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Journal articles on the topic 'Extrusion-based 3 D printing'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Markovsky, P. E., O. M. Ivasishin, D. G. Savvakin, O. O. Stasiuk, V. I. Bondarchuk, D. V. Oryshych, D. V. Kovalchuk, S. H. Sedov, V. A. Golub, and V. V. Buznytskyi. "Titanium-Based Layered Armour Elements Manufactured with 3$D$-Printing Approach." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 44, no. 10 (December 13, 2022): 1361–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.44.10.1361.

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2

Shang, Jianzhong, Xin Li, Zhuo Wang, Rong Wang, and Hong Zhu. "Rheological and printable behavior of resin – class materials for 3D printing applications." Rapid Prototyping Journal 25, no. 5 (June 10, 2019): 801–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-11-2016-0183.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate rheological and extrusion behavior of thermosetting epoxy resins, which to find the universal property and printing parameters for extrusion-based rapid prototyping applications. Design/methodology/approach The thickener proportion greatly influences its viscosity and rheological behavior and therefore plays an important role in the shape of the cross-section of the extrudate. Findings A pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) is a basic requirement for obtaining extruded lines with plump cross-sections. In addition to the effects of the rheological behavior of the composite, shape maintenance and its wettability on the substrate, the cross-sectional geometry of the extrudate is also strongly affected by printing process parameters including the extrusion nozzle height, nozzle moving speed, extrusion rate and critical nozzle height. Proper combinations of these process parameters are necessary to obtain single-line extrudates with plump cross-sections and 3-D objects with dimensional accuracy, uniform wall thickness, good wall uprightness and no wall slumping. Formulas and procedures for determining these extrusion parameters are proposed and demonstrated in experiments. Originality/value The results obtained have been explained in terms of the interactions among the rheological properties of the composite, the shear rate imposed on the composite during extrusion, the wettability of the composite on the substrate and the shape maintenance of the composite during extrusion.

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Thakkar, Rishi, Amit Raviraj Pillai, Jiaxiang Zhang, Yu Zhang, Vineet Kulkarni, and Mohammed Maniruzzaman. "Novel On-Demand 3-Dimensional (3-D) Printed Tablets Using Fill Density as an Effective Release-Controlling Tool." Polymers 12, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 1872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12091872.

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This research demonstrates the use of fill density as an effective tool for controlling the drug release without changing the formulation composition. The merger of hot-melt extrusion (HME) with fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based 3-dimensional (3-D) printing processes over the last decade has directed pharmaceutical research towards the possibility of printing personalized medication. One key aspect of printing patient-specific dosage forms is controlling the release dynamics based on the patient’s needs. The purpose of this research was to understand the impact of fill density and interrelate it with the release of a poorly water-soluble, weakly acidic, active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) from a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMC-AS) matrix, both mathematically and experimentally. Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) of ibuprofen with three grades of AquaSolveTM HPMC-AS (HG, MG, and LG) were developed using an HME process and evaluated using solid-state characterization techniques. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD), and polarized light microscopy (PLM) confirmed the amorphous state of the drug in both polymeric filaments and 3D printed tablets. The suitability of the manufactured filaments for FDM processes was investigated using texture analysis (TA) which showed robust mechanical properties of the developed filament compositions. Using FDM, tablets with different fill densities (20–80%) and identical dimensions were printed for each polymer. In vitro pH shift dissolution studies revealed that the fill density has a significant impact (F(11, 24) = 15,271.147, p < 0.0001) and a strong negative correlation (r > −0.99; p < 0.0001) with the release performance, where 20% infill demonstrated the fastest and most complete release, whereas 80% infill depicted a more controlled release. The results obtained from this research can be used to develop a robust formulation strategy to control the drug release from 3D printed dosage forms as a function of fill density.

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Momenzadeh, Niknam, Hadi Miyanaji, Daniel Allen Porter, and Thomas Austin Berfield. "Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a feedstock for material extrusion additive manufacturing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 26, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-08-2018-0203.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate the material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM) deposition parameters for creating viable 3-D printed polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) structures with a balanced mix of mechanical and electrical properties. Design/methodology/approach Different combinations of deposition conditions are tested, and the influence of these parameters on the final dimensional accuracy, semi-crystalline phase microstructure and effective mechanical strength of MEAM homopolymer PVDF printed parts is experimentally assessed. Considering printed part integrity, appearance, print time and dimensional accuracy, MEAM parameters for PVDF are suggested. Findings A range of viable printing parameters for MEAM fabricated PVDF Kynar 740 objects of different heights and in-plane length dimensions was determined. For PVDF structures printed under the suggested conditions, the mechanical response and the microstructure development related to Piezoelectric response are reported. Originality/value This research first reports on a range of parameters that have been confirmed to facilitate effective MEAM printing of 3-D PVDF objects, presents effects of the individual parameters and gives the mechanical and microstructure properties of PVDF structures fabricated under the suggested deposition conditions.

