Relevant bibliographies by topics / Eye contact effect

Academic literature on the topic 'Eye contact effect'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Eye contact effect"

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Senju, Atsushi, and Mark H. Johnson. "The eye contact effect: mechanisms and development." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13, no. 3 (March 2009): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.009.

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Kompatsiari, Kyveli, Francesco Bossi, and Agnieszka Wykowska. "Eye contact during joint attention with a humanoid robot modulates oscillatory brain activity." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 16, no. 4 (January 8, 2021): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab001.

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Abstract Eye contact established by a human partner has been shown to affect various cognitive processes of the receiver. However, little is known about humans’ responses to eye contact established by a humanoid robot. Here, we aimed at examining humans’ oscillatory brain response to eye contact with a humanoid robot. Eye contact (or lack thereof) was embedded in a gaze-cueing task and preceded the phase of gaze-related attentional orienting. In addition to examining the effect of eye contact on the recipient, we also tested its impact on gaze-cueing effects (GCEs). Results showed that participants rated eye contact as more engaging and responded with higher desynchronization of alpha-band activity in left fronto-central and central electrode clusters when the robot established eye contact with them, compared to no eye contact condition. However, eye contact did not modulate GCEs. The results are interpreted in terms of the functional roles involved in alpha central rhythms (potentially interpretable also as mu rhythm), including joint attention and engagement in social interaction.
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Takahashi, Kaori, Akiko Matsuzawa, Ikumi Yamanaka, Tomoko Kuwatsuka, and Hitoshi Takagi. "Effect of eye drops used on colored contact lens." JAPANESE ORTHOPTIC JOURNAL 45 (2016): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4263/jorthoptic.045f123.

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Bolli, Simon, Michael Baertschi, Michael Wyss, and Marc Fankhauser. "3 Improving contact lens comfort? Effect of in eye cleaner on contact lens deposits." Contact Lens and Anterior Eye 34 (December 2011): S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-0484(11)60082-9.

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Onkhar, V., P. Bazilinskyy, D. Dodou, and J. C. F. de Winter. "The effect of drivers’ eye contact on pedestrians’ perceived safety." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 84 (January 2022): 194–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.10.017.

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Ferri, Francesca, Marianna Busiello, Giovanna C. Campione, Elisa De Stefani, Alessandro Innocenti, Gian Luca Romani, Marcello Costantini, and Maurizio Gentilucci. "The eye contact effect in request and emblematic hand gestures." European Journal of Neuroscience 39, no. 5 (December 2, 2013): 841–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12428.

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Brown, Michelle I., David Trembath, Marleen F. Westerveld, and Gail T. Gillon. "A Pilot Study of Early Storybook Reading With Babies With Hearing Loss." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 9 (September 20, 2019): 3397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-l-17-0305.

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Purpose This pilot study explored the effectiveness of an early storybook reading (ESR) intervention for parents with babies with hearing loss (HL) for improving (a) parents' book selection skills, (b) parent–child eye contact, and (c) parent–child turn-taking. Advancing research into ESR, this study examined whether the benefits from an ESR intervention reported for babies without HL were also observed in babies with HL. Method Four mother–baby dyads participated in a multiple baseline single-case experimental design across behaviors. Treatment effects for parents' book selection skills, parent–child eye contact, and parent–child turn-taking were examined using visual analysis and Tau-U analysis. Results Statistically significant increases, with large to very large effect sizes, were observed for all 4 participants for parent–child eye contact and parent–child turn-taking. Limited improvements with ceiling effects were observed for parents' book selection skills. Conclusion The findings provide preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of an ESR intervention for babies with HL for promoting parent–child interactions through eye contact and turn-taking.
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Steinfeld, Nili, and Ohad Shaked. "Looking my enemy (?) in the eyes: An eye-tracking study of simulated virtual intergroup contact." Media, War & Conflict 14, no. 3 (May 4, 2021): 322–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17506352211013485.

