Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Eyewitness identification'
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Hobson, Zoe J. "Eyewitness identification of multiple perpetrators." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.593649.
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Eyewitness identification is crucial in the apprehension and prosecution of criminals and it is thought to be one of the major determining factors in jury decision making. Making accurate identifications is therefore imperative, yet research has demonstrated that a number of variables can influence an eyewitness’ identification performance. One such factor is the number of perpetrators seen in the crime event. Recently, both within England and Wales and around the world, there has been a dramatic increase in crimes which involve multiple perpetrators. In contrast, only a few isolated studies have examined eyewitness performance of identifying multiple perpetrators of one crime, all of which have suggested that accuracy is poor, but few studies have made direct comparisons to single perpetrator identifications. This research aimed to explore multiple perpetrator identification performance, and extend previous literature to examine theoretical explanations behind eyewitnesses’ performance. The first study explored the extent of multiple perpetrator identifications within England and Wales and reports the results from a survey distributed to all police identification units within each force. Four further experimental studies were then conducted. Study 2 used an eyewitness paradigm to systematically explore the effects of single and multiple perpetrators at both the encoding (crime event) and retrieval (identification) stage, with results indicating that there was a multiple perpetrator disadvantage, highlighting that multiple perpetrators cause the greatest interference at the encoding stage of the process. Study 3 considered divided attention as a theoretical explanation for the poor identification performance of multiple perpetrators by integrating a change blindness paradigm and eyewitness paradigm, again comparing between single and multiple perpetrator crimes. As those who viewed a multiple perpetrator event were less likely to notice the change in perpetrator, and identification performance was poor, Study 4 questioned whether cueing a witness using intentional instructions could focus their attention to one particular perpetrator and subsequently improve identification performance, with positive results. Since the previous experiments had found an effect of divided attention, Study 5 examined whether the similarity of the perpetrators also caused interference at encoding, with results suggesting that they do. As multiple perpetrators in one crime event appear to cause interference in the perceptual process at the encoding, or crime, stage, future research needs to identify further methods of aiding witnesses to accurately encode the information and subsequently retrieve it, whether this is through elaborate instructions, or identification procedures.
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Pryke, Sean Patrick. "Multiple independent identification decisions, a method of calibrating eyewitness identifications." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ63445.pdf.
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Houston, Kate Alexandra. "The emotional eyewitness : an investigation into the effects of anger on eyewitness recall and recognition performance." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=165532.
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The present thesis examined the effects of anger on the completeness and accuracy of eyewitness free and cued recall and recognition performance. Anger was revealed by a recent survey as the emotion experienced by the majority of eyewitnesses to crime, so is particularly important in this context. Previous literature has tended to use generic concepts such as ‘emotion’ or ‘stress’ to investigate emotion effects, but this thesis sought to examine the effect of the specific emotion of anger on memory. Experiment 1 tested theoretical predictions regarding the effects of anger on encoding and retrieval processes. In line with these predictions, angry participants provide more complete descriptions of a perpetrator compared to neutral participants. However, angry participants provide less complete descriptions of the perpetrator’s actions than their neutral counterparts. This pattern of results was replicated throughout all experiments in this thesis. Experiment 2 revealed that anger has no effect on the completeness and accuracy of victim descriptions. Experiment 3 found that the pattern of anger effects observed for a younger adult sample were also found when older adults were tested. This prompted a statistical comparison of younger and older adults which found very few age effects and no interactions between age of the participant, experience of anger and the category of detail recalled. The final experiment thoroughly investigated the effects of anger on participants’ ability to recognise the perpetrator from a photographic lineup. The main findings of this thesis suggest that while angry eyewitnesses may be able to provide a more complete description of the perpetrator, they may be less able to describe what he did, and less able to accurately recognise him from a lineup than neutral eyewitnesses. These findings are discussed in terms of cognitive and meta-cognitive models of encoding and retrieval.
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Van, Norman David. "Eyewitness suggestibility across presentation modalities." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/454.
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Dupuis, Paul R. "Calibrating eyewitness identification accuracy using rank-combined lineups." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63296.pdf.
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Dysart, Jennifer E. "The effects of delay on eyewitness identification accuracy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0003/MQ42609.pdf.
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Chung, Cheuk-fai Bell, and 鍾灼輝. "Lineup superiority effects in cross-racial eyewitness identification." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45147607.
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Ellis, Heather. "Unconscious transference : an investigation of eyewitness identification errors." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248645.
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The thesis investigates the unconscious transference phenomenon which has been implicated in cases of mistaken identity. When an eyewitness to a crime misidentifies an innocent, but previously encountered person as the perpetrator in response to a lineup which does not include culprit, it has been speculated that the eyewitness confuses the two people by transferring their identities across contexts. This traditional definition of unconscious transference was investigated in one of two experiments. A videotaped, staged theft scenario was shown to 770 participant witnesses who attempted to identify the perpetrator from a photographic lineup. Those who viewed an innocent bystander prior to the crime scenario, were more likely to mistake that familiar person for the perpetrator when the latter was absent from the lineup, compared to control participants who were not shown the bystander. Bystander misidentifications obtained indicate that transference did occur. A significant minority of participants consciously inferred that the bystander and the perpetrator were the same person seen in different settings. Others realised that the two confederates were different individuals but misattributed the source of their memories. In a second experiment, evidence of another type of unconscious transference, characterised as a commitment effect, was obtained. Three months after the initial lineup, a second lineup administered to 505 participants from the first investigation indicated that an innocent person initially misidentified is likely to continue to be misidentified even if he/she was unfamiliar to the eyewitness prior to his photograph being shown. Further, a repeat misidentification is likely even when the perpetrator is included in the subsequent lineup. Cognitive mechanisms implicated in the transference effects include some monitoring and memory blending. However, relative judgements, demand characteristics and changes of presentation media were also implicated. The ramifications for forensic eyewitness situations are such that unconscious transference demands increased attention from eyewitness researchers.
