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Journal articles on the topic 'Extremities (anatomy)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Desimpel, Julie, Marc Mespreuve, Alberto Tagliafico, and Filip Vanhoenacker. "Accessory Muscles of the Extremities." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 22, no. 03 (May 23, 2018): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1641575.

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AbstractAccessory muscles and variations are not uncommon at the upper and lower extremity. They are often overlooked because they are asymptomatic and present as incidental findings on imaging. However, they may present as a soft tissue swelling, thereby mimicking soft tissue tumors. Other symptoms are attributed to impingement on neurovascular structures and to exercise-related pain. Thorough knowledge of the anatomy, systematic imaging analysis, and the awareness of it are the clues to correct identification. On ultrasound, accessory muscles have a similar echotexture as other muscles, whereas the signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is similar to muscle. Because of the intrinsic contrast with the adjacent intermuscular fat, accessory muscles are best depicted on MRI without fat suppression. This article provides a short overview of the anatomy of most prevalent accessory muscles of the upper and lower limb and its potential pathogenic nature.

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Hammond, Jacob B., Chad M. Teven, Jonathan A. Flug, Clint E. Jokerst, Ashley L. Howarth, Max A. Shrout, Marko A. Laitinen, et al. "The Chimeric Gracilis and Profunda Artery Perforator Flap: Characterizing This Novel Flap Configuration with Angiography and a Cadaveric Model." Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery 37, no. 07 (February 16, 2021): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1723824.

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Abstract Background A chimerically configured gracilis and profunda artery perforator (PAP) flap is highly prevalent based on recent computed tomography (CT)-imaging data. The purpose of this study is to further characterize the vascular anatomy of this novel flap configuration and determine the feasibility of flap dissection. Methods To characterize flap arterial anatomy, lower extremity CT angiograms performed from 2011 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. To characterize venous anatomy and determine the feasibility of flap harvest, the lower extremities of cadavers were evaluated. Results A total of 974 lower extremity CT angiograms and 32 cadavers were included for the assessment. Of the 974 CT angiograms, majority (966, 99%) were bilateral studies, yielding a total of 1,940 lower extremities (right-lower-extremity = 970 and left-lower-extremity = 970) for radiographic evaluation. On CT angiography, a chimerically configured gracilis and PAP flap was found in 51% of patients (n = 494/974). By laterality, chimeric anatomy was present in 26% of right lower extremities (n = 254/970) and 25% of left lower extremities (n = 240/970); bilateral chimeric anatomy was found in 12% (n = 112/966) of patients. Average length of the common arterial pedicle feeding both gracilis and PAP flap perforasomes was 31.1 ± 16.5 mm (range = 2.0–95.0 mm) with an average diameter of 2.8 ± 0.7 mm (range = 1.3–8.8 mm).A total of 15 cadavers exhibited chimeric anatomy with intact, conjoined arteries and veins allowing for anatomical tracing from the profunda femoris to the distal branches within the tissues of the medial thigh. Dissection and isolation of the common pedicle and distal vessels was feasible with minimal disruption of adjacent tissues. Chimeric flap venous anatomy was favorable, with vena commitante adjacent to the common pedicle in all specimens. Conclusion Dissection of a chimeric medial thigh flap consisting of both gracilis and PAP flap tissues is feasible in a cadaveric model. The vascular anatomy of this potential flap appears suitable for future utilization in a clinical setting.

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Aktaş, Hilal Akdemir, Sinem Akkaşoğlu, Mine Farımaz, and Mustafa Fevzi Sargon. "An anatomical study of the bicipital aponeurosis in embalmed and fresh frozen cadavers." Anatomy 15, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2399/ana.21.849525.

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Objectives: The bicipital aponeurosis is a fascial expansion which arises from the distal tendon of biceps brachii muscle. It is an important structure for protecting the median nerve and brachial artery. The aim of this study was to analyze the morphometry and shape of the bicipital aponeurosis and its implications for the protection of the median nerve and brachial artery. Methods: Upper extremities of two fresh frozen and seven embalmed cadavers (five right, four left sides) were dissected. The ages of the cadavers varied between 60–86 years. The central length, superior width, central width, inferior width and the shape of bicipital aponeurosis were evaluated. All measurements were performed by using digital caliper. Results: The central length of the bicipital aponeurosis was measured 3.6±1.2 cm. The superior, central and inferior width of the bicipital aponeurosis were found 1.5±0.7 cm, 1.5±0.6 cm and 1.8±0.8 cm, respectively. Through the examination of upper extremities; two different shapes of bicipital aponeurosis were observed. In type I; the bicipital aponeurosis was fusiform in shape and observed in four upper extremities. In five extremities, it was found as quadrangular in shape and classified as type II. Conclusion: The morphometry and shape of bicipital aponeurosis have a clinical importance to protect the median nerve and brachial artery or to reduce compression of these neurovascular structures. A better understanding of bicipital aponeurosis morphometry is important in assessment of biomechanical properties of biceps brachii.

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Yalcin, Bulent, Necdet Kocabiyik, Fatih Yazar, Yalcin Kirici, and Hasan Ozan. "Arterial variations of the upper extremities." Anatomical Science International 81, no. 1 (March 2006): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-073x.2006.00110.x.

