Relevant bibliographies by topics / Eyewitness

Academic literature on the topic 'Eyewitness'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Eyewitness"

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Lebensfeld, Taylor, and Laura Smalarz. "Cross-Examination Fails to Safeguard Against Feedback Effects on Eyewitness Testimony." Wrongful Conviction Law Review 3, no. 3 (February 28, 2023): 240–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/wclawr80.

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The legal system relies heavily on eyewitness evidence to identify and prosecute criminal perpetrators, but wrongful convictions resulting from eyewitness misidentification have led many to conclude that eyewitness memory is unreliable. Advances in eyewitness identification research have produced a more nuanced understanding of eyewitness reliability, however. Whereas pristinely collected eyewitness identification evidence provides diagnostic information about a suspect’s guilt or innocence, numerous contaminants of eyewitness memory can undermine the reliability of eyewitness identification evidence. One such contaminant is confirming post-identification feedback—feedback given to or inferred by an eyewitness that communicates that their identification decision was correct. Confirming feedback is inevitable in real cases involving eyewitness identification and compromises the diagnostic value of eyewitness memory to such an extent that it undermines evaluators’ abilities to differentiate between accurate and mistaken eyewitnesses (Smalarz & Wells, 2014). The current research tested whether cross-examination, a fundamental legal safeguard for preventing wrongful conviction based on eyewitness misidentification, can help remedy the contaminating effects of feedback on eyewitness testimony. Evaluators (N = 128) viewed direct examination testimony or direct- and cross-examination testimony of accurate and mistaken eyewitnesses, some of whom had received confirming feedback following their identification. Although the majority of eyewitnesses admitted during cross-examination that some or all of their recollections may have been influenced by the feedback, viewing the cross-examination did not improve evaluators’ abilities to differentiate between accurate and mistaken eyewitness testimony. Cross-examination appears to be an insufficient safeguard for preventing wrongful convictions based on contaminated eyewitness evidence.
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Wixted, John T., Laura Mickes, and Ronald P. Fisher. "Rethinking the Reliability of Eyewitness Memory." Perspectives on Psychological Science 13, no. 3 (May 2018): 324–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691617734878.

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Although certain pockets within the broad field of academic psychology have come to appreciate that eyewitness memory is more reliable than was once believed, the prevailing view, by far, is that eyewitness memory is unreliable—a blanket assessment that increasingly pervades the legal system. On the surface, this verdict seems unavoidable: Research convincingly shows that memory is malleable, and eyewitness misidentifications are known to have played a role in most of the DNA exonerations of the innocent. However, we argue here that, like DNA evidence and other kinds of scientifically validated forensic evidence, eyewitness memory is reliable if it is not contaminated and if proper testing procedures are used. This conclusion applies to eyewitness memory broadly conceived, whether the test involves recognition (from a police lineup) or recall (during a police interview). From this perspective, eyewitness memory has been wrongfully convicted of mistakes that are better construed as having been committed by other actors in the legal system, not by the eyewitnesses themselves. Eyewitnesses typically provide reliable evidence on an initial, uncontaminated memory test, and this is true even for most of the wrongful convictions that were later reversed by DNA evidence.
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Harding, Sue-Ann Jane. "Translating eyewitness accounts." Translation and the Genealogy of Conflict 11, no. 2 (June 8, 2012): 229–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.11.2.04har.

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This paper uses concepts from socio-narrative theory, particularly the notions of ‘narrator’ and ‘temporary narrator’, and a revised typology of narrative to examine how eyewitness accounts of the Beslan hostage-taking were incorporated into some of the news narratives constructed in response to the event. Using online articles published in both Russian and English by three different websites, the study considers the few eyewitnesses who are selected to narrate, and ways in which each website controls the sometimes contradictory, multivalent narratives of its eyewitnesses so that they reinforce, rather than challenge or undermine, its overall narrative position. It also considers the impact of translation on these processes and concludes that in translation, the contribution of these eyewitness accounts is further diminished and even removed altogether.
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Berkowitz, Shari R., and Steven J. Frenda. "Rethinking the Confident Eyewitness: A Reply to Wixted, Mickes, and Fisher." Perspectives on Psychological Science 13, no. 3 (May 2018): 336–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691617751883.

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In the current issue, Wixted, Mickes, and Fisher make the claim that eyewitness memory is not inherently unreliable. They also describe specific conditions under which an eyewitness’s confidence can be a reliable indicator of accuracy in the context of both recall and recognition. We argue, however, that calculating the probative value of eyewitness evidence is more complicated than the authors acknowledge. In this commentary, we raise several concerns about the collection and assessment of eyewitness confidence in the real world. We also discuss how frequently the conditions specified by Wixted et al. are met in real cases. The potential for memory contamination is commonplace and can likely be outside the control of investigators. Moreover, there is reason to doubt that legal decision makers are sensitive to the myriad ways that eyewitness memory can be influenced. Because of this, we think eyewitness-memory scientists would do well to further research the intricacies of eyewitness confidence in the real world.
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Bauckham, Richard. "In Response to My Respondents: Jesus and the Eyewitnesses in Review." Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 6, no. 2 (2008): 225–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174551908x349707.