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Colloff, Melissa F. "Eyewitness identification performance on lineups for distinctive suspects." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/90153/.
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When constructing lineups for suspects with distinctive facial features (e.g., scars, tattoos, piercings), current police guidelines in several countries state that the distinctive suspect must not stand out. To this end, police officers sometimes artificially replicate a suspect’s distinctive feature across the other lineup members (replication); other times, they conceal the feature on the suspect and conceal a similar area on the other members by pixelating the area (pixelation), or covering the area with a solid rectangle (block). Although these three techniques are used frequently, little research has examined their efficacy. This thesis investigates how the lineup techniques for distinctive suspects influence eyewitness identification performance and, in doing so, tests the predictions of a new model of eyewitness decision-making—the diagnostic-feature-detection model (Wixted & Mickes, 2014). The research uses a standard eyewitness identification paradigm and signal detection statistics to examine how replication, pixelation, and block techniques influence identification performance: [1] compared to doing nothing to stop the distinctive suspect from standing out; [2] in young, middle-aged and older adults; and [3] when the culprit does not have the feature during the crime. It also examines [4] how variation in the way the suspect’s feature is replicated influences identification performance. The results converge to suggest that all three lineup techniques currently used by the police to accommodate distinctive suspects are equally effective and, when the culprit has the feature at the time of the crime, all enhance people’s ability to discriminate between innocent and guilty suspects more than doing nothing to prevent a distinctive suspect from standing out. All three lineup techniques enable people of all ages to make highly confident decisions when they are likely to be accurate. These findings align with the predictions of the diagnostic-feature-detection model, which suggests that the model remains a viable theory of eyewitness decision-making.
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Flowe, Heather D. "The effect of lineup member similarity on recognition accuracy in simultaneous and sequential lineups." Diss., Connected to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3189995.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed March 1, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references ( p. 113-116).
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Holmes, Amanda E. Weaver Charles A. "Assessing the phenomenology of eyewitness memory for product identification." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5027.
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Ross, Stephen J. "Eyewitness identification rates in showups as a function of role of presenter." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1285586.
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This study was designed to test for the effect of role of presenter during a showup (one-person lineup) and eyewitnesses' authoritarianism on identification rates. Specifically, this study addressed the question of whether or not eyewitnesses are more likely to identify a suspect as the perpetrator of a crime when they make their identifications to a police officer rather than a civilian, and whether authoritarianism interacts with presenter role. 169 participants witnessed a staged theft and were then asked to make an identification of a suspect in a showup. Interpretation of the results suggested that the presence of a police officer during a showup increases identification rates of the suspect. Also, a higher level of authoritarianism in the eyewitness and the presence of a police officer increase the confidence eyewitnesses have in their identification. Implications for law enforcement and future research are discussed. Acknowledgements: Special thanks to David Taylor, Emily Zumbaugh, KimberlyBolich, and Christina Waddups for their assistance with data collection.Department of Psychological Science
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Martire, Kristy Anne Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "Helping jurors to evaluate eyewitness identifications: the role of expert evidence and judicial instruction." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Psychology, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40801.
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Psychologists, legal practitioners and scholars share the knowledge that honest eyewitnesses can err in their attempts to identify the perpetrator of a crime. This thesis reports an experimental investigation of the extent to which expert evidence and judicial instruction can improve juror ability to discriminate between accurate and inaccurate identifications. Special attention is also paid to the logic of inferences which have been made by psychologists regarding the efficacy of expert evidence, and compares methodologies adopting direct measures of participant Sensitivity to Eyewitness Accuracy (SEA) with those that can only indirectly assess this construct. Study 1 surveys the knowledge and opinions of legal professionals regarding eyewitness identification issues (n = 35), showing that respondents expressed doubts that judicial instructions would exert an effect equivalent to that of eyewitness expert evidence. Accordingly, Experiments 1 to 4 (Experiment 1, n = 104; Experiment 2, n = 238; Experiment 3, n = 228; Experiment 4, n = 297) were conducted to directly assess the relative impacts of judicial instruction and expert evidence on participant juror SEA. The methodology utilised in these investigations incorporated the testimony of real eyewitnesses to a staged crime scenario in order to assess the impact of instruction on juror ability to discriminate between known accurate and known inaccurate eyewitnesses. Overall, little evidence was found to support the notion that expert evidence is more effective than judicial instruction, as no significant association was identified between instruction type and SEA. This result was found to hold irrespective of the objective quality of the expert?s testimony (accurate or erroneous). In light of the results from Experiments 1 to 4, Experiment 5 was designed to investigate why the experts were not able to improve the discrimination accuracy of the jurors. This study focused on the extent to which participants of varying levels of expertise could correctly classify eyewitness accuracy. The results of Experiment 5 (n = 145) suggest that experts were no better able to discriminate between accurate and inaccurate eyewitnesses than novice laypeople. Overall, the evidence reported in this thesis raises serious questions regarding the utility of eyewitness expertise in the completion of eyewitness discrimination tasks.
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Materazzo, Felicity. "Witnessing a stressful event : impact of anxiety on eyewitness identification /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsm425.pdf.
