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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Extremities (anatomy)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Extremities (anatomy)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Extremities (anatomy)"

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Desimpel, Julie, Marc Mespreuve, Alberto Tagliafico, and Filip Vanhoenacker. "Accessory Muscles of the Extremities." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 22, no. 03 (May 23, 2018): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1641575.

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AbstractAccessory muscles and variations are not uncommon at the upper and lower extremity. They are often overlooked because they are asymptomatic and present as incidental findings on imaging. However, they may present as a soft tissue swelling, thereby mimicking soft tissue tumors. Other symptoms are attributed to impingement on neurovascular structures and to exercise-related pain. Thorough knowledge of the anatomy, systematic imaging analysis, and the awareness of it are the clues to correct identification. On ultrasound, accessory muscles have a similar echotexture as other muscles, whereas the signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is similar to muscle. Because of the intrinsic contrast with the adjacent intermuscular fat, accessory muscles are best depicted on MRI without fat suppression. This article provides a short overview of the anatomy of most prevalent accessory muscles of the upper and lower limb and its potential pathogenic nature.

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Hammond, Jacob B., Chad M. Teven, Jonathan A. Flug, Clint E. Jokerst, Ashley L. Howarth, Max A. Shrout, Marko A. Laitinen, et al. "The Chimeric Gracilis and Profunda Artery Perforator Flap: Characterizing This Novel Flap Configuration with Angiography and a Cadaveric Model." Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery 37, no. 07 (February 16, 2021): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1723824.

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Abstract Background A chimerically configured gracilis and profunda artery perforator (PAP) flap is highly prevalent based on recent computed tomography (CT)-imaging data. The purpose of this study is to further characterize the vascular anatomy of this novel flap configuration and determine the feasibility of flap dissection. Methods To characterize flap arterial anatomy, lower extremity CT angiograms performed from 2011 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. To characterize venous anatomy and determine the feasibility of flap harvest, the lower extremities of cadavers were evaluated. Results A total of 974 lower extremity CT angiograms and 32 cadavers were included for the assessment. Of the 974 CT angiograms, majority (966, 99%) were bilateral studies, yielding a total of 1,940 lower extremities (right-lower-extremity = 970 and left-lower-extremity = 970) for radiographic evaluation. On CT angiography, a chimerically configured gracilis and PAP flap was found in 51% of patients (n = 494/974). By laterality, chimeric anatomy was present in 26% of right lower extremities (n = 254/970) and 25% of left lower extremities (n = 240/970); bilateral chimeric anatomy was found in 12% (n = 112/966) of patients. Average length of the common arterial pedicle feeding both gracilis and PAP flap perforasomes was 31.1 ± 16.5 mm (range = 2.0–95.0 mm) with an average diameter of 2.8 ± 0.7 mm (range = 1.3–8.8 mm).A total of 15 cadavers exhibited chimeric anatomy with intact, conjoined arteries and veins allowing for anatomical tracing from the profunda femoris to the distal branches within the tissues of the medial thigh. Dissection and isolation of the common pedicle and distal vessels was feasible with minimal disruption of adjacent tissues. Chimeric flap venous anatomy was favorable, with vena commitante adjacent to the common pedicle in all specimens. Conclusion Dissection of a chimeric medial thigh flap consisting of both gracilis and PAP flap tissues is feasible in a cadaveric model. The vascular anatomy of this potential flap appears suitable for future utilization in a clinical setting.

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Aktaş, Hilal Akdemir, Sinem Akkaşoğlu, Mine Farımaz, and Mustafa Fevzi Sargon. "An anatomical study of the bicipital aponeurosis in embalmed and fresh frozen cadavers." Anatomy 15, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2399/ana.21.849525.