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AbstractThis response replies individually to each of the responses by Samuel yrskog, David Catchpole, Howard Marshall, Stephen Patterson and Theodore Weeden who have written reviews of Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony. Important issues discussed include: names as indications of eyewitness sources, variations between the Gospels, the identity of the Beloved Disciple, models of oral tradition, and Mark as a Petrine Gospel.
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Albright, Thomas D. "Why eyewitnesses fail." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 30 (July 25, 2017): 7758–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706891114.

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Eyewitness identifications play an important role in the investigation and prosecution of crimes, but it is well known that eyewitnesses make mistakes, often with serious consequences. In light of these concerns, the National Academy of Sciences recently convened a panel of experts to undertake a comprehensive study of current practice and use of eyewitness testimony, with an eye toward understanding why identification errors occur and what can be done to prevent them. The work of this committee led to key findings and recommendations for reform, detailed in a consensus report entitledIdentifying the Culprit: Assessing Eyewitness Identification. In this review, I focus on the scientific issues that emerged from this study, along with brief discussions of how these issues led to specific recommendations for additional research, best practices for law enforcement, and use of eyewitness evidence by the courts.
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Wixted, John T., Gary L. Wells, Elizabeth F. Loftus, and Brandon L. Garrett. "Test a Witness’s Memory of a Suspect Only Once." Psychological Science in the Public Interest 22, no. 1_suppl (November 3, 2021): 1S—18S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15291006211026259.

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Eyewitness misidentifications are almost always made with high confidence in the courtroom. The courtroom is where eyewitnesses make their last identification of defendants suspected of (and charged with) committing a crime. But what did those same eyewitnesses do on the first identification test, conducted early in a police investigation? Despite testifying with high confidence in court, many eyewitnesses also testified that they had initially identified the suspect with low confidence or failed to identify the suspect at all. Presenting a lineup leaves the eyewitness with a memory trace of the faces in the lineup, including that of the suspect. As a result, the memory signal generated by the face of that suspect will be stronger on a later test involving the same witness, even if the suspect is innocent. In that sense, testing memory contaminates memory. These considerations underscore the importance of a newly proposed recommendation for conducting eyewitness identifications: Avoid repeated identification procedures with the same witness and suspect. This recommendation applies not only to additional tests conducted by police investigators but also to the final test conducted in the courtroom, in front of the judge and jury.
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Puddifoot, Katherine. "RE-EVALUATING THE CREDIBILITY OF EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY: THE MISINFORMATION EFFECT AND THE OVERCRITICAL JUROR." Episteme 17, no. 2 (December 26, 2018): 255–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/epi.2018.42.

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ABSTRACTEyewitnesses are susceptible to recollecting that they experienced an event in a way that is consistent with false information provided to them after the event. The effect is commonly called the misinformation effect. Because jurors tend to find eyewitness testimony compelling and persuasive, it is argued that jurors are likely to give inappropriate credence to eyewitness testimony, judging it to be reliable when it is not. It is argued that jurors should be informed about psychological findings on the misinformation effect, to ensure that they lower the credence that they give to eyewitness testimony to reflect the unreliability of human memory that is demonstrated by the effect. Here I present a new argument, the overcritical juror argument, to support the conclusion that eyewitnesses are likely to make inappropriate credence assignments to eyewitness testimony. Whereas previously authors have argued that jurors will tend to give too much credence to eyewitness testimony, I identify circumstances in which jurors will give too little credence to some pieces of testimony. In my view jurors should be informed by psychological findings relating to the misinformation effect to ensure that they do not lower the credence that they give to eyewitness testimony when they should not.
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Abdul Ghani, Kartini, and Lau Choon Ning. "Does Talking about Emotion Help Eyewitness Memory? The Role of Emotional and Factual Retelling in Memory Accuracy." Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development 1, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jcshd.193.2016.