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Zarkadi, Theodora. "Eyewitness identification : improving police lineups for suspects with distinctive features." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3834/.
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Eyewitnesses‘ descriptions of suspects often refer to distinctive facial features, such as tattoos or scars, and the police have to decide how best to create fair lineups in these circumstances. This issue, despite its importance, has attracted insufficient attention in the eyewitness identification literature. Informed by the Police and Criminal Evidence Act code of practice and current police practice, I conducted an empirical evaluation of the different lineup techniques that investigators currently use for suspects with distinctive features. To ensure that a suspect does not stand out because of his distinctive feature, and also to extract more information from the eyewitness, the police either replicate the distinctive feature across all foils in the lineup or conceal the distinctive feature on the face of the suspect. These techniques were tested either in a crossover recognition-memory paradigm (Study 1), or in a lineup-identification paradigm (Studies 2, 3, and 4), either in computer-based laboratory experiments or real-world field experiments using both target-present and target-absent lineups. The results showed that replication is a better technique than concealment. Compared to concealment, replication increases target identifications in target present lineups—in some cases by decreasing foil identifications in target-absent lineups. The hybrid-similarity (HS) model of face recognition was used to assess whether it could be applied in this domain. Across seven experiments (Studies 1, 2, and 3) and three paradigms, the HS model was able to model the qualitative pattern of results. The purpose of this experimental work was to demonstrate the importance of constructing fair lineups for people with distinctive features and to provide results that will have practical implications for legal contexts and will improve our understanding of face recognition and recognition memory in general.
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Bonner, Karri. "An assessment of eyewitness accuracy the integration of suggestibility and misidentification /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4179.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 72 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 58-63).
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Newlands, Pamela Jane. "Eyewitness interviewing : does the cognitive interview fit the bill?" Thesis, University of Westminster, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362662.
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Beaudry, Jennifer Lynn. "Video-recorded lineup procedures and detecting identification accuracy." Thesis, Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1334.
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Rienick, Cynthia B. "The role of visual and auditory information in eyewitness recognition /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9913159.
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Seemungal, Florence Vidya. "Using remember/know states of awareness to improve the eyewitness confidence-accuracy relationship." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364719.
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Terrell, Jonathan Trent Weaver Charles A. "Eyewitness testimony in civil litigation retention, suggestion, and misinformation in product identification /." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5162.
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Godino, Tara. "Gender differences in levels of suggestibility /." Full text available online, 2009. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/find/theses.
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Devenport, Jennifer Leigh. "The effect of authority and social influence on eyewitness suggestibility and person recognition." FIU Digital Commons, 1994. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2782.
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This study investigated the influence of an authority figure on an eyewitness identification task. Subjects watched a staged crime and then were administered a photo lineup by either an authority or non-authority figure. Subjects who were administered a lineup by an authority figure were significantly more likely to choose someone from the lineup than subjects who were shown a lineup by a non-authority figure. Similarly, subjects who were given biased instructions were significantly more likely to choose someone from the lineup than subjects who were given unbiased instructions. These effect obtained whether the target was present or absent from the lineup. These data suggest that one way to minimize suggestibility of eyewitnesses is to replace the uniformed officer with a neutral individual. Alternatively, the effect of a police officer on a witness' choosing behavior may be eliminated by providing the witness with unbiased instructions.
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Huneycutt, Dominique. "Young eyewitnesses : an examination of young children's response accuracy to target present and target absent lineup arrays following training procedures /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2004. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860/311.
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Kavetski, Melissa. "The Field View: An Initial Examination of an Exploratory Eyewitness Identification Procedure." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2593.
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The field view is an identification procedure that was recently acknowledged in a national report assessing eyewitness identifications. However, the field view has not been empirically examined to date. In fact, very little is known regarding the effectiveness of the procedure. Because it is an exploratory procedure - used by police when they do not have a suspect in mind - it is important to determine how the field view fares in comparison to the traditional procedures such as lineups and showups, whereby police do have a suspect. Using a controlled, lab-based methodology, Study 1 examined correct and false identifications elicited from the field view procedure and whether filler similarity affects identification accuracy. Results revealed that the exploratory field view can be a harmful procedure, particularly when the perpetrator is not present in the location, as it produced significantly more false identifications (36%) than both the lineup (13%) and showup (5%) procedures. The reason for this alarmingly high rate of mistaken identifications is that in an exploratory procedure, there is not an a priori suspect, and thus, nobody in the location is known to be innocent, as fillers are in a lineup. Because of this, anyone identified would come under suspicion. A second study further examined whether the field view may be an acceptable identification procedure under a different circumstance, namely, when police do have a suspect. Study 2 used a more ecologically valid methodology to examine the hypothesis that this confirmatory field view procedure may fare superior to the showup under the condition that the field view is administered by someone who is blind to the identity of the suspect. Contrary to our predictions, however, all three procedures (i.e., field view with non-blind administration; field view with blind administration; showup) produced comparable correct and false identification rates. Overall, results indicate that a field view may be a viable procedure when it is used as a confirmatory procedure and includes fillers similar to the suspect. More research is needed to determine under what conditions exploratory procedures may be acceptable.
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Cowle, Kenneth M. "Accuracy Variations in Human Facial Identification Based on Time of Exposure." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5415/.
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This study examined the relationship between time of exposure to the human face and accurate subsequent photo line-up identification. A volunteer group of 124 undergraduate students was divided into three approximately equal sized subgroups. The three groups were then exposed to a video or a portion of a video depicting a theft. Exposure times ranged from two minutes to 30 seconds. The subjects were then given a questionnaire and shown a photo line-up of the mock perpetrator and five foils. Subjects were asked to identify the perpetrator and mark that identification on the questionnaire. Results of the experiment indicated that the longer a subject was exposed the greater the possibility of an accurate identification.
