Journal articles: 'Eye contact effect'

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Senju, Atsushi, and Mark H. Johnson. "The eye contact effect: mechanisms and development." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13, no. 3 (March 2009): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.009.

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Kompatsiari, Kyveli, Francesco Bossi, and Agnieszka Wykowska. "Eye contact during joint attention with a humanoid robot modulates oscillatory brain activity." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 16, no. 4 (January 8, 2021): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab001.

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Abstract Eye contact established by a human partner has been shown to affect various cognitive processes of the receiver. However, little is known about humans’ responses to eye contact established by a humanoid robot. Here, we aimed at examining humans’ oscillatory brain response to eye contact with a humanoid robot. Eye contact (or lack thereof) was embedded in a gaze-cueing task and preceded the phase of gaze-related attentional orienting. In addition to examining the effect of eye contact on the recipient, we also tested its impact on gaze-cueing effects (GCEs). Results showed that participants rated eye contact as more engaging and responded with higher desynchronization of alpha-band activity in left fronto-central and central electrode clusters when the robot established eye contact with them, compared to no eye contact condition. However, eye contact did not modulate GCEs. The results are interpreted in terms of the functional roles involved in alpha central rhythms (potentially interpretable also as mu rhythm), including joint attention and engagement in social interaction.

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Takahashi, Kaori, Akiko Matsuzawa, Ikumi Yamanaka, Tomoko Kuwatsuka, and Hitoshi Takagi. "Effect of eye drops used on colored contact lens." JAPANESE ORTHOPTIC JOURNAL 45 (2016): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4263/jorthoptic.045f123.

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Bolli, Simon, Michael Baertschi, Michael Wyss, and Marc Fankhauser. "3 Improving contact lens comfort? Effect of in eye cleaner on contact lens deposits." Contact Lens and Anterior Eye 34 (December 2011): S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-0484(11)60082-9.

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Onkhar, V., P. Bazilinskyy, D. Dodou, and J. C. F. de Winter. "The effect of drivers’ eye contact on pedestrians’ perceived safety." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 84 (January 2022): 194–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.10.017.

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Ferri, Francesca, Marianna Busiello, Giovanna C. Campione, Elisa De Stefani, Alessandro Innocenti, Gian Luca Romani, Marcello Costantini, and Maurizio Gentilucci. "The eye contact effect in request and emblematic hand gestures." European Journal of Neuroscience 39, no. 5 (December 2, 2013): 841–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12428.

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Brown, Michelle I., David Trembath, Marleen F. Westerveld, and Gail T. Gillon. "A Pilot Study of Early Storybook Reading With Babies With Hearing Loss." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 9 (September 20, 2019): 3397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-l-17-0305.

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Purpose This pilot study explored the effectiveness of an early storybook reading (ESR) intervention for parents with babies with hearing loss (HL) for improving (a) parents' book selection skills, (b) parent–child eye contact, and (c) parent–child turn-taking. Advancing research into ESR, this study examined whether the benefits from an ESR intervention reported for babies without HL were also observed in babies with HL. Method Four mother–baby dyads participated in a multiple baseline single-case experimental design across behaviors. Treatment effects for parents' book selection skills, parent–child eye contact, and parent–child turn-taking were examined using visual analysis and Tau-U analysis. Results Statistically significant increases, with large to very large effect sizes, were observed for all 4 participants for parent–child eye contact and parent–child turn-taking. Limited improvements with ceiling effects were observed for parents' book selection skills. Conclusion The findings provide preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of an ESR intervention for babies with HL for promoting parent–child interactions through eye contact and turn-taking.

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Steinfeld, Nili, and Ohad Shaked. "Looking my enemy (?) in the eyes: An eye-tracking study of simulated virtual intergroup contact." Media, War & Conflict 14, no. 3 (May 4, 2021): 322–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17506352211013485.

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This study addresses questions of access and agency as they come into play in intergroup contact. In such a context, access to information about the outgroup and conflict, as well as active agency in the form of engagement in intergroup discussions about the conflict, group identity, goals and compromises, are often a function of the intensity and effect of the contact. Although intergroup contact has been proven to be efficient in reducing stereotypes and advancing mutual understanding, these effects are inconsistent. The authors introduce eye tracking as a method for assessing participant engagement and attention as predictors of the contact effect on participants. They examine this approach through the use of simulated virtual contact, an innovative method which allows citizens direct access to information about and from the outgroup, and emphasizes participant agency by increasing participant control over the session. Israeli students participated in a simulated virtual contact with a Palestinian while their ocular behaviour was recorded. Anger and hatred toward Palestinians decreased after the session. Perception of Palestinian trustworthiness and ability to change increased. Desire to access information about Palestinians, changes in the belief of Palestinian ability to change, acknowledgment of a shared identity and support for compromises all correlated with visual attention to the speaker, leading to reflections on the relationship between attention and contact intensity and effect. Practical recommendations for promoting participant attention and possibly increasing contact effect are discussed, and the article concludes with a general theoretical discussion on the use of eye tracking for measuring contact intensity and designing better contact experiences.

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Conty, Laurence, Julie Grèzes, and David Sander. "How does perceiving eye direction modulate emotion recognition?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33, no. 6 (December 2010): 443–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10001305.

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AbstractNiedenthal et al. postulate that eye contact with the expresser of an emotion automatically initiates embodied simulation. Our commentary explores the generality of such an eye contact effect for emotions other than happiness. Based on the appraisal theory of emotion, we propose that embodied simulation may be reinforced by mutual or averted gaze as a function of emotional context.

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SHIMADA, Michihiro, Yuichiro YOSHIKAWA, Mana ASADA, Hiroshi ISHIGURO, and Naoki SAIWAKI. "2A1-E21 Social Balance Effect of Eye Contact under Negative Relationship." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2009 (2009): _2A1—E21_1—_2A1—E21_4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2009._2a1-e21_1.

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Niedźwiecka, Alicja. "Look Me in the Eyes: Mechanisms Underlying the Eye Contact Effect." Child Development Perspectives 14, no. 2 (April 27, 2020): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12361.

