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Journal articles on the topic 'Extreme Work Environment'
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1
McNeese, Nathan J., Nancy J. Cooke, Steven Shope, and Ashley Knobloch. "The Extreme Environment of High Altitude Gas Ballooning." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 1409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601324.
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Extreme environments often profoundly impact one’s cognition and subsequently the ability to make accurate and correct decisions. Although we are beginning to understand how these environments impact individual and team cognition, more specific work conducted in real extreme environments is needed to further understand this relationship. In this paper, we present data collected in the extreme environment of gas ballooning. Recently, the Two Eagles gas ballooning project set two absolute world records: longest duration in a gas balloon and longest distance in a gas balloon. During this project, our research team was able to collect cognitive abilities data and data on the effects of multiple stressors in the environment. We present the overall project along with some insights from the data. We also highlight lessons learned from attempting to collect data in an extreme environment.
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Cheung, Stephen S., Jason K. W. Lee, and Juha Oksa. "Thermal stress, human performance, and physical employment standards." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 41, no. 6 (Suppl. 2) (June 2016): S148—S164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0518.
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Many physically demanding occupations in both developed and developing economies involve exposure to extreme thermal environments that can affect work capacity and ultimately health. Thermal extremes may be present in either an outdoor or an indoor work environment, and can be due to a combination of the natural or artificial ambient environment, the rate of metabolic heat generation from physical work, processes specific to the workplace (e.g., steel manufacturing), or through the requirement for protective clothing impairing heat dissipation. Together, thermal exposure can elicit acute impairment of work capacity and also chronic effects on health, greatly contributing to worker health risk and reduced productivity. Surprisingly, in most occupations even in developed economies, there are rarely any standards regarding enforced heat or cold safety for workers. Furthermore, specific physical employment standards or accommodations for thermal stressors are rare, with workers commonly tested under near-perfect conditions. This review surveys the major occupational impact of thermal extremes and existing employment standards, proposing guidelines for improvement and areas for future research.
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Rajgopal, Srihari, Daniel Zula, Steven Garverick, and Mehran Mehregany. "A Silicon Carbide Accelerometer for Extreme Environment Applications." Materials Science Forum 600-603 (September 2008): 859–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.600-603.859.
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A polycrystalline silicon carbide (poly-SiC) surface-micromachined capacitive accelerometer is designed, fabricated and tested. Leveraging the superior thermo-mechanical and chemical resistance properties of SiC, the device is a first step toward cost-effective implementation of a new class of extreme environment accelerometers, for example for high temperature vibration and shock measurements, even thought this initial work is at room temperature. The accelerometer described herein is designed for a range of 5000 g and a bandwidth of 18 kHz, specifications consistent with commercially available piezoelectric devices for high-level mechanical impact measurements. Test results demonstrate the sensor achieving a resolution of 350 mg/√Hz at 1kHz with a sensitivity of 12 μV/g and a bandwidth of 10 kHz at room temperature.
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Ulaganathan, Chandradevi, Neena Nambiar, Kimberly Cornett, Robert L. Greenwell, Jeremy A. Yager, Benjamin S. Prothro, Kevin Tham, et al. "A SiGe BiCMOS Instrumentation Channel for Extreme Environment Applications." VLSI Design 2010 (February 16, 2010): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/156829.
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An instrumentation channel is designed, implemented, and tested in a 0.5-μm SiGe BiCMOS process. The circuit features a reconfigurable Wheatstone bridge network that interfaces an assortment of external sensors to signal processing circuits. Also, analog sampling is implemented in the channel using a flying capacitor configuration. The analog samples are digitized by a low-power multichannel A/D converter. Measurement results show that the instrumentation channel supports input signals up to 200 Hz and operates across a wide temperature range of -180°C to 125°C. This work demonstrates the use of a commercially available first generation SiGe BiCMOS process in designing circuits suitable for extreme environment applications.
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Meslec, Nicoleta, Jacco Duel, and Joseph Soeters. "The role of teamwork on team performance in extreme military environments: an empirical study." Team Performance Management: An International Journal 26, no. 5/6 (July 20, 2020): 325–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tpm-02-2020-0009.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the extent to which teamwork (developed either during an initial training phase or during a subsequent deployment phase) is influenced by the nature of the team’s environment (extreme vs non-extreme) and the extent to which teamwork is one of the explaining mechanisms for team performance. Design/methodology/approach Data was collected from 60 teams at 2 time-points: training phase in The Netherlands or Germany and deployment phase (in locations such as Afghanistan and Bosnia-Herzegovina). Findings This study’s results indicate that when teams consider working in extreme environments, they develop higher levels of teamwork as compared to teams expecting to work in non-extreme environments. These differences remain stable also during the deployment phase, such that teams operating in extreme environments will continue to have higher levels of teamwork as compared to teams operating in non-extreme environments. Originality/value With this study, the authors contribute to the teamwork quality research stream by empirically studying how teamwork quality develops in unique military contexts such as extreme environments. Studies in such contexts are relatively rare.
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Al-Zubaidy, S. N., S. Tokbolat, and R. Tokpatayeva. "Passive Design of Buildings for Extreme Weather Environment." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 2, no. 1 (February 2, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2.1.1-11.
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Buildings account for nearly 40% of the end-use energy consumption and carbonemissions globally. Buildings, once built, are used at least for several decades. The building sectortherefore holds a significant responsibility for implementing strategies to increase energyefficiency and reduce carbon emissions and thus contribute to global efforts directed towardmitigating the adverse effects of climate change. The work presented in this paper is a part ofcontinuing efforts to identify, analyze and promote the design of low energy, sustainable buildingswith special reference to the Kazakhstan locality. Demonstration of improved environmentalconditions and impact on energy savings will be outlined through a case study incorporating apassive design approach and detailed computational fluid dynamics analysis for an existingbuilding complex. The influence of orientation and configuration is discussed with reference toenergy efficiency and associated wind comfort and safety. The effect of these aspects on energyconsumption and comfortable wind environment has been assessed using CFD analysis and provedto be affective. Single building and multiple building configurations have been analyzed andcompared. According to the findings, multiple building configurations have better wind conditionswhen compared with a single standing building. With respect to orientation the former one shouldbe modeled with the fully surrounded side of a “box” opposite to the predominant wind directionwhereas the latter one should be located with the rear side opposite to the wind direction. Thus,results indicated that there is a considerable influence of passive design and orientation on energyefficiency, wind comfort and safety. Careful consideration and application of the findings canpotentially lead to considerable decrease of energy consumption and, therefore, allow savingmoney and the environment at the same time.