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5

Braun, Simon D. "Mislabeled Arterial Anatomy on MR Arteriography of the Lower Extremities." American Journal of Roentgenology 191, no. 6 (December 2008): 1874. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.08.1397.

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6

Peppler, R. D., T. E. Kwasigroch, and M. W. Hougland. "Evaluation of simultaneous teaching of extremities in gross anatomy program." Academic Medicine 60, no. 8 (August 1985): 635–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-198508000-00007.

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7

Uglietta, John P., and Saadoon Kadir. "Arteriographic study of variant arterial anatomy of the upper extremities." Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology 12, no. 3 (May 1989): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02577379.

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8

Machen, S. Karen, Kirk A. Easley, and John R. Goldblum. "Synovial Sarcoma of the Extremities." American Journal of Surgical Pathology 23, no. 3 (March 1999): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-199903000-00004.

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9

Dervisevic, Lejla, Amela Dervisevic, Zurifa Ajanovic, Eldan Kapur, Almira Lujinovic, Alma Voljevica, and Elvira Talović. "Anatomical variations of nutrient foramina on the long bones of the upper extremities - Importance and application in everyday clinical practice." Acta Marisiensis - Seria Medica 69, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amma-2023-0011.

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Abstract Objectiv: Anatomic characterization of the nutrient artery of upper extremity long bones differs among the several textbooks on human anatomy. To elucidate the anatomical features of the nutrient foramen (NF) through which the nutrient arteries pass, we examined the morphology and topography of the NF on the diaphysis of the long bones of the upper extremities. Methods: A total of 150 (50 humeri, 50 radii, 50 ulnae) macerated and degreased adults, long bones of the upper extremities, unknown age, and gender were used as material in this study. The following parameters were determined for each bone: total number of NF, foramina index (FI), total bone length, position of the NF based on the FI value and the surface of the shaft/body of the bones, and obliquity of the nutritional canal (NC). Results: The largest number of NF was found on the middle third of the anteromedial side of the humerus diaphysis, with NC directed distally, that is, towards the elbow. Radius and ulna had predominantly one NF, on middle third of anterior surface, with NC directed proximally. Conclusion: This study provides additional and important information on the location and number of NF in the long bones of the upper and lower extremities in the Bosnian and Herzegovinian population.

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Björkengren, Ann, and Elna-Marie Larsson. "Book Review: Normal Anatomy for Multiplanar Imaging. The Trunk and Extremities." Acta Radiologica 30, no. 4 (July 1989): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518903000425.

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Shapovalov, Vladimir Mikhaylovich, and V. M. Shapovalov. "Innovation in Treatment Theory and Practice for Wounded in Extremities." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 17, no. 4 (December 15, 2010): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto201017418-22.

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Actual problems and modern approaches to the treatment of wounded with injuries of loco-motor system were reflected. Principal data obtained during long-term investigation of terminal ballistics and pathologic anatomy of gunshot fractures, pathologic physiology of wound process as well as peculiarities of reparative osseous regeneration were presented. Attitude to the treatment of wounded using modern medical technologies was stated; efficacy of practical use of modern technologies was analyzed.

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Abildgaard, Andreas. "Book Review." Acta Radiologica 48, no. 6 (July 2007): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841850701355387.

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Pocket Atlas of Sectional Anatomy. Volume II: Thorax, Heart, Abdomen and Pelvis. 3rd edition. Edited by T. B. Moeller & E. Reif. Stuttgart, New York: Georg Thieme Verlag, 2007. ISBN 978-3-13-125603-4. 247 pages, 443 illustrations. Price paperback: EUR 34.95 Pocket Atlas of Sectional Anatomy. Volume III: Spine, Extremities, Joints. 3rd edition. Edited by T. B. Moeller & E. Reif. Stuttgart, New York: Georg Thieme Verlag, 2007. ISBN 978-3-13-143171-4. 334 pages, 485 illustrations. Price paperback: EUR 34.95

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Leibaschoff, Gustavo, Julio Ferreira, and Jose Luis Ciucci. "Anatomic-Radiologic Comparison of the Effects of Liposculpture on the Lymphatic System of the Lower Extremities." American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery 12, no. 4 (December 1995): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074880689501200402.

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A study of the lymphatic anatomy of the leg was performed using lymphography. Methods of visualization of the lymphatic anatomy are discussed and include radiographic visualization during surgery and direct examination of tissues after injection of vital dyes. Using these methods, the effect of liposuction on the lymphatics of the leg was studied in a single patient. Results of this preliminary study indicate that liposuction of the lower extremity does not cause disruption of the lymphatic system of the leg.

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14

Wenger, Dennis R. "Operating Room Guide to Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Extremities and Pelvis." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 10, no. 3 (May 1990): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01241398-199005000-00041.

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15

Heckman, James D. "Operating Room Guide to Cross Sectional Anatomy of the Extremities and Pelvis." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 72, no. 4 (April 1990): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199072040-00034.

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16

Smith, Angela D. "Operating Room Guide to Cross Sectional Anatomy of the Extremities and Pelvis." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 264, no. 1 (July 4, 1990): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1990.03450010103043.