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Objectives: The bicipital aponeurosis is a fascial expansion which arises from the distal tendon of biceps brachii muscle. It is an important structure for protecting the median nerve and brachial artery. The aim of this study was to analyze the morphometry and shape of the bicipital aponeurosis and its implications for the protection of the median nerve and brachial artery. Methods: Upper extremities of two fresh frozen and seven embalmed cadavers (five right, four left sides) were dissected. The ages of the cadavers varied between 60–86 years. The central length, superior width, central width, inferior width and the shape of bicipital aponeurosis were evaluated. All measurements were performed by using digital caliper. Results: The central length of the bicipital aponeurosis was measured 3.6±1.2 cm. The superior, central and inferior width of the bicipital aponeurosis were found 1.5±0.7 cm, 1.5±0.6 cm and 1.8±0.8 cm, respectively. Through the examination of upper extremities; two different shapes of bicipital aponeurosis were observed. In type I; the bicipital aponeurosis was fusiform in shape and observed in four upper extremities. In five extremities, it was found as quadrangular in shape and classified as type II. Conclusion: The morphometry and shape of bicipital aponeurosis have a clinical importance to protect the median nerve and brachial artery or to reduce compression of these neurovascular structures. A better understanding of bicipital aponeurosis morphometry is important in assessment of biomechanical properties of biceps brachii.

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Yalcin, Bulent, Necdet Kocabiyik, Fatih Yazar, Yalcin Kirici, and Hasan Ozan. "Arterial variations of the upper extremities." Anatomical Science International 81, no. 1 (March 2006): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-073x.2006.00110.x.

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Braun, Simon D. "Mislabeled Arterial Anatomy on MR Arteriography of the Lower Extremities." American Journal of Roentgenology 191, no. 6 (December 2008): 1874. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.08.1397.

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Peppler, R. D., T. E. Kwasigroch, and M. W. Hougland. "Evaluation of simultaneous teaching of extremities in gross anatomy program." Academic Medicine 60, no. 8 (August 1985): 635–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-198508000-00007.

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Uglietta, John P., and Saadoon Kadir. "Arteriographic study of variant arterial anatomy of the upper extremities." Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology 12, no. 3 (May 1989): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02577379.

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Machen, S. Karen, Kirk A. Easley, and John R. Goldblum. "Synovial Sarcoma of the Extremities." American Journal of Surgical Pathology 23, no. 3 (March 1999): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-199903000-00004.

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Dervisevic, Lejla, Amela Dervisevic, Zurifa Ajanovic, Eldan Kapur, Almira Lujinovic, Alma Voljevica, and Elvira Talović. "Anatomical variations of nutrient foramina on the long bones of the upper extremities - Importance and application in everyday clinical practice." Acta Marisiensis - Seria Medica 69, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amma-2023-0011.

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Abstract Objectiv: Anatomic characterization of the nutrient artery of upper extremity long bones differs among the several textbooks on human anatomy. To elucidate the anatomical features of the nutrient foramen (NF) through which the nutrient arteries pass, we examined the morphology and topography of the NF on the diaphysis of the long bones of the upper extremities. Methods: A total of 150 (50 humeri, 50 radii, 50 ulnae) macerated and degreased adults, long bones of the upper extremities, unknown age, and gender were used as material in this study. The following parameters were determined for each bone: total number of NF, foramina index (FI), total bone length, position of the NF based on the FI value and the surface of the shaft/body of the bones, and obliquity of the nutritional canal (NC). Results: The largest number of NF was found on the middle third of the anteromedial side of the humerus diaphysis, with NC directed distally, that is, towards the elbow. Radius and ulna had predominantly one NF, on middle third of anterior surface, with NC directed proximally. Conclusion: This study provides additional and important information on the location and number of NF in the long bones of the upper and lower extremities in the Bosnian and Herzegovinian population.

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Björkengren, Ann, and Elna-Marie Larsson. "Book Review: Normal Anatomy for Multiplanar Imaging. The Trunk and Extremities." Acta Radiologica 30, no. 4 (July 1989): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518903000425.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Extremities (anatomy)"

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Märtson, Aare. "Lower limb lengthening : /." Tartu : Tartu University Press, 2006. http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/118/1/martson.pdf.

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Gribble, Paul L. "Empirical and modeling studies of multi-joint limb movement." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0021/NQ55337.pdf.

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Lee, Antonio Seung Jin, and n/a. "Myogenic mononucleated cell populations in the developing vertebrate limb in vivo." University of Otago. Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070321.143922.