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5

Talyosef, Orly. "Perspectives on BIM-Based 3D Printing for Sustainable Buildings." Architext 9 (2021): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26351/architext/9/3.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing, also called additive manufacture (AM), is a novel, automated method of printing a structure layer-by-layer directly from a 3D digital design model. Its potential ability to build complex shapes in a less costly and more sustainable manner may revolutionize the construction industry. There are three main 3D printing techniques: (a) contour crafting; (b) concrete printing, and (c) D-shape. As a disruptive technology, 3D printing creates a new market and value network, thus disturbing the established market. Building information modeling (BIM) is a comprehensive management approach encompassing the entire life cycle of the architecture and construction (A&C) process, including architectural planning, geometrical data, scheduling, material, equipment, resource and manufacturing data, and post-construction facility management. By maintaining safety and productivity in large-scale digital processes, BIM is critical to 3D printing’s success in construction. Integrating BIM and 3D printing techniques into A&C can potentially lead to an ecological architectural process that reduces waste and energy inefficiency, and prevents injuries and fatalities on construction sites, while increasing productivity and quality. This paper examines BIM-based 3D printing of sustainable buildings, which may revolutionize the construction industry and contribute to a sustainable environment

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6

Adumitroaie, Adi, Fedor Antonov, Aleksey Khaziev, Andrey Azarov, Mikhail Golubev, and Valery V. Vasiliev. "Novel Continuous Fiber Bi-Matrix Composite 3-D Printing Technology." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 17, 2019): 3011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12183011.

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A new paradigm in continuous fiber-reinforced polymer fused filament fabrication based on a thermoset-thermoplastic bi-matrix material system is proposed and proved. This totally new 3-D printing concept has the potential to overcome the drawbacks and to combine the advantages of separate thermoset and thermoplastic-based, fused filament fabrication methods and to advance continuous fiber-reinforced polymer 3-D printing toward higher mechanical performances of 3-D printed parts. The novel bi-matrix 3-D printing method and preliminary results related to the 3-D printed composite microstructure and performances are reported.

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7

Sharke, Paul. "How Practical is 3-D Metal Printing?" Mechanical Engineering 139, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2017-oct-3.

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This article explores the application of 3D printing technology in cost-sensitive industries such as consumer products and power systems. Metal printing offers advantages such as the ability to reduce parts count, assembly time, and weight while creating complex internal and external geometries that could not be made any other way to manufacturers in almost every industry. 3D design also makes it possible to customize medical and dental implants for each patient. Industrial product designer Keith Handy used the flexibility of 3D printing to redesign the system. Instead of putting the device above the chain, he built a tunnel-like part that the chain could pass through. Euro-K, a Berlin-based firm that develops small energy converters, created a burner that could do both. 3D printing enabled Euro-K to optimize the burner’s geometry to handle gaseous fuels and difficult-to-burn liquids like fuel oils, a byproduct of alcohol distillation, while reducing size. The article concludes that as new competitors enter the 3D printing arena, systems will grow better, faster, and less expensive. In addition, most important of all, engineers will be standing by with lots of new and surprising ways to take advantage of 3D metal technology

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Zhao, Chenfei, Jun Wang, and Lini Lu. "Preparation and application of water-based nano-silver conductive ink in paper-based 3D printing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 28, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 747–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-05-2020-0112.

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Purpose In flexible electronics applications, organic inks are mostly used for inkjet printing. Three-dimensional (3 D) printing technology has the advantages of low cost, high speed and good precision in modern electronic printing. The purpose of this study is to solve the high cost of traditional printing and the pollution emissions of organic ink. It is necessary to develop a water-based conductive ink that is easily degradable and can be 3 D printed. A nano-silver ink printed circuit pattern with high precision, high conductivity and good mechanical properties is a promising strategy. Design/methodology/approach The researched nano-silver conductive ink is mainly composed of silver nanoparticles and resin. The effect of adding methyl cellulose on the ink was also explored. A simple 3 D circuit pattern was printed on photographic paper. The line width, line length, line thickness and conductivity of the printed circuit were tested. The influence of sintering temperature and sintering time on pattern resistivity was studied. The relationship between circuit pattern bending performance and electrical conductivity is analyzed. Findings The experimental results show that the ink has the characteristics of low silver content and good environmental protection effect. The printing feasibility of 3 D printing circuit patterns on paper substrates was confirmed. The best printing temperature is 160°C–180°C, and the best sintering time is 30 min. The circuit pattern can be folded 120°, and the cycle is folded more than 60 times. The minimum resistivity of the circuit pattern is 6.07 µΩ·cm. Methyl cellulose can control the viscosity of the ink. The mechanical properties of the pattern have been improved. The printing method of 3 D printing can significantly reduce the sintering time and temperature of the conductive ink. These findings may provide innovation for the flexible electronics industry and pave the way for alternatives to cost-effective solutions. Originality/value In this study, direct ink writing technology was used to print circuit patterns on paper substrates. This process is simple and convenient and can control the thickness of the ink layer. The ink material is nonpolluting to the environment. Nano-silver ink has suitable viscosity and pH value. It can meet the requirements of pneumatic 3 D printers. The method has the characteristics of simple process, fast forming, low cost and high environmental friendliness.

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9

Zhao, Mengran, Shitao Zhu, Di Hu, Huilin Huang, Xiaoming Chen, Cheng Guo, Juan Chen, and Anxue Zhang. "3-D Printing Disordered-Cavity-Based Metaimager for Coincidence Imaging." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 31, no. 6 (June 2021): 620–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmwc.2021.3070564.

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10

Nilsiam, Yuenyong, Paul Sanders, and Joshua Pearce. "Applications of Open Source GMAW-Based Metal 3-D Printing." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 2, no. 1 (March 13, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp2010018.

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Wu, Jie, Cong Wang, and Yongxin Guo. "Ridged Waveguide Magic Tees Based on 3-D Printing Technology." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 68, no. 10 (October 2020): 4267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2020.3006570.

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Ruz-Nuglo, Fidel D., and Lori J. Groven. "3-D Printing and Development of Fluoropolymer Based Reactive Inks." Advanced Engineering Materials 20, no. 2 (October 9, 2017): 1700390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.201700390.