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Kim, D. O., H. S. Kang, J. H. Kim, and B. G. Min. "Virtual anatomy and movement of lower extremities using virtual reality modeling language." Journal of Digital Imaging 13, S1 (May 2000): 238–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03167678.

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Erickson, John, Ariel Kwart, and S. Steven Yang. "Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Tendon Anatomy May Mimic Tears." Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume) 24, no. 02 (April 29, 2019): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424835519500231.

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Background: Asymptomatic, incidental extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon abnormalities are frequently noted on imaging studies of the wrist. The aim of this investigation was to determine if variations in gross tendon anatomy existed that could possibly account for these findings on MRI and ultrasound (US) imaging. Methods: The upper extremities of eleven (6 male and 5 female) formalin preserved cadavers were dissected and examined under loupe magnification with attention to the dorsal-ulnar wrist and hand and the ECU tendon. The tendons were inspected for anatomic variations, degenerative changes, and any other pathologies. The presence of intra-tendinous splits arising within the ECU tendon was noted and measured. The distances of the splits from the distal tendon insertion and the edge of the extensor retinaculum were recorded. Statistical correlations between age and the tendon splits were considered using R-squared to assess a linear regression. Results: 17 ECU tendons were dissected and examined, and 5 ECU tendons were excluded due to poor preservation of that upper extremity; all five were right sided upper extremities. Eleven of the 17 specimens demonstrated at least one split in the distal tendon: Seven had 1 split, 1 had 2 splits, and 3 had 3 splits. The mean length of the tendon split was 3.52 cm. The mean distance of the distal edge of the split to the tendon insertion site was 2.4 cm. A linear regression was calculated and showed no correlation between age and number of tendon splits. Conclusions: 64% of specimens showed a longitudinal split in the distal ECU tendon. The location of these frequent splits corresponds to imaging abnormalities on MRI and US in prior studies.

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KHAN, QUA, F. MALIK, SAZ NAQVI, T. KAUSAR, T. RAZA, and A. MANSOOR. "THE ANATOMY OF BONE HEALING: BONE REGENERATION IN ORTHOPEDIC MEDICINE." Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal 2024, no. 1 (March 18, 2024): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.754.

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Bone regeneration is a physiological bone formation process involved in routine fracture healing and continuous remodeling throughout adult life. The study's main objective is to determine the role of orthopedic medicines in bone regeneration and healing process. This retrospective study was conducted in a public hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, from February 2023 to June 2023. The study aimed to collect data from 120 bone fracture patients and evaluate the progression of bone healing to identify critical determinants of successful regeneration. Clinical assessments, radiological imaging, and histopathological analyses were conducted to achieve the study's objectives. The study collected data from 120 patients, with a mean age of 45.21±12.3 years. Of these, 70 were male and 50 were female. Upper extremities accounted for 40% of fractures, lower extremities 30%, and axial skeleton 30%. Simple fractures accounted for 50% of cases, while comminuted fractures represented 30% and open fractures 20%. There was a strong positive correlation between fracture severity and the time required for radiographic union, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.65 (p < 0.001). Additionally, biomarkers of bone turnover exhibited a moderate positive correlation with radiological healing, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.45 (p = 0.003). The study concludes that orthopedic interventions have a high success rate in achieving satisfactory outcomes, with the majority of patients experiencing successful bone healing and restoration of function.

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Matakas, Jason D., Keara English, Katherine Allyn, Diane Algava, Ruth A. Howe, Priti L. Mishall, and Sherry A. Downie. "Axillobifemoral Bypass Graft: A Student Dissection Experience." Einstein Journal of Biology and Medicine 31, no. 1&2 (January 12, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23861/ejbm201631755.

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As first-year medical students, we were excited, but nervous, to start the anatomy course. We were prepared to dedicate ourselves to the physical demands of dissection, and the hours of memorizing names and relations of countless anatomic features. We expected to leave the anatomy course with a comprehensive understanding of the human body that we would apply to our future studies and careers. We were not prepared, however, for the experience we had with our cadaver, Lucy.* Lucy was a small woman, but as we learned, she had endured a lot, physically and medically, in her 83 years of life. She had a pacemaker. She had coronary artery disease and a triple bypass procedure. She also had severe peripheral artery disease and had undergone at least one extraordinary surgical graft procedure to maintain blood flow into her lower extremities. The surprise of discovering a small piece of an axillobifemoral bypass graft and then continuing to uncover it, region by region, throughout the anatomy course, brought our dissection experience and our connection to Lucy to a more profound level than we could ever have anticipated.*The name Lucy was chosen as a pseudonym to protect the identity of the cadaver.

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Rastogi, Rakhi, Virendra Budhiraja, and Kshitij Bansal. "Posterior Cord of Brachial Plexus and Its Branches: Anatomical Variations and Clinical Implication." ISRN Anatomy 2013 (September 26, 2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/501813.