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This study addresses questions of access and agency as they come into play in intergroup contact. In such a context, access to information about the outgroup and conflict, as well as active agency in the form of engagement in intergroup discussions about the conflict, group identity, goals and compromises, are often a function of the intensity and effect of the contact. Although intergroup contact has been proven to be efficient in reducing stereotypes and advancing mutual understanding, these effects are inconsistent. The authors introduce eye tracking as a method for assessing participant engagement and attention as predictors of the contact effect on participants. They examine this approach through the use of simulated virtual contact, an innovative method which allows citizens direct access to information about and from the outgroup, and emphasizes participant agency by increasing participant control over the session. Israeli students participated in a simulated virtual contact with a Palestinian while their ocular behaviour was recorded. Anger and hatred toward Palestinians decreased after the session. Perception of Palestinian trustworthiness and ability to change increased. Desire to access information about Palestinians, changes in the belief of Palestinian ability to change, acknowledgment of a shared identity and support for compromises all correlated with visual attention to the speaker, leading to reflections on the relationship between attention and contact intensity and effect. Practical recommendations for promoting participant attention and possibly increasing contact effect are discussed, and the article concludes with a general theoretical discussion on the use of eye tracking for measuring contact intensity and designing better contact experiences.
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Conty, Laurence, Julie Grèzes, and David Sander. "How does perceiving eye direction modulate emotion recognition?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33, no. 6 (December 2010): 443–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10001305.

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AbstractNiedenthal et al. postulate that eye contact with the expresser of an emotion automatically initiates embodied simulation. Our commentary explores the generality of such an eye contact effect for emotions other than happiness. Based on the appraisal theory of emotion, we propose that embodied simulation may be reinforced by mutual or averted gaze as a function of emotional context.
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SHIMADA, Michihiro, Yuichiro YOSHIKAWA, Mana ASADA, Hiroshi ISHIGURO, and Naoki SAIWAKI. "2A1-E21 Social Balance Effect of Eye Contact under Negative Relationship." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2009 (2009): _2A1—E21_1—_2A1—E21_4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2009._2a1-e21_1.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Eye contact effect"

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Kaiser, Jakob. "Embodiment in affective evaluations : the case of the facial feedback effect." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/68523/.

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Theories of embodiment propose that our bodily states can influence affective processing. This thesis investigated the possibility that facial feedback (i.e., afferent signals from facial muscles) can influence the interpretation of affective stimuli. One study tested the effect of overt smiling and frowning on the interpretation of short descriptions of everyday events. Smiling, as compared to frowning, led to more positive evaluations, but only for participants who were aware of the emotional relevance of their expressions. A second study tested whether subtle changes in facial activation (elicited by unconsciously presented happy/angry facial expressions) led to changes in evaluations of ambiguous target symbols. While angry prime faces, as compared to happy prime faces, induced more frowning (as measured via electromyography), this change in facial activation did not translate into a behavioural effect on subsequent evaluations. A third study investigated the relation between naturally occurring facial reactions and interpretations of both clearly valenced and ambiguous facial expressions. Results indicate that facial reactivity predicts participants' self-reports of their own emotional reactions towards others' expressions (Experiment 1). A relation between facial reactions and interpretations of the expression senders' emotional states was only found in cases in which participants with high sensitivity towards their own bodily states (as measured with a test of interoceptive accuracy) tried to interpret ambiguous expressions (Experiment 2). In a last experiment, prolonged presentation of emotional prime faces led to expression-congruent facial reactions, but resulted in expression-incongruent behavioural reactions in both classification speed and interpretative tendency of emotional target faces. Overall, this thesis suggests that facial feedback is not generally involved in the interpretation of affective stimuli, but that it might contribute to evaluative processes only under special circumstances.
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CHATTERJEE, TANAYA. "It’s all about the Eyes: A multi-level investigation into the effects of gaze." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/379112.

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I nostri tre studi ci forniscono un progresso nella conoscenza dei diversi meccanismi in gioco nella percezione della direzione dello sguardo, nel comportamento di seguire lo sguardo e nell'attenzione congiunta, sia a livello comportamentale che neurofisiologico. In particolare, la presente tesi porta prove dell'interazione e del corso temporale dei meccanismi cognitivi e neurali (processi bottom-up e top-down) che vengono reclutati quando si vede lo sguardo di altre persone. Questo equilibrio è possibilmente mantenuto al fine di prendere giustamente in considerazione o ignorare le informazioni provenienti dagli occhi di un'altra persona a seconda dei nostri obiettivi, dell'intenzione e del comportamento corrente.
our three studies provide us with an advance in knowledge on the different mechanisms at play in the perception of gaze direction, gaze following behavior and joint attention, both at the behavioral and neurophysiological level. Specifically, the present thesis brings evidence of the interplay and time course of the cognitive and neural mechanisms (bottom-up and top-down processes) that are recruited when seeing other people’s gaze. This balance is possibly maintained in order to justifiably take into account or disregard information coming from another person’s eyes depending upon our goals, intention and current behavior.
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Himebaugh, Nikole L. "The effect of tear film break-up on symptoms, optical quality, and visual quality in normal, dry eye, and contact lens patients." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3274910.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Optometry, 2007.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-07, Section: B, page: 4406. Adviser: Larry N. Thibos. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Apr. 21, 2008).
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Roshani, Shila. "The effect of ocular surface conditions on blink rate and completeness." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/46262/1/Shila_Roshani_Thesis.pdf.