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Topp, Lisa Dawn. "An evaluation of eyewitness decision making strategies for simultaneous and sequential lineups." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Kehn, Andre. "What effect does working memory capacity have on response latency in eyewitness identification?" Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1317344811&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Woolnough, Penny S. "Victimisation and eyewitness memory : exploring the effects of physiological and psychological factors." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13121.
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This thesis presents research designed to explore the role of physiological and psychological factors in mediating the effects of victimisation upon eyewitness memory. A tripartite model of arousal and memory is proposed encompassing physiological, psychological and motivational mechanisms. In order to investigate the potential role of these mechanisms, three laboratory based studies and one archival study are presented. The results of the laboratory studies suggest that physiological arousal may not influence eyewitness memory. In contrast, whilst direct support for an influence of psychological arousal is not provided, the possibility that psychological arousal may be an important factor cannot readily be dismissed. From a methodological perspective, contrary to existing laboratory-based research concerning visually-induced arousal, the results of the laboratory studies suggest that personal involvement may be an important factor influencing memory. Furthermore, the third laboratory study found that, differences in memory for emotional and neutral material may be a function of inherent differences between the material rather than an influence of arousal. Finally, in order to compare and contrast laboratory based research with the performance of real witnesses, a field based study utilising closed-circuit television to assess eyewitness accuracy for action details was conducted. In line with Studies One and Two, victims and bystanders were not found to differ in their memory performance. This study provides direct support for existing field and archival research suggesting that real victims and bystanders tend to be highly accurate in their eyewitness accounts. Taken together, the results of the research presented in this thesis suggest that whilst physiological arousal may not be an important factor influencing eyewitness memory, psychological and motivational influences may be important when witnesses are personally involved with the target incident.
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Tupper, Nina. "Eyewitness identification for multiple perpetrator crimes : examining underlying issues in memory and decision-making." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2017. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/eyewitness-identification-for-multiple-perpetrator-crimes(a38aa0b0-7d0f-4cf8-9225-c6cd87e586fd).html.
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The over-arching aim of the research conducted for this thesis was to examine underlying issues in memory and decision-making that impact eyewitness identification procedures in the context of multiple perpetrator crimes. In one survey and five experiments, we (i) explored key concerns in multiple perpetrator identifications in police practice in three EU countries (Police Survey), (ii) tested the independence of multiple identification decisions made successively (Experiments 1, 2 and 3) and (iii) examined the purported utility of using other faces as contextual cues for recognizing the faces of multiple perpetrators (Experiments 4 and 5). In the survey we asked police officers (from Sweden, Belgium, and the Netherlands) to describe how agencies in various countries conduct and regulate identification procedures with multiple perpetrators. Results demonstrated sizeable differences in police practice between countries and highlighted the importance of determining whether there are consequences of testing memory on multiple lineups presented in succession. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants watched a mock-crime film involving three perpetrators and later made three showup identification decisions, one showup for each perpetrator. Experiments 1 and 2 used similar procedures, with the exception of varied patterns of target-presence. Across both experiments, evidence for sequential dependencies for choosing behavior was inconsistent. In Experiment 1, responses on the second, target-present showup assimilated towards previous choosing. However, in Experiment 2, responses on the second showup contrasted previous choosing regardless of target-presence. Experiment 3 examined whether methodological differences between the recognition and eyewitness paradigms used in previous research on sequential dependencies might account for the inconsistent findings in Experiments 1 and 2. Participants studied pairs of words, landscapes, or faces, and were later tested for recognition. Sequential dependencies were detected in recognition decisions over many trials, including recognition for faces: the probability of a yes response on the current trial increased if the previous response was also yes (vs. no). However, choosing behavior on previous trials did not predict individual recognition decisions on the current trial. In Experiments 4 and 5, we sought replicate facilitative effects in cued face recognition, to (i) investigate the mechanisms underlying those effects, and (ii) determine whether such effects would extend to more than two faces. Participants encoded sets of individual, paired, or groups of four faces and were tested with no cues, correct cues (a face previously studied with the target test face), or incorrect cues (a never-before-seen face). Hit rates were not affected by either cue type or face encoding condition, but cuing of any kind (correct or incorrect) appeared to provide a protective buffer to reduce false-alarm rates in the two- and four-face conditions through increased sensitivity, but mostly reduced response bias. The present research on sequential dependencies for identification decisions suggests that the integrity of identification and recognition decisions is not likely to be impacted by making multiple decisions in a row. However, our findings suggest that cued face recognition may be a useful technique to use for reducing false recognition rates in contexts with multiple faces. Throughout the thesis, we argue for the systematic examination of influential factors that are both unique and inherent to practice, memory, and decision-making for multiple perpetrator identification and recognition.
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Jameson, Molly M. "The effect of a weapon on children's and adult's eyewitness memory." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1318617.
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The effect of a weapon on memory accuracy for children and adults was examined. One-hundred eighty-six participants (87 7- and 8-year-old children and 99 college undergraduates) viewed one of four videotaped scenes in which a target individual committed a crime while carrying either a weapon that was consistent or inconsistent with his schema role or a neutral non-weapon that was consistent with his role. Participants were individually interviewed about the target's physical appearance. The results indicated that participants of both age groups were less accurate when the target individual carried a weapon that was inconsistent rather than consistent with his schema role. The results also indicated that adults were more accurate overall than children. These findings are consistent with previous findings on weapon focus effect and add to our knowledge of the development of memory.Department of Psychological Science
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Ross, Stephen James. "Processing facial similarity utilizing denotative and connotative information to understand facial similarity judgments /." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Ross, Audrey E. "Can Knowledge of Future Public Presentations of Eyewitness Testimonies Obviate Positive Post-Identification Feedback Effects?" Marietta College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marhonors1367867665.
