Journal articles: 'Eye movements'

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Lagopoulos, Jim. "Eye movements." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 20, no. 1 (February 2008): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2007.00264.x.

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Shaunak, S., E. O'Sullivan, and C. Kennard. "Eye movements." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 59, no. 2 (August 1, 1995): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.59.2.115.

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Rayner, Keith, and Monica Castelhano. "Eye movements." Scholarpedia 2, no. 10 (2007): 3649. http://dx.doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.3649.

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Büttner, Ulrich, and Leonard Fuhry. "Eye movements." Current Opinion in Neurology 8, no. 1 (February 1995): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019052-199502000-00013.

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Averbuch-Heller, Lea, and R. John Leigh. "Eye movements." Current Opinion in Neurology 9, no. 1 (February 1996): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019052-199602000-00006.

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Tatara, Shunya, Haruo Toda, Fumiatsu Maeda, and Tomoya Handa. "Development of a New Eye Movement Measurement Device Using Eye-Tracking Analysis Technology." Applied Sciences 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2023): 5968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13105968.

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Smooth pursuit eye movements and saccadic eye movements are vital for precise vision. Therefore, tests for eye movement are important for assessing nervous or muscular diseases. However, objective measurements are not frequently performed due to the need for a polygraph system, electrodes, amplifier, and personal computer for data analysis. To address this, we developed an all-in-one eye-movement-measuring device that simultaneously presents visual stimuli, records eye positions, and examines its feasibility for evaluating eye movements. This device generates stimulus that induces eye movements and records those movements continuously. The horizontal or vertical eye movements of 16 participants were measured at various visual target speeds of 20–100 deg/s. The maximum cross-correlation coefficient (rho max) between the eye and visual target positions was used as an index of eye movement accuracy. A repeated-measures multi-way analysis of variance was performed, with the main effect being that rho max significantly decreased as the visual target speed increased. The average (±standard deviation) rho max values across all velocities were 0.995 ± 0.008 and 0.967 ± 0.062 in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively, and were significantly higher for horizontal eye movements than for vertical eye movements. Moreover, rho max and saccadic frequency were significantly correlated for the slowest and fastest visual target motions. These suggest that our device enables accurate measurements of eye movements. We believe our new measurement device can be applied clinically for easily and objectively evaluating eye movements.

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Wang, Chang Yuan, Bing Yao, Hong Zhe Bi, and Hong Bo Jia. "The Vestibular System Modeling in the Head and Eye Movement Research." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 2434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.2434.

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Head and eye movement is eye movement response to head movements ,the eyes are the signals generated by the vestibular system is movement.The vestibular system is important to feel the organs and tissues of the body movement,Can be said that the vestibular system response to head movement, eye movement associated with the vestibule.We can use eye movements comparing with normal eye movements to detect whether the dizziness,in this process the modeling of the vestibular system is very important.Paper summarizes the response of head and eye movement system, vestibular system in the head and eye movement systems vestibular system exercise and Research at home and abroad, raised modeling method of the head and eye movement system when turn the head.

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이윤형. "Eye movements and sentence processing: Review on eye movement measurement." Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology 21, no. 2 (June 2009): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2009.21.2.003.

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Benson, Kathleen L. "Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Eye Movements in Schizophrenia and Depression." Archives of General Psychiatry 50, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820180076008.

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Park, Seo-Yoon, Tae-Woo Kang, and Dong-Kyun Koo. "Investigating Eye Movement and Postural Stability Relationships Using Mobile Eye-Tracking and Posturography: A Cross-Sectional Study." Bioengineering 11, no. 8 (July 23, 2024): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080742.

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Vision and eye movements play a crucial role in maintaining postural stability. This study investigated the relationship between eye movements and postural control in healthy adults using mobile eye-tracking technology and posturography. Forty healthy participants underwent assessments of eye movements using a mobile eye-tracking system and postural stability using Tetrax posturography under various sensory conditions. Pearson correlation coefficients were computed to examine associations between eye movement parameters and postural control indices. Significant correlations were found between eye movement parameters and postural stability indices. Faster and more consistent horizontal eye movements were associated with better postural stability (r = −0.63, p < 0.05). Eye movement speed variability positively correlated with weight distribution indices under normal eyes open (r = 0.65, p < 0.05) and closed (r = 0.59, p < 0.05) conditions. Coordination of horizontal and vertical eye movements positively correlated with postural control (r = 0.69, p < 0.01). Negative correlations were observed between eye movement coordination and Fourier indices in various frequency bands (p < 0.05) and the stability index under different head positions (p < 0.05). The findings provide insights into sensory integration mechanisms underlying balance maintenance and highlight the importance of integrated sensory processing in postural stability. Eye movement assessments have potential applications in balance evaluation and fall risk prediction.

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Knight, Thomas A., and Albert F. Fuchs. "Contribution of the Frontal Eye Field to Gaze Shifts in the Head-Unrestrained Monkey: Effects of Microstimulation." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 1 (January 2007): 618–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00256.2006.

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The role of the primate frontal eye field (FEF) has been inferred primarily from experiments investigating saccadic eye movements with the head restrained. Three recent reports investigating head-unrestrained gaze shifts disagree on whether head movements are evoked with FEF stimulation and thus whether the FEF participates in gaze movement commands. We therefore examined the eye, head, and overall gaze movement evoked by low-intensity microstimulation of the low-threshold region of the FEF in two head-unrestrained monkeys. Microstimulation applied at 200 or 350 Hz for 200 ms evoked large gaze shifts with substantial head movement components from most sites in the dorsomedial FEF, but evoked small, predominantly eye-only gaze shifts from ventrolateral sites. The size and direction of gaze and eye movements were strongly affected by the eye position before stimulation. Head movements exhibited little position dependency, but at some sites and initial eye positions, head-only movements were evoked. Stimulus-evoked gaze shifts and their eye and head components resembled those elicited naturally by visual targets. With stimulus train durations >200 ms, the evoked gaze shifts were more likely to be accomplished with a substantial head movement, which often continued for the entire stimulus duration. The amplitude, duration and peak velocity of the evoked head movement were more strongly correlated with stimulus duration than were those of the gaze or eye movements. We conclude that the dorsomedial FEF generates a gaze command signal that can produce eye, head, or combined eye–head movement depending on the initial orbital position of the eye.