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McElroy, Deirdre M., Luke M. Geever, Clement L. Higginbotham, and Sinead M. Devery. "The Effect of Photoinitiator Concentration on the Physicochemical Properties of Hydrogel Contact Lenses." Applied Mechanics and Materials 679 (October 2014): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.679.118.

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Hydrogel soft contact lenses have been investigated as delivery systems for ophthalmic drug products in response to the need for more efficient ophthalmic drug delivery systems. Ocular drugs delivered via eye drops have a low residence time in the eye resulting in as low as 5% bioavailability of the therapeutic agent. This study investigates the effect of varying concentrations of the photoinitiator diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide (TPO) on the physicochemical properties of hydrogel soft contact lenses for ophthalmic drug delivery purposes. Contact lens samples were synthesised via photopolymerisation with a range of initiator concentration. Gel fraction and swelling results indicated that increasing the photoinitiator concentration increased the efficiency of the gel network and reduced the water content of contact lens samples. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was employed to confirm polymerisation of the lenses and also indicated the presence of residual photoinitiator in lenses with higher TPO concentrations.

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Shihab, Ahmad H., Ashkan Eliasy, Bernardo T. Lopes, Richard Wu, Lynn White, Steve Jones, Brendan Geraghty, Akram Joda, Ahmed Elsheikh, and Ahmed Abass. "Compressive behaviour of soft contact lenses and its effect on refractive power on the eye and handling off the eye." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): e0247194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247194.

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Purpose To investigate the stress-strain behaviour of 9 soft contact lens materials, that are commonly used in the market, under uniaxial compression loading. Methods Seven types of hydrogel and two types of silicone-hydrogel soft contact lens materials were hydrated in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution then subjected to uniaxial compression loads. The load rate was set to 16.0 N/min starting with two consecutive initial 5.0 N loading cycles followed by three relaxation periods of 4.0 min within which there were two more 5.0 N loading cycles and eventually, a full loading cycle that stopped at a load of 49.0 N. The load and contraction data obtained experimentally were analysed to derive the stress-strain behaviour. Finite Element (FE) analysis was then utilised to evaluate the performance of soft contact lenses on the human eye and handling lenses off the eye. Results Unlike tensile tests, all tested materials showed nonlinear behaviour when tested under compression. When fitted to first-order Ogden hyperelastic model, parameter μ was found to be varying in the range 0.12 to 0.74 MPa and material parameter α was found to be varying in the range 8.2 to 20.326 among the nine tested materials. Compression modulus of elasticity was 2.2 times higher than the tensile modulus of elasticity on average. FE simulation with nonlinear Ogden constitutive model showed a limited change (8%~12%) in the optical performance when compared to other material models, however, it predicted higher stress when the lens was simulated under bending during off-eye handling. Conclusions Compression tests revealed slightly nonlinear behaviour when materials were strained under compression stress down to 15% ~ 30% of their nominal heights. Considering the physiological compression loading range of 8 mmHg, secant moduli of elasticity were 1.5% to 6.9% higher than the tension moduli of elasticity depending on the material. Tensile-based moduli of elasticity could be used in FE analysis as a step towards simulating the optical performance of soft contact lenses on-eye. However, nonlinear compression-based material models are recommended for FE analysis of soft contact lenses when lens-handling is investigated off-eye.

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Shaker, Lina Mohammed, Ahmed A. Alamiery, Mohd Takriff, and Wan Nor Roslam Wan Isahak. "Nano-Titanium Oxide in Polymeric Contact Lenses: Short Communication." Nanomanufacturing 2, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nanomanufacturing2030006.

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Many individuals suffer from myopia or hyperopia and astigmatism owing to the refractive defects of the eye optics or because of the use of inappropriate contact lenses. This study dealt with three polymers Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), Poly(Hydroxyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), and Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) and doping them with TiO2 nanoparticles to evaluate the difference between the effect of each lens on the human eye. The TiO2 NPs were prepared in this work by the sol–gel method to obtain 70–90 nm sized particles. Modulation transfer (MTF) and spot diagram were assessed to measure ocular performance. The PGMA-TiO2 contact lens provided the highest image quality at the lowest probability (P) of about p < 0.0001 when inserted on an aberrated eye system because of its ability to eliminate the chromatic aberrations created inside the eyes having a smaller spot size.

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Choi, Seongeun. "The Effect of Social Anxiety and Eye-contact on Social Decision Making." Journal of Humanities and Social sciences 21 13, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 751–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22143/hss21.13.1.53.

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Pavlásek, Peter, Jan Rybář, Stanislav Ďuriš, Branislav Hučko, Miroslav Chytil, Alena Furdová, Sylvia Lea Ferková, Juraj Sekáč, Vítězslav Suchý, and Patrik Grosinger. "Developments and Progress in Non-contact Eye Tonometer Calibration." Measurement Science Review 20, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msr-2020-0021.

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AbstractThis paper focuses on the problematic of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements, performed by non-invasive methods. More specifically, the devices that are connected with the presented finding are non-contact tonometers that use concentrated air stream and optical sensors to determine the IOP within a human’s eye. The paper analyzes various influential factors that have an effect on the determination of the IOP values originating from the patients themselves and from the non-contact tonometer devices. The paper furthermore elaborates on the lack of independent methods of calibration and control of these devices. In order to fill this gap a measurement standard device that is capable of calibrating and testing these devices with traceability to the basic SI unit is presented. A detailed characterization and the determination of the expected uncertainty of the device are provided. By introducing an independent and traceable calibration method and control of non-contact tonometers into the clinical practice, the reliability of the measured IOP that is the primary indicator of glaucoma can be improved.

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Williams, Jason A., Erin L. Burns, and Elizabeth A. Harmon. "Insincere Utterances and Gaze: Eye Contact during Sarcastic Statements." Perceptual and Motor Skills 108, no. 2 (April 2009): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.108.2.565-572.