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A healthy human would be expected to show periodic blinks, making a brief closure of the eyelids. Most blinks are spontaneous, occurring regularly with no external stimulus. However a reflex blink can occur in response to external stimuli such as a bright light, a sudden loud noise, or an object approaching toward the eyes. A voluntary or forced blink is another type of blink in which the person deliberately closes the eyes and the lower eyelid raises to meet the upper eyelid. A complete blink, in which the upper eyelid touches the lower eyelid, contributes to the health of ocular surface by providing a fresh layer of tears as well as maintaining optical integrity by providing a smooth tear film over the cornea. The rate of blinking and its completeness vary depending on the task undertaken during blink assessment, the direction of gaze, the emotional state of the subjects and the method under which the blink was measured. It is also well known that wearing contact lenses (both rigid and soft lenses) can induce significant changes in blink rate and completeness. It is been established that efficient blinking plays an important role in ocular surface health during contact lens wear and for improving contact lens performance and comfort. Inefficient blinking during contact lens wear may be related to a low blink rate or incomplete blinking and can often be a reason for dry eye symptoms or ocular surface staining. It has previously been shown that upward gaze can affect blink rate, causing it to become faster. In the first experiment, it was decided to expand on previous studies in this area by examining the effect of various gaze directions (i.e. upward gaze, primary gaze, downward gaze and lateral gaze) as well as head angle (recumbent position) on normal subjects’ blink rate and completeness through the use of filming with a high-speed camera. The results of this experiment showed that as the open palpebral aperture (and exposed ocular surface area) increased from downward gaze to upward gaze, the number of blinks significantly increased (p<0.04). Also, the size of closed palpebral aperture significantly increased from downward gaze to upward gaze (p<0.005). A weak positive correlation (R² = 0.18) between the blink rate and ocular surface area was found in this study. Also, it was found that the subjects showed 81% complete blinks, 19% incomplete blinks and 2% of twitch blinks in primary gaze, consistent with previous studies. The difference in the percentage of incomplete blinks between upward gaze and downward gaze was significant (p<0.004), showing more incomplete blinks in upward gaze. The findings of this experiment suggest that while blink rate becomes slower in downward gaze, the completeness of blinking is typically better, thereby potentially reducing the risk of tear instability. On the other hand, in upward gaze while the completeness of blinking becomes worse, this is potentially offset by increased blink frequency. In addition, blink rate and completeness were not affected by lateral gaze or head angle, possibly because these conditions have similar size of the open palpebral aperture compared with primary gaze. In the second experiment, an investigation into the changes in blink rate and completeness was carried out in primary gaze and downward gaze with soft and rigid contact lenses in unadapted wearers. Not surprisingly, rigid lens wear caused a significant increase in the blink rate in both primary (p<0.001) and downward gaze (p<0.02). After fitting rigid contact lenses, the closed palpebral aperture (blink completeness) did not show any changes but the open palpebral aperture showed a significant narrowing (p<0.04). This might occur from the subjects’ attempt to avoid interaction between the upper eyelid and the edge of the lens to minimize discomfort. After applying topical anaesthetic eye drops in the eye fitted with rigid lenses, the increased blink rate dropped to values similar to that before lens insertion and the open palpebral aperture returned to baseline values, suggesting that corneal and/or lid margin sensitivity was mediating the increased blink rate and narrowed palpebral aperture. We also investigated the changes in the blink rate and completeness with soft contact lenses including a soft sphere, double slab-off toric design and periballast toric design. Soft contact lenses did not cause any significant changes in the blink rate, closed palpebral aperture, open palpebral aperture and the percentage of incomplete blinks in either primary gaze or downward gaze. After applying anaesthetic eye drops, the blink rate reduced in both primary gaze and downward gaze, however this difference was not statistically significant. The size of the closed palpebral aperture and open palpebral aperture did not show any significant changes after applying anaesthetic eye drops. However it should be noted that the effects of rigid and soft contact lenses that we observed in these studies were only the immediate reaction to contact lenses and in the longer term, it is likely that these responses will vary as the eye adapts to the presence of the lenses.
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Khan, Muhammad Sikandar Lal. "Enabling physical action in computer mediated communication : an embodied interaction approach." Licentiate thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-108569.