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Burke, David T., Alec Meleger, Jeffrey C. Schneider, Jim Snyder, Atsu S. S. Dorvlo, and Samir Al-Adawi. "Eye-Movements and Ongoing Task Processing." Perceptual and Motor Skills 96, no. 3_suppl (June 2003): 1330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.96.3c.1330.

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This study tests the relation between eye-movements and thought processing. Subjects were given specific modality tasks (visual, gustatory, kinesthetic) and assessed on whether they responded with distinct eye-movements. Some subjects' eye-movements reflected ongoing thought processing. Instead of a universal pattern, as suggested by the neurolinguistic programming hypothesis, this study yielded subject-specific idiosyncratic eye-movements across all modalities. Included is a discussion of the neurolinguistic programming hypothesis regarding eye-movements and its implications for the eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing theory.

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Fooken, Jolande, Kathryn Lalonde, and Miriam Spering. "When hand movements improve eye movement performance." Journal of Vision 16, no. 12 (September 1, 2016): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/16.12.374.

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Swanston, M. "Interaction of induced movement and eye movements." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 14, no. 4 (October 1994): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0275-5408(94)90188-0.

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Pearson, Toni S., Roser Pons, Kristin Engelstad, Steven A. Kane, Michael E. Goldberg, and Darryl C. De Vivo. "Paroxysmal eye–head movements in Glut1 deficiency syndrome." Neurology 88, no. 17 (March 24, 2017): 1666–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000003867.

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Objective:To describe a characteristic paroxysmal eye–head movement disorder that occurs in infants with Glut1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1 DS).Methods:We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of 101 patients with Glut1 DS to obtain clinical data about episodic abnormal eye movements and analyzed video recordings of 18 eye movement episodes from 10 patients.Results:A documented history of paroxysmal abnormal eye movements was found in 32/101 patients (32%), and a detailed description was available in 18 patients, presented here. Episodes started before age 6 months in 15/18 patients (83%), and preceded the onset of seizures in 10/16 patients (63%) who experienced both types of episodes. Eye movement episodes resolved, with or without treatment, by 6 years of age in 7/8 patients with documented long-term course. Episodes were brief (usually <5 minutes). Video analysis revealed that the eye movements were rapid, multidirectional, and often accompanied by a head movement in the same direction. Eye movements were separated by clear intervals of fixation, usually ranging from 200 to 800 ms. The movements were consistent with eye–head gaze saccades. These movements can be distinguished from opsoclonus by the presence of a clear intermovement fixation interval and the association of a same-direction head movement.Conclusions:Paroxysmal eye–head movements, for which we suggest the term aberrant gaze saccades, are an early symptom of Glut1 DS in infancy. Recognition of the episodes will facilitate prompt diagnosis of this treatable neurodevelopmental disorder.

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Kim, Ji-Eun, and David A. Nembhard. "Modeling the Effects of Time pressure and Feedback on Eye movements and Learning Performance." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621152.

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Eye movement measurement is both non-invasive to the learner, and available at a cost that is steadily decreasing. There are currently several mainstream laptop computers on the market that ship with fully integrated eye-tracking. Eye movements will take on a role as inputs to predict individualized learning performance. In response to the increased usage of this tool, this study uses eye-tracking technology to investigate the effects of time pressure and feedback on changes in eye movement by generating structural models. We tracked participants’ eye movement, and to relate this eye movement to human learning behaviors while participants were asked to complete online training for a Project Management task. The study measured participants’ eye-movements in response to the amount of time to deadlines and feedback updating the remaining time. Results showed that eye movement partially mediated the relationship between time to deadline and task completion time. The results of the study will be advantageous in predicting individualized learning performance based on eye movements.

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Dibra, Marie N., Richard B. Berry, Mary H. Wagner, and Scott M. Ryals. "Roving Eye Movements." Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 14, no. 10 (October 15, 2018): 1809–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.7406.

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Kaneko, Hirohiko. "Fixational Eye Movements." Journal of The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers 63, no. 11 (2010): 1538–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej.63.1538.

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Ilg, Uwe J. "Slow eye movements." Progress in Neurobiology 53, no. 3 (October 1997): 293–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-0082(97)00039-7.

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Kamei, Tamio. "Abnormal Eye Movements." Practica oto-rhino-laryngologica. Suppl. 1992, Supplement53 (1992): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1992.supplement53_41.

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Horimoto, N., P. G. Hepper, S. Shahidullah, and T. Koyanagi. "Fetal eye movements." Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 3, no. 5 (September 1, 1993): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0705.1993.03050362.x.

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Kennard, C. "Examine eye movements." Practical Neurology 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2007): 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2007.124388.

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Naito, Rie. "Abnormal Eye Movements." Equilibrium Research 82, no. 3 (June 30, 2023): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3757/jser.82.163.

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Monteon, Jachin A., Alina G. Constantin, Hongying Wang, Julio Martinez-Trujillo, and J. Douglas Crawford. "Electrical Stimulation of the Frontal Eye Fields in the Head-Free Macaque Evokes Kinematically Normal 3D Gaze Shifts." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 6 (December 2010): 3462–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01032.2009.

