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1
Furneaux, Sophia-Louise Maria. "The role of eye movements during music reading." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360499.
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Veldre, Aaron. "Individual differences in eye movements during skilled reading." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13486.
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Despite a large and established literature, studies of eye movements during skilled reading generally assume uniformity at the participant level. However, there is growing evidence that individual differences in reading proficiency among skilled adult readers modulate the early stages of lexical processing. Measures of lexical knowledge have also been shown to be more predictive of differences in eye movement patterns than many word- or sentence-level variables that have traditionally been the focus of research in the field. In five experiments, large samples of skilled readers were assessed on measures of reading and spelling ability in order to test the hypothesis that individual differences in proficiency, and, particularly, the precision of a reader’s lexical representations, modulate eye movements during reading. Gaze-contingent display change paradigms were used to manipulate parafoveal information during sentence reading, tapping the early stages of word identification. The combination of high reading and spelling ability, i.e., lexical expertise, was found to consistently predict both the spatial extent and depth of parafoveal processing. Lexical experts made use of a wider perceptual span and were more likely to extract lexical information from upcoming words than readers with imprecise lexical knowledge. Lexical expertise was also associated with more effective integration of parafoveal and foveal information and more immediate comprehension. These results support the lexical quality hypothesis of reading skill and challenge the assumption that skilled adults all read in essentially the same way. The results also provide insight into the role of parafoveal processing during reading and provide opportunities for the refinement of computational models of eye movement control.
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Weger, Ulrich Wolfgang. "Spatial and linguistic control of eye movements during reading." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2005.
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Jacobson, Christer. "Reading development and reading disability analyses of eye-movements and word recognition /." Stockholm : Lund : Almqvist & Wiksell ; University of Lund, 1998. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/39314893.html.
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Paulson, Eric John. "Adult readers' eye movements during the production of oral miscues." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284147.
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Miscue analysis and eye-movement recording technology are combined in this dissertation to explore the reading processes of adult, skilled readers. The combination of approaches forms a new reading research methodology termed Eye Movement Miscue Analysis, or EMMA, that provides a powerful view of the reading process. Miscue analysis, the psycholinguistic analysis of unexpected responses in a reader's oral text, provides a verbal dimension of data for reading research. Similarly, eye-movement recording, which shows precisely where in a text a reader looks, provides a visual dimension of data. When these two research approaches are combined, both verbal and visual data are analyzed, resulting in a powerful, multi-dimensional view of the reading process. This dissertation focuses on adult readers' eye movements made during the production of miscues and other oral reading phenomena. Patterns of eye movements relative to substitutions, omissions, insertions, partials, and repetitions are described, analyzed, and compared. Results of the analysis are discussed in terms of whether current causal explanations of miscues are augmented or refuted. Original conceptions about the reading process formed as a result of this research are developed and placed in existing theoretical frameworks. Major findings include that the eye movements relative to different types of miscues and other oral reading phenomena exhibit different patterns, and both eye movements and miscues, and the relationship between them, are functions of comprehension. Also, contrary to conventional wisdom, most miscued words are examined, and examined thoroughly, before the miscue is produced; miscues are not caused by careless or reckless reading, or visually skipping words. Implications for theories and models of the reading process are discussed, and areas of needed research are described.
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Schad, Daniel Johannes. "Mindless reading and eye movements : theory, experiments and computational modeling." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2012. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7082/.
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It sometimes happens that we finish reading a passage of text just to realize that we have no idea what we just read. During these episodes of mindless reading our mind is elsewhere yet the eyes still move across the text. The phenomenon of mindless reading is common and seems to be widely recognized in lay psychology. However, the scientific investigation of mindless reading has long been underdeveloped. Recent progress in research on mindless reading has been based on self-report measures and on treating it as an all-or-none phenomenon (dichotomy-hypothesis). Here, we introduce the levels-of-inattention hypothesis proposing that mindless reading is graded and occurs at different levels of cognitive processing. Moreover, we introduce two new behavioral paradigms to study mindless reading at different levels in the eye-tracking laboratory.
First (Chapter 2), we introduce shuffled text reading as a paradigm to approximate states of weak mindless reading experimentally and compare it to reading of normal text. Results from statistical analyses of eye movements that subjects perform in this task qualitatively support the ‘mindless’ hypothesis that cognitive influences on eye movements are reduced and the ‘foveal load’ hypothesis that the response of the zoom lens of attention to local text difficulty is enhanced when reading shuffled text. We introduce and validate an advanced version of the SWIFT model (SWIFT 3) incorporating the zoom lens of attention (Chapter 3) and use it to explain eye movements during shuffled text reading. Simulations of the SWIFT 3 model provide fully quantitative support for the ‘mindless’ and the ‘foveal load’ hypothesis. They moreover demonstrate that the zoom lens is an important concept to explain eye movements across reading and mindless reading tasks.
Second (Chapter 4), we introduce the sustained attention to stimulus task (SAST) to catch episodes when external attention spontaneously lapses (i.e., attentional decoupling or mind wandering) via the overlooking of errors in the text and via signal detection analyses of error detection. Analyses of eye movements in the SAST revealed reduced influences from cognitive text processing during mindless reading. Based on these findings, we demonstrate that it is possible to predict states of mindless reading from eye movement recordings online. That cognition is not always needed to move the eyes supports autonomous mechanisms for saccade initiation. Results from analyses of error detection and eye movements provide support to our levels-of-inattention hypothesis that errors at different levels of the text assess different levels of decoupling. Analyses of pupil size in the SAST (Chapter 5) provide further support to the levels of inattention hypothesis and to the decoupling hypothesis that off-line thought is a distinct mode of cognitive functioning that demands cognitive resources and is associated with deep levels of decoupling.
The present work demonstrates that the elusive phenomenon of mindless reading can be vigorously investigated in the cognitive laboratory and further incorporated in the theoretical framework of cognitive science.Beim Lesen passiert es manchmal dass wir zum Ende einer Textpassage gelangen und dabei plötzlich bemerken dass wir keinerlei Erinnerung daran haben was wir soeben gelesen haben. In solchen Momenten von gedankenverlorenem Lesen ist unser Geist abwesend, aber die Augen bewegen sich dennoch über den Text. Das Phänomen des gedankenverlorenen Lesens ist weit verbreitet und scheint in der Laienpsychologie allgemein anerkannt zu sein. Die wissenschaftliche Untersuchung von gedankenverlorenem Lesen war jedoch lange Zeit unzureichend entwickelt. Neuerer Forschungsfortschritt basierte darauf gedankenverlorenes Lesen durch Selbstberichte zu untersuchen und als ein Phänomen zu behandeln das entweder ganz oder gar nicht auftritt (Dichotomie-Hypothese). Hier stellen wir die ‚Stufen der Unaufmerksamkeit’-Hypothese auf, dass gedankenverlorenes Lesen ein graduelles Phänomen ist, das auf verschiedenen kognitiven Verarbeitungsstufen entsteht. Wir stellen zudem zwei neue Verhaltensparadigmen vor um verschiedene Stufen von gedankenverlorenem Lesen im Augenbewegungslabor zu untersuchen. Als erstes (in Kapitel 2) stellen wir das Lesen von verwürfeltem Text vor als ein Paradigma um Zustände von schwach gedankenverlorenem Lesen experimentell anzunähern, und vergleichen es mit dem Lesen von normalem Text. Die Ergebnisse von statistischen Augenbewegungsanalysen unterstützen qualitativ die ‚Unaufmerksamkeits’-Hypothese, dass kognitive Einflüsse auf Augenbewegungen beim Lesen von verwürfeltem Text reduziert ist, und die ‚Foveale Beanspruchungs’-Hypothese, dass die Reaktion der zoom lens visueller Aufmerksamkeit auf lokale Textschwierigkeit beim Lesen von verwürfeltem Text verstärkt ist. Wir stellen eine weiterentwickelte Version des SWIFT Modells (SWIFT 3) vor, welches die zoom lens der Aufmerksamkeit implementiert, und validieren dieses Modell am Lesen von verwürfeltem und normalem Text (Kapitel 3). Simulationen des SWIFT 3 Modells unterstützen die ‚Unaufmerksamkeits’ und die ‚Foveal Beanspruchungs’-Hypothese in einem vollständig quantitativen Modell. Zudem zeigen sie, dass die zoom lens der Aufmerksamkeit ein wichtiges Konzept ist um Augenbewegungen in Aufgaben zum Lesen und gedankenverlorenen Lesen zu erklären. Als zweites (Kapitel 4) stellen wir den sustained attention to stimulus task (SAST) vor um Episoden von spontaner externer Unaufmerksamkeit (also Entkopplung der Aufmerksamkeit oder Abschweifen der Gedanken) in einem Paradigma über Verhaltensparameter wie das Übersehen von Fehlern im Text und Signal-Detektions-Analysen von Fehlerentdeckung zu messen. Augenbewegungsanalysen im SAST decken abgeschwächte Einflüsse von kognitiver Textverarbeitung während gedankenverlorenem Lesen auf. Basierend auf diesen Befunden zeigen wir, dass es möglich ist Zustände von gedankenverlorenem Lesen online, also während dem Lesen, aus Augenbewegungen vorherzusagen bzw. abzulesen. Dass höhere Kognition nicht immer notwendig ist um die Augen zu bewegen unterstützt zudem autonome Mechanismen der Sakkadeninitiierung. Ergebnisse aus Analysen von Fehlerdetektion und Augenbewegungen unterstützen unsere ‚Stufen der Unaufmerksamkeit’-Hypothese, dass Fehler auf verschiedenen Textebenen verschiedene Stufen von Entkopplung messen. Analysen der Pupillengröße im SAST (Kapitel 5) bieten weitere Unterstützung für die ‚Stufen der Unaufmerksamkeit’-Hypothese, sowie für die Entkopplungs-Hypothese, dass abschweifende Gedanken eine abgegrenzte kognitiver Funktionsweise darstellen, welche kognitive Ressourcen benötigt und mit tiefen Stufen von Unaufmerksamkeit zusammenhängt. Die aktuelle Arbeit zeigt, dass das flüchtige Phänomen des gedankenverlorenen Lesens im kognitiven Labor mit strengen Methoden untersucht und weitergehend in den theoretischen Rahmen der Kognitionswissenschaft eingefügt werden kann.
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Gilman, Elizabeth R. "Towards an eye-movement model of music sight-reading." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342467.
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Nilsson, Mattias. "Computational Models of Eye Movements in Reading : A Data-Driven Approach to the Eye-Mind Link." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-167403.