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13

Hamilton, Charles, Gursel Alici, Geoff Spinks, and Marc in het Panhuis. "The Suitability of 3-D Printed Eutectic Gallium-Indium Alloy as a Heating Element for Thermally Active Hydrogels." MRS Advances 2, no. 6 (December 15, 2016): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.618.

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ABSTRACTWe report the use of a novel extrusion tip that allows for the omnidirectional printing of eutectic gallium-indium (eGaIn) alloy onto the surface of hydrogel materials into complex 2-dimensional patterns. The use of these printed soft “wires” as an electrothermal heating element for soft robotics purposes was explored. Heating of the eGaIn structures encapsulated in an alginate/acrylamide ionic-covalent entanglement hydrogel was measured by a thermal imaging camera. It was determined that eGaIn is a suitable material for use in future soft robotics applications as an electrothermal heating element to actuate thermally responsive N-isoproylacrylamide hydrogels.

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14

Wang, Hai Jun, Da Ming Wu, Xiu Ting Zheng, Ying Liu, and Peng Sheng Jing. "Preparation and Testing of the Microstructure Diffuse Reflection Plate Based on the Continuous Extrusion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 372 (August 2013): 454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.372.454.

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The article introduces a kind of preparation process of the micro structure diffuse reflection plate based on continuous extrusion and proposes a new preparation process of diffuse reflection plate. The process mainly includes two single screw extruders which work by means of co-extrusion composite. Then polymer sheet is got through the roller via the thermal printing. At last the micro structure is pressed on the polymer sheet. The preparation of diffuse reflection plate is successful. We can measure the surface microstructure of diffuse reflection plate by using ContourGT-X3 that is made from Germany. The content of the measuring includes the 3 d shape, depth, diameter and uniformity of the micro structure. The article analyzes that the die temperature, rolling depression and roll speed have the influence on the diffuse reflection plate replication rate. The experimental result shows that the die temperature has little impact on the replication rate; Along with the increase of roller press, diffuse reflection plate replication rate increases; Along with the increase of the roller speed, diffuse reflection plate replication rate reduces.

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Sebastian, Tutu, Miriam Bach, Andreas Geiger, Tony Lusiola, Lucjan Kozielski, and Frank Clemens. "Investigation of Electromechanical Properties on 3-D Printed Piezoelectric Composite Scaffold Structures." Materials 14, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 5927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14205927.

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Piezoelectric composites with 3-3 connectivity gathered attraction due to their potential application as an acoustic transducer in medical imaging, non-destructive testing, etc. In this contribution, piezoelectric composites were fabricated with a material extrusion-based additive manufacturing process (MEX), also well-known under the names fused deposition modeling (FDM), fused filament fabrication (FFF) or fused deposition ceramics (FDC). Thermoplastic filaments were used to achieve open and offset printed piezoelectric scaffold structures. Both scaffold structures were printed, debinded and sintered successfully using commercial PZT and BaTiO3 powder. For the first time, it could be demonstrated, that using the MEX processing method, closed pore ferroelectric structure can be achieved without pore-former additive. After ceramic processing, the PZT scaffold structures were impregnated with epoxy resin to convert them into composites with 3-3 connectivity. A series of composites with varying ceramic content were achieved by changing the infill parameter during the 3D printing process systematically, and their electromechanical properties were investigated using the electromechanical aix PES device. Also, the Figure of merit (FOM) of these composites was calculated to assess the potential of this material as a candidate for transducer applications. A maximum for the FOM at 25 vol.% of PZT could be observed in this study.

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Kumar Yadav, Pradeep, Kamal Singh, and Jitendra Bhaskar. "Design and Development of Ultra Violet Curing Based 3-D Printer." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 5, no. 3 (July 5, 2020): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35121/ijapie202007343.

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UV light technology-based 3D printer is commonly known as Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printer. Photopolymers in liquid form is cured under the beam of UV light to form layer by layer 3D model. A beam of light is pointed that cures a limited area and takes a long time to 3D print a part. An effort has been made in this work to design and fabricate a mask and UV light-based 3D printer for printing 3D models from a liquid photopolymer resin. Samples were also printed to evaluate the performance of this printer. Performance tests were very positive to make this model a commercial machine for printing models for medical applications.

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Zeeshan, Farrukh, Thiagarajan Madheswaran, Manisha Pandey, and Bapi Gorain. "Three-Dimensional (3-D) Printing Technology Exploited for the Fabrication of Drug Delivery Systems." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 42 (March 20, 2019): 5019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190101111525.

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Background: The conventional dosage forms cannot be administered to all patients because of interindividual variability found among people of different race coupled with different metabolism and cultural necessities. Therefore, to address this global issue there is a growing focus on the fabrication of new drug delivery systems customised to individual needs. Medicinal products printed using 3-D technology are transforming the current medicine business to a plausible alternative of conventional medicines. Methods: The PubMed database and Google scholar were browsed by keywords of 3-D printing, drug delivery, and personalised medicine. The data about techniques employed in the manufacturing of 3-D printed medicines and the application of 3-D printing technology in the fabrication of individualised medicine were collected, analysed and discussed. Results: Numerous techniques can fabricate 3-D printed medicines however, printing-based inkjet, nozzle-based deposition and laser-based writing systems are the most popular 3-D printing methods which have been employed successfully in the development of tablets, polypills, implants, solutions, nanoparticles, targeted and topical dug delivery. In addition, the approval of Spritam® containing levetiracetam by FDA as the primary 3-D printed drug product has boosted its importance. However, some drawbacks such as suitability of manufacturing techniques and the available excipients for 3-D printing need to be addressed to ensure simple, feasible, reliable and reproducible 3-D printed fabrication. Conclusion: 3-D printing is a revolutionary in pharmaceutical technology to cater the present and future needs of individualised medicines. Nonetheless, more investigations are required on its manufacturing aspects in terms cost effectiveness, reproducibility and bio-equivalence.