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The frontal eye field (FEF) is a region of the primate prefrontal cortex that is central to eye-movement generation and target selection. It has been shown that neurons in this area encode commands for saccadic eye movements. Furthermore, it has been suggested that the FEF may be involved in the generation of gaze commands for the eye and the head. To test this suggestion, we systematically stimulated (with pulses of 300 Hz frequency, 200 ms duration, 30–100 μA intensity) the FEF of two macaques, with the head unrestrained, while recording three-dimensional (3D) eye and head rotations. In a total of 95 sites, the stimulation consistently elicited gaze-orienting movements ranging in amplitude from 2 to 172°, directed contralateral to the stimulation site, and with variable vertical components. These movements were typically a combination of eye-in-head saccades and head-in-space movements. We then performed a comparison between the stimulation-evoked movements and gaze shifts voluntarily made by the animal. The kinematics of the stimulation-evoked movements (i.e., their spatiotemporal properties, their velocity–amplitude relationships, and the relative contributions of the eye and the head as a function of movement amplitude) were very similar to those of natural gaze shifts. Moreover, they obeyed the same 3D constraints as the natural gaze shifts (i.e., modified Listing's law for eye-in-head movements). As in natural gaze shifts, saccade and vestibuloocular reflex torsion during stimulation-evoked movements were coordinated so that at the end of the head movement the eye-in-head ended up in Listing's plane. In summary, movements evoked by stimulation of the FEF closely resembled those of naturally occurring eye–head gaze shifts. Thus we conclude that the FEF explicitly encodes gaze commands and that the kinematic aspects of eye–head coordination are likely specified by downstream mechanisms.

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Ahmad, Gufran. "Visual Focus of Attention Actively Associates Relevancy in Eye Movements." Journal of Business Theory and Practice 3, no. 2 (November 11, 2015): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jbtp.v3n2p209.

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<p><em>Advancements in the studies of eye movements have excelled beyond frontiers and transited into the phase of next generation splendidly. The business applications, like online shopping, advertisement, web designing, search engine optimization, of eye movement studies in real world scenarios have started to dominate as well. Tracking of eye movements can communicate the underlying mechanism of visual perception and dynamics of humans’ cognition that are of prime concerns for a number of social, economic, and scientific purposes. In this study, we conducted a series of eye tracking experiments to verify our hypothesis that during human eye movements, the visual focus of attention dynamically associated relevant constituents of artistic portrait. We collected the eye movement data of participants who regarded artistic portraits during active viewing. The trails produced from eye tracking system during portrait viewing traced connected focuses of attention in eye movements based on relevancy in visual contexts. These experimental facts validated the hypothesis that visual focus of attention actively associated relevancy in eye movements.</em></p>

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Bour, L. J., M. Aramideh, and B. W. Ongerboer De Visser. "Neurophysiological Aspects of Eye and Eyelid Movements During Blinking in Humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.1.166.

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The neural relationships between eyelid movements and eye movements during spontaneous, voluntary, and reflex blinking in a group of healthy subjects were examined. Electromyographic (EMG) recording of the orbicularis oculi (OO) muscles was performed using surface electrodes. Concurrently, horizontal and vertical eye positions were recorded by means of the double magnetic induction (DMI) ring method. In addition, movement of the upper eyelid was measured by a specially designed search coil, placed on the upper eyelid. The reflex blink was elicited electrically by supraorbital nerve stimulation either on the right or the left side. It is found that disconjugate oblique eye movements accompany spontaneous, voluntary as well as reflex blinking. Depending on the gaze position before blinking, the amplitude of horizontal and vertical components of the eye movement during blinking varies in a systematic way. With adduction and downward gaze the amplitude is minimal. With abduction the horizontal amplitude increases, whereas with upward gaze the vertical amplitude increases. Unilateral electrical supraorbital nerve stimulation at low currents elicits eye movements with a bilateral late component. At stimulus intensities approximately two to three times above the threshold, the early ipsilateral blink reflex response (R1) in the OO muscle can be observed together with an early ipsilateral eye movement component at a latency of ∼15 ms. In addition, during the electrical blink reflex, early ipsilateral and late bilateral components can also be identified in the upper eyelid movement. In contrast to the late bilateral component of upper eyelid movement, the early ipsilateral component of upper eyelid movement appears to open the eye to a greater degree. This early ipsilateral component of upper eyelid movement occurs more or less simultaneously with the early eye movement component. It is suggested that both early ipsilateral movements following electrical stimulation do not have a central neural origin. Late components of the eye movements slightly precede the late components of the eyelid movement. Synchrony between late components of eyelid movements and eye movements as well as similarity of oblique eye movement components in different types of blinking suggest the existence of a premotor neural structure acting as a generator that coordinates impulses to different subnuclei of the oculomotor nucleus as well as the facial nerve nucleus during blinking independent from the ocular saccadic and/or vergence system. The profile and direction of the eye movement rotation during blinking gives support to the idea that it may be secondary to eyeball retraction; an extra cocontraction of the inferior and superior rectus muscle would be sufficient to explain both eye retraction and rotation in the horizontal vertical and torsional planes.

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Tada, Hideoki, and Shoichi Iwasaki. "Spontaneous Eyeblinks Elicited by Vertical Eye Movements." Perceptual and Motor Skills 60, no. 1 (February 1985): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1985.60.1.191.

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Two experiments were carried out to examine the relationship between eyeblinks and eye movements under a visual search task. Exp. I showed that the vertical eye movements brought about slightly more eyeblinks than the horizontal ones. In Exp. II, the vertical eye movements were accompanied with significantly more frequent eyeblinks than the horizontal ones. Upward saccadic eye movements especially were associated with the more frequent eyeblinks than the downward ones. These results suggested a possible relationship between the eyeblinks and Bell's phenomenon. However, the comparison of eyeblink rates between eye-movement and the no-eye-movement conditions in Exp. II indicated that in the latter condition eyeblinks were significantly more frequent than in the former condition. Some psychological factors were suggested as likely important determinants of the frequency of eyeblinks.