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This thesis investigates new methods for understanding eye movement behavior in reading based on the use of eye tracking corpora and data-driven modeling. Eye movement behavior is characterized by two basic, generally unconscious, decisions: where and when to move the eyes. We explore the idea that empirical eye movement data carries rich information about the processes that guide these decisions. Two methods are investigated, each addressing a different aspect of eye movements in reading. The role of prediction in eye movement modeling is emphasized, and new evaluation methods for assessing the predictive accuracy of models are proposed. The decision of where to move the eyes is approached using standard machine learning methods. The model proposed learns where to move the eyes under different conditions associated with the words being read. Applied to new text, the model moves the eyes in ways it has learnt, showing characteristics similar to human readers. Furthermore, we propose the use of entropy to measure the similarity between observed and predicted eye movement behavior on held-out data. The main contribution is a flexible model, with few fixed parameters, that can be used to investigate decisions about where the eyes move during reading. The decision of when to move the eyes is approached using time-to-event modeling (survival analysis). The model proposed learns the timing of eye movements under different conditions associated with the words being read. Applied to new text, the model estimates the probability that a fixation survives for any given length of time. We propose an entropy-related measure to assess the probabilistic temporal predictions of the model. The main contribution is the use of Cox hazards modeling to address questions about the strength, as well as the timing, of processes that influence the decision of when to move the eyes during reading.
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Paul, Shirley-Anne S. "An eye-movement analysis of the word-predictability effect." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2010. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/4214f62e-9bcc-4e73-8972-7bd66dc71135.
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The primary aim of this thesis was to identify the mechanism under-pinning the word-predictability effect, while a secondary aim was to investigate whether words are processed in serial or parallel. In five experiments, adults’ eye-movements were monitored as they read sentences for comprehension on a computer screen. In Experiments 1 and 2, a critical target-word that was either of high- or low-frequency and either predictable or unpredictable was embedded in experimental sentences. The nature of the preview of the target word was manipulated such that it was either identical to the target or was misspelled (the misspelling was more severe in Experiment 2). Predictability effects were apparent in the identical preview condition in both experiments, whilst they were only apparent in the misspelled condition of Experiment 1. This outcome is compatible with early Guessing Game type models of reading which propose that readers predictions about up-coming words using contextual parafoveal information. When taken together, the results of Experiments 1 and 2 also suggested that frequency and predictability exert additive effects on fixation durations.In Experiment 3, four levels of word-predictability were employed. The function relating word-predictability and word-processing time was strictly monotonic: word-processing time decreased as predictability increased. This outcome was consistent with a word-prediction account of predictability in which there is no penalty for incorrect guessing. Experiment 3 also showed that processing time on the pre-target word increased as the predictability of the up-coming increased. This outcome replicated an effect obtained by Kliegl, Nuthmann and Engbert (2006) who claim that it arises as a result of memory retrieval processes cued by prior sentence context Experiment 4 replicated the manipulation in Experiment 3 but included additional condition in which the preview of the target word was masked while in parafoveal vision, using a pixel scrambling technique. The target-predictability effect was again a graded one, and did not depend upon the availability of initial information, providing evidence against the word-prediction theory. Additionally, there was no pre-target predictability effect in the unmasked condition. There was a pre-target effect in an direction in the masked condition, although this appeared to be a consequence of the mask. Experiment 5 replicated Experiment 4, but replaced the masked condition with a non-predictable but semantically related word, and the results showed no pre-target effects at all. It was concluded that inverted pre-predictability effects are more likely to be related to higher-level sentential processing.
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Hohenstein, Sven. "Eye movements and processing of semantic information in the parafovea during reading." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7036/.
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When we read a text, we obtain information at different levels of representation from abstract symbols. A reader’s ultimate aim is the extraction of the meaning of the words and the text. The reserach of eye movements in reading covers a broad range of psychological systems, ranging from low-level perceptual and motor processes to high-level cognition. Reading of skilled readers proceeds highly automatic, but is a complex phenomenon of interacting subprocesses at the same time. The study of eye movements during reading offers the possibility to investigate cognition via behavioral measures during the excercise of an everyday task.
The process of reading is not limited to the directly fixated (or foveal) word but also extends to surrounding (or parafoveal) words, particularly the word to the right of the gaze position. This process may be unconscious, but parafoveal information is necessary for efficient reading. There is an ongoing debate on whether processing of the upcoming word encompasses word meaning (or semantics) or only superficial features. To increase the knowledge about how the meaning of one word helps processing another word, seven experiments were conducted. In these studies, words were exachanged during reading. The degree of relatedness between the word to the right of the currently fixated one and the word subsequently fixated was experimentally manipulated. Furthermore, the time course of the parafoveal extraction of meaning was investigated with two different approaches, an experimental one and a statistical one.
As a major finding, fixation times were consistently lower if a semantically related word was presented compared to the presence of an unrelated word. Introducing an experimental technique that allows controlling the duration for which words are available, the time course of processing and integrating meaning was evaluated. Results indicated both facilitation and inhibition due to relatedness between the meanings of words. In a more natural reading situation, the effectiveness of the processing of parafoveal words was sometimes time-dependent and substantially increased with shorter distances between the gaze position and the word. Findings are discussed with respect to theories of eye-movement control. In summary, the results are more compatible with models of distributed word processing. The discussions moreover extend to language differences and technical issues of reading research.Wenn wir einen Text lesen, erfassen wir Informationen auf verschiedenen Repräsentationsebenen anhand abstrakter Symbole. Das oberste Ziel des Lesers ist das Erfassen der Bedeutung der Worte und des Textes. Die Erforschung der Blickbewegungen beim Lesen umfasst verschiedene Verarbeitungsebenen, die von Warhnehmung über motorische Prozesse bis hin zu Kognition auf übergeordneter Ebene reichen. Das Lesen geübter Leser verläuft zum großen Teil automatisch, ist aber gleichzeitig ein komplexes Phänomen interagierender Teilprozesse. Die Untersuchung von Blickbewegungen beim Lesen eröffnet die Möglichkeit, kognitive Prozesse bei der Ausübung einer alltäglichen Aufgabe anhand von Verhaltensmaßen zu untersuchen. Der Leseprozess ist nicht beschränkt auf das direkt fixierte (oder foveale) Wort, sondern umfasst auch umgebende (oder parafoveale) Wörter, insbesondere das Wort rechts der Blickposition. Obgleich dies nicht notwendigerweise bewusst geschieht, ist die parafoveale Information dennoch wichtig für effizientes Lesen. Es wird darüber diskutiert, ob die Verarbeitung des nächsten Wortes die Wortbedeutung (Semantik) oder nur oberflächliche Eigenschaften umfasst. Um ein besseres Verständnis zu erhalten, ob die Bedeutung eines Wortes bei der Verarbeitung eines anderen Wortes hilft, wurden sieben Experimente durchgeführt. In diesen Studien wurde ein Wort im Satz während des Lesens ausgetauscht. Der inhaltliche Zusammenhang zwischen einer parafoveal präsentierten Vorschau und dem anschließend fixierten Zielwort wurde experimentell manipuliert. Außerdem wurde der zeitliche Verlauf der Bedeutungserfassung aus parafovealen Wörtern mit zwei Ansätzen untersucht, einem experimentellen und einem statistischen. Als primärer Befund zeigte sich, dass die Fixationszeiten durchweg kürzer waren, wenn ein semantisch verwandtes Wort als Vorschau präsentiert wurde, verglichen mit einem Wort ohne Verwandtschaft. Mit der in dieser Arbeit verwendeten experimentellen Vorgehensweise konnte zudem der zeitliche Verlauf des Verarbeitens und Integrierens von Bedeutung ermittelt wurde. Dabei ergaben sich kürzere Fixationszeiten auf dem Zielwort bei ähnlichen Wortbedeutungen und längere Fixationszeiten bei unterschiedlichen Wortbedeutungen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten sowohl leichtere als auch schwerere Verarbeitung in Folge der Ähnlichkeit von Wortbedeutungen. In einer natürlicheren Lesesituation war die Wirksamkeit der Verarbeitung nachfolgender Wörter teilweise abhängig von der Dauer der Vorschau, und sie war deutlich größer bei kürzerer räumlicher Distanz zwischen der Blickposition und der Vorschau. Die Befunde werden mit Blick auf Theorien der Blickbewegunskontrolle diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse sind stärker mit Modellen verteilter Wortverarbeitung vereinbar. Die Diskussion erstreckt sich außerdem auf Sprachunterschiede und technische Aspekte der Leseforschung.
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Wotschack, Christiane. "Eye movements in reading strategies : how reading strategies modulate effects of distributed processing and oculomotor control." Phd thesis, Potsdam Univ.-Verl, 2009. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3395849&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Kuperman, Victor, Michael Dambacher, Antje Nuthmann, and Reinhold Kliegl. "The effect of word position on eye-movements in sentence and paragraph reading." Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/texte_eingeschraenkt_verlag/2011/5682/.
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The present study explores the role of the word position-in-text in sentence and
paragraph reading. Three eye-movement data sets based on the reading of Dutch and German unrelated sentences reveal a sizeable, replicable increase in reading times over several words in the beginning and the end of sentences. The data from the paragraphbased English-language Dundee corpus replicate the pattern and also indicate that the increase in inspection times is driven by the visual boundaries of the text organized in lines, rather than by syntactic sentence boundaries. We argue that this effect is independent of several established lexical, contextual and oculomotor predictors of eye-movement behavior. We also provide evidence that the effect of word position-intext
has two independent components: a start-up effect arguably caused by a strategic
oculomotor program of saccade planning over the line of text, and a wrap-up effect originating in cognitive processes of comprehension and semantic integration.
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Hohenstein, Sven, Jochen Laubrock, and Reinhold Kliegl. "Semantic preview benefit in eye movements during reading: a parafoveal past-priming study." Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5720/.
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Eye movements in reading are sensitive to foveal and parafoveal word features. Whereas the influence of orthographic or phonological parafoveal information on gaze control is undisputed, there has been no reliable evidence for early parafoveal extraction of semantic information in alphabetic script. Using a novel combination of the gaze-contingent fast-priming and boundary paradigms, we
demonstrate semantic preview benefit when a semantically related parafoveal word was available during the initial 125 ms of a fixation on the pre-target word (Experiments 1 and 2). When the target location was made more salient, significant parafoveal semantic priming occurred only at 80 ms (Experiment 3). Finally, with short primes only (20, 40, 60 ms) effects were not significant but
numerically in the expected direction for 40 and 60 ms (Experiment 4). In all experiments, fixation durations on the target word increased with prime durations under all conditions. The evidence for extraction of semantic information from the parafoveal word favors an explanation in terms of parallel
word processing in reading.