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Background. Knowledge of anatomical variations of posterior cord and its branches is important not only for the administration of anaesthetic blocks but also for surgical approaches to the neck, axilla, and upper arm. The present study aimed to record the prevalence of such variations with embryological explanation and clinical implication. Material and Method. 37 formalin-preserved cadavers, that is, 74 upper extremities from the Indian population, constituted the material for the study. Cadavers were dissected during routine anatomy classes for medical undergraduate. Dissection includes surgical incision in the axilla, followed by retraction of various muscles, to observe and record the formation and branching pattern of posterior cord of brachial plexus. Results. Posterior cord was formed by union of posterior division of C5 and C6 roots with posterior division of middle and lower trunk (there was no upper trunk) in 16.2% of upper extremities. Posterior cord of brachial plexus was present lateral to the second part of axillary artery in 18.9% of upper extremities. Axillary nerve was taking origin from posterior division of upper trunk in 10.8% upper extremities and thoracodorsal nerve arising from axillary nerve in 22.9% upper extremities. Conclusion. It is important to be aware of such variations while planning a surgery in the region of axilla as these nerves are more liable to be injured during surgical procedures.

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Smith, Tamara A., Kirk A. Easley, and John R. Goldblum. "Myxoid/Round Cell Liposarcoma of the Extremities." American Journal of Surgical Pathology 20, no. 2 (February 1996): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-199602000-00005.

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Luke, Anthony, and Lyle J. Micheli. "Management of Injuries in the Young Dancer." Journal of Dance Medicine & Science 4, no. 1 (March 2000): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1089313x0000400102.

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Individuals involved in the care of the young dancer must understand the etio-logic effects of growth, flexibility, and anatomical alignment on injuries. This article presents an approach to injuries in young dancers and discusses some specific injuries, particularly involving the lower extremities and the spine. Aspects of injury assessment and prevention include attention to each dancer's specific anatomy, proper technique, careful progression of skills, and monitoring the volume and intensity of dance training. Management of the dancer begins with identifying the specific anatomic diagnosis. It is important to be familiar with the demands of dance and the patterns of pain commonly associated with specific injuries. This knowledge helps differentiate between injuries that may be treated non-operatively from those that require further investigations and interventions.

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Kalinin, R. E., I. A. Suchkov, E. A. Klimentova, and I. N. Shanaev. "Investigation of vessels of leg in atypical anatomy of tibial vessels using duplex ultrasound angiography." NAUKA MOLODYKH (Eruditio Juvenium) 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23888/hmj202192235-243.

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Background. Knowledge of vascular anatomy is the basis for precise diagnosis and, accordingly, of treatment. At the same time, variant anatomy complicates this task, as it requires a non-standard algorithm. Among all areas of the lower extremities, the shin presents the greatest difficulty because of small diameter of vessels and a large muscular mass. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determine the incidence of the variant of the development of the shin vessels with predomination of fibular vessels and to develop an algorithm for ultrasound examination in atypical anatomy. Materials and Methods. A morphological study of the venous system in 85 lower extremities was carried out, as well as analysis of the results of ultrasound examination of the vessels of the lower extremities in 2000 patients (aged from 18 to 90) who underwent routine examination in an outpatient setting. Ultrasound examination was performed on Samsung Sonoace X8, Siemens Acuson Сypress, Saoyte My Lab Alfa devices. A linear sensor with 7 to 12 MHz frequency, a convex sensor with 2 to 5 MHz frequency were used. Results. According to the data of anatomical preparation, the incidence of the structural variant of the tibial vessels with predomination of the fibular vascular bundle was 2.35% of cases. In all cases, the posterior tibial vessels were hypoplastic and were traced to the middle third of the leg. According to ultrasound data, an atypical variant of the structure of the tibial vessels was noted in 2.9% of cases. In 1.7% of cases, the posterior tibial vascular bundle was completely absent (in 0.35% of cases bilaterally), and in 1.2% of cases, the posterior tibial vascular bundle was hypoplastic and was traced to the middle third of the leg (in 0.3% cases bilaterally). Conclusion. The variant of development of tibial vessels with predomination of the fibular vascular bundle is quite rare. Ultrasound examination helps precisely and reliably identify this variant of the structure of blood vessels.

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Scaglioni, Mario, and Hiroo Suami. "Anatomy of the Lymphatic System and the Lymphosome Concept with Reference to Lymphedema." Seminars in Plastic Surgery 32, no. 01 (February 2018): 005–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1635118.

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AbstractPrecise knowledge of the lymphatic system normal anatomy is essential for understanding what structural changes occur in patients with lymphedema. In this article, the authors first review previous anatomical studies and summarize the general anatomy of the lymphatic system and lymphatic pathways in the upper and lower extremities. Second, they introduce their new anatomical concept, the “lymphosome,” which describes how the lymphatic vessels in a particular region connect to the same subgroup of regional lymph nodes. In addition, they describe the anatomical relationship between the perforating lymphatic vessels and arteries. In the last section, they explain the anatomical changes in the lymphatics after lymph node dissection, with reference to secondary lymphedema.

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Goldschmidt, Ezequiel, Amir H. Faraji, Brian T. Jankowitz, Paul Gardner, and Robert M. Friedlander. "Use of a near-infrared vein finder to define cortical veins and dural sinuses prior to dural opening." Journal of Neurosurgery 133, no. 4 (October 2020): 1202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.5.jns19297.