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Patel, Gauranga Jeram, and John McDowall. "The Role of Eye Movements in EMDR: Conducting Eye Movements While Concentrating on Negative Autobiographical Memories Results in Fewer Intrusions." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 10, no. 1 (2016): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.10.1.13.

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In dismantling eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, researchers have found that the central executive is likely responsible for the effect of eye movements on negative memories. Arguably, however, researchers have not satisfactorily explained central executive mechanisms responsible. One possible central executive mechanism is that of suppression. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of eye movements on vividness, emotionality, and suppression of memories. Thirty-one nonclinical participants in Experiment 1 completed fast- and no-eye-movement conditions. Thirty-three nonclinical participants in Experiment 2 completed fast-, slow-, and no-eye-movement conditions. Number of intrusions during a suppression period and self-ratings of vividness and emotionality were the dependent variables in both experiments. Experiment 2 also included a measure of central executive capacity. Results from both experiments supported the hypotheses and showed that fast eye movements resulted in fewer intrusions than no- and slow-eye-movement conditions. Experiment 2 also found a correlation between number of intrusions after fast eye movements and central executive capacity. Limitations of this research are discussed as well as possibilities for future research and implications for understanding EMDR therapy.

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Lappe, Markus, Martin Pekel, and Klaus-Peter Hoffmann. "Optokinetic Eye Movements Elicited by Radial Optic Flow in the Macaque Monkey." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 1461–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.3.1461.

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Lappe, Markus, Martin Pekel, and Klaus-Peter Hoffmann. Optokinetic eye movements elicited by radial optic flow in the macaque monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1461–1480, 1998. We recorded spontaneous eye movements elicited by radial optic flow in three macaque monkeys using the scleral search coil technique. Computer-generated stimuli simulated forward or backward motion of the monkey with respect to a number of small illuminated dots arranged on a virtual ground plane. We wanted to see whether optokinetic eye movements are induced by radial optic flow stimuli that simulate self-movement, quantify their parameters, and consider their effects on the processing of optic flow. A regular pattern of interchanging fast and slow eye movements with a frequency of 2 Hz was observed. When we shifted the horizontal position of the focus of expansion (FOE) during simulated forward motion (expansional optic flow), median horizontal eye position also shifted in the same direction but only by a smaller amount; for simulated backward motion (contractional optic flow), median eye position shifted in the opposite direction. We relate this to a change in Schlagfeld typically observed in optokinetic nystagmus. Direction and speed of slow phase eye movements were compared with the local flow field motion in gaze direction (the foveal flow). Eye movement direction matched well the foveal motion. Small systematic deviations could be attributed to an integration of the global motion pattern. Eye speed on average did not match foveal stimulus speed, as the median gain was only ∼0.5–0.6. The gain was always lower for expanding than for contracting stimuli. We analyzed the time course of the eye movement immediately after each saccade. We found remarkable differences in the initial development of gain and directional following for expansion and contraction. For expansion, directional following and gain were initially poor and strongly influenced by the ongoing eye movement before the saccade. This was not the case for contraction. These differences also can be linked to properties of the optokinetic system. We conclude that optokinetic eye movements can be elicited by radial optic flow fields simulating self-motion. These eye movements are linked to the parafoveal flow field, i.e., the motion in the direction of gaze. In the retinal projection of the optic flow, such eye movements superimpose retinal slip. This results in complex retinal motion patterns, especially because the gain of the eye movement is small and variable. This observation has special relevance for mechanisms that determine self-motion from retinal flow fields. It is necessary to consider the influence of eye movements in optic flow analysis, but our results suggest that direction and speed of an eye movement should be treated differently.

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Mandolesi, L., G. Piraccini, F. Ambrosini, F. L. Vetere, R. P. Sant’Angelo, R. Raggini, and M. Benassi. "Smooth pursuit eye movements in psychiatric inpatients." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S764—S765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1438.

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IntroductionEye movements are used in several studies as a biomarker in order to evaluate cortical alterations in psychiatric disorders. Pursuit eye movements’ deficits were found both in schizophrenia and in affective disorder patients. Nevertheless, these findings are still controversial.ObjectivesSet up a system to record and evaluate the eye movements in psychiatric patients.AimsTo verify the applicability of a smooth pursuit task in a sample of psychiatric inpatients and to prove its efficiency in discriminating patient and control group performance.MethodsA sample of psychiatric inpatients was tested at psychiatric service of diagnosis and care of AUSL Romagna-Cesena. Eye movement measures were collected at a sampling rate of 60 Hz using the eye tribe tracker, a bar plugged into a PC, placed below the screen and containing both webcam and infrared illumination. Subjects underwent to a smooth pursuit eye movement task. They had to visually follow a white dot target moving horizontally on a black background with a sinusoidal velocity. At the end of the task, a chart of the eye movements done is shown on the screen. Data are off-line analyzed to calculate several eye movement parameters: gain, eye movement delay with respect to the movement of the target, maximum speed and number of saccades exhibited during pursuit.ResultsPatients compared to controls showed higher delay and lower gain values.ConclusionsFindings confirm the adequacy of this method in order to detect eye movement differences between psychiatric patients and controls in a smooth pursuit task.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Phaf, R. Hans. "Eye Movements Enhance Recollection of Re-Imagined Negative Words: A Link between EMDR and Sire?" Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 8, no. 4 (July 22, 2017): 364–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5127/jep.059916.

