento. As suas respostas foram registadas de acordo com o sujeito que escolhiam ou não e podiam pertencer a um de quatro tipos: acerto (não escolher ninguém do alinhamento), dummy (escolher o membro com as características erróneas descritas), pseudo-alvo (escolher o membro com maior nível de semelhança ao perpetrador) e outro (escolher qualquer um dos restantes quatro membros do alinhamento). Os resultados demonstraram que as crianças mais novas identificaram um maior número de vezes o “dummy” do que as crianças mais velhas, demonstrando uma maior sugestionabilidade. Verificou-se ainda uma correlação significativa entre o alinhamento sequencial e a probabilidade de escolherem um dos outro quatro membros do alinhamento, possivelmente dado a não poderem utilizar um julgamento relativo como no alinhamento simultâneo de modo a excluir mais facilmente estes membros das suas escolhas. Este estudo tem o potencial de auxiliar investigações criminais relacionadas com testemunhas oculares menores de idade, no sentido de ajudar a compreender os erros e aperfeiçoar as técnicas de procedimento aquando do reconhecimento e identificação de suspeitos em alinhamentos.
Corley, William Barrett. "The Effect of Forewarning on Suggestibility: Does it Depend on Working Memory Capacity?" TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1497.
Full textYokum, David Vincent. "Debiasing the Courtroom: Using Behavioral Insights to Avoid and Mitigate Cognitive Biases." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555855.
Full textColomb, Cindy. "L’entretien cognitif sous influence : Du développement d’un protocole modifié à son étude en interaction avec trois variables sociales." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF20012.
Full textDespite many advances in analyzing physical evidence, and the development these past years of the forensic police, eyewitnesses’ testimonies remains decisive in the decisions of justice. Nevertheless, these testimonies are fallible. Numerous factors, at the crossroad of memory and/or cognitive processes and of social and/or sociocognitive processes, can impact them in an irreversible manner. In this context, we realized the seven experimentations presented in this dissertation. The aim was to understand better some variables responsible for the fragility of eyewitnesses’ accounts.More precisely, the first three studies presented in the first part of this work were dealing with an effective technique for interviewing eyewitnesses, called the Cognitive Interview. Our purpose was to develop and evaluate, in the lab and in the field, a modified version of Cognitive Interview, based on the principle of multiplication of the free recalls. However, in this dissertation, we chose to adopt a more dynamic and situational approach that the one encountered in the literature until now. Therefore, in a second part, we examined the efficacy of this protocol in interaction with three estimator variables, inseparable from the context of hearing witnesses, and which can in the real life strongly and negatively impact the quality of their accounts. These variables are: (a) the scripts shared by individuals about criminal events, (b) the talk between witnesses, and, (c) the stereotypes associated with witnesses through the social groups they belong to.Several results were shown. First, we confirmed the efficacy of a modified version of the Cognitive Interview (MCI). More precisely, a protocol composed of two free recallattempts, composed of the report all and the context reinstatement instructions, as well as a new technique designed to enhance memories, the guided peripheral focus, increased in all the studies the richness of participants’ recalls without impairing their accuracy. Its efficacy was shown in the lab and in the field. Moreover, this protocol includes the most effective cognitive instructions and omits the less beneficial. Then, in the second part, we confirmed that the scripts and the talk among witnesses have a detrimental impact on eyewitnesses’ testimonies. Some effects of the stereotypes linked to the group membership of the witness were also suggested. Finally, concerning the efficacy of the Cognitive Interview, and more precisely the modified protocol, some negative effects were observed in interaction with the three estimator variables considered. However, some interesting benefits of this protocol and of the cognitive instructions it includes were also shown.These results will be discussed in regards with the literature available today. Some applied recommendations will also be emitted
Launay, Céline. "Conception et évaluation d'une consigne verbatim de l'entretien cognitif : la reconstitution." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU20149.