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Evans, Jacqueline. "Jurors' evaluations of victim and bystander eyewitness identification reliability across different crimes and intoxication levels." FIU Digital Commons, 2007. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3157.
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Hasel, Lisa Elizabeth. "Negotiating memorial and extra-memorial information the effect of social information on eyewitness identification decisions /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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Paiva, Melissa. "I can explain! understanding perceptions of eyewitnesses as a function of type of explanation and inconsistent confidence statements /." View thesis online, 2009. http://docs.rwu.edu/psych_thesis/2/.
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Johnson, Terry L. "Eyewitness Testimony, False Confession, and Human Performance Technology: An Examination of Wrongful Convictions." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1379676653.
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Lenhardt, Thomas T. "An investigation of weapon focus : the influence of schema roles on children's and adults' eyewitness memory." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1313637.
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Previous research on the weapon focus effect indicates that schematic knowledge plays a large role in adult witnesses' ability to recall details of a crime. This study investigated whether the weapon focus effect would be found in young children (4- and 5- year-olds), whose schemas are less developed than those of adults. An experiment was conducted in which adults and children viewed a videotape depicting a male target stealing money from a woman's purse. In the four conditions, the target's apparent occupation and the objects that he held were manipulated, so that only one condition depicted a schema inconsistency between his occupation and the object. After watching the videotape, the participants were interviewed for details regarding the target's physical appearance and the object. As predicted, the schema inconsistency resulted in decreased recall accuracy for both children and adults. These results suggest that the weapon focus effect can be generalized to young children and that their eyewitness accounts are similar to those of adults. Additionally, adults recalled a significantly greater number of details than did the children, which was also predicted. It was interesting and unexpected to find that overall. adults recalled significantly more accurate descriptions than the children. This finding was contradictory to the results of some previous studies on eyewitness memory.Department of Psychological Science
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Ochoa, Claudia. "The effect of facial resemblance on alibi credibility and final verdicts." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Caldeira, Johanne Lia Emonts. "How misleading information interferes with child eyewitness identification : effect of lineup type and age in target absent trials." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14160.
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Mestrado em Psicologia ForenseExisting literature on eyewitness testimony indicates that there is a wide range of variables which interfere with the reliability of eyewitness identifications (e.g., eyewitness’ age, target presence in the lineup, presence of misleading information and the entity that delivers it, lineup type). The present study focused on the efficency of simultaneous versus sequential lineups in children eyewitness testimonies in the case of target absent lineups, with the insertion of misleading information. The effect of children’s age was also investigated. Hence, 55 children of two different age groups (4-5 years-old and 8-10 years-old), divided into two lineup type conditions, viewed four videos of fake CCTV footage that depicted minor thefts. After a brief interference task, the children were asked to identify the suspect seen in the video, if they believed that he was amongst lineup members. Answers were registered according to the lineup member chosen, and could be of four different types: correct (no lineup member was chosen), dummy (the filler with the misinformation described features was chosen), pseudo-target (the filler with highest resemblance to the suspect in the video was chosen) and other (any of the other four lineup members was chosen). Results showed that younger children identify more frequently the dummy in the lineups than older children, evidencing a greater suggestibility. Additionally, results showed that participants identified significantly more “other” lineup members in the sequential lineup than in the simultaneous one, possibly because of not being able to exclude these members from their choice as easily as in the simultaneous lineup, which permits a relative judgment. This study has the potential to aid forensic investigations envolving child eyewitnesses, in an effort to understand and improve testimony and lineup methodology.
A literatura tem vindo a demonstrar que existe uma diversidade de variáveis que interferem com a fiabilidade da identificações por testemunha ocular (e.g., idade da testemunha, se o é alvo ausente ou presente, presença de informação errónea e entidade que a introduz, tipo de alinhamento utilizado). O presente estudo teve como objetivo testar a eficácia do tipo de alinhamento utilizado (simultâneo ou sequencial), face à introdução de um enviesamento de memória, em crianças como testemunhas oculares perante alinhamentos de alvo ausente. Para tal, 55 crianças de faixas etárias diferentes (4-5 anos e 8-10 anos), separadas em dois grupos por tipo de alinhamento, visualizaram quatro vídeos que mimicavam metragens de câmaras de vigilância e retratavam um furto. Após uma breve tarefa de interferência foi pedido que identificassem o suspeito que tinham visto no vídeo, caso achassem que este se encontrava entre os membros do alinhamento. As suas respostas foram registadas de acordo com o sujeito que escolhiam ou não e podiam pertencer a um de quatro tipos: acerto (não escolher ninguém do alinhamento), dummy (escolher o membro com as características erróneas descritas), pseudo-alvo (escolher o membro com maior nível de semelhança ao perpetrador) e outro (escolher qualquer um dos restantes quatro membros do alinhamento). Os resultados demonstraram que as crianças mais novas identificaram um maior número de vezes o “dummy” do que as crianças mais velhas, demonstrando uma maior sugestionabilidade. Verificou-se ainda uma correlação significativa entre o alinhamento sequencial e a probabilidade de escolherem um dos outro quatro membros do alinhamento, possivelmente dado a não poderem utilizar um julgamento relativo como no alinhamento simultâneo de modo a excluir mais facilmente estes membros das suas escolhas. Este estudo tem o potencial de auxiliar investigações criminais relacionadas com testemunhas oculares menores de idade, no sentido de ajudar a compreender os erros e aperfeiçoar as técnicas de procedimento aquando do reconhecimento e identificação de suspeitos em alinhamentos.