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Do eye movements primarily affect emotion, as in Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR), or memory retrieval, as in Saccade-Induced Retrieval Enhancement (SIRE)? Despite growing confidence in the effectiveness of the former, the latter memory effect is sometimes not replicated. I argue here that the memory enhancement due to eye movements can be obtained, when conditions are made more similar to EMDR: a) participants are explicitly instructed to retrieve and re-imagine the memories during the eye movements, and b) emotionally negative material is involved. An exploratory memory experiment is presented that compares horizontal eye-movement and eye-fixation conditions. Mixed lists of positive, neutral, and negative words were studied and explicitly recollected during the eye manipulation. Results showed evidence for enhanced recollection due to eye movements, with a large effect size specifically for negative words. The crosstalk between these different domains may not only be helpful for gaining a better understanding of SIRE but also for improving the effectiveness of EMDR.

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Nam, Uiseo, Kunyoung Lee, Hyunwoong Ko, Jun-Young Lee, and Eui Chul Lee. "Analyzing Facial and Eye Movements to Screen for Alzheimer’s Disease." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 18, 2020): 5349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185349.

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Brain disease can be screened using eye movements. Degenerative brain disorders change eye movement because they affect not only memory and cognition but also the cranial nervous system involved in eye movement. We compared the facial and eye movement patterns of patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease and cognitively normal people to analyze the neurological signs of dementia. After detecting the facial landmarks, the coordinate values for the movements were extracted. We used Spearman’s correlation coefficient to examine associations between horizontal and vertical facial and eye movements. We analyzed the correlation between facial and eye movements without using special eye-tracking equipment or complex conditions in order to measure the behavioral aspect of the natural human gaze. As a result, we found differences between patients with Alzheimer’s disease and cognitively normal people. Patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease tended to move their face and eyes simultaneously in the vertical direction, whereas the cognitively normal people did not, as confirmed by a Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test. Our findings suggest that objective and accurate measurement of facial and eye movements can be used to screen such patients quickly. The use of camera-based testing for the early detection of patients showing signs of neurodegeneration can have a significant impact on the public care of dementia.

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YOUNG, STEPHEN, and VICTORIA A. TAYLOR. "Spontaneous and Evoked Eye Movements in Polyphemus Pediculus (Cladocera: Crustacea): A Case of Open-Loop Tracking?" Journal of Experimental Biology 131, no. 1 (September 1, 1987): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.131.1.323.

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1. Polyphemus eye movements were recorded in both pitching and yawing planes, both in a static visual environment and with a sinusoidally moving stimulus. 2. Spontaneous eye movements (average amplitude 1.7°) had different properties in the two planes, with trembling movements predominating in the pitching plane. A contour-sharpening function is proposed for these movements. 3. An attempt to analyse the eye movement response system using a Bode diagram shows a very poor fit to the data, leading to the conclusion that a closed-loop control system is an inappropriate model in this case. 4. The evoked eye movements are most convincingly represented by a model in which the time the stimulus takes to traverse a restricted sensitive zone in the central region of the eye controls the duration of a subsequent constant angular velocity saccade. The direction of the response movement follows the direction of the stimulus. A small-object tracking function is proposed for these movements.

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Tian, J. R., and J. C. Lynch. "Functionally defined smooth and saccadic eye movement subregions in the frontal eye field of Cebus monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 2740–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.4.2740.

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1. Intracortical microstimulation was used to localize and define the smooth and saccadic eye movement subregions of the frontal eye field (FEF) and the supplementary eye field (SEF) in nine hemispheres of six Cebus apella monkeys and to map the hand/arm areas in the dorsal premotor area and other adjacent areas in five hemispheres of three C. apella monkeys. Monkeys were anesthetized during experiments with Telazol, a dissociative agent that has no significant effect on microstimulation-induced eye movement parameters (current threshold, velocity, and duration). The functional subregions were defined with the use of low threshold current (< or = 50 microA). Electrically elicited eye movements were videotaped and quantified. The two types of eye movements were clearly distinguished by their significantly different duration and velocity (P < 0.0001) and their different responses to long stimulus trains. 2. The saccadic subregion of the FEF in Cebus monkeys is in the same location as in macaque monkeys (Walker's areas 8a and 45). Most of the functional and anatomic characteristics of the saccadic subregion of Cebus are the same as those reported in the saccadic FEF subregion of macaque monkeys. 3. A subregion in which only smooth eye movements were evoked was found in the posterior shoulder of the superior arcuate sulcus near its medial tip. A band of inexcitable cortex separated the SEF and this smooth eye movement subregion of the FEF. This supports the proposal that the smooth eye movement subregion is independent of the SEF but is analogous to the saccadic subregion of the FEF. The existence of two subregions of the FEF was further confirmed by single-unit recording results. It is proposed that the smooth eye movement subregion in Cebus monkeys may be comparable with the one described in macaque monkeys. 4. Both saccadic and smooth eye movements were also reliably evoked in the SEF in each hemisphere studied. This result strongly indicates that the SEF is concerned with not only saccadic eye movements, as previously reported, but also with smooth (pursuit) eye movements.

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El Hmimdi, Alae Eddine, Lindsey M. Ward, Themis Palpanas, and Zoï Kapoula. "Predicting Dyslexia and Reading Speed in Adolescents from Eye Movements in Reading and Non-Reading Tasks: A Machine Learning Approach." Brain Sciences 11, no. 10 (October 11, 2021): 1337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101337.