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Hermena, Ehab. "Aspects of word and sentence processing during reading Arabic : evidence from eye movements." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/402689/.
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Arabic is a Semitic language that remains relatively understudied compared to Indo-European languages. In a number of experiments, we investigated aspects of reading in Arabic by tracking readers’ eye movements during reading. Eye tracking is a sensitive and non-invasive methodology to study reading that provides a highly detailed account of the time course of processing linguistic stimuli. Indeed, a huge body of evidence supports the suggestion that readers’ eye movements are tightly linked to the mental processes they engage in during reading. Arabic features a number of unique linguistic and typographical characteristics. These include the potential use of diacritical marks to indicate how a word is pronounced, and also the clear preference of readers for using font types that preserve a natural variability in printed letter sizes. In our research we documented for the first time in Arabic the influence on eye movements of word-level variables such as number of letters, spatial extent, initial bigram characteristics, and the presence or absence of Arabic diacritical marks. Our results replicated and expanded upon the existing literature that uses eye movements to study linguistic processing. Specifically, our findings further clarified how each of these word aspects influence the eye guidance system, as well as the extent, and time course of this influence. We also investigated aspects of Arabic sentence processing where we documented the influences on specific words and on global sentence processing of readers’ grammatical parsing preferences, expectations for certain diacritization patterns, as well as sentence structure and diacritization mode. We consider the investigations presented here to be a step towards widening the evidence base on which our understanding of reading, in universal terms, is founded.
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Nivar, Gabrielle C. "Study of the Effect of Increased Positive Fusional Vergence on Reading Eye Movements." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu158755903542439.
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O'Brien, de Ramirez Kathleen. "SILENT, ORAL, L1, L2, FRENCH AND ENGLISH READING THROUGH EYE MOVEMENTS AND MISCUES." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194211.
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During 24 silent and oral readings of Guy de Maupassant and Arthur C. Clarke short stories (1294 and 1516 words) by proficient multilinguals, movement of the left eye was tracked and utterances were recorded. Three hypotheses investigate universality in the reading process: reading in English is similar in reading speed, miscues, and eye movements to reading in French (chapter 4); reading in a first, or native language (L1), is similar in reading speed, miscues, and eye movements to reading in a second, or later acquired, language (L2) (chapter 5); silent reading is similar to oral reading in reading speed and eye movements (chapter 6). Hypothesis are partially confirmed; implications are drawn for teaching and research.Silent reading is consistently faster than oral reading, with a mean difference of 28.7%. Reading speed is similar in English and French, but interacts differently with language experience: L2 readers of English read 50% slower than L1 readers, while in French, L2 readers read 13% faster.Retelling scores demonstrate a slight comprehension advantage for oral reading over silent, a wider range after oral than after silent, L1 readers having a slight advantage over L2 readers, and improved scores after second readings. Proscribing rereading to increase oral accuracy may disadvantage some readers: Second oral readings in English (but not in French) produced more miscues than first oral readings. This requires further study with tightly controlled groups. Overall, English readings produced 36% more miscues than French readings.Mean fixation durations are slightly longer during silent than oral reading, and show little variation between English and French reading. Wide variation in reading speed (L1/L2, silent/oral) is not reflected in mean eye fixation durations, although language dominance show an effect in French, where fixations during L1 readings are 18.6% shorter than during L2 readings.Individual variation is a factor. Emotional affect, poetic style, construction of syntax, and attention to metaphor are all observed in this EMMA data. Future analysis of this database may look at anaphoric relations, metaphor, how texts teach; and how readers develop narrative, verb phases, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic relations in complete textual discourse.
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Bélanger, Nathalie. "Reading is in the eye of the beholder: eye movements and early word processes in deaf readers of French." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32360.
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For the present dissertation, three studies were conducted to investigate various aspects of reading in severely to profoundly deaf individuals who use Quebec Sign Language as their main mode of communication and who were categorized as skilled or less skilled readers. A group of skilled hearing readers also participated so that their results could be compared to existing literature. Two studies investigated the use of orthographic and phonological codes during early French word processing, with a masked primed lexical decision task (Study 1) and with the observation of eye movements (Study 3). The second study served as a bridge between the first and the third studies. The participants' eye movements were recorded to determine their eye movement characteristics, such as their reading speed and the size of their perceptual and word identification spans. The results of the first and third studies converged to show that deaf readers, skilled and less skilled, process orthographic (Studies 1 & 3) and phonological (Study 1) codes very early during word processing. Importantly, skilled and less skilled deaf readers did not differ in the way they encode words relative to the control group of hearing readers. The observation of the participants' eye movements in the second study revealed that reading-level, not hearing status (hearing or deaf), was the main factor determining the characteristics of the participants' eye movements (such as reading speed, size of the word identification span, etc). However, hearing status was a determining factor in the size of the perceptual span of skilled deaf readers, which, unexpectedly, was wider than that of skilled hearing readers. An oTrois études ont été réalisées afin d'examiner différents aspects de la lecture chez deux groupes de personnes ayant une surdité sévère ou profonde et utilisant la langue des signes québécoise comme mode de communication principal : un groupe de bons lecteurs et un groupe de lecteurs faibles. Un groupe de bons lecteurs entendants a aussi participé aux trois études afin de servir de point de comparaison avec des études existantes. Deux études ont vérifié l'utilisation des codes orthographique et phonologique lors des premiers moments de la reconnaissance des mots, l'une à l'aide d'une tâche de décision lexicale masquée avec amorce (Étude 1) et l'autre à l'aide de l'observation du mouvement des yeux des participants (Étude 3). L'Étude 2 a servi de pont entre la première et la troisième étude. Dans le cadre de cette étude, le mouvement des yeux des participants a été enregistré et plusieurs mesures de bases ont été recueillies, telles que la vitesse de lecture, la largeur de l'empan perceptuel et la largeur de l'empan de reconnaissance des mots. Les résultats de la première et de la troisième étude convergent et montrent que les lecteurs sourds, bons et faibles, utilisent l'information orthographique (Étude 1 et 3) et phonologique (Étude 1) très tôt lors du traitement des mots. Il faut toutefois souligner le fait que les lecteurs sourds (bons et faibles) ne différaient pas du groupe de lecteurs entendants dans la manière dont ils encodent les mots. L'observation du mouvement des yeux des participants lors de la lecture (Étude 2) a révélé que le niveau de lecture, et non le fait d'entendre ou pas, sous-tendait les différence
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Gendt, Anja. "Eye movements under the control of working memory : the challenge of a reading-span task." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/6922/.
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During reading oculomotor processes guide the eyes over the text. The visual information recorded is accessed, evaluated and processed. Only by retrieving the meaning of a word from the long-term memory, as well as through the connection and storage of the information about each individual word, is it possible to access the semantic meaning of a sentence. Therefore memory, and here in particular working memory, plays a pivotal role in the basic processes of reading. The following dissertation investigates to what extent different demands on memory and memory capacity have an effect on eye movement behavior while reading. The frequently used paradigm of the reading span task, in which test subjects read and evaluate individual sentences, was used for the experimental review of the research questions. The results speak for the fact that working memory processes have a direct effect on various eye movement measurements. Thus a high working memory load, for example, reduced the perceptual span while reading. The lower the individual working memory capacity of the reader was, the stronger was the influence of the working memory load on the processing of the sentence.Beim Lesen steuern okulomotorische Prozesse die Blickbewegungen über den Text. Die aufgenommenen visuellen Informationen werden erschlossen, beurteilt und verarbeitet. Erst durch den Abruf der Wortbedeutung aus dem Langzeitgedächtnis, und die Verknüpfung sowie Speicherung der einzelnen Wortinformationen erschließt sich die semantische Bedeutung eines Satzes. Somit stellt das Gedächtnis und hier insbesondere das Arbeitsgedächtnis eines der grundlegenden Prozesse für das Lesen dar. Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht inwieweit sich unterschiedliche Gedächtnisanforderungen und Gedächtniskapazitäten auf das Blickverhalten während des Lesens auswirken. Für die experimentelle Überprüfung der Forschungsfragen wurde das in der Arbeitsgedächtnisforschung sehr häufig genutzte Paradigma der Lesespannenaufgabe verwendet, bei dem Probanden einzelne Sätze lesen und beurteilen. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für einen direkten Einfluss von Arbeitsgedächtnisprozessen auf verschiedene Blickbewegungsmaße. So reduzierte eine hohe Arbeitsgedächtnisbelastung beispielsweise die perzeptuelle Spanne während des Lesens. Je geringer die individuelle Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität des Lesers war, desto stärker war der Einfluss der Arbeitsgedächtnisbelastung auf die Satzverarbeitung.
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Wotschack, Christiane [Verfasser]. "Eye movements in reading strategies : how reading strategies modulate effects of distributed processing and oculomotor control / Christiane Wotschack." Potsdam : Univ.-Verl, 2009. http://d-nb.info/999651935/34.
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Warrington, Kayleigh Louise. "Adult age differences in early word processing : evidence from eye movements during sentence reading." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/42849.
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This thesis reports seven experiments which examine whether young and older adult readers differ in aspects of early word processing during reading. Further, this thesis explores whether the mechanisms underlying these processes differ between young and older adult readers. Despite age-related reading difficulties being well documented, little is known about the mechanisms underlying these difficulties. Many aspects of older adults’ processing have not previously been examined in detail. Accordingly, the current experiments provide a novel examination of various aspects of older adults’ early word recognition processing. Findings from Experiment 1 indicate that young and older adults make similar use of parafoveal orthographic information and have a perceptual span which is similar in size and symmetry. Experiments 2 and 3 revealed that older adults experience greater difficulty when reading low-contrast text than young adults. Further, Experiment 2 provided an initial indication that middle-aged readers do not yet experience the reading difficulty typically associated with older age. Experiments 4 and 5 suggest that young and older adults process letter position similarly (e.g. similar coding of “problem” and “rpoblem”). Experiments 4 and 5 also highlighted the potential for effects to be inflated in measures sensitive to rereading for groups that are more likely to reread. These groups may experience a “double-whammy” due to a greater likelihood of words being processed multiple times. Finally, Experiments 6 and 7 indicate that older adults may make more word misperception errors during reading when two words are both visually and orthographically similar and when the alternative reading of the word is higher frequency (e.g. mistaking “spice” for “space”). Overall, these experiments have advanced our understanding of adult age differences in early word recognition processes. These findings highlight key areas for development for future studies, models of eye movement control during reading and models of visual word recognition.