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Joyce, Carrie A. "Saving faces : using eye movement, ERP, and SCR measures of face processing and recognition to investigate eyewitness identification /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9984296.
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Hayes, Tara. "The Cross Race Effect and Mixed Race Individuals." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1058.
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Pulling from past research on cross-race identifications, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of both mixed race participants and perpetrators on eyewitness accuracy and confidence levels. In the study, participants will be shown a randomly assigned photograph of an individual from one of three racial categories: Asian, Mixed (some part Asian), and non-Asian. They will then be asked to read a fictional convenience store robbery vignette and identify the perpetrator from a 9 person simultaneous photo lineup, rate their confidence, and answer a series of questions regarding the diversity of their neighborhood, past or present school or workplace, and friend group. There are no predicted main effects. However, there are three expected interactions: the first between participant race and perpetrator race, such that the perpetrator race will not influence the accuracy for Asian and non-Asian participants. The second proposed interaction is between exposure and race, such that high exposure will cause race to be irrelevant with regard to identification accuracy. The third expected interaction is between participant race and perpetrator race, such that perpetrator race will not influence the confidence levels for mixed race participants, but will influence the accuracy for Asian and non-Asian participants.
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Pruss, Nicole. "The effects of using a scripted or unscripted interview in forensic interviews with interpreters." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Srisarkun, Vilasinee. "Efficiency in utilizing ICT infrastructure in developing countries a case study of the Royal Thai Police's attitudes to the adoption of an image retrieval application for eyewitness identification /." Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20050303.110027/index.html.
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Jordan, Dominic T. "Identity: A crisis of confidence? Or is it resemblance? An exploration of the different approaches by which eyewitness evidence can be obtained from lineups." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2021. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2449.
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Research has shown that eyewitness identification decisions are fallible and often mistaken. Although considerable attention has been afforded to identification decision accuracy and its improvement, mistaken identification decisions continue to contribute to costly errors at the evidentiary stage of the criminal justice system process (i.e., wrongful convictions). Several prominent researchers have suggested, by way of explanation, that the existing framework for obtaining eyewitness evidence from lineups, namely, identification, is inadequate. Indeed, the assumption that witnesses when presented with a lineup, can make reliable identification decisions (i.e., can reliably determine that a lineup member is the same unfamiliar person seen previously committing a crime) has become increasingly disputed. Instead, it has been suggested that witnesses, when presented with a lineup, use the perceptual or visual pattern of information available at encoding and retrieval to make inferences regarding the likely identity of a perpetrator. Guided by this rationale two alternatives, which have approached the eyewitness decision task as one which involves multiple match-based comparisons rather than a single categorical identification decision, have been considered - the non-categorical confidence and non-categorical similarity approaches.
The non-categorical confidence approach describes a process whereby witnesses express judgements, on a continuous scale, regarding how certain they are that each member of a lineup is the target. The non-categorical similarity approach describes a process whereby witnesses make judgements, on a continuous scale, regarding how similar each lineup member is to their memory of a target. Proponents have asserted that confidence and similarity can both facilitate recognition in lineup decision tasks by allowing witnesses to access probative memorial information (i.e., match-to-memory) free from distortive, non-memorial influences which impact categorical identifications.
While initial assessments seem to support this assertion, continued examination of alternative non-categorical approaches and their use in lineup-based recognition tasks is required. To date, attention afforded to understanding how non-categorical judgements are elicited or impacted under variable conditions remains limited. Further, the relationship between categorical identification decisions, non-categorical confidence judgements, and non-categorical similarity judgements in lineup-based decision tasks has not previously been examined. To address these gaps in the literature three experimental studies were conducted.
In each experimental study, participants completed four experimental lineup trials which involved: viewing a target person, completing a brief distractor task, and responding to the lineup. In responding to each lineup participants either made a categorical identification with an associated post-decisional confidence rating (Study 1, N = 343), or non-categorical judgements, on one of two 11-point scales, regarding how certain they were that each member of a photographic lineup was the target person (Study 2, N = 314) or how similar each member of a photographic lineup was to the target person (Study 3, N = 362). Variables in each of the three studies were identical, and included target appearance (no change, change, within-participant), lineup procedure (simultaneous, sequential, between-participant), target/replacement position (early, late, within-participant) and target presence (present, absent, within-participant). Results for each of the three studies are reported independently, however, in a separate chapter additional results are reported which compare data from Studies 1, 2, and 3.
In all three experimental studies, variables primarily influenced responses made from target present lineups. While the effects of procedure and position on participant responses varied across the three experimental studies, altering target appearance exerted a consistent, moderate to large effect on participant responses made using each of the three recognition approaches. As the appearance variable represents a direct manipulation of perceptual, and by extension memorial, signal strength this finding provides some evidence to suggest that non-categorical confidence and similarity judgements access and rely on the same information which underpins categorical identification. This finding was reinforced, in part, by more direct comparisons of the experimental data which revealed a high degree of correspondence in participant responses obtained using identification decisions, non-categorical confidence judgements, and non-categorical similarity judgements. Interestingly, however, direct comparisons also revealed some notable differences between mean measures of confidence and similarity. First, the numerical value of mean similarity exceeded that of mean confidence within all four lineups. Second, discrepancy, which measures the difference between the highest value judgement (i.e., max judgement) and second highest value judgement in a lineup trial, was significantly higher for confidence than similarity within all four lineups. The theoretical implications and practical considerations associated with the main findings and the methodological limitations associated with the experimental materials and research design are discussed. Additional research regarding alternative approaches to lineup-based decision tasks is required, and therefore recommendations for future research are made accordingly.