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There is evidence that abnormalities in eye movements exist during reading in dyslexic individuals. A few recent studies applied Machine Learning (ML) classifiers to such eye movement data to predict dyslexia. A general problem with these studies is that eye movement data sets are limited to reading saccades and fixations that are confounded by reading difficulty, e.g., it is unclear whether abnormalities are the consequence or the cause of reading difficulty. Recently, Ward and Kapoula used LED targets (with the REMOBI & AIDEAL method) to demonstrate abnormalities of large saccades and vergence eye movements in depth demonstrating intrinsic eye movement problems independent from reading in dyslexia. In another study, binocular eye movements were studied while reading two texts: one using the “Alouette” text, which has no meaning and requires word decoding, the other using a meaningful text. It was found the Alouette text exacerbates eye movement abnormalities in dyslexics. In this paper, we more precisely quantify the quality of such eye movement descriptors for dyslexia detection. We use the descriptors produced in the four different setups as input to multiple classifiers and compare their generalization performances. Our results demonstrate that eye movement data from the Alouette test predicts dyslexia with an accuracy of 81.25%; similarly, we were able to predict dyslexia with an accuracy of 81.25% when using data from saccades to LED targets on the Remobi device and 77.3% when using vergence movements to LED targets. Noticeably, eye movement data from the meaningful text produced the lowest accuracy (70.2%). In a subsequent analysis, ML algorithms were applied to predict reading speed based on eye movement descriptors extracted from the meaningful reading, then from Remobi saccade and vergence tests. Remobi vergence eye movement descriptors can predict reading speed even better than eye movement descriptors from the meaningful reading test.

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Snyder, Lawrence H., Jeffrey L. Calton, Anthony R. Dickinson, and Bonnie M. Lawrence. "Eye-Hand Coordination: Saccades Are Faster When Accompanied by a Coordinated Arm Movement." Journal of Neurophysiology 87, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 2279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00854.2001.

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When primates reach for an object, they very often direct an eye movement toward the object as well. This pattern of directing both eye and limb movements to the same object appears to be fundamental to eye-hand coordination. We investigated interactions between saccades and reaching movements in a rhesus monkey model system. The amplitude and peak velocity of isolated eye movements are positively correlated with one another. This relationship is called the main sequence. We now report that the main sequence relationship for saccades is changed during coordinated eye and arm movements. In particular, peak eye velocity is approximately 4% faster for the same size saccade when the saccade is accompanied by a coordinated arm movement. Saccade duration is reduced by an equivalent amount. The main sequence relationship is unperturbed when the arm moves simultaneously but in the opposite direction as the eyes, suggesting that eye and arm movements must be tightly coordinated to produce the effect. Candidate areas mediating this interaction include the posterior parietal cortex and the superior colliculus.

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Fooken, Jolande, and Miriam Spering. "Eye movements as a readout of sensorimotor decision processes." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 1439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00622.2019.

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Real-world tasks, such as avoiding obstacles, require a sequence of interdependent choices to reach accurate motor actions. Yet, most studies on primate decision making involve simple one-step choices. Here we analyze motor actions to investigate how sensorimotor decisions develop over time. In a go/no-go interception task human observers ( n = 42) judged whether a briefly presented moving target would pass (interceptive hand movement required) or miss (no hand movement required) a strike box while their eye and hand movements were recorded. Go/no-go decision formation had to occur within the first few hundred milliseconds to allow time-critical interception. We found that the earliest time point at which eye movements started to differentiate actions (go versus no-go) preceded hand movement onset. Moreover, eye movements were related to different stages of decision making. Whereas higher eye velocity during smooth pursuit initiation was related to more accurate interception decisions (whether or not to act), faster pursuit maintenance was associated with more accurate timing decisions (when to act). These results indicate that pursuit initiation and maintenance are continuously linked to ongoing sensorimotor decision formation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we show that eye movements are a continuous indicator of decision processes underlying go/no-go actions. We link different stages of decision formation to distinct oculomotor events during open- and closed-loop smooth pursuit. Critically, the earliest time point at which eye movements differentiate actions preceded hand movement onset, suggesting shared sensorimotor processing for eye and hand movements. These results emphasize the potential of studying eye movements as a readout of cognitive processes.

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Gandhi, Neeraj J., and David L. Sparks. "Dissociation of Eye and Head Components of Gaze Shifts by Stimulation of the Omnipause Neuron Region." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 1 (July 2007): 360–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00252.2007.

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Natural movements often include actions integrated across multiple effectors. Coordinated eye-head movements are driven by a command to shift the line of sight by a desired displacement vector. Yet because extraocular and neck motoneurons are separate entities, the gaze shift command must be separated into independent signals for eye and head movement control. We report that this separation occurs, at least partially, at or before the level of pontine omnipause neurons (OPNs). Stimulation of the OPNs prior to and during gaze shifts temporally decoupled the eye and head components by inhibiting gaze and eye saccades. In contrast, head movements were consistently initiated before gaze onset, and ongoing head movements continued along their trajectories, albeit with some characteristic modulations. After stimulation offset, a gaze shift composed of an eye saccade, and a reaccelerated head movement was produced to preserve gaze accuracy. We conclude that signals subject to OPN inhibition produce the eye-movement component of a coordinated eye-head gaze shift and are not the only signals involved in the generation of the head component of the gaze shift.

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Verghese, Preeti, Cécile Vullings, and Natela Shanidze. "Eye Movements in Macular Degeneration." Annual Review of Vision Science 7, no. 1 (September 15, 2021): 773–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-100119-125555.

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In healthy vision, the fovea provides high acuity and serves as the locus for fixation achieved through saccadic eye movements. Bilateral loss of the foveal regions in both eyes causes individuals to adopt an eccentric locus for fixation. This review deals with the eye movement consequences of the loss of the foveal oculomotor reference and the ability of individuals to use an eccentric fixation locus as the new oculomotor reference. Eye movements are an integral part of everyday activities, such as reading, searching for an item of interest, eye–hand coordination, navigation, or tracking an approaching car. We consider how these tasks are impacted by the need to use an eccentric locus for fixation and as a reference for eye movements, specifically saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements.

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Propper, Ruth E., and Stephen D. Christman. "Interhemispheric Interaction and Saccadic Horizontal Eye MovementsImplications for Episodic Memory, EMDR, and PTSD." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 2, no. 4 (November 2008): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.269.