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Skeletal muscles of the limb are derived from somites and their precursors migrate to the limb prior to muscle formation. Upon migration, a limited number of stem cells multiply and differentiate to give rise to fusion-competent muscle cells, which fuse to form the multinucleated myotubes. During the course of myogenesis there is thus a period of few days when cells at different developmental stages such as migrating, proliferating, differentiating and fully differentiated co-reside within the developing limb bud. Current understanding on how these cells interact and behave during early and later myogenesis in vivo is lacking. The aim of this project was to identify and further classify the mononucleated myogenic cells present within the developing limb muscle and examine their behaviours at different stages of myogenesis. The lack of an appropriate method to extract and visualise cellular constituents of developing muscles has been a major limitation hindering such investigations in vivo. In this project, we first developed a unique cell isolation method to extract mononucleated cells from developing muscles, allowing examination of mononucleated cells in vivo using immunocytochemistry. As Pax3, Pax7 and Myogenic Regulatory Factors (MRFs) are the key players for the muscle formation, they were used to mark the different myogenic sub-populations. The results from chicken and rats clearly demonstrate that three myogenic cell pools, namely Pax3, Pax7 and MRFs positive cells, and 4 sub-populations formed by their overlap, co-exist in specific proportions within the developing limb muscle, and that their proportions undergo dynamic changes during the course of myogenesis. The most striking observation was that the sizes of Pax3 and MRF compartments remain constant while that of Pax7 compartment increases dramatically during myogenesis. Thus each myogenic cell compartment in the developing muscle has different cell kinetics during primary and secondary myogenesis. The dynamic changes in the proportions of these myogenic sub-populations may constitute a dynamically maintained cellular niche, within which the muscle stem cells reside. Our study suggests that the concept of community effect - the interaction between a group of cells and their surrounding cells, originally from invertebrate muscle system, may be conserved in mammalian systems. Furthermore, this study for the first time, reports that the earliest fully differentiate muscle cells in the rat hindlimb are highly elongated mononucleated cells which express Pax3, MyoD, myogenin and myosin but not Myf-5 protein. In summary, this study provides quantitative data to demonstrate dynamic changes in various mononucleated myogenic cell populations during skeletal muscle formation and reveals that Pax7(+ve) population becomes significantly upregulated during secondary myogenesis.

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Hitelman, Jennifer S. "Psychological and functional outcomes of treatment for adolescents with limb deficiency disorders : a focus on the family /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2004. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860/268.

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Stueckle, Todd Alan. "An evaluation of the non-target effects of mosquito control pesticides on Uca pugnax physiology, limb regeneration and molting processes." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5767.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 239 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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HOWARD, JAMES DAVID. "CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL FACTORS UNDERLYING BILATERAL INHIBITION DURING MAXIMAL EFFORTS." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184067.

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It has been shown that maximal, bilateral efforts result in both a force and EMG deficit when compared to maximal, unilateral activation of the same musculature. It is unclear whether this deficit is the result of interactions of central or peripheral origin. The first aim study investigated the bilateral performance index (BPI (%) = [100 x bilateral force/(right unilateral + left unilateral forces)] - 100) for maximal, isometric, extensor torques about the knee joint in three groups of subjects: untrained (never lifted weights), cyclists (leg musculature trained reciprocally), and weightlifters (legs trained bilaterally). The BPI for the weightlifters (+7.0 ± 5.0%) was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than the BPI of the cyclists (-4.0 ± 6.3%) or the untrained subjects (-9.7 ± 5.2%). These results indicate that the inhibitory mechanisms previously proposed to act during bilateral efforts are inadequate, and that excitatory factors must be present to achieve a BPI > 0. The second aim study showed that the BPI can be altered as a result of three weeks of bilateral isometric strength training. The BPI's for the control and unilateral training groups were not significantly different pre- to posttraining. However, the BPI of the bilateral training group increased significantly (p < 0.05) from -3.7 ± 6.9% prior to training, to +4.2 ± 4.4% after training. These findings indicate that bilateral strength training can alter the relationship between unilateral and bilateral force output. The third aim study demonstrated that subjects with a positive BPI (+6.8 ± 4.3%) responded differently to an afferent perturbation (electrical stimulation) than subjects with a negative BPI (-10.0 ± 5.2%). The negative BPI group showed a 5.7 ± 3.4% facilitation in force during contralateral electrical stimulation. This was significantly (p < 0.05) less than the 16.5 ± 7.5% facilitation shown by the positive BPI group. These results indicate that afferent feedback can alter the force output in the contralateral limb, and may thereby play a role in unilateral-bilateral force differences.

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Simons, Verne F. H. "Morphological Correlates of Locomotion in Anurans: Limb Length, Pelvic Anatomy and Contact Structures." Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1212673879.