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al, Farsi Badriya. "Semantic neighbourhood density effects in word identification during normal reading : evidence from eye movements." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/370013/.
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Eye movement studies (e.g., lexical ambiguity and semantic plausibility studies) suggesting that word meaning can influence lexical processing relied on contextual information. Therefore, these studies provide only a limited insight into whether the semantic characteristics of a fixated word can be accessed before the completion of its unique word identification. The present thesis investigated the effect of the semantic characteristics of a word in its lexical processing during normal reading. In particular, four experiments were carried out to examine the effects of semantic neighbourhood density (SND, defined by mean distance between a given word and all its co-occurrence neighbours falling within a specific threshold in semantic space, Shaoul & Westbury, 2010a) in normal reading. The findings indicated that the SND characteristics of the fixated word influenced the lexical processing of the fixated word itself and the subsequent words, as evident in early reading time measures associated with lexical processing. These results suggest that a word’s semantic representation can be activated and can influence lexical processing before the completion of unique word identification during normal reading. The findings were discussed in terms of Stolz & Besner’s (1996) embellished interactive-activation model (McClelland & Rumelhart, 1981) and the models of eye movement control during reading.
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Kerr, J. S. "Eye movement correlates of cognitive processes." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381065.
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Doyle, Rebecca Eisenberg. "The Role of Eye Movements in the Relationship between Rapid Automatized Naming and Reading Ability." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2005. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_theses/5.
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The Rapid Automatized Naming test (RAN) has been shown to be a strong predictor of reading ability (Bowers and Wolf, 1993), however, the nature of this relationship remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the visual scanning and sequential components of the continuous RAN format are similar to those same visual scanning processes required in reading, and whether these processes partially account for the relationship. The sample consisted of 57 undergraduate students (63.2% female). The majority of the sample was either Caucasian (33.3%) or African American (29.8%). The eye movement measures consisted of three short stories and the continuous versions of two RAN tasks (colors and letters). This study examined the percent of regressions and fixations during both types of tasks (reading text and RAN). The findings suggest that the continuous RAN measures important visual scanning and sequencing processes that are important in predicting reading ability.
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Trukenbrod, Hans Arne. "Temporal and spatial aspects of eye-movement control : from reading to scanning." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2012. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7020/.
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Eye movements are a powerful tool to examine cognitive processes. However, in most paradigms little is known about the dynamics present in sequences of saccades and fixations. In particular, the control of fixation durations has been widely neglected in most tasks. As a notable exception, both spatial and temporal aspects of eye-movement control have been thoroughly investigated during reading. There, the scientific discourse was dominated by three controversies, (i), the role of oculomotor vs. cognitive processing on eye-movement control, (ii) the serial vs. parallel processing of words, and, (iii), the control of fixation durations.
The main purpose of this thesis was to investigate eye movements in tasks that require sequences of fixations and saccades. While reading phenomena served as a starting point, we examined eye guidance in non-reading tasks with the aim to identify general principles of eye-movement control. In addition, the investigation of eye movements in non-reading tasks helped refine our knowledge about eye-movement control during reading. Our approach included the investigation of eye movements in non-reading experiments as well as the evaluation and development of computational models.
I present three main results : First, oculomotor phenomena during reading can also be observed in non-reading tasks (Chapter 2 & 4). Oculomotor processes determine the fixation position within an object. The fixation position, in turn, modulates both the next saccade target and the current fixation duration. Second, predicitions of eye-movement models based on sequential attention shifts were falsified (Chapter 3). In fact, our results suggest that distributed processing of multiple objects forms the basis of eye-movement control. Third, fixation durations are under asymmetric control (Chapter 4). While increasing processing demands immediately prolong fixation durations, decreasing processing demands reduce fixation durations only with a temporal delay. We propose a computational model ICAT to account for asymmetric control. In this model, an autonomous timer initiates saccades after random time intervals independent of ongoing processing. However, processing demands that are higher than expected inhibit the execution of the next saccade and, thereby, prolong the current fixation. On the other hand, lower processing demands will not affect the duration before the next saccade is executed. Since the autonomous timer adjusts to expected processing demands from fixation to fixation, a decrease in processing demands may lead to a temporally delayed reduction of fixation durations. In an extended version of ICAT, we evaluated its performance while simulating both temporal and spatial aspects of eye-movement control.
The eye-movement phenomena investigated in this thesis have now been observed in a number of different tasks, which suggests that they represent general principles of eye guidance. I propose that distributed processing of the visual input forms the basis of eye-movement control, while fixation durations are controlled by the principles outlined in ICAT. In addition, oculomotor control contributes considerably to the variability observed in eye movements. Interpretations for the relation between eye movements and cognition strongly benefit from a precise understanding of this interplay.Blickbewegungen stellen ein wichtiges Instrument dar, um kognitive Prozesse zu untersuchen. In den meisten Paradigmen ist allerdings wenig über die Entstehung von Sakkaden und Fixationen bekannt. Insbesondere die Kontrolle der Fixationsdauern wurde häufig außer acht gelassen. Eine wesentliche Ausnahme stellt die Leseforschung dar, in der sowohl zeitlichliche als auch räumliche Aspekte der Blickbewegungssteuerung im Detail betrachtet wurden. Dabei war der wissenschaftliche Diskurs durch drei Kontroversen gekennzeichnet, die untersuchten, (i), welchen Einfluss okulomotorische bzw. kognitive Prozesse auf die Blicksteuerung haben, (ii), ob Worte seriell oder parallel verarbeitet werden und, (iii), wie Fixationsdauern kontrolliert werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt im wesentlichen darauf ab, die Dynamik von Fixationssequenzen zu erforschen. Ausgehend von den Erkenntnissen beim Lesen untersuchten wir Blickbewegungen in Nichtlese-Aufgaben, mit dem Ziel allgemeine Prinzipien der Blicksteuerung zu identifizieren. Zusätzlich versuchten wir mit Hilfe dieser Aufgaben, Erkenntnisse über Prozesse beim Lesen zu vertiefen. Unser Vorgehen war sowohl von der Durchführung von Experimenten als auch der Entwicklung und Evaluation computationaler Modelle geprägt. Die Hauptbefunde zeigten: Erstens, okulomotorische Phänomene des Lesens lassen sich in Suchaufgaben ohne Wortmaterial replizieren (Kapitel 2 & 4). Dabei bestimmen okulomotorische Prozesse die Fixationsposition innerhalb eines Objektes. Diese wiederum beeinflusst das nächste Sakkadenziel sowie die Fixationsdauer. Zweitens, wesentliche Vorhersagen von Modellen, in denen Blickbewegungen von seriellen Aufmerksamkeitsverschiebungen abhängen, konnten falsifiziert werden (Kapitel 3). Stattdessen legen unsere Erkenntnisse nahe, dass die Blicksteuerung von der parallelen Verarbeitung mehrerer Objekte abhängt. Drittens, Fixationsdauern werden asymmetrisch kontrolliert (Kapitel 4). Während hohe Verarbeitungsanforderungen Fixationsdauern unmittelbar verlängern können, führen niedrige Verarbeitungsanforderungen nur zeitlich verzögert zu einer Reduktion. Wir schlagen ein computationales Modell ICAT vor, um asymmetrische Kontrolle zu erklären. Grundlage des Modells ist ein autonomer Zeitgeber, der unabhängig von der momentanen Verarbeitung nach zufälligen Zeitintervallen Sakkaden initiiert. Unerwartet hohe Verarbeitungsanforderungen können die Initiierung der nächsten Sakkade hinauszögern, während unerwartet niedrige Verarbeitungsanforderungen den Beginn der nächsten Sakkade nicht verändern. Der Zeitgeber passt sich allerdings von Fixation zu Fixation neuen Verarbeitungsanforderungen an, so dass es zu einer zeitlich verzögerten Reduktion der Fixationsdauern kommen kann. In einer erweiterten Version des Modells überprüfen wir die Kompatibilität ICATs mit einer realistischen räumlichen Blicksteuerung. Die Ähnlichkeit von Blickbewegungsphänomenen über Aufgaben hinweg legt nahe, dass sie auf allgemeinen Prinzipien basieren. Grundlage der Blicksteuerung ist die verteilte Verarbeitung des visuellen Inputs, während die Kontrolle der Fixationsdauer auf den Prinzipien von ICAT beruht. Darüber hinaus tragen okulomotorische Phänomene wesentlich zur Variabilität der Blicksteuerung bei. Ein Verständnis dieses Zusammenspiels hilft entscheidend den Zusammenhang von Blickbewegungen und Kognitionen besser zu verstehen.
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Busjahn, Teresa [Verfasser]. "Empirical analysis of eye movements during code reading : evaluation and development of methods / Teresa Busjahn." Paderborn : Universitätsbibliothek, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1231907762/34.
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Metzner, Paul-Philipp [Verfasser], Frank [Akademischer Betreuer] Rösler, and Shravan [Akademischer Betreuer] Vasishth. "Eye movements and brain responses in natural reading / Paul-Philipp Metzner ; Frank Rösler, Shravan Vasishth." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1218399775/34.
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Magloire, Joel. "Eye movements by good and poor readers during reading of regular and phrase-segmented texts." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280027.
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An experiment was conducted to examine how eye movements during reading of regular and phrase-segmented texts vary with reading performance. Each participant read a set of either regularly formatted or phrase-segmented texts as eye movements were monitored. Each text was followed by a set of comprehension questions. The effects of individual differences (high- vs. low-performance readers) and text formatting (regular vs. phrase-segmented) were investigated by examination of readers' eye movement patterns. Previous research has revealed that poor readers' performance on tasks that require syntactic processing differs from that of good readers', and that poor readers' comprehension and reading rate improves when presented with phrase-segmented text. It was hypothesized that high- and low-performance readers' eye movements would differ during regular text reading in replication of previous research, and that furthermore low-performance readers' eye movements while reading phrase-segmented text would resemble those of high-performance readers' in the same condition. Results revealed differences between high- and low-performance readers' eye movements for regular texts, but not for phrase-segmented texts. This was due to changes in eye movement measures across text conditions for low-performance readers only.
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Nuthmann, Antje. "The "where" and "when" of eye fixations in reading." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/793/.