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Eyewitnesses typically talk about the traumatic events that they have experienced based on their memory. This research aimed to investigate differences between emotional and factual retelling of eyewitness in terms of memory accuracy and error. Participants watched a traumatic robbery video and were instructed to recall the events in detail. Participants were divided into three retelling conditions where they: a) discussed the robbery in a factual way, b) focused on discussing their emotional response, and c) performed unrelated tasks. Results showed that eyewitnesses who talked about their emotion recalled less detailed memories and made more errors in free recall while eyewitnesses who focused on factual detail seem to be able to maintain their memory accuracy of the event.Keywords: eyewitness memory; emotional retelling; factual retelling; memory accuracy; memory error
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Wade, Kimberley A., Robert A. Nash, and D. Stephen Lindsay. "Reasons to Doubt the Reliability of Eyewitness Memory: Commentary on Wixted, Mickes, and Fisher (2018)." Perspectives on Psychological Science 13, no. 3 (May 2018): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691618758261.

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Wixted, Mickes, and Fisher (this issue) take issue with the common trope that eyewitness memory is inherently unreliable. They draw on a large body of mock-crime research and a small number of field studies, which indicate that high-confidence eyewitness reports are usually accurate, at least when memory is uncontaminated and suitable interviewing procedures are used. We agree with the thrust of Wixted et al.’s argument and welcome their invitation to confront the mass underselling of eyewitnesses’ potential reliability. Nevertheless, we argue that there is a comparable risk of overselling eyewitnesses’ reliability. Wixted et al.’s reasoning implies that near-pristine conditions or uncontaminated memories are normative, but there are at least two good reasons to doubt this. First, psychological science does not yet offer a good understanding of how often and when eyewitness interviews might deviate from best practice in ways that compromise the accuracy of witnesses’ reports. Second, witnesses may frequently be exposed to preinterview influences that could corrupt reports obtained in best-practice interviews.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Eyewitness"

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Carol, Rolando N. "Implicit Eyewitness Memory." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/907.

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After a crime has occurred, one of the most pressing objectives for investigators is to identify and interview any eyewitness that can provide information about the crime. Depending on his or her training, the investigative interviewer will use (to varying degrees) mostly yes/no questions, some cued and multiple-choice questions, with few open-ended questions. When the witness cannot generate any more details about the crime, one assumes the eyewitness’ memory for the critical event has been exhausted. However, given what we know about memory, is this a safe assumption? In line with the extant literature on human cognition, if one assumes (a) an eyewitness has more available memories of the crime than he or she has accessible and (b) only explicit probes have been used to elicit information, then one can argue this eyewitness may still be able to provide additional information via implicit memory tests. In accordance with these notions, the present study had two goals: demonstrate that (1) eyewitnesses can reveal memory implicitly for a detail-rich event and (2) particularly for brief crimes, eyewitnesses can reveal memory for event details implicitly that were inaccessible when probed for explicitly. Undergraduates (N = 227) participated in a psychological experiment in exchange for research credit. Participants were presented with one of three stimulus videos (brief crime vs. long crime vs. irrelevant video). Then, participants either completed a series of implicit memory tasks or worked on a puzzle for 5 minutes. Lastly, participants were interviewed explicitly about the previous video via free recall and recognition tasks. Findings indicated that participants who viewed the brief crime provided significantly more crime-related details implicitly than those who viewed the long crime. The data also showed participants who viewed the long crime provided marginally more accurate details during free recall than participants who viewed the brief crime. Furthermore, participants who completed the implicit memory tasks provided significantly less accurate information during the explicit interview than participants who were not given implicit memory tasks. This study was the first to investigate implicit memory for eyewitnesses of a crime. To determine its applied value, additional empirical work is required.
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Russ, Andrew. "Diagnosing eyewitness accuracy." Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/53992/.

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Eyewitnesses frequently mistake innocent people for the perpetrator of an observed crime. Such misidentifications have led to the wrongful convictions of many people. Despite this, no reliable method yet exists to determine eyewitness accuracy. This thesis explored two new experimental methods for this purpose. Chapter 2 investigated whether repetition priming can measure prior exposure to a target and compared this with observers’ explicit eyewitness accuracy. Across three experiments slower responses to target faces were consistently observed irrespective of eyewitness accuracy in a lineup task. This indicates that repetition priming can provide a covert index of eyewitness accuracy. However this method could not reliably assess the accuracy of individual eyewitnesses. Chapter 3 therefore explored an alternative test of eyewitness accuracy which was based on a multiple lineup procedure for faces. The characteristics of this method were assessed over five experiments which showed that only some eyewitnesses can actually identify a perpetrator repeatedly. Chapter 4 then showed that such repeat-identifications can provide a direct index of eyewitness accuracy in a field study. Over two experiments, the success of this method was such that eyewitnesses who consistently acted on the same identity over six lineups were always accurate eyewitnesses. These results demonstrate that multiple lineups of faces could provide a useful method for assessing eyewitness accuracy. The implications of these findings, both for further study and for forensic application, are discussed.
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Cullen, Hayley. "Inattentional blindness in eyewitnesses to crime: Consequences for eyewitness safety, memory and credibility." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/25120.