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Wang, Shaoquan, and Kaspar Lasn. "Integration of optical fibre sensors by material extrusion 3-D printing – The effect of bottom interlayer thickness." Materials & Design 221 (September 2022): 110914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110914.

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Kreiger, Megan, and Joshua M. Pearce. "Environmental Impacts of Distributed Manufacturing from 3-D Printing of Polymer Components and Products." MRS Proceedings 1492 (2013): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.319.

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ABSTRACTAlthough additive layer manufacturing is well established for rapid prototyping the low throughput and historic costs have prevented mass-scale adoption. The recent development of the RepRap, an open source self-replicating rapid prototyper, has made low-cost 3-D printers readily available to the public at reasonable prices (<$1,000). The RepRap (Prusa Mendell variant) currently prints 3-D objects in a 200x200x140 square millimeters build envelope from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA). ABS and PLA are both thermoplastics that can be injection-molded, each with their own benefits, as ABS is rigid and durable, while PLA is plant-based and can be recycled and composted. The melting temperature of ABS and PLA enable use in low-cost 3-D printers, as these temperature are low enough to use in melt extrusion in the home, while high enough for prints to retain their shape at average use temperatures. Using 3-D printers to manufacture provides the ability to both change the fill composition by printing voids and fabricate shapes that are impossible to make using tradition methods like injection molding. This allows more complicated shapes to be created while using less material, which could reduce environmental impact.As the open source 3-D printers continue to evolve and improve in both cost and performance, the potential for economically-viable distributed manufacturing of products increases. Thus, products and components could be customized and printed on-site by individual consumers as needed, reversing the historical trend towards centrally mass-manufactured and shipped products. Distributed manufacturing reduces embodied transportation energy from the distribution of conventional centralized manufacturing, but questions remain concerning the potential for increases in the overall embodied energy of the manufacturing due to reduction in scale. In order to quantify the environmental impact of distributed manufacturing using 3-D printers, a life cycle analysis was performed on a plastic juicer. The energy consumed and emissions produced from conventional large-scale production overseas are compared to experimental measurements on a RepRap producing identical products with ABS and PLA. The results of this LCA are discussed in relation to the environmental impact of distributed manufacturing with 3-D printers and polymer selection for 3-D printing to reduce this impact. The results of this study show that distributed manufacturing uses less energy than conventional manufacturing due to the RepRap's unique ability to reduce fill composition. Distributed manufacturing also has less emissions than conventional manufacturing when using PLA and when using ABS with solar photovoltaic power. The results of this study indicate that open-source additive layer distributed manufacturing is both technically viable and beneficial from an ecological perspective.

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Fok, Kai-Yin, Chi-Tsun Cheng, Nuwan Ganganath, Herbert Ho-Ching Iu, and Chi K. Tse. "An ACO-Based Tool-Path Optimizer for 3-D Printing Applications." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 15, no. 4 (April 2019): 2277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2018.2889740.

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Serra, T., J. A. Planell, and M. Navarro. "High-resolution PLA-based composite scaffolds via 3-D printing technology." Acta Biomaterialia 9, no. 3 (March 2013): 5521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.10.041.

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Garg, A., Jasmine Siu Lee Lam, and M. M. Savalani. "Laser power based surface characteristics models for 3-D printing process." Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing 29, no. 6 (November 28, 2015): 1191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10845-015-1167-9.

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Li-Jun, Xu, Gao Jun, and Zhang Wei-Yu. "Compression Research of Bitmap Data in Three-Dimensional Printing." Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (September 16, 2015): 646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874155x01509010646.

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In the paper, it makes 3-D (three dimensional) printing rapid prototyping bitmap data compression research based on bytes has been conducted, in the 3-D printing rapid prototyping system, where the bitmap data format is adopted, and related data storage space is very large. It firstly analyzes the bitmap data characteristics in 3-D printing rapid prototyping system and the commonly methods used in nondestructive bitmap compression, and it designs the bitmap data compression coding method based on bytes. The compression method has the characteristics such as high compression ratio, fast speed of compression and decompression, less time consuming, etc. Therefore, it can meet the increasing demand of data compression in the 3-D printing rapid prototyping system.

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Shen, Hongyao, Wangzhe Du, Weijun Sun, Yuetong Xu, and Jianzhong Fu. "Visual Detection of Surface Defects Based on Self-Feature Comparison in Robot 3-D Printing." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010235.

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Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) additive manufacturing technology is widely applied in recent years. However, there are many defects that may affect the surface quality, accuracy, or even cause the collapse of the parts in the printing process. In the existing defect detection technology, the characteristics of parts themselves may be misjudged as defects. This paper presents a solution to the problem of distinguishing the defects and their own characteristics in robot 3-D printing. A self-feature extraction method of shape defect detection of 3D printing products is introduced. Discrete point cloud after model slicing is used both for path planning in 3D printing and self-feature extraction at the same time. In 3-D printing, it can generate G-code and control the shooting direction of the camera. Once the current coordinates have been received, the self-feature extraction begins, whose key steps are keeping a visual point cloud of the printed part and projecting the feature points to the picture under the equal mapping condition. After image processing technology, the contours of pictured projected and picture captured will be detected. At last, the final defects can be identified after evaluation of contour similarity based on empirical formula. This work will help to detect the defects online, improve the detection accuracy, and reduce the false detection rate without being affected by its own characteristics.