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To investigate eye-movement control in reading, the present thesis examined three phenomena related to the eyes’ landing position within words, (1) the optimal viewing position (OVP), (2) the preferred viewing location (PVL), and (3) the Fixation-Duration Inverted-Optimal Viewing Position (IOVP) Effect. Based on a corpus-analytical approach (Exp. 1), the influence of variables word length, launch site distance, and word frequency was systematically explored. In addition, five experimental manipulations were conducted. First, word center was identified as the OVP, that is the position within a word where refixation probability is minimal. With increasing launch site distance, however, the OVP was found to move towards the word beginning. Several possible causes of refixations were discussed. The issue of refixation saccade programming was extensively investigated, suggesting that pre-planned and directly controlled refixation saccades coexist. Second, PVL curves, that is landing position distributions, show that the eyes are systematically deviated from the OVP, due to visuomotor constraints. By far the largest influence on mean and standard deviation of the Gaussian PVL curve was exhibited by launch site distance. Third, it was investigated how fixation durations vary as a function of landing position. The IOVP effect was replicated: Fixations located at word center are longer than those falling near the edges of a word. The effect of word frequency and/or launch site distance on the IOVP function mainly consisted in a vertical displacement of the curve. The Fixation-Duration IOVP effect is intriguing because word center (the OVP) would appear to be the best place to fixate and process a word. A critical part of the current work was devoted to investigate the origin of the effect. It was suggested that the IOVP effect arises as a consequence of mislocated fixations, i.e. fixations on unintended words, which are caused by saccadic errors. An algorithm for estimating the proportion of mislocated fixations from empirical data was developed, based on extrapolations of landing position distributions beyond word boundaries. As a new central theoretical claim it was suggested that a new saccade program is started immediately if the intended target word is missed. On average, this will lead to decreased durations for mislocated fixations. Because mislocated fixations were shown to be most prevalent at the beginning and end of words, the proposed mechanism generated the inverted U-shape for fixation durations when computed as a function of landing position. The proposed mechanism for generating the effect is generally compatible with both oculomotor and cognitive models of eye-movement control in reading.
Um Blickbewegungen beim Lesen zu untersuchen, wurden in der vorliegenden Dissertation drei Phänomene in Bezug auf die Landeposition des Auges innerhalb des Wortes betrachtet, (1) die optimale Blickposition (OVP), (2) die präferierte Blickposition (PVL) und (3) der Invertierte Optimale Blickpositionseffekt für Fixationsdauern (IOVP). In einem corpus-analytischen Ansatz (Exp. 1) wurde systematisch untersucht, wie die Variablen Wortlänge, Sakkadenstartdistanz und Wortfrequenz die Parameter der OVP-, PVL-, bzw. IOVP-Funktion beeinflussen. Des weiteren wurden fünf experimentelle Manipulationen durchgeführt.
Erstens, die Wortmitte wurde als OVP identifiziert, operationalisiert als die Buchstabenposition innerhalb eines Wort, an der die Refixationswahrscheinlichkeit minimal ist. Mit zunehmender Sakkadenstartdistanz verschob sich die OVP jedoch in Richtung Wortanfang. Verschiedene in Betracht kommende ursächliche Faktoren für Refixationen wurden diskutiert. Des weiteren wurden Fragen zur Programmierung von Refixationen untersucht, wobei die Ergebnisse nahe legen, dass vorgeplante und unmittelbar gesteuerte Refixationssakkaden koexistieren. Zweitens, Landepositionsverteilungen (PVL-Kurven) zeigen, dass die Augen systematisch von der OVP abweichen, was im Wesentlichen auf visuomotorische Faktoren zurückzuführen ist. Mittelwert und Standardverteilung der normalverteilten PVL-Kurven wurden v.a. von der Sakkadenstartdistanz beeinflusst. Als dritter Schwerpunkt wurde untersucht, wie Fixationsdauern als Funktion der Landeposition variieren. Der Invertierte Optimale Blickpositionseffekt wurde repliziert: In der Wortmitte lokalisierte Fixationen sind länger als solche, die sich an den Worträndern befinden. Der Effekt von Wortfrequenz bzw. Sakkadenstartdistanz auf die IOVP-Funktion zeigte sich im Wesentlichen in einer vertikalen Verschiebung der Kurve. Der Befund eines invertierten OVP-Effektes für Fixationsdauern ist kontraintuitiv, denn die Wortmitte (OVP) wird als optimaler Ort betrachtet, um ein Wort zu fixieren und zu verarbeiten. Ein wesentlicher Beitrag der vorliegenden Arbeit bestand darin, ursächliche Faktoren für den IOVP-Effekt zu identifizieren. Es wurde vorgeschlagen, dass der Effekt auf sog. fehlplazierte Fixationen, d.h. Fixationen auf nicht-intendierten Wörtern, zurückzuführen ist. Fehlplazierte Fixationen werden durch okulomotorische Fehler in der Sakkadenprogrammierung verursacht. Es wurde ein Algorithmus entwickelt, um den Anteil fehlplazierter Fixationen aus empirischen Lesedaten abzuschätzen, basierend auf Extrapolationen von Landepositionsverteilungen über die Wortgrenzen hinweg. Als zentrale theoretische Annahme wurde formuliert, dass ein neues potentiell korrigierendes Sakkadenprogramm unverzüglich gestartet wird, wenn das intendierte Zielwort verfehlt wurde. Dadurch verringert sich die mittlere Dauer von fehlplazierten Fixationen. Da fehlplazierte Fixationen am häufigsten am Wortanfang und am Wortende auftreten, generierte der vorgeschlagene Mechanismus die invertierte U-Form für Fixationsdauern als Funktion der Landeposition. Der Mechanismus, der – gemäß der hier entwickelten Argumentation – dem IOVP-Effekt zugrunde liegt, ist prinzipiell sowohl mit okulomotorischen als auch mit kognitiven Theorien der Blicksteuerung beim Lesen vereinbar.
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Hsiao, Yi-Ting. "Visual perception of Chinese orthography : from characters to sentences." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25762.
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There are different aims in this thesis. The primary aim is to investigate visual perception in Chinese orthography, from its fundamentally distinct unit, characters, to sentence reading. The first aim of the thesis is to investigate how a single Chinese character is processed in many ways. We have looked into an effect called orthographic satiation/decomposition (Cheng & Wu, 1994). It refers to the feeling of uncertainty about the composition of some characters when staring at a character for too long. Lee (2007) extended Cheng and Wu’s study (1996), and the results have showed that orthographic satiation occurred faster in females than males. We replicated Lee’s study (Experiment 1) (Chapter 3), and have found that: (1) there was no significant difference between male and female and (2) a radical that can stand alone as a single character makes characters in which it occurs resistant to satiation. Following orthographic satiation, in Chapter 4, we explored the preference for eye/hemisphere visual pathways in Chinese characters (Experiment 2 & 3) and words (Experiment 4). In English, researchers have reported a contralateral preference when four-letter words were presented very quickly using a haploscope (Obreg´on & Shillcock, 2012) . It raises the question of whether presenting Chinese characters and words will show similar results considering the complexity and the special characteristics of Chinese orthography. We presented Chinese characters and words to participants using a haploscope. Our results showed that: (1) the contralateral visual pathway was preferred in perceiving right-left structured Chinese characters and two-character words, (2) when a semantic radical is projected to the LH, participants are able to recognise the semantic component better, (3) neighbourhood size (NS) (Tsai, Lee, Lin, Tzeng & Hung, 2006) affects how participants recognise words, and(4) males do better than females recognising characters but not words. After investigating the recognition of Chinese characters and words, we analysed the eye-movements in Chinese and English reading corpora. The processes of reading are intuitively thought to be more complex than perceiving a single character or words. The last studies in the thesis focused on the reading behaviours in Chinese and English. The eye movement differences and similarities between reading Chinese and English were investigated. In Chapter 5, we showed that reading Chinese elicits more divergence of the eyes within a fixation, compared with reading English. We interpreted these data in terms of recent demonstrations that apparent size causes increases in visual sensitivity (Arnold & Schindel, 2010) and engages more cortical resource in V1 (Kersten & Murray, 2010). Our analyses were based on movement within exactly temporally synchronized binocular fixations in the reading of Chinese and English 5000-word multi-line texts, using monocular calibration, with EyeLink-2 technology. When faced with visually complex orthography, the oculomotor system ‘tricks’ the rest of the visual system into ‘zooming in’ on the text. We consolidated the relevant theorizing into the ‘Divergence Affects Reading’ (DOLLAR) Theory. In Chapter 6, we reported that (1) vertical movements within a fixation tend to be smaller than horizontal ones, and (2) vertical movements within a fixation tend to be upwards. We speculated that it is appropriate for the earlier part of the fixation to be associated with visual recognition and for the later part of the fixation to be associated with executive action. The tendency to move upwards also suggested that in real-world reading, the upper part of words/characters were informative. In the last chapter analysing the reading corpus (Chapter 7), we reported corrective saccades after return sweeps. We found that in English, there were more corrective saccades after return sweeps than in Chinese. We interpreted these data in terms of spatial coding (Kennedy & Murray, 1987). In terms of Chinese and English differences, the stimuli that were used in our corpus show that the length for each line was different in English. The length for each line in Chinese was less different. Though the first character of each line was at the same place for two languages, it was more difficult for English subjects to locate the correct place after return sweeps because the length of return sweeps was different. In short, this thesis investigated visual perception in Chinese orthography, in terms of characters, words, and real-world reading. Moreover, we compared the differences and similarities between languages (English and Chinese). Despite the fact that the orthographies of English and Chinese are very different, we still found similar effects (e.g., contralateral preference) between them. This thesis thus has contributed to a better understanding of the differences and similarities between English and Chinese in terms of the orthographies.
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Hadley, Lauren Victoria. "Musical prediction in the performer and the listener : evidence from eye movements, reaction time, and TMS." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21009.