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Ali, Rawshan, Alban Kuriqi, and Ozgur Kisi. "Human–Environment Natural Disasters Interconnection in China: A Review." Climate 8, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8040048.
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This study aimed to assess the interrelationship among extreme natural events and their impacts on environments and humans through a systematic and quantitative review based on the up-to-date scientific literature. Namely, the main goal was to add additional knowledge to the existing evidence of the impacts related to floods, droughts, and landslides on humans and the environment in China; this in order to identify knowledge gaps in research and practice to aid in improving the adaptation and mitigation measures against extreme natural events in China. In this study, 110 documents were analyzed in the evaluation of several impacts triggered by extreme events. Records were obtained from Scopus and Web of Science and examined with a text mining instrument to assess the pattern of publications over the years; the problems linked to extreme weather events were investigated, and the study gaps were discussed. This paper extends work by systematically reviewing recent evidence related to floods, droughts, and landslides in China. We listed the critical studies that focused on the impact of extreme events on both humans and the environment described in current reviews. The findings revealed that goods safety, social safety, and financial losses are of significant concern to the scientific community due to extreme natural events, which from our analysis resulted in being more frequent and intense. It is still underdeveloped to implement distant sensing and imaging methods to monitor and detect the impact of severe weather occurrences. There are still significant study gaps in the fields of the effects of extreme weather events. The analysis result shows that extreme events are increased during the time, so more in-depth investigation and efforts on adaptation, mitigation measures, and strategical governance plans are desperately required.
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Shakir, Muhammad, Shuoben Hou, Raheleh Hedayati, Bengt Gunnar Malm, Mikael Östling, and Carl-Mikael Zetterling. "Towards Silicon Carbide VLSI Circuits for Extreme Environment Applications." Electronics 8, no. 5 (May 3, 2019): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8050496.
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A Process Design Kit (PDK) has been developed to realize complex integrated circuits in Silicon Carbide (SiC) bipolar low-power technology. The PDK development process included basic device modeling, and design of gate library and parameterized cells. A transistor–transistor logic (TTL)-based PDK gate library design will also be discussed with delay, power, noise margin, and fan-out as main design criterion to tolerate the threshold voltage shift, beta ( β ) and collector current ( I C ) variation of SiC devices as temperature increases. The PDK-based complex digital ICs design flow based on layout, physical verification, and in-house fabrication process will also be demonstrated. Both combinational and sequential circuits have been designed, such as a 720-device ALU and a 520-device 4 bit counter. All the integrated circuits and devices are fully characterized up to 500 °C. The inverter and a D-type flip-flop (DFF) are characterized as benchmark standard cells. The proposed work is a key step towards SiC-based very large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits implementation for high-temperature applications.
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N. Kulkarni, Madhukar. "Social Work Practices in Human Resource Management." Ushus - Journal of Business Management 5, no. 1 (January 10, 2005): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12725/ujbm.7.3.
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Social Impact : The social structure in India, under the onslaught of the globalization is crumbling yielding place to individualism, materialism and consumerism. The joint family system is almost a thing of past, replaced by the nuclear family. Growing literacy of women, women entering into employment market for, career and to support the family in these days of higher cost of living has created the need for and existence of double income families. Increasing consumerism has changed the value systems and home/social environment where, 'I, 'me' and 'myself' is becoming a new personal agenda and slogan. No one have time for the other. Higher competition has brought in growing insecurity and fast paced life. Increased working hours and materialistic life style has spurred emotional disconnect, bringing to centre stage emotional trauma, despair and helplessness. Atrocities on women are increasing, women is being comodified, crime rate is growing and mental health of the society is under severe threat. The divorce and suicide rates are growing and the society is becoming internally hollow in the midst of material surplus. India is going from one extreme of social security under socialistic philosophy to the other extreme social insecurity under the capitalism oriented globalized environment.
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HOSSAIN, Saira, and Nazmin SULTANA. "Burnout in Secondary School Teachers: The Contribution of the Work Environment." International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies 9, no. 4 (October 20, 2022): 1368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52380/ijpes.2022.9.4.755.
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Burnout can be defined as a distressing psychological state that an individual experiences from extreme and prolonged job stress. The present study explores the work climate factors contributing to teacher burnout at secondary schools in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional online survey was used to collect data from 300 teachers. Maslach Burnout Inventory- Educators Survey MBI-ES and Perceived Work Climate Survey (PWCS) survey were used to measure burnout and perception of work climate. The results from the multiple regression analysis revealed 3 three work climate factors: Innovation, Professional growth, and Recreation, which significantly influence at least one of the three components of teacher burnout and the overall burnout score. The study has implications for understanding the burnout-inducing factors and ensuring a better work climate for teachers in Bangladeshi schools.
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Bellie, Viswanath, Joghee Suresh, and Lingaraj Ragunath. "HVOF Sprayed Mullite Coatings for Use In Extreme Environments." Journal of Thermal Spray and Engineering 2, no. 1 (2020): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52687/2582-1474/212.
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Products used in industry and marine applications are exposed to extreme environments like high heat, humidity, acidic or alkaline or hyper saline environment, UV and IR radiation. Metals with good corrosion and oxidation resistance may be used but are restricted to Ni and Cr alloys, titanium and super alloys etc., which are costly and have their limitations. Hence ceramic coatings on low cost metals may be an answer to this problem. Ceramics are inherently chemically inert, high temperature resistant, corrosion and oxidation resistant. Flame spraying of ceramics is a good and reliable method for applying ceramic coatings on metallic substrates with good bond strength (> 80 MPa) and 1% porosity. In this work, HVOF technique is applied to obtain 100 microns thick mullite coatings on MS substrates with a NiCr bond coat. Mullite has a high oxidation and corrosion resistance. It is chemically inert. It has high temperature resistance even at 2000 C. These properties are ideal for industrial components exposed to salty environments. Characterization studies like XRD, SEM/EDS, Corrosion tests using polarization technique, coating thickness and surface roughness have been studied and reported. A corrosion rate of 1.55 mm/ year has been achieved in a sea water environment.