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When attention is focused elsewhere, individuals may fail to notice unexpected events in plain sight, a phenomenon known as inattentional blindness (IB: Mack & Rock, 1998). In legal settings, eyewitnesses may experience IB and fail to notice entire crimes occurring (Hyman, 2016). The current thesis aimed to assess the impact of IB on eyewitness safety, memory, and credibility. In the first two studies, IB for an assault crime was measured. The presence of a weapon was manipulated (Study 1), and memory for the crime was assessed (Study 1 & Study 2). The results showed that weapon presence did not impact rates of IB. Study 1 found that IB impacted the quantity, but not quality, of witness memory. However, when manipulating the recall instructions in Study 2, IB negatively affected both the quantity and quality of memory. Given that witnesses who experience IB may testify in court, subsequent studies were conducted to explore perceptions of eyewitness IB. In Study 3, lawyers, psychology students, and members of the public were surveyed regarding their beliefs about IB in legal scenarios. All populations overestimated visual detection across most legal scenarios. In Studies 4 and 5, mock-jurors read a trial containing two key witnesses: one who saw the crime, and one who experienced IB. Both studies showed that the witness who experienced IB was perceived as less credible than the witness who saw the crime. In Study 5, several factors (witness role, witness familiarity with defendant, and expert testimony) did not influence the negative perceptions of IB. Therefore, Studies 6 and 7 aimed to determine whether demonstrating IB and providing expert testimony on IB would improve perceptions of witness IB. Neither demonstrating IB nor expert testimony rectified the negative perceptions of witness IB. The findings within this thesis indicate that IB among eyewitnesses presents a unique challenge in criminal settings.
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Ferreira, Pedro João Bem-Haja Gabriel. "Psychophysiology of eyewitness testimony." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22797.

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Doutoramento em Psicologia
As testemunhas oculares são muitas vezes o único meio que temos para aceder à autoria de um crime. Contudo, apesar dos 100 anos de evidência de erros no testemunho ocular, a consciência das suas limitações como meio de prova só ganhou força no advento do ADN. De facto os estudos de exoneração mostraram que 70 % das ilibações estavam associadas a erros de testemunho ocular. Estes erros têm um impacto social elevado principalmente os falsos positivos, por colocar inocentes na prisão. De acordo com a literatura, deverão ser utilizadas novas abordagens para tentar reduzir o numero de erros de identificação. Destas abordagens, destacam-se a análise dos padrões de movimentos oculares e os potenciais evocados. Nos nossos estudos utilizamos essas novas abordagens com o objetivo de examinar os padrões de acerto ou de identificação do criminoso, usando um paradigma de deteção de sinal. No que diz respeito aos movimentos oculares, não foram encontrados padrões robustos de acerto. No entanto, obtiveram-se evidências oculométricas de que a fusão de dois procedimentos (Alinhamento Simultâneo depois de um Alinhamento Sequencial com Regra de Paragem) aumenta a probabilidade de acerto. Em relação aos potenciais evocados, a P100 registou maior amplitude quando identificamos um inocente. Este efeito é concomitante com uma hiperactivação no córtex prefrontal ventromedial (CPFVM) identificada na análise de estimação de fontes. Esta hiperativação poderá estar relacionada com uma exacerbação emocional da informação proveniente da amígdala. A literatura relaciona a hiperativação no CPFVM com as falsas memorias, e estes resultados sugerem que a P100 poderá ser um promissor indicador de falsos positivos. Os resultados da N170 não nos permitem associar este componente ao acerto na identificação. Relativamente à P300, os resultados mostram uma maior amplitude deste componente quando identificamos corretamente um alvo, mas não diferiu significativamente de quando identificamos um inocente. Porém, a estimação de fontes mostrou que nessa janela temporal (300-600 ms) se verifica uma hipoativação dos Campos Oculares Frontais (COF) quando um distrator é identificado. Baixas ativações dos COF estão relacionadas com redução da eficiência de processamento e com a incapacidade para detetar alvos. Nas medidas periféricas, a eletromiografia facial mostrou que a maior ativação do corrugador e a menor ativação do zigomático são um bom indicador de quando estamos perante um criminoso. No que diz respeito ao ritmo cardíaco, a desaceleração esperada para os alvos devido à sua saliência emocional apenas foi obtida quando a visualização de um alvo foi acompanhada por um erro na identificação (i.e., um falso negativo). Neste trabalho de investigação parece que o sistema nervoso periférico está a responder corretamente, identificando o alvo, por ser emocionalmente mais saliente, enquanto que a modulação executiva efectuada pelo CPFVM conduz ao falso positivo. Os resultados obtidos são promissores e relevantes, principalmente quando o resultado de um erro poderá ser uma condenação indevida e, consequentemente, uma vida injustamente destruída.
Eyewitnesses are often the only way we can access the author of a crime. However, despite 100 years of evidence of errors in eyewitness testimony, awareness of its limitations only gained strength with the advent of DNA. In fact, 70% of exonerations have been associated with eyewitness errors. These errors have a high social impact, mainly false positives. According to the literature, new approaches to try to reduce the number of identification errors should be used. Of these, the study of oculometric patterns and event-related Potentials (ERP) stand out. In our studies, these new approaches were used with the objective of examining patterns of accuracy, using a signal detection paradigm. Regarding eye movements, no entirely clear patterns were found. However, there was oculometric evidence that the merging of two procedures (Simultaneous Lineup after a Sequential Lineup with Stopping Rule) increases performance accuracy. Regarding ERPs, the P100 registered a larger amplitude when an innocent was identified. This effect is concomitant with a hyperactivation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) identified by source estimation analysis. This hyperactivation might be related to an emotional exacerbation of the information coming from the amygdala. The literature relates the hyperactivation in the VMPFC with false memories, and these results suggest that the P100 component might be a promising marker of false positive errors. The results of the N170 do not allow to associate this component with accuracy. Regarding the P300, the results showed a greater amplitude of this component when a target was correctly identified but did not differ significantly from when an innocent was identified. However, source analysis in this time window (300-600 ms) showed a hypoactivation of Frontal Eye Fields (FEF) when a distractor was identified. FEF inactivations are related to the reduction of processing efficiency and to the inability to detect a target. Concerning the peripheral measures, facial electromyography showed that the greater activation of the corrugator and the lower activation of the zygomaticus are a good marker of when we are facing a perpetrator. Regarding heart rate, the expected deceleration for the targets due to their emotional salience was only obtained when the visualization of a target was accompanied by an error in the identification (i.e., a miss). In this research it seems that the peripheral nervous system is responding correctly, identifying the target, because it is emotionally more salient, while the executive modulation carried out by the VMPFC causes the false positive error. The results presently obtained are promising and relevant, especially when the result of an error might be an undue condemnation of an innocent and consequently a destroyed life.
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Hobson, Zoe J. "Eyewitness identification of multiple perpetrators." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.593649.