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Musical engagement can take many forms, from the lone pianist rehearsing in their study, to the headphone-wielding teenager on the bus, or even the orchestral musician on stage. Although much music research dissociates the performer from the listener (a differentiation starkly demonstrated in the layout of the concert hall), in this thesis I consider the performer and listener as two sides of the same coin. This thesis therefore empirically investigates musical prediction in the solo performer and the solo listener, then brings these together by investigating musical predictions in a turn-taking musical interaction. I begin by presenting a theoretical account of musical prediction. I propose a common mechanism to underlie predictions during both music performance and music listening, based on motor simulation of observed (seen or heard) music. This theory is developed from that of Pickering and Garrod (2013), and is suggested to span communicative joint action contexts. I then present three sets of experiments. In the first, I use eye-tracking to show that pianists incrementally process musical progressions during sight-reading. By measuring the rate of regression from an anomalous musical bar, I demonstrate that musicians look back to earlier portions of a melody more often when they read a bar that forms a less common musical progression than when they read a bar that forms a more common musical progression. This effect parallels that found for anomalous word reading in language, and provides a promising new paradigm through which to investigate music processing. In the second set of experiments, I use the timing of turn-end judgements to show that non-expert music listeners use tonality cues to predict the end of a musical solo. By presenting listeners with musical turns in two different styles: jazz improvisation or free improvisation, I show that the use of a tonal framework facilitates the accuracy of turn-end judgements. I confirm that this benefit is based on tonal information by filtering the extracts to either include or exclude pitch information. When pitch information is removed from the (tonal) jazz improvisations, turn-end accuracy falls. No such detriment is induced by removing pitch information for the (non-tonal) free improvisations, or by removing other spectral information. In the third set of experiments, I use transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate turn-taking. Turn-taking involves listening to a partner, predicting when they will end and hence when to come in oneself, and finally entering for one’s own part accurately. In my first experiment I apply TMS to the primary motor cortex and suggest that the predictability of a partner’s part modulates the timecourse of one’s own motor preparation. In my second experiment I apply TMS to the dorsal premotor cortex (involved in motor simulation) and demonstrate that when a partner’s part is in one’s own motor repertoire, the dPMC plays a causal role in the accuracy of one’s own performance. This involvement of the dPMC is consistent with motor simulation being used to predict a partner’s ending in a turn-taking context. Together this set of experiments explores prediction in music production and comprehension. My studies of music reading and music listening indicate that prediction is similar across comprehension domains. My studies of interaction indicate that comprehension may depend on production processes. I suggest that together my findings therefore imply that predictions made by performers and listeners are based on similar processes, and more specifically, that prediction during comprehension may involve motor simulation.
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Eskenazi, Michael A. "Word skipping and parafoveal semantic activation during reading." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1467377665.
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Dimigen, Olaf. "Co-registration of eye movements and EEG during active vision." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17099.
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Obwohl Blickbewegungen einen elementaren Bestandteil des natürlichen Sehens darstellen, werden hirnelektrische Korrelate der visuellen Verarbeitung im Elektroenzephalogramm (EEG) zumeist während passiver Stimulation des ruhenden Auges erfasst. Ein alternativer methodischer Zugang ist die Kopplung des EEG an Beginn oder Ende natürlich auftretender Augenbewegungen mit Hilfe simultanen, hochauflösenden Eye-Trackings (ET). Die resultierenden sakkaden- bzw. fixationskorrelierten Potentiale (SRPs/FRPs) wurden in zwei Forschungskontexten untersucht und angewendet. Der erste Teil der Arbeit (Publikation 1 & 2) befasst sich mit den elektrophysiologischen Korrelaten von Mikrosakkaden, unwillkürlichen Fixationsaugenbewegungen die auch während traditioneller EEG-Messungen auftreten. Es wird gezeigt, dass Mikrosakkaden trotz ihrer geringen Amplitude eine wesentliche, aber mit herkömmlichen Methoden kaum auszuschließende Quelle muskulärer und kortikaler Aktivität im EEG darstellen (mikrosakkadische SRPs), welche in der Mehrzahl experimenteller Durchgängen aktiv ist, und zur Fehlinterpretation reizgekoppelter Potentiale führen kann. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit demonstriert die Machbarkeit und Nützlichkeit von FRP-Analysen zur Untersuchung hirnelektrischer Prozesse beim Lesen. In Publikation 3 werden Einflüsse verschiedener Messartefakte sowie visuell-evozierter, motorischer und kognitiv modulierter Potentiale auf die FRP-Wellenform beschrieben und Methoden zur Signaloptimierung vorgeschlagen. Wir zeigen, dass sich im natürlichen Satzlesen der klassische N400 Wortvorhersagbarkeitseffekt reproduzieren und in Bezug zu Maßen der Fixationsdauer setzen lässt. In Publikation 4 wurde mittels FRPs das Ausmaß der parafovealen Wortverarbeitung bestimmt. Simultanes ET ist eine sinnvolle Ergänzung zur bestehenden EEG-Methodik, sowohl zur Kontrolle von Mikroaugenbewegungen, als auch zur Erforschung natürlichen Blickbewegungsverhaltens und Integration von Befunden der ET- und EEG-Forschung.Although natural vision involves an active sampling of the environment with several saccadic eye movements per second, electroencephalographic (EEG) correlates of visual cognition are predominantly recorded under artificial conditions of prolonged fixation. An alternative approach to EEG analysis, explored in the present thesis, is to time-lock the signal not to passive stimulations, but to the on- or offsets of naturally occurring eye movements, yielding saccade- and fixation-related potentials (SRPs/FRPs). Using simultaneous high-resolution eye-tracking (ET), this technique was applied in two contexts. The first part of the thesis (publications 1 & 2) investigated brain-electric correlates of microsaccades, small involuntary eye movements, which occur despite attempted fixation during traditional EEG paradigms. In a series of experiments, we show that SRPs from microsaccades present a significant, but normally hidden source of visuocortical potentials that is active in most trials and can confound the interpretation of stimulus-locked data under specific conditions. The second part of the thesis assessed the feasibility and utility of using FRPs in the study of natural reading. Publication 3 provides a review of artifact sources, low-level factors, and high-level influences determining the FRP waveform in free viewing and proposes methods to optimize signal quality. We then replicate the N400 word predictability effect, a cornerstone of neurolinguistic research, in left-to-right sentence reading and relate N400 amplitude to measures of fixation time. In publication 4, the FRP technique was combined with gaze-contingent display manipulations to investigate the depth of parafoveal preprocessing in fluent reading. Our results show that simultaneous recordings improve the understanding of electrophysiological data recorded during fixation, extend the EEG’s methodological scope to naturalistic viewing scenarios, and help to integrate findings from EEG and ET research.
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Schad, Daniel Johannes [Verfasser], and Ralf [Akademischer Betreuer] Engbert. "Mindless reading and eye movements : theory, experiments and computational modeling / Daniel Johannes Schad. Betreuer: Ralf Engbert." Potsdam : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1053125658/34.
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Schad, Daniel [Verfasser], and Ralf [Akademischer Betreuer] Engbert. "Mindless reading and eye movements : theory, experiments and computational modeling / Daniel Johannes Schad. Betreuer: Ralf Engbert." Potsdam : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1053125658/34.
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Cooper, Nicholas M. D. "Are interpretations of syntactic ambiguities under working memory load "good-enough"? : evidence from eye movements." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dafa8073-b208-4453-b25d-967ae5b1a461.
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Syntactically ambiguous sentences offer an insight into how sentences generally are processed, by examining how readers recognise and reanalyse the ambiguity. However, it is only more recently that the comprehension product of syntactic analysis has been adequately tested, demonstrating that ambiguities are not always fully processed. This work has led to the good-enough approach to language processing and comprehension (e.g., Ferreira & Patson, 2007), which argues that sentence processing is merely good enough for the current task, and that our comprehension may not exactly match the content of what has been read. The work presented in this thesis set out to examine what it means for syntactic ambiguity processing to be good enough, by monitoring patterns of eye movements as people read sentences containing a temporary syntactic ambiguity. Comprehension questions probed the extent to which the syntactic ambiguity had been resolved. Across six experiments, it was demonstrated that both online sentence processing and comprehension are influenced by the presence of an extrinsic memory load, the presence or absence of comprehension questions, the length of texts being read, and the age of participants. Eye movement patterns were more superficial if the task permitted it; similarly, syntactic ambiguities were misinterpreted more commonly as the task demands increased. The results support a good-enough, adaptive sentence processing system, where initial misinterpretations can linger in the product of syntactic analysis, and which is affected by task demands and individual differences.
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Hohenstein, Sven [Verfasser], and Reinhold [Akademischer Betreuer] Kliegl. "Eye movements and processing of semantic information in the parafovea during reading / Sven Hohenstein. Betreuer: Reinhold Kliegl." Potsdam : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1050875281/34.
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Bowers, Alexandra Rae. "Reading performance in visual impairment." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243525.
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Yamashita, Yoshitomo. "The Role of Japanese Particles for L1 and L2 Oral Reading: What Miscues and Eye Movements Reveal about Comprehension of Written Text." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195229.
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Japanese particles have been studied syntactically and semantically in connection with preceding words for constructing sentence, and studied in terms of predicate in connection with core meaning of the noun. However, the role of particles in the field of reading has not clearly been explained. This dissertation investigates the role of Japanese particles for L2 and L1 readers reading aloud through the following questions: (1) In what ways do L 2 and L1 Japanese readers miscue on particles? (2) Why do L2 and L1 Japanese readers elongate the phoneme of the particle? (3) How do L2 and L1 Japanese readers' eye movements show fixation points on particles? (4) How do L2 and L1's Japanese readers' miscues of particles relate to the L2 and L1 readers' eye movements? (5) How do L2 and L1 readers' fixation points on particles relate to elongation? (6) How do L2 and L1 Japanese readers' fixation points relate to miscues and elongation? Five L2 and four L1 readers read a Japanese story that included 121 particles. By looking at miscues, the results show the segmentation process using particles. This segmentation process minimizes the number of particle miscues. Substitution, omission, and insertion miscues occur in a complex manner because they are related to finding word boundaries. Elongation occurs as a process of prediction and confirmation for making sense. L2 readers use elongation with miscues more often than L1 readers. In eye movement research, L2 reader's miscues are more highly connected to eye fixation than are L1 readers' miscues. Eye fixation points and elongation are used for prediction and confirmation for making sense. However, L1 readers' miscues mainly consist of fixation without elongation. L2 readers use more particles while L1 readers use more flexible construction with the meaning of adjacent words playing an important role. Readers do not just fixate, but also elongate particles to get information. The result shows that readers use miscues on particles, elongation, and eye fixations as complex processes to construct a meaningful text.
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Kliegl, Reinhold, Antje Nuthmann, and Ralf Engbert. "Tracking the Mind During Reading: The Influence of Past, Present, and Future Words on Fixation Durations." Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5722/.