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French, Tricia A. "The effect of a weapon's presence on witnesses' memory for auditory information." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1221315.
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Research supports the notion that weapons impair eyewitnesses' memory for visual information (weapon focus effect). Pickel and Betts (1999) found that the presence of a weapon can also interfere with witnesses' memory for auditory information. The primary objective of the current study was to replicate Pickel and Betts's (1999) findings, to extend their findings by implementing different methodological procedures, and to control for a confound associated with their study. A secondary goal was to further investigate the impact that arousal and novelty have on the weapon focus effect. Participants watched a videotape depicting a story about a man stalking a woman. The man approached the woman holding either a switchblade knife or a black ballpoint pen. The man's conversation varied so that it was either easy or difficult to comprehend. Participants then completed questionnaires assessing their arousal level, memory for visual and auditory information, and perceived unusualness of the object carried by the target. [n addition, they attempted to identify the target in a photo and audio lineup. Results indicate that the presence of a weapon does not affect memory for vocal characteristics or for semantic content of speech when the content of the message is rather simple. As the complexity of the message increases, however, a weapon will interfere with witnesses' memory for the content. Also, results support the hypothesis that the weapon focus effect occurs because the weapon is perceived to be unusual and that increased levels of arousal are not necessary to obtain the effect. Analyses revealed no significant effects or interactions related to witnesses' ability to identify the man in the photo or audio lineup. The results supported Pickel and Betts's (1999) conclusions, thus increasing our knowledge concerning the reliability of eyewitness testimony.Department of Psychological Science
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Pozzulo, Joanna D. "Increasing the identification accuracy of child eyewitnesses with identification procedures." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0004/NQ27850.pdf.
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Rose, Rachel Anne. "The performance of older eyewitnesses on photographic identification lineups." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247494.
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Colomb, Cindy. "L’entretien cognitif sous influence : Du développement d’un protocole modifié à son étude en interaction avec trois variables sociales." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF20012.
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Malgré les avancées considérables dans l’analyse des preuves matérielles, et le développement ces dernières années de la police scientifique, les témoignages oculaires occupent encore aujourd’hui un rôle primordial dans les décisions de justice. Et pourtant, ces témoignages sont faillibles. En effet, de nombreux facteurs se trouvant au croisement de processus mnésiques et/ou cognitifs et de processus sociaux et/ou sociocognitifs, peuvent les impacter de façon irréversible. C’est dans ce contexte, et dans le but de mieux comprendre certaines variables à l’origine de leur fragilité, que nous avons réalisé les sept expérimentations présentées dans cette thèse.De façon plus précise, les trois premières études s’intéressaient à une technique d’audition efficace, appelée l’entretien cognitif. Notre objectif était alors de développer et d’évaluer, en laboratoire et sur le terrain, un protocole modifié d’entretien cognitif fondé sur le principe de multiplication des rappels libres. Toutefois, dans cette thèse, nous souhaitions adopter une approche plus dynamique et situationnelle de l’entretien cognitif que celle rencontrée jusqu’à présent dans la littérature. C’est pourquoi, dans une seconde partie, nous avons examiné l’efficacité de ce protocole en lien avec trois variables évaluatrices indissociables des situations d’auditions, et pouvant dans les faits impacter fortement et négativement la qualité des témoignages oculaires. Ces trois variables sont: (a) les scripts que partagent les individus à propos des évènements criminels, (b) les discussions entre témoins, et, (c) les stéréotypes associés aux témoins par le biais de leursappartenances groupales.Plusieurs résultats ont alors été montrés. Tout d’abord, nous avons confirmé l’efficacité d’une version modifiée d’entretien cognitif (ECM). Plus précisément, un protocole composé de deux rappels libres, incluant les consignes d’exhaustivité et de remise en contexte ainsi qu’une nouvelle technique destinée à favoriser le souvenir, la focalisation périphérique guidée, a permis d’améliorer, dans toutes nos études, la richesse du rappel des participants sans nuire à son exactitude. Son efficacité a d’ailleurs été montrée aussi bien en laboratoire que sur le terrain. De plus, ce protocole intègre les consignes cognitives les plus efficaces et omet les moins effectives. Parallèlement, nous avons confirmé l’impact néfaste des scripts et des discussions entre témoins sur les témoignages oculaires. Certains effets des stéréotypes liés à l’appartenance groupale du témoin ont aussi été suggérés. Enfin, concernant l’efficacité de l’entretien cognitif, et plus précisément de la versionmodifiée, certains effets délétères de ce protocole et des consignes qui le composent ont été observés en lien avec les trois variables évaluatrices considérées. Toutefois, plusieurs bénéfices intéressants ont également été révélés dans ce cadre.Ces résultats seront discutés au regard des données disponibles dans la littérature à ce jour. Des recommandations appliquées seront également émisesDespite many advances in analyzing physical evidence, and the development these past years of the forensic police, eyewitnesses’ testimonies remains decisive in the decisions of justice. Nevertheless, these testimonies are fallible. Numerous factors, at the crossroad of memory and/or cognitive processes and of social and/or sociocognitive processes, can impact them in an irreversible manner. In this context, we realized the seven experimentations presented in this dissertation. The aim was to understand better some variables responsible for the fragility of eyewitnesses’ accounts.More precisely, the first three studies presented in the first part of this work were dealing with an effective technique