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Anecdotal evidence suggests that speakers often gaze away from their listeners during sarcastic utterances; however, this question has not been directly addressed empirically. This study systematically compared gaze-direction of speakers in dyadic conversation when uttering sincere and sarcastic statements. 18 naïve participants were required to recite a series of contradictory statements on a single topic to a naïve listener, while at the same time conveying their actual opinion about this topic. This latter task could only be accomplished through prosodic or nonverbal communication by indicating sincerity or insincerity (sarcasm) for the various statements and allowed examination of gaze across the two conditions for each participant. Subsequent analysis of the videotaped interaction indicated that, during the time for the actual utterance, sarcastic utterances were accompanied by greater gaze aversion than were sincere utterances. This effect occurred for 15 of 18 participants (3 men, 15 women; M age = 19.8, SD = 1.0) who had volunteered for a small credit in an Introductory Psychology course. Results are discussed in terms of nonverbal communication and possible miscommunication which may apply given cultural differences in use of nonverbal cues.

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Padzik, Marcin, Lidia Chomicz, Julita Bluszcz, Karolina Maleszewska, Jaroslaw Grobelny, David Bruce Conn, and Edyta B. Hendiger. "Tannic Acid-Modified Silver Nanoparticles in Conjunction with Contact Lens Solutions Are Useful for Progress against the Adhesion of Acanthamoeba spp. to Contact Lenses." Microorganisms 10, no. 6 (May 24, 2022): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061076.

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Acanthamoeba spp. are amphizoic amoebae that are widely distributed in the environment and capable of entering the human body. They can cause pathogenic effects in different tissues and organs, including Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK), which may result in a loss of visual acuity and blindness. The diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of AK are still challenging. More than 90% of AK cases are related to the irresponsible wearing of contact lenses. However, even proper lens care does not sufficiently protect against this eye disease, as amoebae have been also found in contact lens solutions and contact lens storage containers. The adhesion of the amoebae to the contact lens surface is the first step in developing this eye infection. To limit the incidence of AK, it is important to enhance the anti-adhesive activity of the most popular contact lens solutions. Currently, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used as modern antimicrobial agents. Their effectiveness against Acanthamoeba spp., especially with the addition of plant metabolites, such as tannic acid, has been confirmed. Here, we present the results of our further studies on the anti-adhesion potential of tannic acid-modified silver nanoparticles (AgTANPs) in combination with selected contact lens solutions against Acanthamoeba spp. on four groups of contact lenses. The obtained results showed an increased anti-adhesion activity of contact lens solutions in conjunction with AgTANPs with a limited cytotoxicity effect compared to contact lens solutions acting alone. This may provide a benefit in improving the prevention of amoebae eye infections. However, there is still a need for further studies on different pathogenic strains of Acanthamoeba in order to assess the adhesion of the cysts to the contact lens surface and to reveal a more comprehensive picture of the activity of AgTANPs and contact lens solutions.

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Johal, Sandy, Nazima Sangha, Bradley Coffey, Peter Bergenske, and Patrick Caroline. "EFFECT OF MONOVISION CONTACT LENSES ON READING EYE MOVEMENTS, READING SPEED AND COMPREHENSION." Optometry and Vision Science 79, Supplement (December 2002): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-200212001-00543.

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McClellan, Kathleen A., Allan W. Cripps, Robert L. Clancy, and Frank A. Billson. "The effect of successful contact lens wear on mucosal immunity of the eye." Ophthalmology 105, no. 8 (August 1998): 1471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(98)98031-9.

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Gabriel, Manal M., Clyde L. Schultz, Louis A. Wilson, and Donald G. Ahearn. "Effect of Staphylococcus epidermidis on Hydrogel Contact Lens Retention on the Rabbit Eye." Current Microbiology 32, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002849900031.

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Kim, Kawon, and Melissa A. Baker. "How the Employee Looks and Looks at you: Building Customer–Employee Rapport." Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 43, no. 1 (September 13, 2017): 20–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1096348017731130.

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Despite the prominence of customer–employee relationships in service contexts, little empirical research examines the antecedents of rapport in relation to service providers’ attributes. Furthermore, while prior studies examine only piecemeal aspects of employee attributes, this research uses a more encompassing approach by considering multiple attributes simultaneously. The results from a 2 × 2 × 2 between-subjects experimental design suggest that employee eye contact and courtesy are critical components of building customer–employee rapport, and subsequently customer satisfaction, while appearance surprisingly did not affect customer–employee rapport. A significant interaction effect between employee eye contact and courtesy was found. The findings build on the rapport literature and have important managerial implications for high-contact services, such as hospitality and tourism.

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Caruana, Nathan, Ayeh Alhasan, Kirilee Wagner, David M. Kaplan, Alexandra Woolgar, and Genevieve McArthur. "The effect of non-communicative eye movements on joint attention." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 12 (August 5, 2020): 2389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820945604.

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Eye movements provide important signals for joint attention. However, those eye movements that indicate bids for joint attention often occur among non-communicative eye movements. This study investigated the influence of these non-communicative eye movements on subsequent joint attention responsivity. Participants played an interactive game with an avatar which required both players to search for a visual target on a screen. The player who discovered the target used their eyes to initiate joint attention. We compared participants’ saccadic reaction times (SRTs) to the avatar’s joint attention bids when they were preceded by non-communicative eye movements that predicted the location of the target (Predictive Search), did not predict the location of the target (Random Search), and when there were no non-communicative eye gaze movements prior to joint attention (No Search). We also included a control condition in which participants completed the same task, but responded to a dynamic arrow stimulus instead of the avatar’s eye movements. For both eye and arrow conditions, participants had slower SRTs in Random Search trials than No Search and Predictive Search trials. However, these effects were smaller for eyes than for arrows. These data suggest that joint attention responsivity for eyes is relatively stable to the presence and predictability of spatial information conveyed by non-communicative gaze. Contrastingly, random sequences of dynamic arrows had a much more disruptive impact on subsequent responsivity compared with predictive arrow sequences. This may reflect specialised social mechanisms and expertise for selectively responding to communicative eye gaze cues during dynamic interactions, which is likely facilitated by the integration of ostensive eye contact cues.