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The growing body of literature on the effects of bilateral saccadic eye movements, patterned after those employed in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), on memory is reviewed. Research indicates that engaging in bilateral saccadic eye movements prior to lab-based memory testing results in significant improvement in episodic memory across a wide range of memory tests. Other effects of these types of eye movements on hemispheric activation and emotional state are also discussed. The findings are interpreted within a framework suggesting that bilateral saccadic eye movements, such as those employed in EMDR, increase interaction between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. This framework is also used to explain the effects of such eye movements on memory during EMDR treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.

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Saitoh, Kazuya, Ariane Ménard, and Sten Grillner. "Tectal Control of Locomotion, Steering, and Eye Movements in Lamprey." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 4 (April 2007): 3093–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00639.2006.

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The intrinsic function of the brain stem–spinal cord networks eliciting the locomotor synergy is well described in the lamprey—a vertebrate model system. This study addresses the role of tectum in integrating eye, body orientation, and locomotor movements as in steering and goal-directed behavior. Electrical stimuli were applied to different areas within the optic tectum in head-restrained semi-intact lampreys ( n = 40). Motions of the eyes and body were recorded simultaneously (videotaped). Brief pulse trains (<0.5 s) elicited only eye movements, but with longer stimuli (>0.5 s) lateral bending movements of the body (orientation movements) were added, and with even longer stimuli locomotor movements were initiated. Depending on the tectal area stimulated, four characteristic response patterns were observed. In a lateral area conjugate horizontal eye movements combined with lateral bending movements of the body and locomotor movements were elicited, depending on stimulus duration. The amplitude of the eye movement and bending movements was site specific within this region. In a rostromedial area, bilateral downward vertical eye movements occurred. In a caudomedial tectal area, large-amplitude undulatory body movements akin to struggling behavior were elicited, combined with large-amplitude eye movements that were antiphasic to the body movements. The alternating eye movements were not dependent on vestibuloocular reflexes. Finally, in a caudolateral area locomotor movements without eye or bending movements could be elicited. These results show that tectum can provide integrated motor responses of eye, body orientation, and locomotion of the type that would be required in goal-directed locomotion.

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Feys, P., W. F. Helsen, A. Lavrysen, B. Nuttin, and P. Ketelaer. "Intention tremor during manual aiming: a study of eye and hand movements." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 9, no. 1 (February 2003): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1352458503ms863oa.

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A ccurate goal-directed movements toward a visual target require a precise coordination of both the oculomotor and limb motor systems. Intentio n tremor and eye movement deficits are frequently observed in multiple sclerosis (MS). The goal of this study was to examine the characteristics of intentio n tremor and simultaneously produced eye movements during rapid goal-directed movements. Eye and hand movements were synchronously measured in 16 MS patients with intentio n tremor and 16 control subjects. Manual performances of the patient group were character ized by a delayed onset, slower executio n and aiming inaccuracies. In line with the clinically defined picture of intention tremor, differences between patients and control subjects were most pronounced toward the end of the movement. Dependent variables were obviously greater in MS patients compared with control subjects, and correlated well with clinical outcome measures. The application of an inertial load to the limb did not show any effect on intention tremor. In addition to impaired limb coordination, evidence has been found that eye movements, too, were abnormal in patients compared with control subjects. Moreover, eye and hand movement deficits seemed to be closely related, suggesting a common underlying command structure. Inaccurate eye movements were likely to hamper an accurate motor performance of the hand.

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Rizzo, John-Ross, Mahya Beheshti, Weiwei Dai, and Janet C. Rucker. "Eye Movement Recordings: Practical Applications in Neurology." Seminars in Neurology 39, no. 06 (December 2019): 775–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698742.

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AbstractAccurate detection and interpretation of eye movement abnormalities often guides differential diagnosis, discussions on prognosis and disease mechanisms, and directed treatment of disabling visual symptoms and signs. A comprehensive clinical eye movement examination is high yield from a diagnostic standpoint; however, skillful recording and quantification of eye movements can increase detection of subclinical deficits, confirm clinical suspicions, guide therapeutics, and generate expansive research opportunities. This review encompasses an overview of the clinical eye movement examination, provides examples of practical diagnostic contributions from quantitative recordings of eye movements, and comments on recording equipment and related challenges.

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Mitchell, Jude F., Nicholas J. Priebe, and Cory T. Miller. "Motion dependence of smooth pursuit eye movements in the marmoset." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 10 (June 2015): 3954–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00197.2015.

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Smooth pursuit eye movements stabilize slow-moving objects on the retina by matching eye velocity with target velocity. Two critical components are required to generate smooth pursuit: first, because it is a voluntary eye movement, the subject must select a target to pursue to engage the tracking system; and second, generating smooth pursuit requires a moving stimulus. We examined whether this behavior also exists in the common marmoset, a New World primate that is increasingly attracting attention as a genetic model for mental disease and systems neuroscience. We measured smooth pursuit in two marmosets, previously trained to perform fixation tasks, using the standard Rashbass step-ramp pursuit paradigm. We first measured the aspects of visual motion that drive pursuit eye movements. Smooth eye movements were in the same direction as target motion, indicating that pursuit was driven by target movement rather than by displacement. Both the open-loop acceleration and closed-loop eye velocity exhibited a linear relationship with target velocity for slow-moving targets, but this relationship declined for higher speeds. We next examined whether marmoset pursuit eye movements depend on an active engagement of the pursuit system by measuring smooth eye movements evoked by small perturbations of motion from fixation or during pursuit. Pursuit eye movements were much larger during pursuit than from fixation, indicating that pursuit is actively gated. Several practical advantages of the marmoset brain, including the accessibility of the middle temporal (MT) area and frontal eye fields at the cortical surface, merit its utilization for studying pursuit movements.