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Dijkshoorn, Alexander, Patrick Werkman, Marcel Welleweerd, Gerjan Wolterink, Bram Eijking, John Delamare, Remco Sanders, and Gijs J. M. Krijnen. "Embedded sensing: integrating sensors in 3-D printed structures." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 7, no. 1 (March 23, 2018): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-169-2018.

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Abstract. Current additive manufacturing allows for the implementation of electrically interrogated 3-D printed sensors. In this contribution various technologies, sensing principles and applications are discussed. We will give both an overview of some of the sensors presented in literature as well as some of our own recent work on 3-D printed sensors. The 3-D printing methods discussed include fused deposition modelling (FDM), using multi-material printing and poly-jetting. Materials discussed are mainly thermoplastics and include thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), both un-doped as well as doped with carbon black, polylactic acid (PLA) and conductive inks. The sensors discussed are based on biopotential sensing, capacitive sensing and resistive sensing with applications in surface electromyography (sEMG) and mechanical and tactile sensing. As these sensors are based on plastics they are in general flexible and therefore open new possibilities for sensing in soft structures, e.g. as used in soft robotics. At the same time they show many of the characteristics of plastics like hysteresis, drift and non-linearity. We will argue that 3-D printing of embedded sensors opens up exciting new possibilities but also that these sensors require us to rethink how to exploit non-ideal sensors.

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Maswoud, Salah, Shashi Paul, and Iulia Salaoru. "3-D Printing of Flexible Two Terminal Electronic Memory Devices." MRS Advances 3, no. 28 (2018): 1603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.38.

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AbstractRecent strategy in the electronics sector is to ascertain the ways to make cheap, flexible and environmentally friendly electronic devices. The 3D inkjet printing technology is based on the Additive Manufacturing concept and it is with no doubt capable of revolutionising the whole system of manufacturing electronic devices including: material selection; design and fabrication steps and device configuration and architecture. Thus, 3D inkjet printing technology (IJP) is not only one of the most promising technologies to reduce the harmful radiation/ heat generation but also achieve reductions in manufacturing cost. Here, we explore the potential of 3D – inkjet printing technology to provide an innovative approach for electronic devices in especially information storage elements by seeking to manufacture and characterise state-of-art fully inkjet printed two terminal electronic memory devices. In this work, ink-jettable materials (Ag and PEDOT:PSS) were printed by a piezoelectric Epson Stylus P50 inkjet printing machine on a flexible substrate. All components of the memory cells of a simple metal/active layer/metal structure were deposited via inkjet printing. The quality of the printed layers was first assessed by Nikon LABOPHOT-2 optical microscope, fitted with Nikon Camera DS-Fi1. Furthermore, an in-depth electrical characterisation of the fabricated memory cells was carried out using HP4140B picoammeter.

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Wesemann, Christian, Stefano Pieralli, Tobias Fretwurst, Julian Nold, Katja Nelson, Rainer Schmelzeisen, Elmar Hellwig, and Benedikt Christopher Spies. "3-D Printed Protective Equipment during COVID-19 Pandemic." Materials 13, no. 8 (April 24, 2020): 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081997.

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While the number of coronavirus cases from 2019 continues to grow, hospitals are reporting shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) for frontline healthcare workers. Furthermore, PPE for the eyes and mouth, such as face shields, allow for additional protection when working with aerosols. 3-D printing enables the easy and rapid production of lightweight plastic frameworks based on open-source data. The practicality and clinical suitability of four face shields printed using a fused deposition modeling printer were examined. The weight, printing time, and required tools for assembly were evaluated. To assess the clinical suitability, each face shield was worn for one hour by 10 clinicians and rated using a visual analogue scale. The filament weight (21–42 g) and printing time (1:40–3:17 h) differed significantly between the four frames. Likewise, the fit, wearing comfort, space for additional PPE, and protection varied between the designs. For clinical suitability, a chosen design should allow sufficient space for goggles and N95 respirators as well as maximum coverage of the facial area. Consequently, two datasets are recommended. For the final selection of the ideal dataset to be used for printing, scalability and economic efficiency need to be carefully balanced with an acceptable degree of protection.

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Asghar, Muhammad Imran, and Peter D. Lund. "Hybrid Manufacturing of a Single-Layer Ceramic Fuel Cell Utilizing 3D Printing and Laser Scribing." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 38 (July 7, 2022): 1677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01381677mtgabs.