Full textEyewitness testimony is a fundamental determinant to the resolution of criminal investigations. To conduct criminal investigations effectively, it appears essential to obtain complete and accurate testimony. For this purpose, a research team has developed a method based on the features of human memory, aiming to enhance the eliciting of eyewitness accounts: the cognitive interview (Geiselman et al., 1984). Although this method enables investigators to obtain detailed descriptions without reducing the quality of the testimony, it is still only marginally used by legal professionals. The objective of this thesis is twofold: it aims to provide interviewing instructions which take into account the psychological processes at work in the recalling of events in episodic memory, while simultaneously being acceptable from the standpoint of professional practice. The first step involved conducting an analysis of professional practices. An evaluation of training in cognitive interviewing by police investigators showed that the method is easily learnt and suggests that the lack of implementation in practice does not stem from the difficulties linked to its implementation, but rather arises as a result of a lack of acceptance among professionals. In order to further our understanding of the professional objectives of the hearing, we then conducted an analysis of practices in terms of hearing. This analysis revealed that investigators were essentially seeking out information about the actions which took place during the crime scene. Based on these findings, we designed a re-enactment-alike interviewing instruction, which activates the verbatim traces in memory and is intended to elicit the general and specific actions of a scene. This instruction was tested in an interviewing protocol and demonstrated its quantitative and qualitative effectiveness in providing a greater quantity of correct information compared with other instructions, whilst withstanding a concomitant increase in the number of errors. Re-enactment-alike instruction thus appears highly relevant for reaching the main objective of a police investigation
Dubreuil, Susan C. (Susan Catherine) Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. "Courtroom preparation of hypnotic and nonhypnotic eyewitnesses; jurors' perceptions of witness testimony and the impact of expert testimony." Ottawa, 1994.
Find full textPfeil, Katrin. "The effectiveness of the Self-Administered Interview© : a meta-analytic review and empirical study with older adult witnesses." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/274905.
Full textLess, Adam David. "Cultural Biases in the Weschler Memory Scale iii (WMS-iii)." UNF Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/591.
Full textMuriithi, Paul Mutuanyingi. "A case for memory enhancement : ethical, social, legal, and policy implications for enhancing the memory." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-case-for-memory-enhancement-ethical-social-legal-and-policy-implications-for-enhancing-the-memory(bf11d09d-6326-49d2-8ef3-a40340471acf).html.
Full textMendes, Bruno Miguel Vilela. "Analysis of eyewitness testimony using electroencephalogram signals." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/31348.
Full textA aplicação de técnicas de Interfaces Cérebro-Computador a testemunhas vitais de um crime pode e provavelmente será uma funcionalidade chave no sistema de justiça. Características de sinais provenientes de eletroencefalograma foram extraídas com informações sobre o seu domínio (tempo ou frequência), e a sua localização espacial e temporal. Para ambos os domínios, dois modelos de classificação diferentes foram aplicados com vista a selecionar as características mais relevantes: um para classificar, ordenar e selecionar as características mais importantes e outro para eliminar recursivamente a característica menos relevante. O modelo utilizado para classificação foi o Support Vector Machine (linear e não linear). Outras observações sobre as características selecionadas pelas técnicas aplicadas foram realizadas e discutidas tendo em conta o conhecimento disponível sobre reconhecimento facial. O presente trabalho fornece um estudo experimental sobre os sinais de eletroencefalograma adquiridos numa experiência na qual foi pedido a um grupo de indivíduos para identificar tanto culpado como distrator, sendo que o culpado estava relacionado a um vídeo de cenário de crime mostrado anteriormente.
Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemática
Bhaskara, Adella. "Differential effects of confirming post-identification feedback on eyewitness testimony-relevant judgments." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/93908.
Full textThesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Psychology, 2015
MASTROBERARDINO, SERENA. "Interrogative Suggestibility and Source Monitoring difficulties as a cognitive resource problem." Doctoral thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/917772.