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Saklayen, Sanjida Shoma. "Effects of Propranolol on Cognition and Eye Contact in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1269564876.

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Barten, Peter G. J. "Contrast sensitivity of the human eye and its effects on image quality." Bellingham, Wash. (1000 20th St. Bellingham WA 98225-6705 USA) : SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/3.353254.

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Thesis (doctoral)--Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 1999.
"SPIE digital library." Originally published: Knegsel : HV Press, 1999. Includes bibliographical references and index. Also available in print version.
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Sharma, Saloni. "The effect of L-dopa on contrast sensitivity in normal subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2973.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 101 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-99).
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McCaffrey, Tony. "The effect of context on the interpretation of noun-noun combinations eye movement and behavioral evidence /." Connect to this title, 2008. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/217/.

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Diamond, Mark R. "The effect of saccades on visual sensitivity and time perception /." Connect to this title, 2002. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2003.0038.

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Books on the topic "Eye contact effect"

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Pinker, Susan. The village effect: How face-to-face contact can make us healthier and happier. Toronto: Random House Canada, 2014.

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Contact lens complications. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.

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Larke, J. R. The eye in contact lens wear. 2nd ed. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996.

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The eye in contact lens wear. 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997.

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The eye in contact lens wear. London: Butterworths, 1985.

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Dryness, tears, and contact lens wear. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997.

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D, Tomlinson Alan Ph, ed. Complications of contact lens wear. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1992.

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Contact lenses: Treatment options for ocular disease. St. Louis: Mosby, 1996.

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A, Silbert Joel, ed. Anterior segment complications of contact lens wear. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1994.

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Dornic, Dean. Ophthalmic pocket companion. 5th ed. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Eye contact effect"

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Refojo, Miguel F., Fee-Lai Leong, and Marta Portolés. "Effect of Tears and Tear Residues on Worn Etafilcon and Polymacon Disposable Contact Lenses on the Adhesion of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa." In Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film, and Dry Eye Syndromes 2, 775–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5359-5_109.

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Shimada, Michihiro, Yuichiro Yoshikawa, Mana Asada, Naoki Saiwaki, and Hiroshi Ishiguro. "Effects of Observing Eye Contact Between a Robot and Another Person." In Geminoid Studies, 215–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8702-8_13.

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Hoque, Mohammed Moshiul, Quazi Delwar Hossian, and Kaushik Deb. "Effects of Robotic Blinking Behavior for Making Eye Contact with Humans." In Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 621–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07353-8_71.

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van Setten, G. B., and N. Zengin. "Growth Factor Interaction with Contact Lenses: Evidence for and Possible Effects of Storage of Basic FGF in Contact Lenses." In Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film, and Dry Eye Syndromes 2, 537–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5359-5_76.

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Volchek, Katerina, Joanne Yu, Barbara Neuhofer, Roman Egger, and Mattia Rainoldi. "Co-creating Personalised Experiences in the Context of the Personalisation-Privacy Paradox." In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2021, 95–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65785-7_8.

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AbstractThe personalisation-privacy paradox demonstrates a two-fold effect of tourists’ awareness about personalisation on their experience. Compulsory personal data agreements under the GDPR and similar legislation acts raise tourists’ concerns regarding privacy and security. The role of tourist awareness about the value of data-driven personalisation in their co-creation behaviour remains underexplored. This paper applies an exploratory experiment methodology to identify the effects of information about personalisation on tourists’ experience with travel information websites. It triangulates the data from eye-tracking and self-report techniques, to compare the co-creating behaviour of respondents who have or have not been informed about the value of personalisation. The study demonstrates the presence of a personalisation-privacy paradox. It further reveals that awareness about data-driven personalisation motivates tourists to reinforce value co-creation by ensuring the accuracy of information filtering. The study advances our understanding of tourist digital behaviour and provides insights for the design of personalised information services.
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Ishio, Hiromu, Takehito Kojima, Takumi Oohashi, Yuuki Okada, Hiroki Takada, and Masaru Miyao. "Effects of Long-Time 3D Viewing on the Eye Function of Accommodation and Convergence." In Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. User and Context Diversity, 269–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39191-0_30.