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Ramasubramanian, Vivek Suganthan, S. Meenatchi Sundaram, Rinu Thomas, S. Ve Ramesh, B. Raghuvir Pai, Manali Hazarika, Shah Mohammed Abdul Khader, Rakshath G. Poojary, H. Girish, and Vernon Seth Crasto. "Finite Element Analysis of Cornea and Lid Wiper during Blink, with and without Contact Lens." Journal of Ophthalmology 2022 (May 17, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7930334.

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Ocular surface disorders such as Lid Wiper Epitheliopathy (LWE), Superior Epithelial Arcuate Lesion (SEAL), and contact lens-induced Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency (LSCD) as well as Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) affect one’s quality of life. Hence, it is imperative to investigate the underlying causes of these ocular surface disorders. During blink, the undersurface of the eyelid tends to interact with the cornea and the conjunctiva. The presence of a contact lens can add to the biomechanical frictional changes on these surfaces. To estimate these changes with and without a contact lens, a finite element model (FEM) of the eyelid wiper, eyeball, and contact lens was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics. Biomechanical properties such as von Mises stress (VMS) and displacement were calculated. Our study concluded that (a) maximum VMS was observed in the lid wiper in the absence of contact lens in the eye and (b) maximum VMS was observed in the superior 1.3 mm of the cornea in the presence of the contact lens in the eye. Thus, the development of friction-induced ocular surface disorders such as LWE, SLK, SEAL, and LSCD could be attributed to increased VMS. FEA is a useful simulation tool that helps us to understand the effect of blink on a normal eye with and without CL.

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Shaker, Lina M., Ahmed A. Al-Amiery, Abdul Amir H. Kadhum, and Mohd S. Takriff. "Manufacture of Contact Lens of Nanoparticle-Doped Polymer Complemented with ZEMAX." Nanomaterials 10, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10102028.

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Many people suffer from myopia or hyperopia due to the refractive errors of the cornea all over the world. The use of high refractive index (RI), Abbe number (νd), and visible light transmittance (T%) polymeric contact lenses (CLs) holds great promise in vision error treatment as an alternative solution to the irreversible laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have been suggested as a good candidate to rise the RI and maintain high transparency of a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-TiO2 nanocomposite. This work includes a preparation of TiO2 NPs using the sol gel method as well as a synthesis of pure PMMA by free radical polarization and PMMA-TiO2 CLs using a cast molding method of 0.005 and 0.01 w/v concentrations and a study of their effect on the aberrated human eye. ZEMAX optical design software was used for eye modeling based on the Liou and Brennan eye model and then the pure and doped CLs were applied. Ocular performance was evaluated by modulation transfer function (MTF), spot diagram, and image simulation. The used criteria show that the best vision correction was obtained by the CL of higher doping content (p < 0.0001) and that the generated spherical and chromatic aberrations in the eye had been reduced.

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Shields, Donald C., Alessandra Gorgulho, Eric Behnke, Dennis Malkasian, and Antonio A. F. Desalles. "Contralateral conjugate eye deviation during deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus." Journal of Neurosurgery 107, no. 1 (July 2007): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns-07/07/0037.

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Object Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in patients with Parkinson disease is often very effective for treatment of debilitating motor symptoms. Nevertheless, the small size of the STN and its proximity to axonal projections results in multiple side effects during high-frequency stimulation. Contralateral eye deviation is produced in a small percentage of patients, but the precise mechanism of this side effect is at present poorly understood. Methods Contralateral eye deviation was produced by high-frequency stimulation of 22 contact sites in nine patients undergoing deep brain stimulation of the STN. The precise locations of these contacts were calculated and compiled in order to locate the stimulated structure responsible for eye deviation. Results The mean x, y, and z coordinates associated with contralateral eye deviation were found to be 11.57, 2.03, and 3.83 mm lateral, posterior, and inferior to the anterior commissure–posterior commissure midpoint, respectively. The point described by these coordinates is located within the lateral anterosuperior border of the STN. Conclusions Given that stimulation of frontal eye field cortical regions produces similar contralateral conjugate eye deviation, these results are best explained by electrical current spread to nearby frontal eye field axons coursing lateral to the STN within the internal capsule. Thus, placement of the implanted electrode in a more medial, posterior, and inferior position may bring resolution of these symptoms by reducing the amount of current spread to internal capsule axons.

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Sanak, Frantisek, Livia Faes, Leila Eppenberger, Philipp Baenninger, Claude Kaufmann, Kathrin Golla, Lucas Bachmann, Daniela Buhl, Martin K. Schmid, and Michael Thiel. "Effect of Protective Measures on the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Eye Clinic Staff Members." Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 239, no. 04 (April 2022): 605–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1785-5226.

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Abstract Background Switzerland was strongly affected by the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that resulted in a nationwide lockdown in March 2020. Ophthalmologists were at most risk of contracting a SARS-CoV-2 infection due to their close working distance from patients. The aim of the study is to evaluate the overall effectiveness of protective measures on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among employees in a large public eye hospital. Material and Methods After lifting the lockdown in April 2020, standard precaution measures were taken, such as no handshaking and the use of operating face masks and a protective plastic shield on slit lamps and diagnostic devices. Only patients with no signs of SARS-CoV-2 disease were seen during the study period. Specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody titers were measured in eye clinic employees at the end of April 2020 (1st test phase) and in January 2021 (2nd test phase). The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody titers among employees with daily patient contact was compared to staff members with no patient contact. Results The SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in employees with daily patient contact, with 0% in the 1st phase and 7.4% in the 2nd phase, was not significantly higher than the prevalence in the control group with no patient contact (0.9% in the 1st phase, p = 0.4; and 8.6% in the 2nd phase, p = 0.8). Furthermore, physicians were not at a significantly higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to technicians, nurses, or office staff. Conclusions This study shows that the abovementioned precaution measurements are effective in preventing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection in eye hospitals and enable us to resume practicing ophthalmology in a safe manner.

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Sanak, Frantisek, Livia Faes, Leila Eppenberger, Philipp Baenninger, Claude Kaufmann, Kathrin Golla, Lucas Bachmann, Daniela Buhl, Martin K. Schmid, and Michael Thiel. "Effect of Protective Measures on the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Eye Clinic Staff Members." Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 239, no. 04 (April 2022): 605–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1785-5226.