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Hayes, Chris. "Genetic and functional analysis of mammalian limb development." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1443b218-fb63-4ced-9b15-e81947448ced.

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Diamond, Alexandra Jane. "An investigation into the roles of slits and roundabouts during vertebrate limb development." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=231142.

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Slits and their Roundabout (Robo) receptors were identified based on their role in regulating axon guidance, but are known to play multiple roles in development, including regulating heart development and myoblast migration. There are 3 vertebrate Slits (Slit1 – 3) and 4 Robos (Robo1 – 4), and previous work has demonstrated expression of Slit and Robo family members in and around developing joints where their function is unclear. Mutations in human Robo3 have been linked to degenerative joint disorders, such as scoliosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Misregulation of other members of the Slit/Robo signalling pathway is also reported in cells from arthritic joints. This suggests that Slit/Robo signalling is required for normal joint development and/or maintenance, though our understanding of their roles in these processes is rudimentary. The central question of my thesis is to determine the role/s of Slit/Robo signalling in limb and joint development. In situ hybridisation confirmed strong expression of Slits and Robos throughout mouse limb and joint development, though no expression of Slit1 or Robo3 was detected. Analysis of Slit1/2, Slit3 and Robo1 mutant (loss-of-function) mice revealed normal limb development, however misexpression of dominant-negative Robo2 during chicken limb development caused shortening of cartilage elements. To begin to identify molecular changes that may compensate for the loss of Slit/Robo signalling I demonstrated members of the Sema3/PlexinA/Nrp axon guidance family are expressed in patterns comparable to those of Robo1, Robo2 and Slit3. I discovered that PlexinA1 is downregulated in Slit3 mutant mouse limbs. My results suggest the role for Silt/Robo signalling may be more complex than previously thought and do not define a clear role for signalling during limb development. My results suggest the role for Silt/Robo signalling may be more complex than previously thought and do not define a clear role for signalling during limb development. Previous work has linked Slit/Robo signalling to development of degenerative joint disorders, and I propose some hypotheses as to how Slit/Robo signalling could cause bone and joint defects.

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Damon, Brooke James. "The interplay of physical and molecular determinants in limb and cardiac cushion morphogenesis." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4707.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 19, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Books on the topic "Extremities (anatomy)"

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E, Sicard Raymond, ed. Regulation of vertebrate limb regeneration. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

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Rushton, Neil. Colour atlas of surgical exposures of the limbs. London: Gower Medical, 1985.

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Skerritt, G. C. An introduction to the functional anatomy of the limbs of the domestic animals. Bristol: Wright, 1985.

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Donald, Resnick, ed. MRI of the extremities: An anatomic atlas. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1991.

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Perotto, Aldo. Anatomical guide for the electromyographer: The limbs and trunk. 5th ed. Springfield, Ill: Charles C. Thomas, 2011.

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Fowler, Allan. Arms and legs and other limbs. New York: Children's Press, 1999.

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W, Yeakley Joel, and Harris John H. 1925-, eds. Normal anatomy for multiplanar imaging: The trunk and extremities. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1987.

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J, Koenigsknecht Steven, Stevens Carl, and Simon Robert R, eds. Emergency orthopedics: The extremities. 2nd ed. Norwalk, Conn: Appleton & Lange, 1987.

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J, Koenigsknecht Steven, ed. Emergency orthopedics: The extremities. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001.

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Simon, Robert R. Emergency orthopedics: The extremities. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Extremities (anatomy)"

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Smith, Darren M. "Unique Anatomy of the Male Torso and Extremities." In A Comprehensive Guide to Male Aesthetic and Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, 15–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48503-9_3.

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Shinaoka, Akira, and Hiroo Suami. "Anatomy of the Lymphatic System and Structural Changes in Lymphedema of the Extremities." In Multimodal Management of Upper and Lower Extremity Lymphedema, 7–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93039-4_2.

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Mader, Alexander Oliver, Cristian Lorenz, Martin Bergtholdt, Jens von Berg, Hauke Schramm, Jan Modersitzki, and Carsten Meyer. "Detection and Localization of Landmarks in the Lower Extremities Using an Automatically Learned Conditional Random Field." In Graphs in Biomedical Image Analysis, Computational Anatomy and Imaging Genetics, 64–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67675-3_7.