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Hristova, Evgenia, Severina Georgieva, and Maurice Grinberg. "Top-Down Influences on Eye-Movements during Painting Perception: The Effect of Task and Titles." In Toward Autonomous, Adaptive, and Context-Aware Multimodal Interfaces. Theoretical and Practical Issues, 104–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18184-9_10.

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Komatsu, Takanori, and Haruka Takahashi. "How Does Unintentional Eye Contact with a Robot Affect Users’ Emotional Attachment to It?: Investigation on the Effects of Eye Contact and Joint Attention on Users’ Emotional Attachment to a Robot." In Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. User and Context Diversity, 363–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39191-0_41.

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Hau, Kwan-Leong, Amelia Lane, Rosellina Guarascio, and Michael E. Cheetham. "Eye on a Dish Models to Evaluate Splicing Modulation." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 245–55. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2010-6_16.

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AbstractInherited retinal dystrophies, such as Leber congenital amaurosis, Stargardt disease, and retinitis pigmentosa, are characterized by photoreceptor dysfunction and death and currently have few treatment options. Recent technological advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and differentiation methods mean that human photoreceptors can now be studied in vitro. For example, retinal organoids provide a platform to study the development of the human retina and mechanisms of diseases in the dish, as well as being a potential source for cell transplantation. Here, we describe differentiation protocols for 3D cultures that produce retinal organoids containing photoreceptors with rudimentary outer segments. These protocols can be used as a model to understand retinal disease mechanisms and test potential therapies, including antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) to alter gene expression or RNA processing. This “retina in a dish” model is well suited for use with AONs, as the organoids recapitulate patient mutations in the correct genomic and cellular context, to test potential efficacy and examine off-target effects on the translational path to the clinic.
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Jonker, Jan, and Niels Faber. "Impact." In Organizing for Sustainability, 139–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78157-6_11.

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AbstractThis chapter unpacks the Impact building block. It seeks to determine the impact that your business model will have on the broader social, ecological, economic, and material environment. We think it is important to clarify the short- and long-term effects of your business model. Framing and defining this building block is often challenging. It can be defined in a general sense, but can also be focused on specific stakeholders, a raw material, or a specific context or a relevant combination of indicators. Indicators are also increasingly linked to measuring and reporting methods. We offer various methods to test the set of indicators and link them to reporting standards. Keep a keen eye on the practical feasibility, as well as the costs involved in measuring and reporting. Identifying proper and useful indicators and measuring and monitoring them are easier said than done. Whatever you do, stick to the motto Keep it Simple.
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Conference papers on the topic "Eye contact effect"

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Shimada, Michihiro, Yuichiro Yoshikawa, and Hiroshi Ishiguro. "Social balancing effect of eye contact." In RO-MAN 2009 - The 18th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/roman.2009.5326147.

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Broeder, Peter, and Elena Remers. "Eye contact and trust online : The effect of profile pictures on Airbnb booking." In 2018 IEEE 12th International Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies (AICT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaict.2018.8747121.

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Wilson, K. T., J. G. Sivak, and M. G. Callender. "Ocular Refractive Development Affects Skull (Orbital) Development." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1996.sab.2.