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Reading requires the orchestration of visual, attentional, language-related, and oculomotor processing constraints. This study replicates previous effects of frequency, predictability, and length of fixated words on fixation durations in natural reading and demonstrates new effects of these variables related to previous and next words. Results are based on fixation durations recorded
from 222 persons, each reading 144 sentences. Such evidence for distributed processing of words across fixation durations challenges psycholinguistic immediacy-of-processing and eye-mind assumptions. Most of the time the mind processes several words in parallel at different perceptual and cognitive levels. Eye movements can help to unravel these processes.
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Souter, Tony. "Eye movement, memory and tempo in the sight reading of keyboard music." Phd thesis, Sydney Conservatorium of Music, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8983.
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Hefer, Esté. "Reading second language subtitles : a case study of South African viewers reading in their native language and L2-English / Esté Hefer." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8315.
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Most South African subtitles are produced and broadcast in English despite the fact that English
is the first language of only 8.2% of the entire population (Statistics South Africa, 2004).
Therefore, current English subtitles are predominantly received as second language text. This
poses questions as to how people perceive these subtitles, and if and how their reading of English
second language (L2) subtitles differs from their reading of L1 (non-English) subtitles.
In recent years, eye tracking has proven to be a valuable method in observing and measuring the
eye movements of people watching and reading subtitles. In order to explain the use of eye
tracking and in order to answer the question at hand, this study comprises a literature review and
an empirical study. The literature review gives an in-depth account of previous studies that used
eye tracking to study reading and elaborates on the parameters used to account for various
findings. The two empirical components of this study examined the accessibility and
effectiveness of English L2 subtitles by presenting native speakers of Afrikaans and Sesotho
with subtitles displayed (a) in their native language, Afrikaans or Sesotho, and (b) in L2 English,
while monitoring their eye movements with an SMI iViewX™ Hi-Speed eye tracker and
comparing the data with that of English L1 speakers reading English subtitles. Participants were
also given static text to read (accompanied by a corresponding comprehension test) in order to
see if there was a relation between participants’ first and second language reading of static text
and that of subtitling. Additionally, participants were given a questionnaire on their reading
behaviour, reading preferences, access to subtitled television programming and reading of
subtitles in order to find explanations for occurrences in the data.
The initial hypothesis was that there would be a difference in L1 and L2 subtitle reading and
attention allocation as measured by key eye-tracking parameters. Using ANOVAs, statistically
significant differences were indeed found, but the differences were much more significant for the
Sesotho L1 than the Afrikaans L1 speakers. After excluding possible confounding factors that
were analysed in attempt to refute this hypothesis, the conclusion was that participants inherently
read L1 and L2 subtitles differently. The hypothesis is therefore supported. However, the
difference in L1 and L2 subtitle reading was not the only significant finding – the Sesotho L1 speakers’ reading data revealed a greater underlying issue, namely literacy. The problem of low
literacy levels can be attributed to the participants’ socioeconomic background and history, and
needs to be addressed urgently.
Recommendations for future research include that the current study be broadened in terms of
scope, sampling size, representativeness and experimental material; that the focus be shifted to
the rest of the languages spoken in South Africa for which the users do not have a shared sense
of bilingualism and for which the L1 skills and levels of L1 literacy vary; and to further explore
the relation between the reading of static text and subtitle reading in order to ensure adequate
subtitle reading in terms of proportional attention allocation. However, the issue of low literacy
levels will have to be addressed urgently; only then will the South African viewing public be
able to gain full access to any form of broadcast communicative material or media, and only then
will they be able to benefit from subtitling and all that it offers.North-West University (South Africa). Vaal Triangle Campus.
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Kanonidou, Evgenia. "An investigation into reading ability using eye movement recordings in strabismic amblyopia." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9935.
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1. Introduction 1.1 Amblyopia 1.1.1 Definition Amblyopia or „lazy eye‟ has conventionally been defined as “a unilateral or bilateral decrease of visual acuity caused by deprivation of pattern vision or abnormal binocular interaction, for which no cause can be detected by physical examination of the eye and which in some cases can be reversed by therapeutic measures” (1). Clinically, amblyopia is defined as a reduction in best-corrected visual acuity to less than 6/9 monocularly in Snellen optotype or as a two-line difference or more in best-corrected visual acuity between the eyes in LogMAR optotype. This compares with findings in normal subjects, in which the interocular difference in best-corrected visual acuity has been found to be less than two lines (0.2 LogMAR optotype) in both infants and adults (2). However, clinical definitions are debated with different studies using different inclusion criteria for the amblyopic subjects participated. 1.1.2 Prevalence Amblyopia is a significant cause of unilateral visual deficit in childhood and is still considered as one of the most common causes of persistent unilateral visual impairment in adulthood, including populations in which advanced medical care is offered. The prevalence of amblyopia detected in children is estimated between 0.2-5.4% (3-30, 30-35) and in adults between 0.35-3.6% (36-41). It is also classified among the major causes of unilateral visual loss in visually impaired children (13, 42-47) and adults (48-60), in parallel with refractive error, retinal lesions, cataract, corneal opacities and age-related macular degeneration. However, prevalence estimates of amblyopia are affected by the criteria of visual loss used to define amblyopia, the socio-economic properties of the population, the efficacy of the applied screening programmes for amblyopia and amblyogenic risk factors and the effectiveness of the prescribed treatment regimens (1, 24, 61-72). 1.1.3 Aetiology Amblyopia is a form of cerebral visual impairment, in the absence of an organic cause (73-76). It is considered to derive from the degradation of the retinal image associated with abnormal visual experience during the developmental period of the visual system in infancy and early childhood (73-76). Children with anisometropia, strabismus or any other condition causing a reduction in the clarity of the image in one or both eyes, thereby disrupting equal binocular vision, are at risk of developing amblyopia (74-76). Amblyopia is therefore classified according to the type of pathology underlying the abnormal binocular interaction and/or form vision deprivation as (1, 77): (i) Anisometropic, in which a difference in the refractive error between the two eyes represents a risk for developing amblyopia due to creation of dissimilar images; (ii) Strabismic, in which the confusion and diplopia caused by the misalignment of the visual axes of the two eyes can lead to binocular rivalry and suppression of input from the deviating eye at the level of the visual cortex; (iii) Mixed, if anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia co-exist and, (iv) Stimulus deprivation, if there is some obstruction to vision during the sensitive period of visual development (opacities in the media e.g. cataract or severe ptosis). The results of the adult population study of Attebo et al (39) indicated that, the predominant cause of amblyopia was anisometropia in 50%, followed by strabismus in 19%, mixed in 27% and visual deprivation in 4%.
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Krügel, André. "Eye movement control during reading : factors and principles of computing the word center for saccade planning." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2015/7259/.
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Reading is a complex cognitive task based on the analyses of visual stimuli. Due to the physiology of the eye, only a small number of letters around the fixation position can be extracted with high visual acuity, while the visibility of words and letters outside this so-called foveal region quickly drops with increasing eccentricity. As a consequence, saccadic eye movements are needed to repeatedly shift the fovea to new words for visual word identification during reading.
Moreover, even within a foveated word fixation positions near the word center are superior to other fixation positions for efficient word recognition (O’Regan, 1981; Brysbaert, Vitu, and Schroyens, 1996). Thus, most reading theories assume that readers aim specifically at word centers during reading (for a review see Reichle, Rayner, & Pollatsek, 2003). However, saccades’ landing positions within words during reading are in fact systematically modulated by the distance of the launch site from the word center (McConkie, Kerr, Reddix, & Zola, 1988). In general, it is largely unknown how readers identify the center of upcoming target words and there is no computational model of the sensorimotor translation of the decision for a target word into spatial word center coordinates.
Here we present a series of three studies which aim at advancing the current knowledge about the computation of saccade target coordinates during saccade planning in reading. Based on a large corpus analyses, we firstly identified word skipping as a further factor beyond the launch-site distance with a likewise systematic and surprisingly large effect on within-word landing positions. Most importantly, we found that the end points of saccades after skipped word are shifted two and more letters to the left as compared to one-step saccades (i.e., from word N to word N+1) with equal launch-site distances. Then we present evidence from a single saccade experiment suggesting that the word-skipping effect results from highly automatic low-level perceptual processes, which are essentially based on the localization of blank spaces between words. Finally, in the third part, we present a Bayesian model of the computation of the word center from primary sensory measurements of inter-word spaces. We demonstrate that the model simultaneously accounts for launch-site and saccade-type contingent modulations of within-word landing positions in reading. Our results show that the spatial saccade target during reading is the result of complex estimations of the word center based on incomplete sensory information, which also leads to specific systematic deviations of saccades’ landing positions from the word center. Our results have important implications for current reading models and experimental reading research.Lesen ist eine komplexe kognitive Aufgabe, die auf der Analyse visueller Reize beruht. Aufgrund der Physiologie des Auges kann jedoch nur eine kleine Anzahl von Buchstaben um den Fixationsort mit hoher visueller Genauigkeit wahrgenommen werden, während die Sichtbarkeit der Buchstaben und Wörter außerhalb der sogenannten fovealen Zone mit zunehmender Entfernung stark abnimmt. Während des Lesens sind deshalb sakkadische Augenbewegungen erforderlich, um die Fovea zur visuellen Identifikation neuer Wörter wiederholt innerhalb des Textes zu verschieben. Auch innerhalb eines direkt betrachteten Wortes erlauben mittige Fixationsorte eine effizientere Wortverarbeitung als randnahe Blickpositionen (O’Regan, 1981; Brysbaert, Vitu, and Schroyens, 1996). Die meisten Lesemodelle nehmen deshalb an, dass Leser auf die Mitte von Worten zielen (für eine Übersicht siehe Reichle, Rayner, & Pollatsek, 2003). Es zeigt sich aber, dass Landepositionen innerhalb von Wörtern im Lesen von der Distanz der Startposition einer Sakkade zur Mitte des Zielwortes moduliert werden (McConkie, Kerr, Reddix, & Zola, 1988). Noch ist weitgehend unklar, wie Leser die Mitte eines Zielwortes identifizieren. Es fehlt an computationalen Modellen die die sensumotorische Umwandlung der Auswahl eines Zielwortes in eine räumliche Koordinate der Wortmitte beschreiben. Wir präsentieren hier eine Reihe von drei Studien, die darauf abzielen, das Wissen über die Berechnung von Sakkadenzielkoordinaten im Lesen zu erweitern. In einer umfangreichen Korpusanalyse identifizerten wir zunächst das Überspringen von Wörtern als weiteren wichtigen Faktor bei der Sakkadenprogrammierung, der einen ähnlich systematischen und großen Effekt auf die Landepositionen hat wie die Startpositionen der Sakkaden. Anschließend zeigen wir Ergebnisse eines einfachen Sakkadenexperiments, welche nahelegen, dass der Effekt übersprungener Wörter das Ergebnis hoch automatisierter perzeptueller Prozesse ist, die wesentlich auf der Bestimmung von Leerzeichen zwischen Wörtern basieren. Schließlich präsentieren wir ein Bayesianisches Modell der Berechnung von Wortmitten auf der Grundlage der primären sensorischen Erfassungen von Leerzeichen zwischen Wörtern. Wir zeigen, dass das Modell gleichzeitig Effekte der Startposition und des Sakkadentyps erklärt. Unsere Arbeiten zeigen, dass die Berechnung räumlicher Koordinaten für die Sakkadenprogrammierung im Lesen auf einer komplexen Schätzung der Wortmitte anhand unvollständiger sensorischer Informationen beruht, die zu systematischen Abweichungen von der tatsächlichen Wortmitte führt. Unsere Ergebnisse haben wichtige Folgen für gegenwärtige Lesemodelle und für die experimentelle Leseforschung.