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Gerritsen, Bernard J., Monique A. M. Berger, Gerard C. A. Elshoud, and Henk Schutte. "Bovenste extremiteit." In Anatomie in vivo supplement, 23–33. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-2382-1_5.

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Gerritsen, Bernard J., Monique A. M. Berger, Gerard C. A. Elshoud, and Henk Schutte. "Onderste extremiteit." In Anatomie in vivo supplement, 35–46. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-2382-1_6.

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Hoogland, Piet V. J. M., and Wim R. Obermann. "De bovenste extremiteit." In Klinische anatomie en embryologie, 524–86. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-1627-4_7.

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Kooloos, Jan G. M., and Wim R. Obermann. "De onderste extremiteit." In Klinische anatomie en embryologie, 588–653. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-1627-4_8.

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Fornage, Bruno D. "Sonographic Patterns of the Other Anatomic Components of the Extremities." In Ultrasonography of Muscles and Tendons, 40–44. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3482-1_6.

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Boele, Hendries. "Anatomie en algemene traumatologische aspecten van de bovenste extremiteit." In Operatieve zorg en technieken, 89–95. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-2281-7_11.

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Boele, Hendries. "Anatomie en algemene traumatologische aspecten van de onderste extremiteit." In Operatieve zorg en technieken, 169–80. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-2281-7_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Extremities (anatomy)"

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Zmeeva, Ekaterina, Yury Yurshev, and Zinfira Kaitova. "A clinical anatomy insight into the biomechanics ofthe idiopathic rotational deformities of lower extremities." In ScienceforHealth2021. Archiv Euromedica, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35630/2023/xiisc4hlth/102.

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Hamad, Mazin, Alexander Kurdas, Saeed Abdolshah, and Sami Haddadin. "Experimental Injury Biomechanics of Human Body Upper Extremities: Anatomy, Injury Severity Classification, and Impact Testing Setups." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Safety for Robotics (ISR). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isr50024.2021.9419569.

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Dizor, Robert, S. M. Mizanoor Rahman, and Anil Raj. "Exoskeleton Design Considerations based on the Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Anatomy." In Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2022) Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001014.

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This paper focuses on providing a guide for improving the understanding of how joint movement is controlled by the musculoskeletal anatomy of the lower extremities for designers of lower extremity exoskeletons and prosthetics. The lower extremity has been subdivided by the three major joints: the hip, the knee, and the ankle. For each of these joints, attention is given to which muscles control the motion or degrees of freedom with respect to these joints. Based on the published medical anatomy and physiology literature, the muscles are organized in tables by their major innervations and primary motion (flexion, extension adduction, abduction, etc.) and then by secondary and more complex motion. The provided illustrations show the location of the major flexors and extensors for the three major joints. These drawings and tables can provide a quick reference and understanding of the motion at each of the lower extremity joints, when designing intuitive and comfortable lower limb prosthetics or exoskeletons, particularly those that incorporate surface electromyography (EMG) sensors for sensing voluntary motion and machine learning (ML) for control.

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Prajapati, Kinjal, Fred Barez, James Kao, and David Wagner. "Dynamic Force Response of Human Legs due to Vertical Jumps." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62261.

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Jumping is a natural exertion that occurs during a variety of human activities including playing sports, working, skateboarding, dancing, escaping from hazardous events, rescue activities, and many others. During jumping, the ankles in particular are expected to support the entire body weight of the jumper and that may lead to ankle injuries. Each year hundreds of patients are treated for ankle sprains/strains with ankle fractures as one of the most common injuries treated by orthopedists and podiatrists. The knee joint is also considered the most-often injured joint in the entire human body. Although the general anatomy of the lower extremities is fairly well understood, an understanding of the injury mechanism during these jumping tasks is not well understood. The aim of this study is to determine the reaction forces exerted on legs and joints due to vertical jumps, through musculoskeletal simulation and experimental studies to better understand the dynamic jump process and the injury mechanism. The joint reaction forces and moments exerted on the ankle, knee and hip joint during takeoff and extreme squat landing of a vertical jump were determined through the application of musculoskeletal simulation. It is concluded that during extreme squat landing of a vertical jump, joint reaction forces and moments were highest in proximal/distal and anteroposterior direction may cause most likely injury to the hip joint ligaments, ankle fracture and knee joint, respectively.

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