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Near-infrared (NIR) light is commonly used to map venous anatomy in the upper extremities to gain intravenous access for line placement. In this report, the authors describe the use of a common and commercially available NIR vein finder to delineate the cortical venous anatomy prior to dural opening.During a variety of cranial approaches, the dura was directly visualized using an NIR vein finder. The NIR light source allowed for recognition of the underlying cortical venous anatomy, dural sinuses, and underlying pathology before the dura was opened. This information was considered when tailoring the dural opening. When the dura was illuminated with the NIR vein finder, the underlying cortical and sinus venous anatomy was evident and correlated with the observed cortical anatomy. The vein finder was also accurate in locating superficial lesions and pathological dural veins. A complete accordance in the findings on the pre– and post–dural opening images was observed in all cases.This simple, inexpensive procedure is readily compatible with operative room workflow, necessitates no head fixation, and offers a real-time image independent of brain shift.

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Cesmebasi, Alper, Amanda Baker, Maira Du Plessis, Petru Matusz, R. Shane Tubbs, and Marios Loukas. "The Surgical Anatomy of the Inguinal Lymphatics." American Surgeon 81, no. 4 (April 2015): 365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481508100426.

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Knowledge of the lymphatic system plays critical importance in surgical oncology. The study of the lymphatic system and its role in tumor metastasis continues to advance with new anatomical and surgical studies, and with a new study, we can gain a better understanding on how aggressive surgeons need to be with nodal dissection while balancing the complications with overly aggressive approaches. The lymphatics of the inguinal region represent a network of lymph nodes and vessels, which act as the bridge among the lower extremities, pelvis, perineum, and rest of the body. These lymph nodes are of particular importance in the metastatic spread of genitourinary and lower gastrointestinal epithelial cancer to the inguinal nodes. The aim of this article is to reveal the literature with regard to the inguinal lymph nodes and their relation in various carcinomas.

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Chang, Ke-Vin, Kamal Mezian, Ondřej Naňka, Wei-Ting Wu, Yueh-Ming Lou, Jia-Chi Wang, Carlo Martinoli, and Levent Özçakar. "Ultrasound Imaging for the Cutaneous Nerves of the Extremities and Relevant Entrapment Syndromes: From Anatomy to Clinical Implications." Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 11 (November 21, 2018): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm7110457.

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Cutaneous nerve entrapment plays an important role in neuropathic pain syndrome. Due to the advancement of ultrasound technology, the cutaneous nerves can be visualized by high-resolution ultrasound. As the cutaneous nerves course superficially in the subcutaneous layer, they are vulnerable to entrapment or collateral damage in traumatic insults. Scanning of the cutaneous nerves is challenging due to fewer anatomic landmarks for referencing. Therefore, the aim of the present article is to summarize the anatomy of the limb cutaneous nerves, to elaborate the scanning techniques, and also to discuss the clinical implications of pertinent entrapment syndromes of the medial brachial cutaneous nerve, intercostobrachial cutaneous nerve, medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve, posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve, superficial branch of the radial nerve, dorsal cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve, palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve, anterior femoral cutaneous nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, sural nerve, and saphenous nerve.

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McCarthy, DJ, and CP Sperandio. "Anatomical basis for congenital deformities of the lower extremities. Part III. The foot and ankle." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 83, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-83-4-203.

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The human foot has been characterized as a miracle of engineering and mechanical efficiency. It is a complex organ, both physiologically and structurally. The authors present a study of the foot and ankle with emphasis on the anatomy of midterm fetuses as revealed by cryomicrotomy.

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Durand, Marc, Jeremie Pourchez, Bruno Louis, Jean Francois Pouget, Daniel Isabey, Andre Coste, Jean Michel Prades, Philippe Rusch, and Michele Cottier. "Plastinated nasal model: a new concept of anatomically realistic cast." Rhinology journal 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino09.187.

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BACKGROUND: For many years, researchers have been interested in investigating airflow and aerosol deposition in the nasal cavities. The nasal airways appear to be a complex geometrical system. Thus, in vitro experimental studies are frequently conducted with a more or less biomimetic nasal replica. AIM: This study is devoted to the development of an anatomically realistic nose model with bilateral nasal cavities, i.e. nasal anatomy, airway geometry and aerodynamic properties as close as possible to in vivo behaviour. METHODS: A specific plastination technique of cephalic extremities was developed by the Anatomy Laboratory at the Saint-Etienne University in the last 10 years. The plastinated models obtained were anatomically, geometrically and aerodynamically validated using several techniques (endoscopy, CT scans, acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry). RESULTS: Our plastination model exhibited a high level of anatomic quality, including a very good mucosa preservation. Aerodynamical and geometrical investigations highlighted a global behaviour of plastinated models perfectly in accordance with a nasal decongested healthy subject. CONCLUSIONS: The present plastination model provides a realistic cast of nasal airways, and may be a useful tool for nasal flow, drug delivery and aerosol deposition studies.