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Elshabini, Aicha, Fred Barlow, Sharmin Islam, and Pin-Jen Wang. "Advanced Devices and Electronic Packaging for Harsh Environment." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2013, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 000937–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2013-thp61.
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The paper addresses the challenges in electronic packaging for extreme environment based on experimental work of the researchers and conducted reliability testing to evaluate high speed devices suitable for these applications, substrates, die attach, wire bonding, and encapsulation and housing. In particular, the researcher's work has focused on SiC power devices with low loss high voltage Schottky diodes with significant applications, high temperature JFETs and SiC MOSFETs (double trench), and GaN microwave devices. The paper provides recommendations for selection of devices, substrates, die attach, and encapsulation and housing for these applications.
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Reis, Tiago, Pedro Catalão Moura, Débora Gonçalves, Paulo A. Ribeiro, Valentina Vassilenko, Maria Helena Fino, and Maria Raposo. "Ammonia Detection by Electronic Noses for a Safer Work Environment." Sensors 24, no. 10 (May 15, 2024): 3152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24103152.
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Providing employees with proper work conditions should be one of the main concerns of any employer. Even so, in many cases, work shifts chronically expose the workers to a wide range of potentially harmful compounds, such as ammonia. Ammonia has been present in the composition of products commonly used in a wide range of industries, namely production in lines, and also laboratories, schools, hospitals, and others. Chronic exposure to ammonia can yield several diseases, such as irritation and pruritus, as well as inflammation of ocular, cutaneous, and respiratory tissues. In more extreme cases, exposure to ammonia is also related to dyspnea, progressive cyanosis, and pulmonary edema. As such, the use of ammonia needs to be properly regulated and monitored to ensure safer work environments. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work have already commissioned regulations on the acceptable limits of exposure to ammonia. Nevertheless, the monitoring of ammonia gas is still not normalized because appropriate sensors can be difficult to find as commercially available products. To help promote promising methods of developing ammonia sensors, this work will compile and compare the results published so far.
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Morscher, Gregory N., Ragav P. Panakarajupally, and Leland Hoffman. "The Versatility of HVOF Burner Rig Testing for Ceramic Matrix Composite Evaluation." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5080223.
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Effective testing of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) and CMC/coating systems for high temperature, high stress, high velocity and/or severe oxidation/corrosion environments is a critical need in materials/coatings evaluation for extreme environments of hot section parts in jet engine and hypersonic applications. Most current technology can evaluate two or three of the extreme conditions for a given application; however, incorporating as many of the extreme thermo-mechanical-environmental factors is highly advantageous to understand combinatorial effects. A high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) burner rig offers an excellent platform to evaluate many of these extreme conditions. In this work, the following three different thermo-mechanical-environmental test conditions using an HVOF rig on SiC-based CMCs are highlighted: (1) fatigue at temperature for >Mach 1 velocity and high temperature compared to typical stagnant air test environment, (2) high temperature hard particle erosion at temperature for ≤Mach 1 conditions and (3) ~Mach 5 near-hypersonic velocity conditions at very high temperature exposure.
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Deshmukh, S. R., and A. S. Shyamkuwar. "HALOPHILIC ASPERGILLUS SPECIES IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS: PHYSIOLOGY, ADAPTATIONS, AND APPLICATIONS." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 10 (October 31, 2024): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/19624.
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Salt is essential for growth at certain limits, but life dwelling in harsh, salty environments are the halophiles. Studies on the halophilic bacteria, archaea, and fungi are reported around different locations, but the fungus Aspergillus species is a predominant halophilic eukaryote reported in various research works. They have been reported from an environment with high salt concentrations. Halophilic Aspergillus species grow better in harsh conditions and have an exciting opportunity for research and application ahead of them. Their potential in biotechnology, together with their special capacity for adaptation to harsh settings, makes them precious in many sectors from environmental science, to biotechnology, and even in bioremediation settings. Therefore, this work review the physiology and unique adaptations of halophilic Aspergillus species in extreme environments, biomolecule produces and their applications in different areas and future prospects.
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Jiang, Runkun, Lei Mei, and Q. M. Zhang. "An Epoxy Bonding Apparatus for Applications under Extreme Environment." MRS Advances 1, no. 21 (2016): 1525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.147.
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ABSTRACTA number of electrical components and devices work in extreme environment such as high temperature, high pressure, strong vibration, corrosive chemicals, etc. A common practice to protect them is to shield them in materials that are mechanically and chemically resistant to these harsh conditions. In this scenario, epoxy bonding is preferred and it is crucial to have high bonding strength. One example is the acoustic transducers used in oil drilling. The temperature can reach 200 °C and the pressure can reach 140 MPa. The piezoelectric ceramic parts cannot withstand these conditions so different packaging materials are used such as polyether ether ketone (PEEK).Here an epoxy bonding apparatus is presented that has demonstrated ultrahigh bonding strength. Though epoxy resin is degassed before applying, which gets rid of air bubbles generated in the mixing process, there is trapped air when two surfaces are closed together. This trapped air has minuscule effect for applications in ambient environment, but under extreme environment, it compromises the bonding strength majorly. We devised a vacuum system that contains a motorized stage with the bonding parts attached. After the epoxy is applied and the system is pumped to 1% vacuum, a computer controls the motor to move the bonding parts into contact. Since the entire operation is in vacuum, it leaves no trapped air and results in increased bonding strength. This apparatus confirmed the importance of surface preparation, including removal of air by starting the cure in vacuum (5 mm Hg) and subsequently releasing the vacuum [1].Another technique to improve the bonding strength utilizes the finding that a uniform epoxy resin layer between 50 µm and 150 µm [2] results in the optimal bonding strength. Here we applied spacers such as optic fiber (125 µm in diameter) or glass fiber fabric (150 µm in thickness) in between the bonding surfaces. These spacers ensure that the epoxy resin layer is of uniform thickness. It also utilizes the principle of glass-epoxy compositing to increase mechanical strength by fiber reinforcement and load distribution [3, 4].The above bonding apparatus has been proven to increase the bonding strength by experiments. Acoustic transducers bonded with this technique passed the high pressure, high temperature tests resembling the oil drilling conditions.
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Radovanović, Bojana. "Extreme Sound, “Extreme” Lifestyle? Investigating Cattle Decapitation’s Stance on the Human Impact on the Environment and Animal Rights." Studia Polensia 10, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32728/studpol/2021.10.01.03.