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Dambacher, Michael. "Bottom-up and top-down processes in reading : influences of frequency and predictability on event-related potentials and eye movements." Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4202/.
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In reading, word frequency is commonly regarded as the major bottom-up determinant for the speed of lexical access. Moreover, language processing depends on top-down information, such as the predictability of a word from a previous context. Yet, however, the exact role of top-down predictions in visual word recognition is poorly understood: They may rapidly affect lexical processes, or alternatively, influence only late post-lexical stages. To add evidence about the nature of top-down processes and their relation to bottom-up information in the timeline of word recognition, we examined influences of frequency and predictability on event-related potentials (ERPs) in several sentence reading studies. The results were related to eye movements from natural reading as well as to models of word recognition. As a first and major finding, interactions of frequency and predictability on ERP amplitudes consistently revealed top-down influences on lexical levels of word processing (Chapters 2 and 4). Second, frequency and predictability mediated relations between N400 amplitudes and fixation durations, pointing to their sensitivity to a common stage of word recognition; further, larger N400 amplitudes entailed longer fixation durations on the next word, a result providing evidence for ongoing processing beyond a fixation (Chapter 3). Third, influences of presentation rate on ERP frequency and predictability effects demonstrated that the time available for word processing critically co-determines the course of bottom-up and top-down influences (Chapter 4). Fourth, at a near-normal reading speed, an early predictability effect suggested the rapid comparison of top-down hypotheses with the actual visual input (Chapter 5). The present results are compatible with interactive models of word recognition assuming that early lexical processes depend on the concerted impact of bottom-up and top-down information. We offered a framework that reconciles the findings on a timeline of word recognition taking into account influences of frequency, predictability, and presentation rate (Chapter 4).Wortfrequenz wird in der Leseforschung als wesentliche Bottom-up Determinante für die Geschwindigkeit des lexikalischen Zugriffs betrachtet. Darüber hinaus spielen Top-down Informationen, wie die kontextbasierte Wortvorhersagbarkeit, in der Sprachverarbeitung eine wichtige Rolle. Bislang ist die exakte Bedeutung von Top-down Vorhersagen in der visuellen Worterkennung jedoch unzureichend verstanden: Es herrscht Uneinigkeit darüber, ob ausschließlich späte post-lexikalische, oder auch frühe lexikalische Verarbeitungsstufen durch Vorhersagbarkeit beeinflusst werden. Um ein besseres Verständnis von Top-down Prozessen und deren Zusammenhänge mit Bottom-up Informationen in der Worterkennung zu gewährleisten, wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit Einflüsse von Frequenz und Vorhersagbarkeit auf ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale (EKPs) untersucht. Die Ergebnisse aus mehreren Satzlesestudien wurden mit Blickbewegungen beim natürlichen Lesen sowie mit Modellen der Worterkennung in Beziehung gesetzt. Als primärer Befund zeigten sich in EKP Amplituden konsistent Interaktionen zwischen Frequenz und Vorhersagbarkeit. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf Top-down Einflüsse während lexikalischer Wortverarbeitungsstufen hin (Kapitel 2 und 4). Zweitens mediierten Frequenz und Vorhersagbarkeit Zusammenhänge zwischen N400 Amplituden und Fixationsdauern; die Modulation beider abhängigen Maße lässt auf eine gemeinsame Wortverarbeitungsstufe schließen. Desweiteren signalisierten längere Fixationsdauern nach erhöhten N400 Amplituden das Andauern der Wortverarbeitung über die Dauer einer Fixation hinaus (Kapitel 3). Drittens zeigten sich Einflüsse der Präsentationsrate auf Frequenz- und Vorhersagbarkeitseffekte in EKPs. Der Verlauf von Bottom-up und Top-down Prozessen wird demnach entscheidend durch die zur Wortverarbeitung verfügbaren Zeit mitbestimmt (Kapitel 4). Viertens deutete ein früher Vorhersagbarkeitseffekt bei einer leseähnlichen Präsentationsgeschwindigkeit auf den schnellen Abgleich von Top-down Vorhersagen mit dem tatsächlichen visuellen Input hin (Kapitel 5). Die Ergebnisse sind mit interaktiven Modellen der Worterkennung vereinbar, nach welchen Bottom-up und Top-down Informationen gemeinsam frühe lexikalische Verarbeitungsstufen beeinflussen. Unter Berücksichtigung der Effekte von Frequenz, Vorhersagbarkeit und Präsentationsgeschwindigkeit wird ein Modell vorgeschlagen, das die vorliegenden Befunde zusammenführt (Kapitel 4).
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Gendt, Anja [Verfasser], and Reinhold [Akademischer Betreuer] Kliegl. "Eye movements under the control of working memory : the challenge of a reading-span task / Anja Gendt. Betreuer: Reinhold Kliegl." Potsdam : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1046454242/34.
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Weiß, Anna Fiona [Verfasser], and Ina [Akademischer Betreuer] Bornkessel-Schlesewsky. "The Information Gathering Framework. A Cognitive Model of Regressive Eye Movements during Reading / Anna Fiona Weiß ; Betreuer: Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky." Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1148649808/34.
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Kliegl, Reinhold, Sarah Risse, and Jochen Laubrock. "Preview Benefit and Parafoveal-on-Foveal Effects from Word N+2." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5718/.
Full textAbstract:
Using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm with the boundary placed after word n, we manipulated preview of word n+2 for fixations on word n. There was no preview benefit for first-pass reading on word n+2, replicating the results of Rayner, Juhasz, and Brown (2007), but there was a preview benefit on the three-letter word n+1, that is, after the boundary, but before word n+2. Additionally, both word n+1 and word n+2 exhibited parafoveal-on-foveal effects on word n. Thus, during a fixation on word n and given a short word n+1, some information is extracted from word n+2, supporting the hypothesis of distributed processing in the perceptual span.
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Brusnighan, Stephen M. "Semantic Transparency and Contextual Strength in Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition of Novel Compounds during Silent Reading: Evidence from Eye Movements and Recall." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1286756820.
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Rybakova, Anastasiia Nikol. "Measuring L2 (Russian) Reading Proficiency Across Various Levels Using Eye Tracking." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/9075.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years interest in L2 reading research has focused largely on word frequency, sentence level, word recognition, and several researchers have begun to use eye tracking to better study reading behaviors. Parshina et al. (under review) have found that high proficiency heritage speakers of Russian read faster in terms of gaze duration and total time and had fewer regressions than low proficiency heritage speakers. The current study focuses on the establishment of benchmarks for L2 Russian readers in terms of first fixation duration, gaze duration, and total time when reading a complete passage, and compares these variables among different proficiency levels. Thirty-two students participated in the study with proficiency levels ranging from Novice to Superior. Subjects completed eye tracking and reading comprehension passages with the use on an eye tracker to asses reading abilities. Results show that all participants read L1 significantly faster than L2 in terms of first fixation duration. Additionally, all proficiency levels read Intermediate passages faster than Advanced passages. These results help establish the first benchmarks for eye tracking in Russian as an L2.
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Mercier, Lise. "Sleep patterns and eye movement density during REM sleep in reading-disabled children." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7728.
Full textAbstract:
In the present study, sleep characteristics in reading disabled (RD) children were recorded to examine suggested relationships among sleep, maturational and cognitive processes. Subjects were thirty-nine 8-10 year old boys (15 controls (Cs), M = 9.2, SD = 0.6 yrs; 24 RD, M = 9.0, SD = 0.5 yrs, (Boder criteria)). Reading disabled children were classified as: (a) dysphonetic (N = 8; (auditory-sequential processing deficits)); (b) dyseidetic (N = 8; (visual-simultaneous processing deficits)); or (c) nonspecific (N = 8; (absence of cognitive impairments)). Sleep was recorded in the laboratory for four consecutive nights (2 adaptation, 2 baseline) using standard polysomnography. All groups exhibited variations across nights reflecting adaptation to the sleep laboratory, although these seemed attenuated in the RD subtypes relative to the Cs. Group comparisons (with nights 3-4 collapsed) were undertaken between Cs and: (1) RD children pooled into one group; and, (2) the three RD subtypes. Relative to the Cs, RD children showed: (1) more stage 4 sleep (p .009); (2) less REM sleep (p .02); (3) an extended initial NREM cycle (p .009), composed of greater absolute amounts of stages 2 (p .03) and 4 (p .005); and, (4) a longer REM onset latency (p .009), also composed of more minutes of stages 2 (p .05) and 4 (p .003). Subtype analyses revealed that differences in REM sleep, initial NREM cycle duration and REM onset latency were largest among Cs and nonspecifics (p .05; p .05; p .01, respectively). Eye movement density (EMD) analyses revealed that, with the exception of the initial REM period, in which the RD children (pooled) exhibited higher mean values than the Cs (p .05), no significant group differences were noted over all REM periods, across the first 4 REM periods or for each individual REM period. The sleep profile observed in RD children, (the nonspecifics in particular), was characterized by a significantly extended initial NREM cycle with increased amounts of stage 4 sleep. This may reflect the influence of an underlying maturational delay, which decreases the functional quality of stage 4 sleep, resulting in a decelerated restitution process in RD children. The overall absence of differences between groups in EMD suggest that the presence or nature of its relationship to information processing in RD children remains unclear. The subtype differences observed were not expected, given Boder's description of the nonspecific subtype and suggest that her interpretation of the behavioral profile of these children may need revision.