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SIMKA, MARIAN. "Anatomy and pathophysiology of venous reflux in patients with varicose veins of low extremities." PRZEGLĄD FLEBOLOGICZNY 14, no. 3 (May 26, 2006): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1066/s10003060016.

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Shah, Kabeer K., Jonathan B. McHugh, Andrew L. Folpe, and Rajiv M. Patel. "Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans of Distal Extremities and Acral Sites." American Journal of Surgical Pathology 42, no. 3 (March 2018): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pas.0000000000000998.

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Travis, William D., Peter M. Banks, and Herbert M. Reiman. "Primary Extranodal Soft Tissue Lymphoma of the Extremities." American Journal of Surgical Pathology 11, no. 5 (May 1987): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-198705000-00004.

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Thorp, B. H., and J. M. Dixon. "Cartilaginous bone extremities of growing monotremes appear unique." Anatomical Record 229, no. 4 (April 1991): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092290403.

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Ramírez, Esmitt, and Ernesto Coto. "Implant Deformation on Digital Preoperative Planning of Lower Extremities Fractures." International Journal of Creative Interfaces and Computer Graphics 3, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcicg.2012010101.

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Preoperative planning is an essential step before performing any surgical procedure. Computer Aided Orthopedic Surgery (CAOS) systems are extensively used for the planning of surgeries for fractures of lower extremities. These systems are input an X-Ray image of the fracture and the planning can be digitally overlaid onto the image. In many cases, when an implant is added to the planning, it does not fit perfectly in the patient’s anatomy and therefore it is bended to be adjusted to the bone. This paper presents a new method for the deformation of implants in CAOS systems, based on the Moving Least Squares (MLS) method. Several improvements over the original MLS are introduced to achieve results visually similar to the real procedure and make the deformation process easier and simpler for the surgeon. Over 100 clinical surgeries have been already planned successfully using a CAOS system that employs the proposed technique.

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Komarova, L. N., K. U. Nabiyeva, M. A. Kisileva, N. V. Bruvskaya, E. N. Samoilova, Y. V. Abramova, and O. O. Alieva. "The method for determining the degree of venous pathology depending on the index of erythrocytes deformability." Medical Science And Education Of Ural 22, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36361/1814-8999-2021-22-1-36-40.

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Aim. To study the ability of erythrocytes to deformability in patients with chronic diseases of the veins of the lower extremities. Materials and methods. From March to July 2019, we conducted a study of the deformability of erythrocytes in 271 railway workers using the method of laser diffractometry. The study of blood samples was carried out at the Department of Human and Animal Anatomy and Physiology of the Institute of Biology. At the same time, there were 182 people with varicose veins of the lower extremities, which was confirmed by the data of ultrasound angioscanning of the veins. Results. Studying the deformability of red blood cells of venous blood in patients with chronic venous disease of the lower extremities, we have identified certain patterns. With the increase in the clinical stage (form) of the disease of varicose veins of the lower extremities, the deformability of erythrocytes decreases, the deterioration of blood parameters is determined, which is confirmed by the data of a small coagulogram and a general blood test. The deformability index in the range from 0.12 to 0.42 indicates a violation of venous outflow in the subcutaneous venous system of the lower extremities, the deformability index from 0.42 and above indicates the presence of a thrombotic process in the deep veins of the lower extremities. Conclusion. With an increase in the erythrocyte deformability index, venous insufficiency increases, and venous outflow worsens. The higher the severity of the disease (clinical form C4-6), the lower the deformability of erythrocytes. In patients with VBLK, as the disease progresses, there is a decrease in the deformability of erythrocytes (i. e., in patients with the clinical form according to CEAP C2-3, the deformability is higher than in C3-4; in patients with C3-4, it is higher than in С4-5 … etc.).

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McCarthy, DJ, and R. Gessner. "Anatomical basis for congenital deformities of the lower extremities. Part I. The hip and thigh." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 83, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-83-1-18.

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Congenital deformities frequently produce problems not always discernible at birth. Often, a period of time is required for the development of signs and symptoms. The present discussion presents the intrauterine anatomy of a midterm fetus relative to conditions of the hip and thigh. Cryomicrotomy is used in this study to present the best anatomical evidence of the morphology involved.

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Golubev, I. O., and S. A. Zhuravlyov. "Applied Anatomy of Median and Ulnar Nerve Branches in Operations for Forearm Muscles Neurotization." Vestnik travmatologii i ortopedii imeni N.N. Priorova, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32414/0869-8678-2014-2-74-77.

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To determine the potentialities of median nerve motor branches neurotization by the ulnar nerve and vice versa the anatomy of muscular branches of median and ulnar nerves in the forearm was studied in detail. Study was performed on 20 upper extremities from 10 adult cadavers. The number of branches, their length and precise place of divergence from the main trunk were assessed. It was stated that topographic anatomy of muscular branches of the median and ulnar nerves in the forearm was quite invariable. For neuratization from the median nerve the longest branches that passed to pronator teres muscles and superficial flexor muscle of fingers can be used; from the ulnar nerve - long branch to the ulnar flexor muscle of wrist.

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Golubev, I. O., and S. A. Zhuravlyov. "Applied Anatomy of Median and Ulnar Nerve Branches in Operations for Forearm Muscles Neurotization." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 21, no. 2 (June 15, 2014): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto20140274-77.