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With insight into the lyrics and lifestyle choices of some of the members of the Californian deathgrind band Cattle Decapitation, this article explores the connection between their extreme sound and the “extreme” messages in their work. Namely, the band’s current and former members have been vocal about their stance on animal cruelty and human impact on the environment, also reflected in the band’s lyrics and imagery. Their positions are supported by, to use the terms coined by Keith KahnHarris, the utilization of discursive, bodily, as well as sonic transgressions. With that in mind, the goal of this paper is to examine the ways in which these transgressions, or rather, forms of “extremism,” collaborate, reinforce, and strengthen each other. This will be achieved by questioning the points of contact among the movements concerning political/environmental/ animal rights and the sounds deemed extreme in contemporary society.
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Storr, Virgil Henry, Michael R. Romero, and Nona Martin Storr. "Ideology and Extreme Protests." Social Philosophy and Policy 41, no. 1 (2024): 44–61. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0265052524000311.
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AbstractIdeology can be understood as a type of cultural system, a set of interrelated meanings that are symbolically mediated through semiotic devices such as metaphors. Ideologies underlie social orders as well as help people make sense of their environment and decide on courses of action. While much has been said about ideology, little has been written on the sources of ideological change beyond pointing to ideological entrepreneurship. Even less has been written on the relationship between violent and disruptive social movements and ideology beyond pointing to the ideological motivations for the movements. We contend that extreme protests are often triggered by an ideological crisis, that is, an intolerable disconnection between the ideology adopted by some group and the current circumstances or, alternatively, an inability of their ideology to make sense of their current situation. Moreover, extreme protests are a form of ideological work, as they are often sources of ideological inspiration, development, and change.
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Sarris, Aspa. "Applying Organisational Theory to Isolated, Confined and Extreme Settings." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Organisational Psychology 1 (August 1, 2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/ajop.1.1.1.
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AbstractResearch on person–environment fit theory has largely developed within the context of people and organisations in urban settings. There has been little research of this kind within organisations in isolated and confined contexts. The purpose of this article was to examine the implications of person–environment fit theory within the context of the complementary fit and supplementary fit paradigm (Muchinsky & Monahan, 1987), for people working in isolated and remote organisational settings. Using a sample of Antarctic personnel, this study examined the extent to which psychological need fulfilment and subjective fit with Antarctic station culture were equally important in predicting individual attitudes, including satisfaction with being an expedition member, intent to return and willingness to recommend the Antarctic to others. Results showed that gender and subjective fit with Antarctic station culture predicted satisfaction with station membership. Results also showed that subjective fit predicted willingness to recommend the Antarctic as a good place to work, while psychological need fulfilment was not a predictor of any of the outcome variables examined. Results suggest that outcomes such as intention to return (or to stay) may be less relevant in such settings because of the unique and temporary nature of the experience and the work. Results also attest to the need for further development of organisational theories, including person–environment fit theory, using data collected from organisations in isolated, confined and extreme environmental contexts.
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Paskevska, Iuliia. "Penitentiary staff's psychological readiness for extreme professional situations." Організаційна психологія Економічна психологія 3-4, no. 27 (November 25, 2022): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/2.2022.3.27.11.
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Introduction. The article explores the characteristics of the professional environment of penitentiary staff, in particular, work contradictions, risks and uncertainties. Aim. To study the manifestation of extreme situations in penitentiary institutions and to determine the penitentiary staff's psychological readiness for extreme professional situations Methods. Theoretical analysis, classification, systematization, and generalization of relevant research findings available in scientific psychological literature. Results. Penitentiary staff should be prepared to take adequate actions in responding to extreme situations that may occur in penitentiary institutions. The penitentiary staff's effectiveness in extreme situations depends on staff's psychological stability and readiness. The types of extreme work conditions in penitentiary institutions include conflict and aggressive situations, situations that require prompt and urgent response with a lack of relevant professional opportunities, situations of unpredictability, and unexpected situations. Self-control, emotional balance, calmness and attention concentration are important for maintaining penitentiary staff's mental health in extreme situations. The penitentiary staff's psychological readiness for extreme situations includes orientational, evaluative, volitional, and operational components. Conclusions. Good development and coordination of all components of the penitentiary staff's psychological readiness for extreme situations are reliable indicators of the penitentiary staff's psychological work readiness, activity, independence, and a creative approach to work, which corresponds to the concept of professional competence. There is a need for penitentiary staff's psychological support in developing their psychological readiness for extreme situations with the help of a special set of psychological trainings.
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Mushunje, Mildred. "Environmental Social Work: African philosophies, frameworks and perspectives." African Journal of Social Work 13, no. 2 (April 30, 2023): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajsw.v13i2.1.
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Environmental social work refers to a collection of strategies and methods used by social workers to solve or prevent social problems or facilitate development using the environment in a reciprocal and sustainable manner. Issues of environmental social work have become very topical due to climate change and the need for environment-driven development. Climate change is an increasing global threat because it is contributing to catastrophic environmental crises such as floods, drought, veld fires, and extreme temperatures and hurricanes. These result in more social challenges, chief among these is poverty. This editorial provides three frameworks for environmental social work in the Africa: the indigenous, continental and grassroots. This is followed by a discussion of the environment in social work. The third section summarises the articles that are in Volume 13 issue 2. At the end, a model for environmental social work in Africa is offered. How to reference using ASWNet style: Mushunje, M. and Matsika, A. B. (2023). Environmental Social Work: African philosophies, frameworks and perspectives. African Journal of Social Work, 13(2), 48-56. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajsw.v13i2.1 Visit journal website: https://ajsw.africasocialwork.net
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Pernicova, Radka, and Daniel Dobiáš. "Resistance of Surface Layers of Concrete against Aggressive Environment." Key Engineering Materials 722 (December 2016): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.722.44.
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The article deals with the corrosive effects of acids on the selected surface layers of concrete with/ without an epoxy coating. Concrete sample was placed in extreme environments, which represented the 40% sulphuric acid solution. In addition to measuring surface degradation of concrete, this work focused on the depth of acid penetration into the sample. It can be concluded that the long-term effects of aggressive environments severely degrades the concrete surface on the samples causing corrosion of Type II.
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Li, Hong, Qiong Wu, Jing Fan, Qiang Fan, Bo Chang, and Guilu Wu. "Real-Time Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.11p EDCA Mechanism for IoV in a Highway Environment." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (August 28, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8848477.