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Experiments carried out over the last two decades have shown that it is possible to induce refractive errors in the eyes of young animals by distorting early visual experience. Because of their precocial nature and the fact that they grow and develop rapidly, domestic chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) have been used extensively in this research. Earlier work involved depriving the developing eye of clear form vision, either by suturing the eyelids together or by mounting a translucent occluder over one eye (Lauber and Oishi, 1987; Pickett-Seltner et al., 1988). This treatment invariably leads to an axial elongation of the eye and myopia (near-sightedness). More recently, it has been shown that it is possible to induce both myopia and hyperopia (far-sightedness) in chicks by defocussing the retinal image of the developing eye with convex and concave spectacle lenses (Schaeffel et al., 1988). The range of refractive errors induced was extended through the use of lightweight contact lenses mounted over the treated eye (Irving et al., 1992). Basically, a concave lens simulates the condition of hyperopia, causing a compensatory increase in eye growth with the result that the eye is myopic when the lens is removed. The opposite occurs (ie. a slowing of eye growth) with convex lenses. Experiments have shown that newly hatched chicks will compensate accurately (within 4 to 7 days) to defocus of between -10 and +15 diopters (Irving et al., 1992). Astigmatic refractive states can also be induced with cylindrical defocussing lenses (Irving et al., 1995). The astigmatic effect displays a meridional sensitivity and is due to induced corneal astigmatism, possibly coupled with some lenticular astigmatism. While these studies have addressed changes in refractive state and dimensions of the eye, virtually no attention has been directed to the effects of these changes on the surrounding orbital tissues, notably the bones of the orbit. In the following report, we demonstrate that, in the chick, ocular growth and development is coupled to growth and development of the orbits.
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Żołek-Tryznowska, Zuzanna, and Marta Więcek. "Measurements of surface free energy as a tool to asses the effect of varnishing and printing of the paper substrates." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p18.

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Nowadays, printing products might be finished in various ways. Varnishing process is one of the most popular finishing method which gives various effect, such as mate, glossy etc. However, the varnish layer applied on the paper is very thin, therefore it can be invisible to the naked human eye. The aim of this work was to use contact angle measurement and surface free energy determination as a tool to assess the effect of printing and varnishing process of paper materials. We have used various tools in order to analyses the changes of surface: surface roughness, gloss, water contact angle absorption and surface free energy determination. Those tools were used in order to confirm whether the print has been covered with varnish or not. In this work six various paper substrates were used (glossy, coated and un-coated papers). The printing and varnishing was performed in laboratory conditions using flexographic water-based printing and waterbased varnish. Samples were prepared as follows: paper with ink coating, paper with varnish coating and paper with ink layer and varnish layer on the top. The surface roughness was determinated of all samples and compared. The surface roughness changes were observed for pure paper, overprinted and overvarnished. Next, the gloss of samples prior and after printing and varnishing was measured. The gloss of the samples increases when they are printed or varnished, what is related with properties of ink and varnish. Also, the thickness of ink and varnish layers was determinated. The thickness of the samples increases when the number of layers increases. Finally, the water contact angle was measured and surface free energy was calculated with Owens-Wendt method. Our results reveal the possibility of using various tools in order to confirm the performance of varnishing of the prints. The printing with various colors is always seen by the naked human eye. On the other hand, the varnish layer might be not visible. However, such a comparison is not possible if we do not have the pure paper substrates prior printing or varnish.
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Contero López, Pilar, Jorge Camba, and Manuel Contero. "An Analysis of Influencer Marketing Effectiveness in Luxury Brands using Eye tracking Technology." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002051.

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In this paper, we examine the advertising impact of influencers on the promotion of a luxury fashion item and the effect of the presentation style. More specifically, we focus on the application of eye-tracking technologies to analyze how consumers respond to different presentation strategies used by influencers when promoting a product in a photograph.We report the results of an experimental study in which a group of participants were exposed to a set of static visual stimuli (i.e. photographs) related to new product launches by luxury fashion brands in the form of promotions by social media influencers. Individual responses were evaluated based on the participant’s ability to recall information from the stimuli as well as their recorded gaze points and fixations, which were tracked to identify areas in which the viewer had a particular interest at a specific time during exposure.Our results revealed that consumers tend to be impacted more heavily and recall a luxury item more easily when the product is promoted by influencers who appear not to be looking directly at the camera in the pictures (i.e. not making eye contact with the viewer). The percentage of individuals who correctly identified the luxury item with this type of stimulus was 87.5% as opposed to 46.25% when the influencer was looking directly at the camera. In addition to the influencers' visual contact, two other aspects were evaluated: the impact of the influencers' popularity and the aesthetic characteristics of the photographs used as stimuli.Our study confirms the effectiveness of the marketing strategies pioneered by some of the most recognized luxury fashion brands and delivered by influencers, particularly if the influencer does not establish visual contact with the target audience. This type of communication enables a more targeted type of advertising which moves from the exclusivity of promoting luxury fashion brands in certain events and marketing campaigns by celebrities to influencers that can reach large audiences on social networks.
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Veshchemova, T. E., and G. V. Masaltsev. "EVALUATION OF TOXICITY AND ANTICHOLINESTERASE EFFECT OF A METHOMYL-CONTAINING DRUG WHEN ADMINISTERED TO LABORATORY ANIMALS VIA VARIOUS ROUTES." In The 4th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» International Youth Forum (OHIYF-2022). FSBSI «IRIOH», 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-6-9-2022-1-44-48.