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To determine the potentialities of median nerve motor branches neurotization by the ulnar nerve and vice versa the anatomy of muscular branches of median and ulnar nerves in the forearm was studied in detail. Study was performed on 20 upper extremities from 10 adult cadavers. The number of branches, their length and precise place of divergence from the main trunk were assessed. It was stated that topographic anatomy of muscular branches of the median and ulnar nerves in the forearm was quite invariable. For neuratization from the median nerve the longest branches that passed to pronator teres muscles and superficial flexor muscle of fingers can be used; from the ulnar nerve - long branch to the ulnar flexor muscle of wrist.

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Lee, Jihyun, Seokyeong Yoon, Hyeonjun Cheon, Sungjun Joo, Jisu Lee, Jungtae Leem, and Yanghee Han. "A Case of Psychogenic Tremor Improved by Complex Korean Medicine Treatment Including Cheongshimondam-tang-gamibang and Acupuncture Treatment - A Case Report." Journal of Internal Korean Medicine 43, no. 6 (December 30, 2022): 1186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22246/jikm.2022.43.6.1186.

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Objectives: A case study about the effectiveness of integrative Korean medicine treatment in a psychogenic tremor patient.Case presentation: A 36-year-old male diagnosed with psychogenic tremor with low back pain underwent 29 days of inpatient treatment and 4 weeks of outpatient treatment. His pattern identification was a psychogenic tremor of the weakness of the heart and gall bladder (SimDamHeoGup) type. The treatments were herbal medicine and acupuncture. He took Cheongshimondam-tang for 29 days and Chunwangbosim-dan for 6 weeks when he had symptoms. He also received acupuncture for 20 minutes twice a day at GB20 (Pungji), L14 (Hapgok), HT4 (Yeongdo), PC6 (Naegwan), HT7 (Sinmun), GB34 (Yangleungcheon), ST36 (Joksamni), SP6 (Sameumgyo), and LR3 (Taechung). After 8 weeks of treatment, the Fahn Tolosa Marin rating (FTM) scale of his tremor, at rest, dropped from Grade 4 on both upper extremities, trunk, and both lower extremities at the time of admission to Grade 2 in both upper extremities and trunk, and Grade 0 in both lower extremities at the time of discharge. His Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) score decreased from 38 to 7, and his numerical rating scale (NRS) decreased from 8 to 1 for low back pain and from 9 to 2 for tremor. A follow-up visit to the hospital 2 months after the end of treatment confirmed continued symptom improvements and no significant side effects.Conclusions: This study suggests the possibility of treating psychogenic tremor using only Korean medicine treatments. Further studies with control groups and long-term follow-up are needed.

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Campisi, Corrado, Francesco Boccardo, Rosalia Lavagno, Lorenz Larcher, Corradino A. Campisi, and Miguel Amore. "Lymphatic drainage of mammary gland and upper extremities: From anatomy to surgery to microsurgery." Journal of the American College of Surgeons 215, no. 3 (September 2012): S124—S125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2012.06.324.

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Spigelman, Mark, and Helen D. Donoghue. "Brief communication: Unusual pathological condition in the lower extremities of a skeleton from ancient Israel." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 114, no. 1 (January 2001): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1096-8644(200101)114:1<92::aid-ajpa1008>3.0.co;2-v.

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Ng, Zhi Yang, Jennifer H. Mitchell, Quentin A. Fogg, and Andrew M. Hart. "THE ANATOMY OF ULNAR NERVE BRANCHES IN ANTERIOR TRANSPOSITION." Hand Surgery 18, no. 03 (January 2013): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810413500305.

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Cubital tunnel syndrome is the second most common nerve entrapment neuropathy. When non-operative treatments fail, surgical intervention is indicated. Although there remains no consensus between simple decompression and anterior transposition, there is a growing recognition of improved clinical outcomes in the latter. Few details of ulnar nerve branches around the elbow are available however and their sacrifice may be necessary to facilitate anterior transposition. Therefore, ten cadaveric upper extremities were dissected to delineate the course and branching pattern of the ulnar nerve around the elbow joint; anterior transposition was also performed in the cadaveric specimens. Digital photographs of the dissection study were analyzed using the Image J package. Results show that distal ulnar nerve branches are distributed more laterally towards the olecranon and may potentially restrict transposition more than has been recognized; proximal branches may also overlap incision lines of such transposition procedures.

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Camp, Christopher L., Christopher Bernard, Bill Benavitz, John Konicek, David W. Altchek, and Joshua S. Dines. "Reconstruction of the Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament of the Elbow: Biomechanical Comparison of a Novel Anatomic Technique to the Docking Technique." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 7 (July 2019): 232596711985759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119857592.