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With the development of 5G, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) evolves to be one important component of the Internet of Things (IoT), where vehicles and public infrastructure communicate with each other through a IEEE 802.11p EDCA mechanism to support four access categories (ACs) to access a channel. Due to the mobility of the vehicles, the network topology is time varying and thus incurs a dynamic network performance. There are many works on the stationary performance of 802.11p EDCA and some on real-time performance, but existing work does not consider real-time performance under extreme highway scenario. In this paper, we consider four ACs defined in the 802.11p EDCA mechanism to evaluate the limit of the real-time network performance in an extreme highway scenario, i.e., all vehicles keep the minimum safety distance between each other. The performance of the model has been demonstrated through simulations. It is found that some ACs can meet real-time requirements while others cannot in the extreme scenario.
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Bakhmutova, Larysa, and Olena Miroshnychenko. "Diagnosis of age-related differences in the motivational component of professional activity in extreme conditions of Antarctic expeditions." Організаційна психологія Економічна психологія 1, no. 28 (April 6, 2023): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/2.2023.1.28.7.
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Introduction. Today, it is becoming common for people of different ages to choose complex and risky activities. Knowledge of the leading risky activities motives and their age-related differences is important, in particular, for the selection of polar expedition teams and various sports team-members etc. and their effective training. Aim: to determine and categorize by age the leading motives of Ukrainian polar explorers’ professional activity. Methods: generalization and systematization of different age groups; Reiss Motivation Profile® (RMP®) to study the individual’s motivational environment based on the hierarchy of desires. Results. According to their age, the members of the Ukrainian Academician Vernadsky Antarctic Station expeditions were divided into the following groups: the young group (22 through 34 years old), the middle-aged group (35 through 45 years old), and the senior group (46 through 62 years old). For all age groups, the spiritual motive was shown to be the leading motive for work in extreme environment, while the social motive and the financial motive were the second- and third-leading motives for work in extreme environment respectively. Conclusions. The results of the study can be helpful in organizing extreme and sports activities of people of various age categories.
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Marsh, Melvin. "Ethical and Medical Dilemmas of Extreme Tourism." International Conference on Tourism Research 7, no. 1 (March 11, 2024): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ictr.7.1.2154.
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Originally funded and experienced by millionaires and billionaires willing to spend hundreds of thousands or even millions for an extreme adventure where previously only explorers and scientists previously dared to go, extreme environment (i.e. polar, tundra, desert, space, space analog, deep ocean, mountaineering, nuclear meltdown sites etc.) tourism is becoming more common allowing more people to be exposed to increased dangers and risks that such tourists will be exposed to. Some of those risks might be relatively minor such as possibly minor motion sickness. Other risks, however, could include serious injury, such as in the case of the Titan submarine which imploded on a tour to the Titanic in June 2023, death. The disaster, caused primarily by cost cutting measures and disregard of the danger from the company running the tour, which caused all 5 people on board to be killed instantaneously. This presentation and paper will expand on previously published work on the medical and ethical dilemmas of space tourism as well as include an additional focus on tourism to other extreme environments including the neonate industry of space analog tourism where individuals pay to participate in a space analog mission at a hefty fee while potentially contributing or disrupting the legitimate scientific research going on such missions while still exposing themselves to additional risk which they might be unsuited for. Further, this will discuss a few of the lesser known risks and concerns that have come more recently to light as well as a discussion as to not only if adults should be able to ethically, morally, and legally consent for their children during these high risk activities but whether or not, given the human brain does not fully develop until a person is in their mid-20s, how old should a person be in order to adequately understand and appropriately balance the risks and requirements of an extremely dangerous environment and be able to fully consent to the tourism venture’s risks.
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Turner, M., M. Laws, M. Griffiths, K. Turner, L. Dempsey, S. Laws, and T. Cruickshank. "P018 The Relationships Between Multidimensional Sleep Health and Work Productivity in Individuals with Neurological Conditions." Sleep Advances 4, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2023): A40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpad035.103.
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Abstract Numerous studies have reported the negative impacts of poor sleep on work productivity in the general population. However, despite the known sleep issues individuals living with neurological conditions experience, no study has explored its impact on their work productivity. Sleep health is a concept that includes multiple domains of sleep, measured with a combination of objective and subjective measures. Therefore, this study aimed to ascertain the associations between sleep health and its domains and work productivity in individuals with neurological conditions. Sleep health domains were determined through actigraphy data collected over one week and sleep questionnaires. Work productivity was assessed via the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire. A comparison of sleep health scores between demographic variables was performed using Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis Tests. Associations between the sleep health domains and work productivity were performed using linear regression models. There were no significant differences in sleep health scores between sex, smoking status, education level, employment status or any work productivity domain. Individuals with extreme sleep timing had greater absenteeism (22.99%) than the non-extreme group. Individuals with extreme sleep quality had an increase in presenteeism (30.85%), work productivity loss (26.44%) and activity impairment (25.81%) compared to those in the non-extreme group. The findings from this study highlight that self-reported sleep quality has the largest impact on work productivity. Improving individuals' sleep quality through triage for potential sleep disorders or improving their sleep hygiene (sleep behaviour and environment) may positively impact work productivity.
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Gökkaya, Öznur, Hilal Gökkaya, Nuh Zafer Cantürk, and Arif Özkan. "Changing Perception of Nurses during COVID-19: A Comparative Study on Leadership Behaviors, Meaning of Job and Meaningful Work." Sustainability 15, no. 7 (March 30, 2023): 5974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15075974.
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This study’s primary intent was to investigate the effect of extreme conditions, specifically the COVID-19 pandemic, by examining nurses’ perceptions of authentic leadership, meaningful work, and job meaning, and to compare this with the nurses’ perceptions from before the outbreak. In the study, 458 responses for both periods were analyzed and compared statistically by using the Mann–Whitney U test. The findings showed that nurses’ perception of line managers’ authenticity decreased during the outbreak. Therefore, in extreme conditions, leadership behaviors can be affected negatively by the context. During the outbreak, nurses attributed more meaning to their work. They felt more self-worth because of working for the greater good, and found greater meaning through the work during the COVID-19 outbreak compared to before the pandemic. The findings suggest that extreme conditions in a challenging environment can help nurses to find more meaning at work. For nurses, during the COVID-19 outbreak the purpose and meaning of their jobs remained the same as before the pandemic. Nursing requires different skills, talents, and opportunities for self-development, and it is challenging in nature.