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Despite a wide range of insecticidal activity and high efficiency, carbamate insecticides require a highly professional approach to its use due to inherent high toxicity to bees, warm-blooded animals and humans, and undesirable feature of its exhibiting toxic properties not immediately, but after prolonged systematic contact. The goal of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of the methomyl-based drug (25% of the active substance) and its anticholinesterase effect in animal experiments when administered via various routes (rats and rabbits). Materials and methods: Experimental toxicological studies were carried out in accordance with the methodological documents: Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of new pesticides, Guideline R 1.2.3156-13 "Assessment of the toxicity and danger of chemicals and their mixtures for human health." Results: Acute oral and dermal toxicity thresholds, possible irritation and cumulative properties of the formation were evaluated. According to the results, the methomyl-based drug exhibits the highest toxicity when administered intragastrically. When applied to mucous membranes of the eye, the it causes symptoms characteristic of carbamate poisoning. When applied to intact skin of laboratory animals, the drug does not exhibit toxic effects.
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Zhang, Xiao Xiao, Arthur Bradley, and Larry Thibos. "Interaction between longitudinal and lateral chromatic aberrations." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1988.mr40.

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Human eyes exhibit both longitudinal and lateral chromatic aberration. Achromatizing lenses have been designed to correct longitudinal chromatic aberration. However, these lenses are not designed to correct for the lateral chromatic aberration of the eye. Based on optical models of human eyes and two different achromatizing lenses,1,2 we have evaluated the relative effects on retinal image quality of longitudinal and lateral chromatic aberrations separately and in combination. The eye’s 2 diopters of longitudinal chromatic aberration may seem large, but with a 5-mm pupil its effect in the retinal image quality for a white p4 phosphor is comparable with that for a monochromatic source with only 0.1-0.2 diopters of blur. Although correction of longitudinal chromatic aberration improves paraxial image quality, it can degrade off-axis image quality. This is because longitudinal chromatic aberration can protect the eye from the contrast degradation effect of lateral chromatic aberration. Also, special care is required when using achromatizing lenses to prevent the introduction of more lateral chromatic aberration in the retinal image than is normally present in the unaided eye.
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Barbur, J. L., D. F. Edgar, and E. G. Woodward. "Measurement of the scattering characteristics of the eye in relation to pupil size." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1995.sud3.

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When the amount of scattered light in the eye is large, either as a result of changes in the structure of the eye or the presence of intense sources of light, this results in significant impairment of vision, sometimes described as disability glare (Vos and Bouman, 1959; Vos, 1984). The effects of scattered light on image resolution and sharpness can be quite significant, with massive loss of sensitivity particularly in the high frequency range (Hess and Woo, 1978; Koch and Lie, 1990). A gradual increase in scattered light with age makes it possible for the visual system to adapt to a lower image contrast and hence to tolerate as acceptable a poor level of image quality (IJspeert et al, 1990). Scattered light does not cause an immediate decrease in Snellen Acuity (which is usually measured with high-contrast letters). This apparently normal performance explains why increased scatter in often undetected in routine eye examinations. The effects of scattered light on visual performance become more apparent in patients with opacities of the ocular media following refractive surgery, in cases of corneal oedema, keratoconus, cataracts and various forms of corneal dystrophy (Koch, 1989; Elliot et al, 1989). The ability to measure reliably small changes in the level and angular distribution of scattered light in the eye has been of interest clinically in monitoring the effects of drugs on media opacities or the recovery of corneal transparency following photorefractive keratectomy (Lohmann et al, 1991). In spite of what are potentially useful clinical applications for the measurement of the scatter function of the eye, the monitoring of small changes in light scatter parameters has not been very successful in a clinical context, the level of variability being very high (Elliot and Bullimore, 1993). One aim of the present study is to investigate the extent to which measured variability can be attributed to instrumentation and measurement error or to genuine changes in the pattern of scattered light in the same eye. In addition, the scattering of light may not always be uniform over the pupil, as a result of non-uniform distribution of ocular opacities and scattering centres. Measuring the effect of pupil size on light scatter is therefore important and may account for some of the observed variability. Unless the size of the pupil is known at the time of measurement, and its effects accounted for, small changes in light scatter parameters (i.e., the k and n values below) cannot be separated from the effects of pupil size, and hence they cannot be attributed easily to other factors under investigation. Another aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effect of pupil size on the scatter function of the eye.
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Coletta, Nancy J., Vineeta Sharma, and John Carter. "Effect of Peripheral Optical Quality on Spatial Contrast Sensitivity." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1995.sae1.