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Abstract Background Switzerland was strongly affected by the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that resulted in a nationwide lockdown in March 2020. Ophthalmologists were at most risk of contracting a SARS-CoV-2 infection due to their close working distance from patients. The aim of the study is to evaluate the overall effectiveness of protective measures on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among employees in a large public eye hospital. Material and Methods After lifting the lockdown in April 2020, standard precaution measures were taken, such as no handshaking and the use of operating face masks and a protective plastic shield on slit lamps and diagnostic devices. Only patients with no signs of SARS-CoV-2 disease were seen during the study period. Specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody titers were measured in eye clinic employees at the end of April 2020 (1st test phase) and in January 2021 (2nd test phase). The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody titers among employees with daily patient contact was compared to staff members with no patient contact. Results The SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in employees with daily patient contact, with 0% in the 1st phase and 7.4% in the 2nd phase, was not significantly higher than the prevalence in the control group with no patient contact (0.9% in the 1st phase, p = 0.4; and 8.6% in the 2nd phase, p = 0.8). Furthermore, physicians were not at a significantly higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to technicians, nurses, or office staff. Conclusions This study shows that the abovementioned precaution measurements are effective in preventing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection in eye hospitals and enable us to resume practicing ophthalmology in a safe manner.

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Marx, Sebastian, Stanislav Baluschev, and Wolfgang Sickenberger. "Einfluss phospholipidhaltiger Augentropfen auf das Abtrocknungsverhalten weicher Kontaktlinsen." Optometry & Contact Lenses 2, no. 5 (May 30, 2022): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54352/dozv.ilca8295.

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Purpose. The primary objective of the study was to determine differences between in vitro surface de-wetting of soft con- tact lens (SCL) materials out of saline solution, before and after treatment with phospholipid containing rewetting drops. Material and Methods. Fifteen lenses of different SCL mate- rial classes according to ISO 18369 were tested (polymacon, nelfilcon A, ocufilcon D, balafilcon A, somofilcon A, lotrafilcon B). The lenses were rinsed and stored in saline solution to min- imize the effect of the original blister solution. A de-wetting video was captured for every lens using the Keratograph 5M. Afterwards all lenses were soaked in phospholipid containing rewetting solution for 25 hours. The lenses were gently ag- itated by an orbital shaker with a frequency 0.25 Hz, tilting up to 15°. After treatment, all lenses were equilibrated again in saline solution for at least 30 minutes. De-wetting videos were captured again. In vitro “Non-Invasive Keratograph Dry Up Time“ (NIK-DUT) was assessed for a measurement time of 180 s. The results were expressed by the Area Under Curve (AUC) as well as clinical relevant time point to reach 4.82 mm2 de-wetting. Results. The AUC results before and after treatment with phospholipid containing rewetting solution were: polymacon 4870.9 ± 942.7 and 6214.1 ± 932.1, nelfilcon A 4688.0 ± 1065.1 and 6959.8 ± 1081.8, ocufilcon D 3612.6 ± 875.5 and 7042.0 ± 714.3, balafilcon A 4170.4 ± 927.2 and 7385.6 ± 879.8, somofil- con A 4284.50 ± 833.8 and 6762.2 ± 1380.2 and lotrafilcon B, comfilcon A 4973.3 ± 1249.3 and 7415.7 ± 994.8. All differences were statistically significant at a significance level of 0.05 with P<0.001 (Wilcoxon rank sum test). The mean time to reach 4.82 mm2 de-wetting was 19 s. Conclusion. The used phospholipid containing solution did interact with all soft contact lens materials and lead to accelerated in vitro de-wetting. As the de-wetting area of 4.82 mm2 is reached after a typical interblink period for con- tact lens wearers during attentional visual tasks, it is unlikely to expect a drop of the visual acuity by one log line. Keywords Contact Lenses, Dry Eye

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Chiang, Samuel T. H., and John R. Phillips. "Effect of Atropine Eye Drops on Choroidal Thinning Induced by Hyperopic Retinal Defocus." Journal of Ophthalmology 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8528315.

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Purpose. To investigate the effects of atropine on choroidal thinning induced by hyperopic retinal defocus. Methods. Ten young adults with myopia (−1.00 D to −5.00 D) viewed a video at 6 metres for 60 minutes on successive days. On day 1, one eye (control) was distance corrected with a contact lens; the other (experimental) eye wore a contact lens imposing 2.00 D of hyperopic retinal defocus. Sub- and perifoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT, PFCT) were monitored with optical coherence tomography. On day 2, the procedure was repeated but the experimental eye had received one drop of 0.5% atropine 22 hours earlier. Results. On day 1, eyes exposed to hyperopic defocus developed progressively thinner choroids (SFCT (baseline) = 253 ± 32 μm versus SFCT (40 mins) = 244 ± 31 μm, p=0.004), whereas SFCT and PFCT in control eyes did not change (p>0.17). On day 2 (22 hours after instilling atropine), baseline SFCT and PFCT were not different to day 1 (p>0.05) and hyperopic defocus failed to thin the choroid (max change in SFCT = +2 ± 2 μm, p=0.36). Conclusions. Atropine abolished choroidal thinning induced by hyperopic defocus without changing baseline choroidal thickness. The results suggest that atropine inhibits signals associated with hyperopic defocus, for example, from lag of accommodation during near work. This trial is registered with ACTRN12617001519347.

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Moore, Joshua, Bernardo T. Lopes, Ashkan Eliasy, Brendan Geraghty, Richard Wu, Lynn White, Ahmed Elsheikh, and Ahmed Abass. "Simulation of the Effect of Material Properties on Soft Contact Lens On-Eye Power." Bioengineering 6, no. 4 (October 9, 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering6040094.