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Peixoto, R. S., A. B. Vermelho, and A. S. Rosado. "Petroleum-Degrading Enzymes: Bioremediation and New Prospects." Enzyme Research 2011 (July 24, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/475193.
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Anthropogenic forces, such as petroleum spills and the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, have caused an accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment. The accumulation of petroleum and its derivatives now constitutes an important environmental problem. Biocatalysis introduces new ways to improve the development of bioremediation strategies. The recent application of molecular tools to biocatalysis may improve bioprospecting research, enzyme yield recovery, and enzyme specificity, thus increasing cost-benefit ratios. Enzymatic remediation is a valuable alternative as it can be easier to work with than whole organisms, especially in extreme environments. Furthermore, the use of free enzymes avoids the release of exotic or genetically modified organisms (GMO) in the environment.
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Marrone, Maricla, Luigi Buongiorno, Pierluigi Caricato, Fortunato Pititto, Benedetta Pia De Luca, Carlo Angeletti, Gabriele Sebastiani, et al. "Heat Stroke in the Work Environment: Case Report of an Underestimated Phenomenon." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5 (February 24, 2023): 4028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054028.
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Average global temperatures continue to trend upward, and this phenomenon is part of the more complex climate change taking place on our planet over the past century. Human health is directly affected by environmental conditions, not only because of communicable diseases that are clearly affected by climate, but also because of the relationship between rising temperatures and increased morbidity for psychiatric diseases. As global temperatures and the number of extreme days increase, so does the risk associated with all those acute illnesses related to these factors. For example, there is a correlation between out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and heat. Then, there are pathologies that recognize excessive heat as the main etiological agent. This is the case with so-called “heat stroke”, a form of hyperthermia accompanied by a systemic inflammatory response, which causes multi-organ dysfunction and sometimes death. Starting with a case that came to their attention of a young man in good general health who died while working unloading fruit crates from a truck, the authors wanted to express some thoughts on the need to adapt the world of work, including work-specific hazards, in order to protect the worker exposed to this “new risk” and develop multidisciplinary adaptation strategies that incorporate climatology, indoor/building environments, energy use, regulatory perfection of work and human thermal comfort.
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Rusli, Rusli, Isnaini Zulkarnain, and Fitriyati Agustina. "Implementation of Environmental-Based Occupational Health and Safety Management System (SMK3L) Using Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control (HIRARC) Method on the Drainage Project in the City of Samarinda." JSE Journal of Science and Engineering 3, no. 1 (July 31, 2024): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30650/jse.v3i1.4004.
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The Semani Drainage Works Project (Sentosa-Remaja-A. Yani) is an initiative in the development of waterways in Samarinda City. The large-scale development and the high level of risk of work accidents on the project require close monitoring of the Environment-Based Occupational Health and Safety Management System (SMK3L). This study aims to identify potential hazards and analyze the risks of potential hazards and design improvements to reduce the impact of risks using the Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) method. The result of this research is the discovery of 117 potential hazards on projects located in three different locations. Where the drainage work on Jalan Pemuda 1 has a low risk level (low) of 21%, a moderate risk level (moderate) of 38%, a high risk level (high) of 41%, and an extreme risk level (extreme) of 0%. For drainage work on the D.I. Pandjaitan road, it has a low risk level (low) of 18%, a moderate risk level (moderate) of 31%, a high risk level (high) of 51%, and an extreme risk level (extreme) of 0%. And for the level of risk in drainage work on Sentosa road has a low risk level (low) of 18%, a moderate risk level (moderate) of 36%, a high risk level (high) of 46%, and an extreme risk level (extreme) of 0%. Risk control or improvement design focuses on Engineering Control and administration as well as Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
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González-Delgado, Sara, Jorge Núñez, and José Carlos Hernández. "Preliminary study on the effect of natural acidification on meiofaunal communities in sandy substrates." Scientia Insularum. Revista de Ciencias Naturales en islas, no. 05 (2024): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.si.2024.05.08.
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In recent years, research on ocean acidification in CO2 vents has increased, but very few have considered the meiofaunal communities living in sandy substrates, despite their importance as bioindicators. Therefore, the aim of this work is to carry out a preliminary study of the meiofauna associated with sandy substrates in the acidified system of La Palma, Canary Islands, which includes coastal lagoons with very extreme environments. The results obtained based on abundance confirm a significant change in the meiofaunal communities in these coastal lagoons. We found an increase in bioindicator taxa of altered environments: oligochaetes, nematodes, copepods and, to a lesser extent, ostracods and acarids. While xenacelomorphs are the most affected by acidification as they are the only group with a decrease in abundance. All this indicates an alteration in the composition of the meiofaunal communities due to the extreme acidification in the coastal environment of La Palma.
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Chernogorov, Ivan, Victor Polyakh, and Orkhan Yarakhmedov. "Search Optimization Opportunities of Modified Self-Organizing Migrating Algorithm in Multi-Extremal Tasks Environment." Journal of Advanced Engineering and Computation 1, no. 2 (November 30, 2017): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/jaec.201712.60.
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The paper studies the search optimization task of multi-extremal objects, which are more complicated than mono-extremal. Paper postulates that to find extreme suitable values on complex test function the heuristic algorithm is one way. Self-Organizing Migrating Algorithm and devised approach applied to this task are considered. Conducted research established common test environment to compare multi-extremal test functions. Specific characteristics for problem solving of detection and identification of global and local extreme are included. Additional clustering mechanism are described. Obtained measurements and computing times of Self-Organizing Migrating Algorithm on a range of multi-extremal test functions are illustrated. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Pavliuk, Nataliia. "UKRAINIAN INTERPRETERS IN THE WAR ZONE (2014-2015)." Grail of Science, no. 43 (September 20, 2024): 384–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.06.09.2024.049.