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Eyewitness identification is crucial in the apprehension and prosecution of criminals and it is thought to be one of the major determining factors in jury decision making. Making accurate identifications is therefore imperative, yet research has demonstrated that a number of variables can influence an eyewitness’ identification performance. One such factor is the number of perpetrators seen in the crime event. Recently, both within England and Wales and around the world, there has been a dramatic increase in crimes which involve multiple perpetrators. In contrast, only a few isolated studies have examined eyewitness performance of identifying multiple perpetrators of one crime, all of which have suggested that accuracy is poor, but few studies have made direct comparisons to single perpetrator identifications. This research aimed to explore multiple perpetrator identification performance, and extend previous literature to examine theoretical explanations behind eyewitnesses’ performance. The first study explored the extent of multiple perpetrator identifications within England and Wales and reports the results from a survey distributed to all police identification units within each force. Four further experimental studies were then conducted. Study 2 used an eyewitness paradigm to systematically explore the effects of single and multiple perpetrators at both the encoding (crime event) and retrieval (identification) stage, with results indicating that there was a multiple perpetrator disadvantage, highlighting that multiple perpetrators cause the greatest interference at the encoding stage of the process. Study 3 considered divided attention as a theoretical explanation for the poor identification performance of multiple perpetrators by integrating a change blindness paradigm and eyewitness paradigm, again comparing between single and multiple perpetrator crimes. As those who viewed a multiple perpetrator event were less likely to notice the change in perpetrator, and identification performance was poor, Study 4 questioned whether cueing a witness using intentional instructions could focus their attention to one particular perpetrator and subsequently improve identification performance, with positive results. Since the previous experiments had found an effect of divided attention, Study 5 examined whether the similarity of the perpetrators also caused interference at encoding, with results suggesting that they do. As multiple perpetrators in one crime event appear to cause interference in the perceptual process at the encoding, or crime, stage, future research needs to identify further methods of aiding witnesses to accurately encode the information and subsequently retrieve it, whether this is through elaborate instructions, or identification procedures.
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Kneller, Wendy. "Reducing errors of eyewitness indentifications." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/33508/.