for interviewing eyewitnesses, called the Cognitive Interview. Our purpose was to develop and evaluate, in the lab and in the field, a modified version of Cognitive Interview, based on the principle of multiplication of the free recalls. However, in this dissertation, we chose to adopt a more dynamic and situational approach that the one encountered in the literature until now. Therefore, in a second part, we examined the efficacy of this protocol in interaction with three estimator variables, inseparable from the context of hearing witnesses, and which can in the real life strongly and negatively impact the quality of their accounts. These variables are: (a) the scripts shared by individuals about criminal events, (b) the talk between witnesses, and, (c) the stereotypes associated with witnesses through the social groups they belong to.Several results were shown. First, we confirmed the efficacy of a modified version of the Cognitive Interview (MCI). More precisely, a protocol composed of two free recallattempts, composed of the report all and the context reinstatement instructions, as well as a new technique designed to enhance memories, the guided peripheral focus, increased in all the studies the richness of participants’ recalls without impairing their accuracy. Its efficacy was shown in the lab and in the field. Moreover, this protocol includes the most effective cognitive instructions and omits the less beneficial. Then, in the second part, we confirmed that the scripts and the talk among witnesses have a detrimental impact on eyewitnesses’ testimonies. Some effects of the stereotypes linked to the group membership of the witness were also suggested. Finally, concerning the efficacy of the Cognitive Interview, and more precisely the modified protocol, some negative effects were observed in interaction with the three estimator variables considered. However, some interesting benefits of this protocol and of the cognitive instructions it includes were also shown.These results will be discussed in regards with the literature available today. Some applied recommendations will also be emitted
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Launay, Céline. "Conception et évaluation d'une consigne verbatim de l'entretien cognitif : la reconstitution." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU20149.
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Le témoignage oculaire est un élément fondamental de la résolution des enquêtes criminelles. Pour la bonne conduite des enquêtes judiciaires, il apparait primordial d’obtenir des témoignages exhaustifs et exacts. C'est ainsi qu’une équipe de recherche a conçu une méthode basée sur les principes du fonctionnement de la mémoire ayant pour but l’optimisation du recueil des propos du témoin : l’entretien cognitif (Geiselman et al. 1984). Si cette méthode permet d’obtenir des descriptions détaillées sans diminution de la qualité du témoignage, elle est néanmoins marginalement utilisée par les professionnels de la justice. L’objectif de cette thèse est double : il s’agit de proposer une consigne d’entretien qui prend en compte les processus psychologiques en œuvre dans le rappel d’un évènement en mémoire épisodique, et qui soit acceptable du point de vue des pratiques professionnelles. Une première étape a consisté en l’analyse des pratiques professionnelles. L’évaluation d’une formation à l’entretien cognitif auprès d’enquêteurs de police a montré que la méthode est facilement assimilable par les enquêteurs, suggérant que sa non-application sur le terrain ne résiderait pas dans sa difficulté d’utilisation, mais relèverait plutôt de problèmes d’acceptabilité de la part des professionnels. Pour comprendre les objectifs professionnels de l’audition, nous avons ensuite procédé à une analyse des pratiques en termes d’audition. Cette analyse a révélé que les enquêteurs recherchaient de façon prépondérante des informations sur les actions d’une scène criminelle. Sur la base de ces constats, nous avons conçu une consigne dite de reconstitution, qui fait appel aux traces verbatim en mémoire, et vise à apporter des actions générales et spécifiques d’une scène. La consigne a été testée dans un protocole d’entretien et a démontré son efficacité aussi bien quantitative que qualitative, en apportant davantage d’informations correctes sur une scène comparée à d’autres consignes, sans augmentation concomitante du nombre d’erreurs. Il apparait que la consigne de reconstitution répond de façon pertinente au principal objectif d’une enquête de policeEyewitness testimony is a fundamental determinant to the resolution of criminal investigations. To conduct criminal investigations effectively, it appears essential to obtain complete and accurate testimony. For this purpose, a research team has developed a method based on the features of human memory, aiming to enhance the eliciting of eyewitness accounts: the cognitive interview (Geiselman et al., 1984). Although this method enables investigators to obtain detailed descriptions without reducing the quality of the testimony, it is still only marginally used by legal professionals. The objective of this thesis is twofold: it aims to provide interviewing instructions which take into account the psychological processes at work in the recalling of events in episodic memory, while simultaneously being acceptable from the standpoint of professional practice. The first step involved conducting an analysis of professional practices. An evaluation of training in cognitive interviewing by police investigators showed that the method is easily learnt and suggests that the lack of implementation in practice does not stem from the difficulties linked to its implementation, but rather arises as a result of a lack of acceptance among professionals. In order to further our understanding of the professional objectives of the hearing, we then conducted an analysis of practices in terms of hearing. This analysis revealed that investigators were essentially seeking out information about the actions which took place during the crime scene. Based on these findings, we designed a re-enactment-alike interviewing instruction, which activates the verbatim traces in memory and is intended to elicit the general and specific actions of a scene. This instruction was tested in an interviewing protocol and demonstrated its quantitative and qualitative effectiveness in providing a greater quantity of correct information compared with other instructions, whilst withstanding a concomitant increase in the number of errors. Re-enactment-alike instruction thus appears highly relevant for reaching the main objective of a police investigation