Full textHolliday, Robyn Elizabeth. "Dissociating Automatic and Intentional Processes in Children’s Eyewitness Suggestibility." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/25005.
Full textPhD Doctorate
Holliday, Robyn Elizabeth. "Dissociating Automatic and Intentional Processes in Children’s Eyewitness Suggestibility." 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/25005.
Full textPhD Doctorate
Solana, Laura Rituerto, and 卓若蘭. "Exploring the Reliable Factors of Investigative Interviews Protocols and Eyewitness Testimony in the French Criminal System." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3vun8a.
Full text國立東華大學
諮商與臨床心理學系
106
Eyewitness testimony has extensively been used by the criminal justice system as an unquestioned form of evidence and law enforcement professionals have heavily relied on it. Research has established that those testimonies can be undermined by both intrinsic factors – arising from the individual, and extrinsic factors – arising from outside the individual, which could thus lead to false convictions. The present study has attempted to understand one of the latter, which is the procedure held by French law enforcement officers regarding memory enhancement in the context of eyewitness testimony in France and the reliable factors that have an impact on the interviews protocols. Five participants have been involved in this study, in France. A qualitative interviewing protocol consisting of open-ended questions has been used to gain knowledge about the current procedures and the responses have been analysed using in one hand principles of grounded theory, which is both an approach to generate theory from qualitative data and a method to analyse codes and process such data, and in another hand, a Foucauldian approach to Discourse Analysis (FDA), which focuses on the role of language in communication and in the construction of social life, which is the relationship between the discourse and the subjectivity (Willig & Rogers, 2008). 9 main concepts have broadly been expressed within all the interviews, revealing the reliable factors that might impact the interviews protocols: Interview structure; Interview setting; Memory; Emotions; Mental & Physical health; Media; Socio-cultural factors; Political and Religious factors; Lie drivers. The researcher suggested an increased cooperation and expertise sharing between investigators and magistrates, police psychologists, police trainers, as well as researchers being involved in the field of eyewitnesses testimonies, in order to to make eyewitness evidence more accurate and reliable.
Blank, Hartmut [Verfasser]. "Remembering discrepant information in eyewitness testimony : experiments and paired-associate learning tasks ; an integrative model / Hartmut Blank." 1995. http://d-nb.info/958774749/34.
Full textGábrišová, Julie. "Kognitivní interview jako prostředek podpory přípravného řízení." Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-438494.
Full textTrojanová, Hana. "Rekognice-psychologické souvislosti a dopady vlivu etnické příslušnosti pachatele." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-327811.
Full textSantos, Bárbara Isabel Lume. "O Conhecimento sobre a Importância de Diferentes Tipos de Variáveis no Testemunho Ocular: Inquérito a Estudantes Universitários e a Outros Indivíduos da População em Idade Ativa." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/99323.
Full textSegundo o Innocence Project (2020), aproximadamente 365 pessoas foram absolvidas de um crime que não cometeram, mediante provas de ADN, sendo a maioria das condenações decorrentes de testemunhas oculares equivocadas. Estas encontram-se sujeitas à influência de diversas variáveis que afetam o seu testemunho. O presente estudo, o primeiro do nosso conhecimento em Portugal, tem como intuito (1) analisar o grau de conhecimento de diferentes indivíduos sobre variáveis que influenciam a precisão do testemunho ocular; e (2) conhecer a importância atribuída a essas variáveis. A amostra, recolhida no formato presencial e online, é composta por 150 participantes, pertencentes a três grupos: (1) participantes com formação em Psicologia Forense (n = 50), (2) estudantes da Universidade de Coimbra (UC), excluindo estudantes da Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da UC subárea de Psicologia Forense (n = 50), e (3) participantes com idades compreendidas entre 30-60 anos, sem formação em Psicologia e/ou em áreas relacionadas com o conhecimento do sistema judicial (n = 50). Os inquiridos responderam ao questionário de Kassin, Tubb, Hosch e Memon (2001), e as suas respostas foram comparadas com as dos especialistas/peritos do estudo de Kassin et al. (2001). Os principais resultados mostram lacunas grandes no conhecimento dos participantes, assim como a tendência para sobrestimarem a importância de determinadas variáveis que não são consideradas cientificamente como bons indicadores de exatidão, e a subestimar outras que o são. Conclui-se ser necessário sensibilizar e consciencializar a população não especialista para a problemática dos erros não deliberados nos testemunhos oculares.