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Petit, Laurent, and Michael S. Beauchamp. "Neural Basis of Visually Guided Head Movements Studied With fMRI." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 2516–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00988.2002.

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We used event-related fMRI to measure brain activity while subjects performed saccadic eye, head, and gaze movements to visually presented targets. Two distinct patterns of response were observed. One set of areas was equally active during eye, head, and gaze movements and consisted of the superior and inferior subdivisions of the frontal eye fields, the supplementary eye field, the intraparietal sulcus, the precuneus, area MT in the lateral occipital sulcus and subcortically in basal ganglia, thalamus, and the superior colliculus. These areas have been previously observed in functional imaging studies of human eye movements, suggesting that a common set of brain areas subserves both oculomotor and head movement control in humans, consistent with data from single-unit recording and microstimulation studies in nonhuman primates that have described overlapping eye- and head-movement representations in oculomotor control areas. A second set of areas was active during head and gaze movements but not during eye movements. This set of areas included the posterior part of the planum temporale and the cortex at the temporoparietal junction, known as the parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC). Activity in PIVC has been observed during imaging studies of invasive vestibular stimulation, and we confirm its role in processing the vestibular cues accompanying natural head movements. Our findings demonstrate that fMRI can be used to study the neural basis of head movements and show that areas that control eye movements also control head movements. In addition, we provide the first evidence for brain activity associated with vestibular input produced by natural head movements as opposed to invasive caloric or galvanic vestibular stimulation.

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Galluscio, Eugene H., and Pamela Paradzinski. "Task-Specific Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements." Perceptual and Motor Skills 81, no. 3 (December 1995): 755–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.81.3.755.

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Conjugate lateral eye movements induced by task-specific reflective thought were examined in 10 dextral men. Verbal and spatial stimuli designed to activate reflective thought in the left (verbal) and right (spatial) cerebral hemispheres of the brain were presented tachistoscopically in a darkened environment. Eye movements during reflective thought were monitored and scored using an infrared eye-tracking device. Reflective thought induced by the spatial task produced significantly more leftward conjugate lateral eye movement. The verbal task tended to produce more rightward and upward movements. The results are viewed as consistent with a task-specific brain-hemispheric activation model of contralateral conjugate eye movements during reflective thought.

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Rayner, Keith. "The 35th Sir Frederick Bartlett Lecture: Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62, no. 8 (August 2009): 1457–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210902816461.

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Eye movements are now widely used to investigate cognitive processes during reading, scene perception, and visual search. In this article, research on the following topics is reviewed with respect to reading: (a) the perceptual span (or span of effective vision), (b) preview benefit, (c) eye movement control, and (d) models of eye movements. Related issues with respect to eye movements during scene perception and visual search are also reviewed. It is argued that research on eye movements during reading has been somewhat advanced over research on eye movements in scene perception and visual search and that some of the paradigms developed to study reading should be more widely adopted in the study of scene perception and visual search. Research dealing with “real-world” tasks and research utilizing the visual-world paradigm are also briefly discussed.

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Nissens, Tom, and Katja Fiehler. "Saccades and reaches curve away from the other effector’s target in simultaneous eye and hand movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00618.2017.

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Simultaneous eye and hand movements are highly coordinated and tightly coupled. This raises the question whether the selection of eye and hand targets relies on a shared attentional mechanism or separate attentional systems. Previous studies have revealed conflicting results by reporting evidence for both a shared as well as separate systems. Movement properties such as movement curvature can provide novel insights into this question as they provide a sensitive measure for attentional allocation during target selection. In the current study, participants performed simultaneous eye and hand movements to the same or different visual target locations. We show that both saccade and reaching movements curve away from the other effector’s target location when they are simultaneously performed to spatially distinct locations. We argue that there is a shared attentional mechanism involved in selecting eye and hand targets that may be found on the level of effector-independent priority maps. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Movement properties such as movement curvature have been widely neglected as important sources of information in investigating whether the attentional systems underlying target selection for eye and hand movements are separate or shared. We convincingly show that movement curvature is influenced by the other effector’s target location in simultaneous eye and hand movements to spatially distinct locations. Our results provide evidence for shared attentional systems involved in the selection of saccade and reach targets.

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Koga, Kazuo. "Motion perception modified by eye movements 1This research was partly supported by the Grant-In-Aid for Developmental Scientific Research (63810002, 02610045, and 10301005) by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan to K.K. The article is based on a presentation given by K.K. at the Joint Swiss-Japanese Scientific Seminar Human Motion Perception. Eye Movements, and Orientation in Visual Space, supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation in cooperation with the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, in Gunten (Switzerland) May 19-21, 1999." Swiss Journal of Psychology 59, no. 2 (June 2000): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.59.2.108.

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Evidence is presented that eye movements have a strong modulation effect on perceived motion of an object in an induced motion situation. It was investigated whether pursuit eye movements affect motion perception, particularly target velocity perception, under the following stimulus conditions: (1) laterally moving objects on the computer display, (2) recurrent simple target motion and, (3) a unilaterally scrolling grid. The observers' eye movements were recorded and, at the same time, their responses with respect to their velocity perception were registered and analyzed in synchronization with the eye movement data. In most cases, when pursuit eye movements were synchronized with the movement of the target, the velocity of the target was judged to be slow or motionless. An explanation of the results is presented which is based on two sources of motion information: (1) A displacement detector in terms of retinal coordinates, and (2) a proprioceptive sensing unit associated with the eye movements. The veridicality of the judgments of the velocity of the object motion was determined by the complexity of the processes for integrating the signals from the two channels.

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Jung, Ileok, and Ji-Soo Kim. "Abnormal Eye Movements in Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders." Journal of Movement Disorders 12, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14802/jmd.18034.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Eye movements'

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