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Single-layer ceramic fuel cells are developing as a promising fuel cell technology [1-3]. Since 3D printing can create both the dense and the porous structures with good mechanical and electrochemical properties, it has the potential to revolutionize the manufacturing of fuel cells. We recently reported a 3D printed single-layer ceramic fuel cell fabricated through an extrusion-based 3D printing, which generated a power density of 230 mW/cm2 at 550oC [1]. A comprehensive investigation into the influence of sintering temperatures ranging from 700oC to 1000oC assisted us in optimizing the density of the functional layer for acceptable electrochemical performance while maintaining adequate mechanical properties. We noticed that the performance of the single-layer cells was limited by the mass transport losses due to low porosity of the single-layer. The best printed cell suffered from a high ohmic loss (0.46 Ω.cm2) and a polarization loss (0.32 Ω.cm2) [1]. In this work, we used a hybrid of a 3D printer and a laser scriber to fabricate the patterned single-layer ceramic fuel cells. Interestingly, the performance of the patterned single-layer ceramic fuel cell was 30% better as compared to a conventional single-layer fuel cell without any patterns. The patterned structures on the surfaces of the cell obtained through the laser scribing, considerably improved the electrode processes. In the patterned 3D printed fuel cells, we studied several electrode materials such as CuFe2O4, LSCF, LSC, NiCoAlLi-oxide, and LiNiZn-oxide and synthesized pastes appropriate for extrusion-based 3D printing. The rheological characteristics of the pastes were investigated using several characterization techniques such as dynamic light scattering, viscometry and tensiometry. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and current-voltage measurements were used to assess the electrochemical performance of the cells. Furthermore, high-temperature XRD demonstrated the composite materials' excellent structural stability. To further understand the processes in the cells, additional spectroscopic and microscopic investigations (HR-TEM, SEM-EDX, XPS) were performed. Acknowledgement. Dr. Asghar thanks Academy of Finland (Grant No. 13322738, 13329016) and the Hubei overseas Talent 100 program for their support. References [1] M. I. Asghar, P. Mäkinen, S. Virtanen, A. Maitre, M. Borghei and P. D. Lund, P.D., Nanomaterials 11 (2021) 2180. [2] M. I. Asghar, X. Yao, S. Jouttijärvi, E. Hochreiner, R. Virta and P. D. Lund, Materials International Journal of Hydrogen energy, 45 (2020) 24083. [3] M. I. Asghar, S. Jouttijärvi, R. Jokiranta, A. Valtavirta and P. D. Lund, Nanoenergy, 53 (2018) 391. Figure 1

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Guest, Will, Diana Forbes, Colin Schlosser, Stephen Yip, Robin Coope, and Jason Chew. "Imaging-Based 3-Dimensional Printing for Improved Maxillofacial Presurgical Planning: A Single Center Case Series." Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal 70, no. 1 (February 2019): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carj.2018.10.002.

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Purpose 3-D printing is an increasingly widespread technology that allows physical models to be constructed based on cross-sectional medical imaging data. We sought to develop a pipeline for production of 3-dimensional (3-D) models for presurgical planning and assess the value of these models for surgeons and patients. Methods In this institutional review board–approved, single-center case series, participating surgeons identified cases for 3-D model printing, and after obtaining patient consent, a 3-D model was produced for each of the 7 participating patients based on preoperative cross-sectional imaging. Each model was given to the surgeon to use during the surgical consent discussion and preoperative planning. Patients and surgeons completed questionnaires evaluating the quality and usefulness of the models. Results The 3-D models improved surgeon confidence in their operative approach, influencing the choice of operative approach in the majority of cases. Patients and surgeons reported that the model improved patient comprehension of the surgery during the consent discussion, including risks and benefits of the surgery. Model production time was as little as 4 days, and the average per-model cost was $350. Conclusions 3-D printed models are useful presurgical tools from both surgeon and patient perspectives. Development of local hospital-based 3-D printing capabilities enables model production with rapid turnaround and modest cost, representing a value-added service for radiologists to offer their surgical colleagues.

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Huang, Po-Wei, Mi-Ching Tsai, and I.-Hua Jiang. "3-D Structure Line-Start Synchronous Reluctance Motor Design Based on Selective Laser Melting of 3-D Printing." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 54, no. 11 (November 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2018.2849710.

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Munshi, Akash S., and R. Scott Martin. "Microchip-based electrochemical detection using a 3-D printed wall-jet electrode device." Analyst 141, no. 3 (2016): 862–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5an01956g.

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This paper shows that 3-D printing can be used to fabricate a microchip device with a reusable and integrated wall-jet electrode, which shows enhanced analytical performance over the more traditional microchip-based thin-layer electrode approach.

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Rao, Jiayu, Kenneth Nai, Jose Marques-Hueso, Povilas Vaitukaitis, and Jiasheng Hong. "Inline Quasi-Elliptic Bandpass Filter Based on Metal 3-D Printing Technology." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 70, no. 4 (April 2022): 2156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2022.3144275.

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Peng, Fei, Jing Yang, and Min Long. "3-D Printed Object Authentication Based on Printing Noise and Digital Signature." IEEE Transactions on Reliability 68, no. 1 (March 2019): 342–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tr.2018.2869303.

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Jiao, Xiangyang, Hui He, Wei Qian, Guanghua Li, Guangyao Shen, Xiao Li, Chong Ding, et al. "Designing a 3-D Printing-Based Channel Emulator With Printable Electromagnetic Materials." IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 57, no. 4 (August 2015): 868–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/temc.2015.2418255.

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Jiang, Shenglong, Guangxin Liao, Dingding Xu, Fenghua Liu, Wen Li, Yuchuan Cheng, Zhixiang Li, and Gaojie Xu. "Mechanical properties analysis of polyetherimide parts fabricated by fused deposition modeling." High Performance Polymers 31, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008317752822.