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Background: In recent years, understanding of the anatomy of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) has evolved, demonstrating that the insertional footprint of the UCL on the ulna is more elongated and distally tapered than previously described. Current UCL reconstruction configurations do not typically re-create this native anatomy, which may represent a potential area for improvement. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purposes of this study were (1) to describe a novel anatomic UCL reconstruction technique designed to better replicate the native UCL anatomy and (2) to biomechanically compare this with the docking technique. The hypothesis was that the ultimate load to failure for the anatomic technique would not be inferior to the docking technique. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 16 fresh-frozen cadaveric upper extremities (8 matched pairs) were utilized. One elbow in each pair was randomized to receive UCL reconstruction via the docking technique or the novel anatomic UCL reconstruction technique with palmaris tendon autograft. Following reconstruction, biomechanical testing was performed by applying valgus rotational torque at a constant rate of 5 deg/s until ultimate mechanical failure of the construct occurred. Maximal torque (N·m), rotation stiffness (N·m/deg), and mode/location of failure were recorded for each specimen. Results: The mean ultimate load to failure for elbows in the docking technique group was 23.8 ± 6.1 N·m, as compared with 31.9 ± 8.4 N·m in the anatomic technique group ( P = .045). Mean rotational stiffness was 1.9 ± 0.7 versus 2.3 ± 0.9 N·m/deg for the docking and anatomic groups, respectively ( P = .338). The most common mode of failure was suture pullout from the graft, which occurred in all 8 (100%) docking technique specimens and 7 of 8 (88%) specimens that underwent the anatomic UCL reconstruction technique. Conclusion: Ultimately, the anatomic UCL reconstruction technique demonstrated superior strength and resistance to valgus torque when compared with the docking technique, and this was comparable with that of the native UCL from prior studies. Increased initial strength may allow for earlier initiation of throwing postoperatively and potentially shorten return-to-play times. Clinical Relevance: Current UCL reconstruction techniques do not accurately reproduce the UCL insertional anatomy on the ulna. The novel anatomic technique described may result in more natural joint kinematics. This study demonstrated load-to-failure rates that are significantly higher than with the docking technique and consistent with the native ligament, as reported from previous studies. These findings may serve as a foundation for future clinical study and optimization of this technique.

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Becker, Robert L., Ltcol, David Venzon, Ernest E. Lack, Ulrika V. Mikel, Sharon W. Weiss, and Timothy J. OʼLeary. "Cytometry and Morphometry of Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of the Extremities." American Journal of Surgical Pathology 15, no. 10 (October 1991): 957–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-199110000-00006.

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Cellina, Michaela, Daniele Gibelli, Carlo Martinenghi, Giancarlo Oliva, and Chiara Floridi. "CT angiography of lower extremities from anatomy to traumatic and nontraumatic lesions: a pictorial review." Emergency Radiology 27, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10140-020-01770-9.

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Brant, William E. "Ultrasonography of Muscles and Tendons. Examination Technique and Atlas of Normal Anatomy of the Extremities." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 71, no. 7 (August 1989): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-198971070-00036.

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Dawson, William J. "Benefits of Music Training Are Widespread and Lifelong: A Bibliographic Review of Their Non-Musical Effects." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 29, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2014.2014.

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Recent publications indicate that musical training has effects on non-musical activities, some of which are lifelong. This study reviews recent publications collected from the Performing Arts Medicine Association bibliography. Music training, whether instrumental or vocal, produces beneficial and long-lasting changes in brain anatomy and function. Anatomic changes occur in brain areas devoted to hearing, speech, hand movements, and coordination between both sides of the brain. Functional benefits include improved sound processing and motor skills, especially in the upper extremities. Training benefits extend beyond music skills, resulting in higher IQs and school grades, greater specialized sensory and auditory memory/recall, better language memory and processing, heightened bilateral hand motor functioning, and improved integration and synchronization of sensory and motor functions. These changes last long after music training ends and can minimize or prevent age-related loss of brain cells and some mental functions. Early institution of music training and prolonged duration of training both appear to contribute to these positive changes.

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Nelson, ML, TS Roukis, JC Page, and KL Northcote. "Torsion of the tendon of peroneus brevis." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 87, no. 10 (October 1, 1997): 490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-87-10-490.

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The authors present a previously undescribed torsion located within the tendon of peroneus brevis. The musculotendinous unit of peroneus brevis was isolated from 46 lower extremities of cadavers. A goniometer was constructed and utilized to quantify the degree of torsion located within each peroneus brevis tendon. Torsion was present in all 46 cadaver specimens, with a mean of 38.5 degrees and a range of 26 degrees to 56 degrees. The regional anatomy and biomechanical functions of peroneus brevis are discussed, and proposed bases for the embryologic origins and functional significance of the torsion are presented.

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Malek, Elia, and Johnny S. Salameh. "Common Entrapment Neuropathies." Seminars in Neurology 39, no. 05 (October 2019): 549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1693004.

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AbstractEntrapment neuropathies are defined as compression of peripheral nerves due to known or unknown causes. The high incidence and variety of presentations require a comprehensive knowledge of these conditions, especially in neurology and orthopedic surgery clinical practices. Detailed knowledge of topographic anatomy, clinical manifestations, and appropriate use of electrophysiological studies with selective addition of neuromuscular ultrasonography are needed to establish an early and accurate diagnosis to advice patients and provide them with a comprehensive treatment plan. In this article, we discuss the most common forms of entrapment neuropathies in the upper and lower extremities.

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