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The article focuses on the study of interpreters’ work in Donetsk, Ukraine in 2014-2015, the first two years of the Russian aggression against Ukraine. Complex legal, political and personal aspects of interpreters’ work with international media teams indicate that the legislation regulating the work of interpreters and the general preparedness of Ukrainian professionals for the dangerous working environment are lacking. What political and personal factors affect the language professionals in the field, what risks and challenges they have to overcome, and how they do their best to stay impartial and politically neutral in their work. The study shows that the environment, in which Ukrainian interpreters had to work was complicated and dangerous: they faced many challenges which included performing new functions, taking safety measures to protect their lives and health, adjusting to fast-changing conditions of work and life, coping with psychological pressure, etc. There is an obvious necessity to improve the legislation regulating the work of interpreters in a war zone, introduce training programmes for interpreters working in extreme and dangerous environments, and conduct further research of the work of interpreters in the war zones.
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Coccato, Lodovico, Yara L. Jaffé, Arianna Cortesi, Michael Merrifield, Evelyn Johnston, Bruno Rodríguez del Pino, Boris Haeussler, et al. "Formation of S0s in extreme environments I: clues from kinematics and stellar populations." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 492, no. 2 (December 28, 2019): 2955–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3592.
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ABSTRACT Despite numerous efforts, it is still unclear whether lenticular galaxies (S0s) evolve from spirals whose star formation was suppressed, or formed trough mergers or disc instabilities. In this paper we present a pilot study of 21 S0 galaxies in extreme environments (field and cluster), and compare their spatially resolved kinematics and global stellar populations. Our aim is to identify whether there are different mechanisms that form S0s in different environments. Our results show that the kinematics of S0 galaxies in field and cluster are, indeed, different. Lenticulars in the cluster are more rotationally supported, suggesting that they are formed through processes that involve the rapid consumption or removal of gas (e.g. starvation, ram pressure stripping). In contrast, S0s in the field are more pressure supported, suggesting that minor mergers served mostly to shape their kinematic properties. These results are independent of total mass, luminosity, or disc-to-bulge ratio. On the other hand, the mass-weighted age, metallicity, and star formation time-scale of the galaxies correlate more with mass than with environment, in agreement with known relations from previous work, such as the one between mass and metallicity. Overall, our results re-enforce the idea that there are multiple mechanisms that produce S0s, and that both mass and environment play key roles. A larger sample is highly desirable to confirm or refute the results and the interpretation of this pilot study.
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Kuznetsov, Maksim, Sergey Kalinin, Alexey Cherkaev, and Dmitriy Ostertak. "Investigating physical model interface in the TCAD Sentaurus environment." Transaction of Scientific Papers of the Novosibirsk State Technical University, no. 3 (November 18, 2020): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2307-6879-2020-3-39-48.
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Currently, the application SDevice software package TCAD Sentaurus is a reliable tool for electrophysical simulation of silicon CMOS transistors operating in the temperature range of -60 °C – +125 °C. To adapt the modeling process to specific physical conditions of the devices, application SDevice has an extensive library of models of electrophysical parameters, in particular models of mobility or band gap energy. However, when the device operates under extreme cryogenic conditions, there is a need to rework these models using a special Physical Model Interface (PMI). The paper presents methodological features of work with PMI and results of implementation of custom parameter models for silicon devices.
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Li, Yulong, Tiequan Xu, Yue Wang, Furen Wang, and Zizhao Gan. "Development of an HTS-SQUID-Based Receiver for Long-Range Magnetic Induction Communication in Extreme Environments." Sensors 23, no. 9 (April 30, 2023): 4434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094434.
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The communication range of magnetic-induction (MI) technology in extreme environments such as underwater or underground is limited by the dipole-like attenuation behavior of the magnetic field as well as the eddy current induced loss in conductive media, and therefore a highly sensitive receiver is generally required. In this work, we propose the use of a highly sensitive superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) in MI communication and try to provide a comprehensive investigation on developing a SQUID-based receiver for practical MI applications. A portable receiver scheme integrating a SQUID sensor and a coil-based flux transformer was proposed. The high sensitivity and long-range communication capability of the proposed receiver was experimentally demonstrated by spectroscopic measurements and reception experiments on a receiver prototype. Based on the experimental demonstrations, the sensitivity optimization of the proposed scheme was further investigated by simulation studies, which suggest that a communication distance exceeding 100 m and a channel capacity of ∼20 kb/s in underwater environment could be achieved based upon the optimization of the developed prototype. The results presented in this work have highlighted the potential of deploying SQUID sensors for long-range MI applications in extreme environments.
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McCutcheon, John P., Arkadiy I. Garber, Noah Spencer, and Jessica M. Warren. "How do bacterial endosymbionts work with so few genes?" PLOS Biology 22, no. 4 (April 16, 2024): e3002577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002577.
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The move from a free-living environment to a long-term residence inside a host eukaryotic cell has profound effects on bacterial function. While endosymbioses are found in many eukaryotes, from protists to plants to animals, the bacteria that form these host-beneficial relationships are even more diverse. Endosymbiont genomes can become radically smaller than their free-living relatives, and their few remaining genes show extreme compositional biases. The details of how these reduced and divergent gene sets work, and how they interact with their host cell, remain mysterious. This Unsolved Mystery reviews how genome reduction alters endosymbiont biology and highlights a “tipping point” where the loss of the ability to build a cell envelope coincides with a marked erosion of translation-related genes.
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Lopez Bedogni, Germán, Francisco L. Massello, Alejandra Giaveno, Edgardo Rubén Donati, and María Sofía Urbieta. "A Deeper Look into the Biodiversity of the Extremely Acidic Copahue volcano-Río Agrio System in Neuquén, Argentina." Microorganisms 8, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010058.
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The Copahue volcano-Río Agrio system, on Patagonia Argentina, comprises the naturally acidic river Río Agrio, that runs from a few meters down the Copahue volcano crater to more than 40 km maintaining low pH waters, and the acidic lagoon that sporadically forms on the crater of the volcano, which is studied for the first time in this work. We used next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of the entire prokaryotic community to study the biodiversity of this poorly explored extreme environment. The correlation of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs)s presence with physicochemical variables showed that the system contains three distinct environments: the crater lagoon, the Upper Río Agrio, and the Salto del Agrio waterfall, a point located approximately 12 km down the origin of the river, after it emerges from the Caviahue lake. The prokaryotic community of the Copahue Volcano-Río Agrio system is mainly formed by acidic bacteria and archaea, such as Acidithiobacillus, Ferroplasma, and Leptospirillum, which have been isolated from similar environments around the world. These results support the idea of a ubiquitous acidic biodiversity; however, this highly interesting extreme environment also has apparently autochthonous species such as Sulfuriferula, Acidianus copahuensis, and strains of Acidibacillus and Alicyclobacillus.