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The optical quality of the human eye is best for central vision and worsens for peripheral viewing conditions; most observers exhibit marked astigmatism for off-axis viewing (Jennings and Charman, 1981; Navarro, Artal and Williams, 1993). Whether or not correction of peripheral refractive error improves visual performance seems to depend on the visual task. For example, visual acuity may not increase with peripheral correction but perimetric thresholds can be improved (see discussion in Jennings and Charman, 1981).
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Ishrat, Mohsina, and Pawanesh Abrol. "Eye movement analysis in the context of external stimuli effect." In 2017 International Conference on Informatics, Health & Technology (ICIHT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciht.2017.7899148.

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Reports on the topic "Eye contact effect"

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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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Meidan, Rina, and Joy Pate. Roles of Endothelin 1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-A in Determining Responsiveness of the Bovine Corpus Luteum to Prostaglandin F2a. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695854.bard.

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The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine gland that has a vital role in the regulation of the estrous cycle, fertility and the maintenance of pregnancy. In the absence of appropriate support, such as occurs during maternal recognition of pregnancy, the CL will regress. Prostaglandin F2a (PGF) was first suggested as the physiological luteolysin in ruminants several decades ago. Yet, the cellular mechanisms by which PGF causes luteal regression remain poorly defined. In recent years it became evident that the process of luteal regression requires a close cooperation between steroidogenic, endothelial and immune cells, all resident cells of this gland. Changes in the population of these cells within the CL closely consort with the functional changes occurring during various stages of CL life span. The proposal aimed to gain a better understanding of the intra-ovarian regulation of luteolysis and focuses especially on the possible reasons causing the early CL (before day 5) to be refractory to the luteolytic actions of PGF. The specific aims of this proposal were to: determine if the refractoriness of the early CL to PGF is due to its inability to synthesize or respond to endothelin–1 (ET-1), determine the cellular localization of ET, PGF and tumor necrosis factor a (TNF a) receptors in early and mid luteal phases, determine the functional relationships among ET-1 and cytokines, and characterize the effects of PGF and ET-1 on prostaglandin production by luteal cell types. We found that in contrast to the mature CL, administration of PGF2a before day 5 of the bovine cycle failed to elevate ET-1, ETA receptors or to induce luteolysis. In fact, PGF₂ₐ prevented the upregulation of the ET-1 gene by ET-1 or TNFa in cultured luteal cells from day 4 CL. In addition, we reported that ECE-1 expression was elevated during the transitionof the CL from early to mid luteal phase and was accompanied by a significant rise in ET-1 peptide. This coincides with the time point at which the CL gains its responsiveness to PGF2a, suggesting that ability to synthesize ET-1 may be a prerequisite for luteolysis. We have shown that while ET-1 mRNA was exclusively localized to endothelial cells both in young and mature CL, ECE-1 was present in the endothelial cells and steroidogenic cells alike. We also found that the gene for TNF receptor I is only moderately affected by the cytokines tested, but that the gene for TNF receptor II is upregulated by ET-1 and PGF₂ₐ. However, these cytokines both increase expression of MCP-1, although TNFa is even more effective in this regard. In addition, we found that proteins involved in the transport and metabolism of PGF (PGT, PGDH, COX-2) change as the estrous cycle progresses, and could contribute to the refractoriness of young CL. The data obtained in this work illustrate ET-1 synthesis throughout the bovine cycle and provide a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating luteal regression and unravel reasons causing the CL to be refractory to PGF2a.
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