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Throughout the thesis, the issue of whether eyewitness decision strategy (relative or absolute) is indicative of accuracy was examined. Results were mixed but where an effect emerged (studies 1, 2a & 2b), the data suggested that eyewitnesses were more likely to be accurate when using an absolute decision strategy. The likelihood of using such a strategy was maximised when lineup members were viewed under a sequential presentation rather than a simultaneous presentation. In this respect, the sequential lineup was recommended over the more usual simultaneous lineup. The effect of lineup member similarity on accuracy and decision strategy usage was also examined through the manipulation of lineup construction methods (similarity-to-suspect; match-to-description). Results indicated that neither construction method significantly influenced accuracy or decision strategy usage. The thesis also examined the influence of an emergent factor - facial distinctiveness - with the expectation that a distinctive target would be easier to identify from a line-up because of (i) a more resilient memory trace, (ii) a representation which elicits less confusion with similar faces, or (iii) a more heterogeneous set of foils as a match to the distinctive target face. In a series of experiments (studies 2a, 2b, & 3) in which target presence, lineup construction, and lineup presentation type (simultaneous; sequential) were manipulated, distinctiveness failed to influence eyewitness performance. A partial replication of experiments of 2a and 2b in which delay was shortened also failed to find the expected distinctiveness advantage (study 4). The lack of a distinctiveness advantage was unlikely to be due to the particular targets used as a traditional laboratory-based old/new task yielded the expected advantage when recognising distinctive faces over typical faces in general, and the distinctive target over the typical target in particular (study 5).
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Van, Norman David. "Eyewitness suggestibility across presentation modalities." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/454.

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Houston, Kate Alexandra. "The emotional eyewitness : an investigation into the effects of anger on eyewitness recall and recognition performance." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=165532.

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The present thesis examined the effects of anger on the completeness and accuracy of eyewitness free and cued recall and recognition performance. Anger was revealed by a recent survey as the emotion experienced by the majority of eyewitnesses to crime, so is particularly important in this context. Previous literature has tended to use generic concepts such as ‘emotion’ or ‘stress’ to investigate emotion effects, but this thesis sought to examine the effect of the specific emotion of anger on memory. Experiment 1 tested theoretical predictions regarding the effects of anger on encoding and retrieval processes. In line with these predictions, angry participants provide more complete descriptions of a perpetrator compared to neutral participants. However, angry participants provide less complete descriptions of the perpetrator’s actions than their neutral counterparts. This pattern of results was replicated throughout all experiments in this thesis. Experiment 2 revealed that anger has no effect on the completeness and accuracy of victim descriptions. Experiment 3 found that the pattern of anger effects observed for a younger adult sample were also found when older adults were tested. This prompted a statistical comparison of younger and older adults which found very few age effects and no interactions between age of the participant, experience of anger and the category of detail recalled. The final experiment thoroughly investigated the effects of anger on participants’ ability to recognise the perpetrator from a photographic lineup. The main findings of this thesis suggest that while angry eyewitnesses may be able to provide a more complete description of the perpetrator, they may be less able to describe what he did, and less able to accurately recognise him from a lineup than neutral eyewitnesses. These findings are discussed in terms of cognitive and meta-cognitive models of encoding and retrieval.
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Hulse, Lynn Marie. "Eyewitness memory for emotionally arousing events." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430970.

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For three decades, psychologists and forensic practitioners have been asking, “How does emotional arousal affect eyewitness memory?” Despite much research, a definite and comprehensive answer to this question has not been forthcoming. This thesis investigates some of the pertinent issues regarding the nature of the effects on memory (enhancements, impairments), the aspects of memory affected (completeness vis. Accuracy, recall vs. identifications, central vs. peripheral details), and the underlying mechanisms (selective cognitive processing including post-stimulus elaboration), employing empirical designs that are both novel and more ecologically valid than seen in previous research. Experiment 1 demonstrated the difficulties in studying the effects on memory as a function of the individual level of arousal experienced by participants during a live staged crime event. Therefore, the three experiments that followed compared memory for details from emotionally arousing vs. less or non-arousing events via dynamic videos and an interactive simulator. These experiments revealed that recall accuracy is often enhanced for event details central to the source of arousal. However, Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated that the completeness of recall, particularly for event details preceding an arousal criminal act, tends to be impaired. Experiment 4 qualified the latter finding by demonstrating that impairments are not an inevitable consequence of arousal per se, nor is the activation of cognitive mechanism such as post-stimulus elaboration, but rather a consequence of the way in which arousal is induced (i.e. through the sight of weapons vs. through empathy and involvement in an unfolding plot). Lastly, recall for and identification of crime perpetrators were largely unaffected by emotional arousal.
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Wood, Jessica Dilan. "THE ROLE OF IMPLICATION IN EYEWITNESS MEMORY." MSSTATE, 2008. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-04042008-092213/.