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Purpose: To evaluate the variation in the optical power achieved following soft contact lens eye fitting for spherical and cylindrical lenses with differing hydrogel material properties. Methods: Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on four hydrogel materials 77% water-content (w-c) hydrogel, 74% w-c blue silicone hydrogel, 74% w-c clear silicone hydrogel, and 64% w-c clear hydrogel (shortly referred to as H77p0, SiH74p5-blue, SiH74p5-clear, and H64p0-clear), under loading conditions that would be expected in vivo. Finite element models of the cornea and contact lens interaction were generated using spherical and cylindrical lenses with powers varying from −10 to +20 D; overall diameters of either 13.5, 14.0, or 14.5 mm; and with material properties matching those determined through experimental testing. Results: The moduli of elasticity for each of the tested hydrogel materials were 0.195 ± 0.027 MPa, 0.277 ± 0.019 MPa, 0.279 ± 0.01 MPa, and 0.457 ± 0.013 MPa for H77p0, SiH74p5-blue, SiH74p5-clear, and H64p0 respectively. The calculated values of effective power change (EPC) showed strong negative correlations with lens power. This was particularly apparent in the higher end of the lens power spectrum (over +5 D), where each of the materials demonstrated a highly linear reduction in EPC with increased lens power. Conclusions: Soft contact lenses composed of a stiffer hydrogel are far more resilient to changes in EPC across the lower end of the lens power spectrum (−10 to +5 D). Beyond this range, the material choice does not have a significant effect on the EPC.

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COX, IAN, and KEITH AMES. "Effect of Eye Patching on the Overnight Corneal Swelling Response with Rigid Contact Lenses." Optometry and Vision Science 66, no. 4 (April 1989): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-198904000-00005.

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Hadjikhani, Nouchine, Nicole R. Zurcher, Amandine Lassalle, Loyse Hippolyte, Noreen Ward, and Jakob Åsberg Johnels. "The effect of constraining eye-contact during dynamic emotional face perception—an fMRI study." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 12, no. 7 (April 11, 2017): 1197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsx046.

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Hassan Imran Afridi, Hassan Imran Afridi, Murk Bhatti Murk Bhatti, Farah Naz Talpur Farah Naz Talpur, Tasneem Gul Kazi Tasneem Gul Kazi, Jameel Ahmed Baig Jameel Ahmed Baig, and Ghulam Qadir Chanihoon and Almas Rahoojo Ghulam Qadir Chanihoon and Almas Rahoojo. "Cadmium Concentration in Different Brands of Cosmetic and their Effect on the Skin of Female Dermatitis Cosmetic Users." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 44, no. 5 (2022): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/001126/jcsp/44.05.2022.

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Cosmetics have been a part of routine body care not only for the upper classes, but also for the middle and lower classes, since the dawn of civilization. Lightening ingredients, which were previously only used under dermatological supervision, are increasingly being introduced into cosmetic formulations as the publicand#39;s interest in skin whitening grows. Contamination of cosmetics with heavy metals is a significant concern. Cosmetics containing heavy metals pose a major risk to human health. Heavy metal toxicity in humans has been linked to long-term or high-level exposure to toxins found in the atmosphere, such as air, water, food, and a variety of consumer goods such as cosmetics and toiletries. In the present study, the association between cadmium exposure via cosmetic products (Lipstick (N= 15), Face powder (N= 13), Eye Liner (N= 11) and Eye shadow (N= 15)} and dermatitis cosmetic female patients (N= 252), residing in Hyderabad city, Sindh, Pakistan, was investigated. The matrices of biological (scalp hair, blood, serum and nails) of referents and dermatitis cosmetic female patients (Seborrhoeic dermatitis, Rosacea, Allergic contact dermatitis and Irritant contact dermatitis) and cosmetic samples were oxidized with the help of HNO3 (65%) and H2O2 (30%) mixture at the ratio of 2:1 with the aid of microwave oven. The oxidized biological and cosmetic samples were subjected to electrothermal atomic emission spectrophotometer after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The LOD and LOQ for Cd determination in digests samples were found to be 0.81 and 0.28 and#181;g/ L, respectively. The validity and accuracy of the methodology were checked using certified reference materials. The cosmetic products (Lipstick, Face powder, Eye Liner and Eye shadow) of different brands contain Cd, concentrations in the ranges of 1.63– 2.30 μg/g, 0.40 – 0.76 μg/g, 1.05 – 3.60 μg/g and 1.05 – 4.53 μg/g respectively. The outcome of this research significantly showed the higher level of Cadmium in biological specimen (blood and scalp hair) of different types of female dermatitis patients as compared to referent subjects (Pandlt;0.001). To ensure human safety and protection, continuous monitoring of cosmetic products, especially with regard to heavy metals adulteration, should be implemented.

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Chwalik-Pilszyk, Gabriela, and Anna Wiśniewska. "Influence of Selected Ophthalmic Fluids on the Wettability and Hydration of Hydrogel and Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses—In Vitro Study." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15030930.

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This study attempts to evaluate the effect of incubation in selected ophthalmic fluids on contact lenses (Etafilcon A, Omafilcon A, Narafilcon A, Senofilcon A). Four research groups differing in the incubation environment were created: (1) initial state, (2) contact lens solution (CLS), (3) contact lens solution and eye drops (ED) and (4) eye drops. Dehydration by gravimetric method and the contact angle (CA) by the sessile drop method were tested. The surface free energy (SFE) was also calculated with the use of several methods: Owens–Wendt, Wu, Neumann, and Neumann–Kwok. The greatest changes in the dehydration profile were observed for contact lenses incubated in ED. The most noticeable changes in CA values were observed for contact lenses incubated in ED, in which it was not possible to settle water drop after incubation. On the basis of SFE analysis, higher values were found for hydrogel contact lenses, e.g., according to the Owens–Wendt method, they ranged from 54.45 ± 6.56 mJ/m2 to 58.09 ± 4.86 mJ/m2, while in the case of silicone-hydrogel contact lenses, they ranged from 32.86 ± 3.47 mJ/m2 to 35.33 ± 6.56 mJ/m2. Incubation in all tested environments decreased the SFE values, but the differences were in most cases statistically insignificant. Calculating the SFE may be a useful method as it can be used to estimate the possibility of bacteria adhering to contact lens surfaces.