According to the Innocence Project (2020), approximately 365 people have been exonerated of a crime they did not commit by DNA evidence, with most wrongful convictions being due to mistaken eyewitnesses. Eyewitnesses are under the influence of several variables that can affect the testimony. The present study, the first of our knowledge that is conducted in Portugal, aims (1) to analyze the degree of knowledge of different individuals about variables that have an influence on eyewitness accuracy; and (2) to know the importance attributed to these variables. The sample was collected in presential and online formats, consists of 150 participants, belonging to three groups: (1) participants with education in Forensic Psychology (n = 50), (2) students from the University of Coimbra, excluding students from the Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences of the UC subarea of Forensic Psychology (n = 50), and (3) participants between the ages of 30-60, with no background in Psychology and/or related areas of knowledge of the judicial system (n = 50). The respondents answered to the Kassin, Tubb, Hosch and Memon's (2001) questionnaire, and their answers were compared with those of the experts from the Kassin et al. (2001) study. The main results show large knowledge deficits among the participants, as well as a tendency to overestimate the importance of certain variables that are not scientifically considered as good indicators of accuracy, and to underestimate others that are. It can be concluded that there is a need to improve the awareness and to sensitize the non-expert population about unintentional errors in eyewitness testimony.
Paixão, Débora Sofia Louro. "Técnicas de entrevista forense : comparação da eficácia da self-administered interview e da recuperação por categorias." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/7314.
Full textTêm sido notáveis os esforços, por parte dos investigadores, no sentido de aumentar a quantidade e qualidade dos relatos de testemunhas oculares de crimes, sendo estes fundamentais na resolução das investigações policiais. Este estudo vem, por isso, procurar comparar a eficácia de duas técnicas de entrevista investigativa: a Self-Administered Interview (SAI) e a Recuperação por Categorias (RC). Para isto, foram selecionados quarenta participantes com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 30 anos. Todos os participantes visualizaram um vídeo com a simulação de um evento crime e foram entrevistados acerca do mesmo, cerca de uma hora depois da visualização do vídeo, através do protocolo da SAI ou da RC, dependendo do grupo a que cada participante pertencia. Os nossos resultados evidenciaram que participantes entrevistados através da SAI relataram um maior número de detalhes sobre a categoria de informação “pessoas”, comparativamente ao grupo RC, não comprometendo a precisão da mesma. Não foram encontradas outras diferenças significativas, pelo que ambas as técnicas parecem revelar-se igualmente eficazes.
Researchers all over the world have been trying to improve the way eyewitnesses are interviewed in forensic contexts, because their testimonies are often crucial to the resolution of a crime investigation. There have been a great amount of studies exploring the efficacy of different interview techniques, in order to assure interviewers, retrieve more and more accurate information from adult witnesses. The present study compared the effectiveness of two techniques used by investigative interviewers: Self-Administered Interview (SAI) and Cluster Recall (CR). For this purpose, forty 18 to 30 years old participants were selected. All participants watched a video about a staged crime and were interviewed about it, approximately one hour later, either with the SAI protocol or the CR protocol, depending on the group each participant was assigned to. Our findings showed that participants interviewed with the SAI recalled more information about the category “people” than participants interviewed with the CR, without compromising the accuracy of this information. There were no other significant differences, thus both techniques seem to be equally effective.