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Polyetherimide (PEI) is a kind of high-performance polymer, which possesses a high glass transition temperature ( Tg), excellent flame retardancy, low smoke generation, and good mechanical properties. In this article, PEI was applied in the fused deposition modeling (FDM)–based 3-D printing for the first time. The entire process from filament extrusion to printing was studied. It was observed that the filament orientation and nozzle temperature were closely related to the mechanical properties of printed samples. When the nozzle temperature is 370°C, the mean tensile strength of FDM printing parts can reach to 104 MPa, which is only 7% lower than that of injection molded parts. It can be seen that the 0° orientation set of samples show the highest storage modulus (2492 MPa) followed by the 45° samples, and the 90° orientation set of samples show the minimum storage modulus (1420 MPa) at room temperature. The above results indicated that this technique allows the production of parts with adequate mechanical performance, which does not need to be restricted to the production of mock-ups and prototypes. Our work broke the limitations of traditional FDM technology and expanded the types of material available for FDM to the high-temperature engineering plastics.

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Groenendyk, Michael. "Emerging Data Visualization Technologies for Map and Geography Libraries: 3-D Printing, Holographic Imaging, 3-D City Models, and 3-D Model-based Animations." Journal of Map & Geography Libraries 9, no. 3 (September 2013): 220–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15420353.2013.821436.

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Chou, Da-Tren, Derrick Wells, Daeho Hong, Boeun Lee, Howard Kuhn, and Prashant N. Kumta. "Novel processing of iron–manganese alloy-based biomaterials by inkjet 3-D printing." Acta Biomaterialia 9, no. 10 (November 2013): 8593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2013.04.016.

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Ho, David R., Sarah E. Luery, Reena M. Ghosh, Cleo K. Maehara, Elizabeth Silvestro, Kevin K. Whitehead, Raymond W. Sze, William Hsu, and Kim-Lien Nguyen. "Cardiovascular 3-D Printing: Value-Added Assessment Using Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing." Journal of the American College of Radiology 17, no. 11 (November 2020): 1469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2020.05.007.

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Nilsiam, Yuenyong, Paul Sanders, and Joshua M. Pearce. "Slicer and process improvements for open-source GMAW-based metal 3-D printing." Additive Manufacturing 18 (December 2017): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.10.007.

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Obydenkova, Svetlana, Nicholas C. Anzalone, and Joshua M. Pearce. "Prospects of applying 3-D printing to economics of remote communities." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 12, no. 4 (September 3, 2018): 488–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-08-2016-0029.

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Purpose Isolated communities face a variety of inconveniences including severe remoteness, poor roads and extreme climate conditions, resulting in the lack of security of supply chains and exorbitant prices for cargo delivery. This paper aims to investigate the present advantages and prospects of applying 3-D printing to improve economics and everyday life of remote communities, reindeer herder case taken as an example. Design/methodology/approach This study covers the use of a low-cost open-source 3-D printer (RepRap) capable of fused filament fabrication to reduce operating costs for nomadic reindeer herder groups. Three case studies are provided for reindeer-specific applications to probe economic and technical viability of the technology, namely, ear-tags, electric fence components and lasso accessories. Findings 3-D printed objects feature technical characteristics similar to those of analogues available on the market while reducing the price by 63 per cent. Distributed 3-D printing reduces the cost of raw materials by 68 per cent and shipping costs by 50 because of lower trip frequency. If all reindeer herders globally were to adopt distributed manufacturing of the three aforementioned sample items only, their annual savings from such solution would amount to US$2m. The paper discovers other economic, entrepreneurial, technical and environmental opportunities offered by 3-D printing put to service the needs of remote communities. Research limitations As the paper is the first-ever study of 3-D printing potential applied to the reindeer husbandry case, it is based on a more thorough analysis of the techno-economic feasibility of the technology, while cultural and entrepreneurial factors have been discussed as preconditions only. Practical implications The paper might serve as a valuable source of information for entrepreneurs, as well as for students and academics for further case studies in this area. Originality/value In remote conditions, 3-D printing offers a more sustainable way of good manufacturing. Numerous open source designs already available for specialists, financial effectiveness, environmental benefits and vast opportunities for entrepreneurs are among the most promising advantages of the technology.

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Woern, Aubrey, and Joshua Pearce. "3-D Printable Polymer Pelletizer Chopper for Fused Granular Fabrication-Based Additive Manufacturing." Inventions 3, no. 4 (November 27, 2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions3040078.

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Although distributed additive manufacturing can provide high returns on investment, the current markup on commercial filament over base polymers limits deployment. These cost barriers can be surmounted by eliminating the entire process of fusing filament by three-dimensional (3-D) printing products directly from polymer granules. Fused granular fabrication (FGF) (or fused particle fabrication (FPF)) is being held back in part by the accessibility of low-cost pelletizers and choppers. An open-source 3-D printable invention disclosed here allows for precisely controlled pelletizing of both single thermopolymers as well as composites for 3-D printing. The system is designed, built, and tested for its ability to provide high-tolerance thermopolymer pellets with a number of sizes capable of being used in an FGF printer. In addition, the chopping pelletizer is tested for its ability to chop multi-materials simultaneously for color mixing and composite fabrication as well as precise fractional measuring back to filament. The US$185 open-source 3-D printable pelletizer chopper system was successfully fabricated and has a 0.5 kg/h throughput with one motor, and 1.0 kg/h throughput with two motors using only 0.24 kWh/kg during the chopping process. Pellets were successfully printed directly via FGF as well as indirectly after being converted into high-tolerance filament in a recyclebot.

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Renn, Michael J., Bruce H. King, Michael O'Reilly, Jeff S. Leal, and Suzette K. Pangrle. "Aerosol Jet® Printing of High Density, 3-D Interconnects for Multi-Chip Packaging." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2010, DPC (January 1, 2010): 002131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2010dpc-tha15.