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Kotani, Manato, Kohei Shimono, Toshihiro Yoneyama, Tomokazu Nakako, Kenji Matsumoto, Yuji Ogi, Naho Konoike, Katsuki Nakamura, and Kazuhito Ikeda. "An eye tracking system for monitoring face scanning patterns reveals the enhancing effect of oxytocin on eye contact in common marmosets." Psychoneuroendocrinology 83 (September 2017): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.05.009.

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Walsh, Debra G., and Jay Hewitt. "Giving Men the Come-On: Effect of Eye Contact and Smiling in a Bar Environment." Perceptual and Motor Skills 61, no. 3 (December 1985): 873–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1985.61.3.873.

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Tabuchi, Megumi, and Yasuo Kojima. "The effect of eye contact with infant on the behavior of elderly person with dementia." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 84 (September 8, 2020): PO—030—PO—030. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.84.0_po-030.

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Cañadas, Elena, and Juan Lupiáñez. "Spatial interference between gaze direction and gaze location: A study on the eye contact effect." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 65, no. 8 (August 2012): 1586–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.659190.

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Bonanno, Joseph A., and Kenneth A. Polse. "Effect of Rigid Contact Lens Oxygen Transmissibility on Stromal PH in the Living Human Eye." Ophthalmology 94, no. 10 (October 1987): 1305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(87)80016-7.

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Kobayashi, Masaki, Miyuki Iwamoto, Saki Une, Ryo Kurazume, Atsushi Nakazawa, and Miwako Honda. "THE EFFECT OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS TRAINING FOR NURSING STUDENTS BY AUGMENTED REALITY SIMULATION SYSTEM." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1725.

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Abstract Background Educational methods for improving communication with dementia patients are lacking. Our study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of simulated communication skills training for nursing students using augmented reality (AR). Methods A randomized controlled study. 25 nursing students enrolled and learned standardized multimodal communication skills using textbooks. Participants were randomly assigned to AR training or conventional mannequin training group and each had one-hour training of basic nursing care. The mannequin of AR group was superimposed a computer graphic of an elderly woman's face, which reacts to participants' communication. Further, participants’ gaze and voice were evaluated by artificial intelligence (AI) and the participants received real-time feedback to their head-mounted display. The conventional group had the self-training with nursing mannequins. Participants performed basic nursing care to simulated patients before and after training, which were video-recorded by eye-tracking cameras and fixed cameras, then the videos were analyzed by AI. The primary outcome was the proportion of eye contact, verbal, and multimodal communication time during the care to simulated patients. Additionally, participants' empathy was evaluated by the Jefferson Scale. Results The interactive communication in AR group significantly increased than conventional group (eye contact 13.6% versus 4.4%, verbal communication 27.7% versus 20.1%, multimodal communication 9.6% versus 3.8%, P< 0.05, respectively). The empathy score significantly increased in AR group, whereas it decreased in conventional group [Mean (SD): 9.1 (6.6) versus -1.3 (3.8), P< 0.01]. Conclusions The simulated communication skills training for nursing students using AR was associated with increased interactive communication skills and empathy to patients.

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Makrynioti, Dimitra, Christos Klapakis, Vasileios Bimis, and Eirini Pagoulatou. "Covid-19 protective measures, teleworking and face masks: the effect on dry eye in contact lens and non-contact lens wearers." Contact Lens and Anterior Eye 45, no. 1 (February 2022): 101632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2022.101632.

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Lan, Fang-Fang, and Lu Gan. "Application of piggy-back lens in the correction of severe keratoconus: A case study." Technology and Health Care 29, no. 4 (July 9, 2021): 813–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/thc-212889.

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OBJECTIVE: This is a case study on the application of a piggy-back lens in the correction of severe keratoconus. METHODS: From the results of general eye examination, refractive state examination, and corneal morphology examination on the patient, it was determined that corneal protrusion and deformation of the right eye were obvious. The right eye was corrected using a piggy-back lens and the left eye with a rigid gas-permeable contact lens (RGPCL) alone. RESULTS: The right-eye lens fit well and the lens coverage was good. Both the static and dynamic fit results for the left-eye lens were good. After wearing the glasses for one month, the patient attended a review and stated that the lenses were comfortable to wear. The patient’s vision was good after wearing the lenses. No obvious congestion was found in the conjunctiva under a slit lamp. The effects on both eyes of wearing RGPCLs were favorable. The corneal curvature reduced and the corneal thickness only changed to a small degree. CONCLUSION: For keratoconus patients, application of a piggy-back lens can improve corrected visual acuity, comfort levels, and safety, prolong the wearing time, and enhance the effect of orthokeratology.

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Citron, R., B. Tunberg, and A. Yamada. "Evaluation of the biocompatibility of polymer surface modifications with the corneal endothelium." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1106–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010013016x.

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Early studies of the interactions of intraocular lens (IOL) implant materials with corneal endothelial cells showed that momentary contact during surgery could result in permanent damage to these cells. It was also demonstrated that this damage could be prevented by providing a protective barrier between the intraocular lens substrate and the endothelium. This barrier might be in the form of a permanent or dissolvable coating, or introduction of a hydrophilic viscoelastic to the anterior chamber of the eye prior to implantation. It is desirable to examine this effect in vitro when developing new IOL materials or surface modifications. The technique developed for this purpose provides an improvement over previous methods, in that momentary contact and the forces involved are computer controlled for consistency, and image analysis may be used in quantifying the amount of damage.The computer controlled test instrument designed and built at IOLAB brings the test material and a rabbit eye corneal endothelial surface into contact with a specified load, time, and stage speed.

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Pirdankar, Onkar H., Vaishal P. Kenia, Merlin Saldanha, and Raj V. Kenia. "Effectiveness of eye-light therapy in improving dry eye symptoms." Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 7, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2021.101.