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According to the misinformation effect, exposure to misleading post-event information typically impairs memory for the original event. Such findings are generally obtained in the laboratory using the misinformation paradigm. One component of the typical misinformation paradigm is that most of the post-event information corresponds with the event information, implying that the context surrounding the misinformation is the same as that of the original event. The present experiments investigated the role of such implication by presenting the experimental conditions with misleading items in a narrative that differed from the original event (a slide show) to varying degrees; both the location of the event and the persons described were varied. A significant misinformation effect was obtained regardless of implication condition. Even when a relationship between the witnessed event and post-event narrative was not implied, memory was impaired by the presence of misleading information. The findings are discussed in terms of retrieval blocking.
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Books on the topic "Eyewitness"

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Eyewitness: Flag (Eyewitness Books). DK CHILDREN, 2000.

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Publishing, DK. Eyewitness: Future (Eyewitness Books). DK CHILDREN, 2000.

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Eyewitness: Battle (Eyewitness Books). DK CHILDREN, 2000.

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Eyewitness: Farm (Eyewitness Books). DK CHILDREN, 2000.

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Publishing, DK. Eyewitness: Whale (Eyewitness Books). DK CHILDREN, 2000.

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Eyewitness: Shakespeare (Eyewitness Books). DK CHILDREN, 2002.

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Eyewitness: Electricity (Eyewitness Books). DK CHILDREN, 2000.

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Stone, Caroline. Eyewitness: Islam (Eyewitness Books). DK CHILDREN, 2002.

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Publishing, DK. Eyewitness: Plant (Eyewitness Books). DK CHILDREN, 2000.

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Eyewitness: Elephant (Eyewitness Books). DK CHILDREN, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Eyewitness"

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Wilson, Ross J. "Eyewitness." In Museums and the Act of Witnessing, 35–69. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003100065-2.

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Walker, Lenore E., David Shapiro, and Stephanie Akl. "Eyewitness Identification." In Introduction to Forensic Psychology, 325–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44470-9_22.

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Loftus, E. F., and J. C. Palmer. "Eyewitness Testimony." In Introducing Psychological Research, 305–9. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24483-6_46.

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Walker, Lenore E. A., and David L. Shapiro. "Eyewitness Identification." In Introduction to Forensic Psychology, 353–67. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3795-0_19.

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Steblay, Nancy K. "Eyewitness memory." In APA handbook of forensic psychology, Vol. 2: Criminal investigation, adjudication, and sentencing outcomes., 187–224. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14462-007.

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Paulo, Rui. "Eyewitness Memory." In The Routledge International Handbook of Homicide Investigation, 200–211. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003195283-18.

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Howe, Mark L., Lauren M. Knott, and Martin A. Conway. "Eyewitness Identification." In Memory and Miscarriages of Justice, 97–116. New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Psychology Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315752181-7.

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Wells, Gary. "Eyewitness testimony." In Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol. 3., 308–10. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10518-114.

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Pozzulo, Joanna, Craig Bennell, and Adelle Forth. "Eyewitness Testimony." In Forensic Psychology, 109–36. New York: Psychology Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315665153-5.

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Scott, Adrian J. "Eyewitness testimony." In Forensic Psychology, 94–118. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-36476-9_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Eyewitness"

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Krumm, John, and Eric Horvitz. "Eyewitness." In SIGSPATIAL'15: 23rd SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2820783.2820801.

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Wang, Xilei, Xueying Li, Wenwu Dai, and Ning Jia. "THE IMPACT OF FEEDBACK AND WARNING ON RETRIEVAL-ENHANCED SUGGESTIBILITY." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact102.

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"Retrieval practice can exacerbate eyewitness’ susceptibility to subsequent misinformation and then produces more false memories is known as Retrieval-Enhanced Suggestibility (RES). In the field of judicial psychology, eyewitness testimony plays a crucial role, and even directly affects the judgment of the suspect. The eyewitnesses may be interfered with by other irrelevant information or repeated inquiries by the police, thus causing misinformation interference from the original information. In all three experiments, this study uses pictures of Chinese criminal investigation dramas as experimental materials. This study examines the mechanism of RES effect by manipulating the feedback from retrieval and warning. The results show that: (1) There is still a significant RES effect on the Chinese context; (2) Both feedback and warning play an important role in the generation of RES. Among them, the feedback enhanced the participant’ memory of the original information and reduced the credibility of misinformation. Thus, the RES effect is reduced; (3) Warnings reduce the credibility of all narrative information, thereby reducing the RES effect. In short, both feedback and warning can reduce the RES effect, but the effect of feedback is more positive and precise."
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Levi, Avraham, Noam Jungmann, and Arie Aperman. "Similarity judgments serving eyewitness identification." In SPIE's 1995 International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, edited by Leonid I. Rudin and Simon K. Bramble. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.218478.