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Optomec's patented Aerosol Jet technology is a maskless, non-contact material deposition system used to enable 3-dimensional semiconductor packaging. This presentation highlights results of printing high density, 3-D interconnects on stacked die modules which incorporate video, communication and memory chips. Such packages are critical for meeting the increasing functional requirements of SmartPhones, personal entertainment, and other mobile devices. The Aerosol Jet system is used to deposit silver nanoparticle ink connections along the staircase sidewall of staggered multi-chip die stacks. High aspect ratio interconnects with 30-micron line width and greater than 10-micron line height are demonstrated at a pitch of 61-microns. After printing, the silver inks are cured at ~200°C for ~30 minutes, which gives interconnect resistances below one-Ohm (< 5 micron Ohm*cm). The stacks can include up to 8 die, with a total stack height below 1 mm. The printing system has a working distance of several mm which means that no Z-height adjustments are required for the interconnect printing. Multiplexed print nozzles are used to achieve production throughputs of greater than two interconnects per second per nozzle. Based on cost and functional advantages, the Aerosol Jet process is emerging as an effective alternative to traditional wire bond and through-silicon-via (TSV) technologies.

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Yu, Zheyuan, Xu Yang, Gaohao Wei, Laili Wang, Kangping Wang, Wenjie Chen, and Jiwen Wei. "A Novel High-Current Planar Inductor With Cooling Fins Based on 3-D Printing." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 36, no. 11 (November 2021): 12189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2021.3078083.

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Han, Zhongguan, Xiaocheng Li, and Xianyong Duan. "A Study on 3 D Printing Automatic Control System Based on Major Metal Components." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1915, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 032010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1915/3/032010.

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Tsai, Mi-Ching, and Li-Hsing Ku. "3-D Printing-Based Design of Axial Flux Magnetic Gear for High Torque Density." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 51, no. 11 (November 2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2015.2435817.

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Haselhuhn, Amberlee S., Paul G. Sanders, and Joshua M. Pearce. "Hypoeutectic Aluminum–Silicon Alloy Development for GMAW-Based 3-D Printing Using Wedge Castings." International Journal of Metalcasting 11, no. 4 (January 25, 2017): 843–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40962-017-0133-z.

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Vancauwenberghe, Valérie, Louise Katalagarianakis, Zi Wang, Mathieu Meerts, Maarten Hertog, Pieter Verboven, Paula Moldenaers, Marc E. Hendrickx, Jeroen Lammertyn, and Bart Nicolaï. "Pectin based food-ink formulations for 3-D printing of customizable porous food simulants." Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 42 (August 2017): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2017.06.011.

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Yang, Guang, Bhisham Sharma, Dong Lin, and Shuting Lei. "Aerogel-based ultralight noise absorbers fabricated using 3D freeze printing." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0011135.

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Aerogels are a group of synthetic materials with a structure comprising up to 99.8% air. This ultra-sparse skeletal structure results in extremely low-density and thermal conductivity. Because of these extreme properties, aerogels are highly attractive for thermal insulation and energy absorption applications. In acoustics, their application is typically limited to their use as granular material—either as granular layers or as additives to conventional fibrous and matrix materials. Here, we explore the possibility of controlling not only their mesostructure but also their macrostructure by fabricating aerogel-based ultralight noise absorbers using a 3-D Freeze Printing (3DFP) technique. First, we introduce the novel 3DFP method, which combines the advantages of additive manufacturing and freeze casting processes. Next, we focus on the acoustic characterization of 3-D freeze printed aerogels using a normal incidence impedance tube setup. Our results show that compared with current passive noise reduction materials, the unique structures generated by the 3DFP method can provide significantly improved absorption and transmission loss properties.

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Balalaev, Anatoly N., Maria A. Parenyuk, and Dmitry M. Timkin. "Thermal studies of vacuum panels of cellular structure of a passenger car." Nexo Revista Científica 34, no. 06 (December 31, 2021): 1707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v34i06.13133.

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Aluminum alloys and composite materials are used in the body structures of modern passenger railway cars, which required the use of new manufacturing technologies: extrusion, pultrusion, etc. The use of new materials and new production technologies is changing the design requirements of passenger rail cars. The use of computer-aided design systems, in particular, SolidWorks Simulation, allows you to optimize the profile of cellular panels used in the construction of the body of a passenger railway car and obtained by extrusion or 3-D printing. Purpose of this work is to optimize the design stage of the enclosing structures of the body of a passenger railway car made of cellular profile panels, which can significantly reduce the heat transfer coefficient of the body walls and their mass, as well as provide the necessary strength conditions. Optimal profile of the vacuum panel, consisting of two rows of hexagonal cells, provides, according to calculations, the value of the specific thermal resistance R = 2.922 (m2 K)/W, which is 16.5% more than that of the existing body structure of a passenger rail car.

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Lin, Shuping, Wei Zeng, Lisha Zhang, and Xiaoming Tao. "Flexible film-based thermoelectric generators." MRS Advances 4, no. 30 (2019): 1691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.256.

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ABSTRACT:The present work highlights the progress in the field of flexible thermoelectric generator (f-TEGs) fabricated by 3-D printing strategy on the typing paper substrate. In this study, printable thermoelectric paste was developed. The dimension of each planer thermoelectric element is 30mm*4mm with a thickness of 50 μm for P-type Bismuth Tellurium (Bi2Te3)-based/ poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) leg. A single thermoleg with this dimension can generate a voltage of 5.38 mV at a temperature difference of 70 K. The calculated Seebeck Coefficient of a single thermoleg is 76.86 μV/K. This work demonstrates that low-cost printing technology is promising for the fabrication of f-TEGs.

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