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: We aimed to examine the effectiveness of eye-light therapy in improving the dry eye symptoms.: The retrospective case series where patients who underwent eye-light therapy between March 2019 to May 2020 were analyzed. Twenty patients aged ≥18 years with dry eyes were included. Patients with ocular infections, complications, contact lens users and missing data were excluded. OSDI scores and tear parameters such as noninvasive break up time (NIBUT), lipid layer thickness (LLT), tear meniscus height, meibography of upper and lower lid were evaluated pre and post one month Eye-Light therapy.: Twenty patients with mean±SD age of 43.55±20.53 years and mean spherical equivalent refractive error of 0.69±1.79 diopters were analyzed. OSDI was significantly associated with NBUT (r=-0.50, P = 0.02), lipid layer thickness (r=-0.45, P=0.047) and tear height (r =-0.45, P=0.046). OSDI was positively associated with upper lid meibography (r=0.74, P=<0.001) and lower lid meibography (r=0.45, P=0.045). Post-therapy, reduction in OSDI score post-therapy was present, NBUT was similar, lipid layer thickness and tear height were increased, meibography of upper lid was reduced, and meibography of lower lid did not alter much. Eye-light therapy is effective in reducing dry eye related symptoms with minimal immediate effect on tear film parameters post therapy. Eye-light therapy acts as an adjunct to ameliorate MGD. MGD being a chronic disease requires sustained therapy with environmental changes. Long term evaluation is required to assess the tear film changes and the pattern of efficacy of light therapy.

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Encarnación Escobar, José M., Jaap Nieland, Arie van Houselt, Xuehua Zhang, and Detlef Lohse. "Marangoni puffs: dramatically enhanced dissolution of droplets with an entrapped bubble." Soft Matter 16, no. 18 (2020): 4520–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm00093k.

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We present a curious effect observed during the dissolution process of water-immersed long-chain alcohol drops with an entrapped bubble. When the drop-water interface and the air bubble contact each other, a rapid cyclic motion that accelerates the drop's dissolution is found. We name this eye-catching phenomenon puffing.

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Tichenor, Anna A., Stephanie M. Cox, Jillian F. Ziemanski, William Ngo, Paul M. Karpecki, Kelly K. Nichols, and Jason J. Nichols. "Effect of the Bruder moist heat eye compress on contact lens discomfort in contact lens wearers: An open-label randomized clinical trial." Contact Lens and Anterior Eye 42, no. 6 (December 2019): 625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2019.09.005.

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Navarro-Gil, Francisco Javier, Fernando Huete-Toral, Carmen Olalla Domínguez-Godínez, Gonzalo Carracedo, and Almudena Crooke. "Contact Lenses Loaded with Melatonin Analogs: A Promising Therapeutic Tool against Dry Eye Disease." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 12 (June 17, 2022): 3483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11123483.

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Melatonin analogs topically administered evoke a potent tear secretagogue effect in rabbits. This route of drug administration requires high drug concentration and frequent dosing due to its reduced ocular surface retention. Therefore, contact lenses (CLs) have emerged as an alternative drug-delivery system that prolongs drug retention in the cornea, improving its therapeutic performance. This study explores the in vitro ability of five commercially available hydrogel CLs to act as a delivery system for melatonin analogs and the in vivo secretagogue effect of melatonin analog-loaded CLs. We soaked CLs with melatonin or melatonin analog solutions (1 mM) for 12 h. Spectroscopic assays showed that IIK7-loaded CLs led to the inadequate delivery of this compound. Conventional hydrogel lenses loaded with agomelatine released more agomelatine than silicone ones (16–33% more). In contrast, the CLs of silicone materials are more effective as a delivery system of 5-MCA-NAT than CLs of conventional materials (24–29%). The adaptation of CLs loaded with agomelatine or 5-MCA-NAT in rabbits triggered a higher tear secretion than the corresponding eye drops (78% and 59% more, respectively). These data suggest that CLs preloaded with melatonin analogs could be an adequate strategy to combat aqueous tear deficient dry eye disease.

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Doll, Tamsin, Joshua Moore, Ahmad H. Shihab, Bernardo T. Lopes, Ashkan Eliasy, Osama Maklad, Richard Wu, et al. "Which feature influences on-eye power change of soft toric contact lenses: Design or corneal shape?" PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 25, 2020): e0242243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242243.

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Purpose This study investigates how both the peripheral zone design and corneal shape affect the behaviour of soft contact lenses on-eye. Methods In this study, soft contact lenses of varying nominal cylindrical powers and peripheral zone designs—a single-prism gravity-based stabilised lens (G1P), two-prism blink-based stabilised lens (B2P) and four-prism blink-based stabilised lens (B4P)—were generated as finite element models. The on-eye simulation results were analysed to identify the impact of each peripheral zone design (Each with different volume ratios) on the effective power change (EPC) when worn by a subject. Topographies of three eyes of varying average simulated anterior corneal curvature (flat, average & steep) were used in this study. Results The volume of the lens’s peripheral zone as a ratio of the total lens volume (Vp) recorded very weak correlations with the effective power change (EPC) among the three investigated designs when they were fitted to the flat eye (R = -0.19, -0.15 & -0.22 respectively), moderate correlations with the average eye (R = 0.42, 0.43 & 0.43 respectively) and strong correlations with the steep eye (R = 0.91, 0.9 & 0.9 respectively). No significant differences were noticed among the three investigated designs and none of the cylindrical lenses designed with axis 90° recorded EPC values outside the acceptance criteria range (ACR) of ±0.25 D. No significant differences in EPC were recorded among the three designs G1P, B2P and B4P (p>0.6) when they were designed with three axes at 90°, 45° and 0°. Moving the toric lens axis away from 90° dragged the EPC to the negative side and most of the investigated lenses with axes at 45° and 0° recorded EPCs outside the ±0.25D range. Conclusions In all cases, the shape of the cornea had a more dominant effect on EPC when compared to the peripheral zone design. Corneal shape influences the soft toric contact lens’s on-eye power change more than the lens design.

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Morgan, Philip B., Paul J. Murphy, Kate L. Gifford, Paul Gifford, Blanka Golebiowski, Leah Johnson, Dimitra Makrynioti, et al. "CLEAR - Effect of contact lens materials and designs on the anatomy and physiology of the eye." Contact Lens and Anterior Eye 44, no. 2 (April 2021): 192–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2021.02.006.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Eye contact effect'

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