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Liu, Fangting. "The Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony." In 2021 International Conference on Public Relations and Social Sciences (ICPRSS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211020.222.

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Morstatter, Fred, Nichola Lubold, Heather Pon-Barry, Jürgen Pfeffer, and Huan Liu. "Finding Eyewitness Tweets During Crises." In Proceedings of the ACL 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-2509.

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Mu, Enrique, and Rachel Chung. "A New Approach to Eyewitness Police Identification." In The International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Creative Decisions Foundation, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/isahp.y2013.005.

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Alamri, Malak, and Sasan Mahmoodi. "Face Profile Biometric Enhanced by Eyewitness Testimonies." In 2022 26th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpr56361.2022.9956434.

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Doggett, Erika, and Alejandro Cantarero. "Identifying Eyewitness News-worthy Events on Twitter." In Proceedings of The Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-6202.

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Mendes, B. V., A. M. Tome, I. M. Santos, and P. Bem-Haja. "Analysis of eyewitness testimony using electroencephalogram signals." In 2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630054.

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Chai, Gaojing, and Jiayi Wu. "Ways of Reducing Stress to Improve Children’s Eyewitness Testimony." In 2021 International Conference on Public Art and Human Development ( ICPAHD 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220110.093.

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Reports on the topic "Eyewitness"

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Perret, D., C. Harvey, and J. Gagné. Eyewitness accounts relating the geomorphic impacts of the 1663 Charlevoix, Quebec, earthquake: the reports of Jacques Cailhaut de la Tesserie in 1666 and Pierre Hameau in 1688. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331738.

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Golovko, Khrystyna. TRAVEL REPORT BY ALEKSANDER JANTA-POŁCZYNSKI «INTO THE USSR» (1932): FROG PERSPECTIVE. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11091.

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The article analyzes a series of materials by Aleksander Janta-Polczynski «Into the USSR» from Soviet Russia during the in 1932, published on «Wiadomości Literackiе». The purpose of this article is explain the uniqueness of the reporter’s style and personality. We want to emphasize the role of Janta-Polczynski as the pioneer of reportage journalism. He was the first who worked professionally in this position in the full sense of this word. Analyzed the cycle of Alexander Janta-Polczynski from Russia, we can emphasize the scale of the reporter’s trip: in 1932 the journalist made the largest journalistic trip to the USSR. Janta visited the Eastern republics, which differed from the popular Moscow and Leningrad. Also, he saw the largest construction in the USSR at this time – which it bragged about russian newspapers – Magnitogorsk and Dneprostroy. For a better understanding are given the visual examples from reportorial texts. It should be noted that for Janta the main task of the reporter is to show what is seen and recorded: only facts and personal experience in communication. This cycle can safely be called a journey and social expedition. The main task for Janta the scene where the reportage takes place is to find proper characters and convince them of the importance of their story. These are the materials of a reporter – an eyewitness, not a researcher, a report from the scene, which pushes the reader to an independent conclusion. We explore that all the Janta-Polczynski texts are inextricably linked by looking into the «middle» of the process: the diversity of what is seen allows the journalist to look for differences and similarities, compare, look at the fundamental components, track changes and distinguish them. Special attention was paid to a low-angle shot in his materials. He describes how Soviet society lives, how factories work, how the system of educating a Soviet person, goes to the movies and exhibitions, communicates with ordinary citizens. Undoubtedly, all this is successfully complemented by the factual detail and uniqueness of the author’s style.
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Титаренко, Д. М. Геноцид єврейського населення на Донеччині під час нацистської окупації: деякі дискусійні аспекти проблеми. ДонНУ, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/6496.

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В статье освещены дискуссионные аспекты уничтожения еврейского населения на территории Донецкой области в период нацистской оккупации. Исследование базируется на материалах украинских и российских государственных архивов, архива управления Службы безопасности Украины в Донецкой области, федеральных архивов Германии, воспоминаниях очевидцев. В работе рассматриваются проблемы статистики числа жертв, ответственности вермахта за геноцид, основания и функционирования гетто в Сталино (Юзовке), реакции местного населения на геноцид, содержания антисемитской пропаганды. The article is aimed at characterizing the peculiarities, the most controversial aspects of the destruction of the Jews in the Donets’k oblast during the Nazi occupation. The investigation is based on the materials of the Ukrainian central and oblast’s state archives, the archives of the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) in Donets’k oblast, the Federal archives of Germany, the state archives of Russian Federation as well as the recollections by eyewitnesses. The problems of the statistics of the sacrifices, the responsibility of the Wehrmacht for the genocide, the conditions of the establishment and functioning of ghetto in Stalino (Iuzivka), the reaction of the local population to the genocide, the essence of the anti-Semitic propaganda are emphasized.
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