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Nurumal, Mohd, Sachiko Makabe, Farah Ilyani Che Jamaludin, Hairil Fahmi Mohd Yusof, Khin Thandar Aung, and Yanika Kowitlawakul. "Work-Life Balance among Teaching Hospital Nurses in Malaysia." Global Journal of Health Science 9, no. 9 (July 10, 2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v9n9p81.
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Extreme workload and poor working environment have a negative impact on the emotional and physical statuses among nurses. The study has contributed to evaluate work-life balance and its related factors among teaching hospital nurses. It was aimed to examine the work-life balance and its related factors among teaching hospital nurses. A cross-sectional study using a universal sampling technique was conducted. 1002 nurses were included from the Teaching hospital of Klang Valley, Malaysia. The instrument was adapted from NIOSH Generic Job Stress Questionnaire and QoL questionnaire from WHO, and it was used to measure the quality of work-life balance. Non-work activities, job requirement, supervisor support, job satisfaction, manageability, social and environmental variables have independently influenced work-life balance among nurses. Furthermore, quality of life variables has positively influenced the work-life balance (P<0.050). Work life balance and organizational commitment can have a positive relationship. Whereas, Nurses working in fixed shifts were observed with greater work-life balance as compared to the nurses working in multiple shifts. A friendly environment in the professional sector plays a major role for developing motivation and enthusiasm among workers.
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Savage, David A. "Surviving the Storm: Behavioural Economics in the Conflict Environment." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 22, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 105–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/peps-2015-0047.
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AbstractWhile behavioural economics has become part of mainstream economic theory, showing systematic deviations from the standard homo economicius in normal environments, there has been little exploration of behaviour in the extreme – such as conflict, disasters or war zones. This has led to the underdevelopment of behavioural theory examining the choices or motivations of individuals within these environments, resulting in sub-optimal models and policy. This work provides an entry point for the application of behavioural economics within conflict zones, specifically the examination of decision-making of non-combatant individuals. Additionally, it provides insight into the related disaster research field, detailing current studies, overview methodological approaches, approaches and limitations. Concluding with a general discussion and potential implications for policy.
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Vlasenko, Natalya, Irina Makarova, and Alla Aksyonova. "Features of the functional state of the human body in extreme professional environment." SOCIALNO-ECOLOGICHESKIE TECHNOLOGII 9, no. 4 (2019): 516–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2961-2019-9-4-516-532.
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Assessment and prediction of the functional state of specialists in an extreme professional environment is a physiological justification for the organization of labor to maintain the high performance of specialists. The purpose of the work is psycho diagnostic and electrophysiological study of the functional state of firefighter-rescuers with different service lives in the Federal Firefighting Service of the Ministry of Emergencies in the Tver region, taking into account the daily dynamics. Materials and methods: the survey involved 235 male rescue firefighters aged 25 to 45 years with a service experience from 1 to 22 years. All subjects were divided into three groups depending on the length of service. To assess the functional state, we used a questionnaire with scales of well-being, activity and mood, and a method of heart rate variability. Results: the subjective assessment on the scale of the questionnaire was optimistic, homogeneous and quite rigid. Analysis of heart rate variability showed a more heterogeneous picture. When assessing the daily dynamics, a vagotonic shift was detected in most firefighter-rescuers. Correlation analysis revealed balanced adequate connections between the self-assessment of the functional state and the hardware diagnosis of heart rate variability only for firefighter-rescuers with 7–15 years of service experience, which corresponds to the stage of formed professionalism.
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Xu, Y. J., H. Zhang, and G. Y. Huang. "Ballistic performance of ZnO-modified aramid fabric under extreme temperatures." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2891, no. 4 (December 1, 2024): 042014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2891/4/042014.
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Abstract Aramid fabric was widely used in bulletproof armor due to its excellent mechanical properties. Previous studies have shown that high and low temperature had a great impact on the mechanical properties of aramid fibers. This work used ZnO particles to modify aramid fabric to improve its ballistic performance under extreme temperature environment via SEM imaging, quasi-static tensile test, yarn pullout test, ballistic impact test and numerical simulation. The tensile strength and failure strain of modified yarn was 13.3% and 25.9% higher than those of neat yarn under extreme temperature. The ballistic limit velocity of ZnO modified aramid fabric was 124.1% and 164.1% higher than that of neat fabrics under high and low temperature environments, and the areal density was only increased by 8.2%. The weakening of the ballistic performance of aramid fabric was due to micro-surface damage caused by irregular crack defects on the fiber surface and changes in molecular orientation. The numerical simulation results were in good agreement with the ballistic impact test. The influence of changes in fabric mechanical parameters on the ballistic impact protection mechanism was elucidated, further demonstrating the significant improvement of ballistic performance of ZnO modified fabric under extreme temperature.
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Tapia, Danis, Diego Illescas, Walter Santamaría, and Jessica S. Ortiz. "Wine Production through Virtual Environments with a Focus on the Teaching–Learning Process." Applied Sciences 13, no. 19 (September 29, 2023): 10823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131910823.
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This paper focuses on the application of the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) technique in the winemaking process. The HIL technique provides an effective methodology to test and verify the automatic control of industrial processes in 3D laboratory environments. Two parts are considered: (i) software, which consists of the virtualization of the wine process in order to generate a realistic work environment that allows the student to manipulate the system while visualizing the changes in the process; and (ii) hardware, through which the process control is implemented in ladder language in a PLC S7 1200 AC/DC/RLY (programmable logic controller). Bidirectional Ethernet TCP/IP communication is established, achieving a client–server architecture. This article highlights the main advantages of the HIL technique, such as its ability to simulate complex and extreme scenarios that would be difficult or expensive to recreate in a real environment. In addition, real-time testing of the hardware and software to implement the control system is performed, allowing for fast and accurate responses. Finally, a usability table is obtained that demonstrates the benefits of performing industrial process control work in virtual work environments, focusing the development on meaningful learning processes for engineering students.
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Luís, Ana Teresa, Francisco Córdoba, Catarina Antunes, Raul Loayza-Muro, José Antonio Grande, Bruna Silva, Jesus Diaz-Curiel, and Eduardo Ferreira da Silva. "Extremely Acidic Eukaryotic (Micro) Organisms: Life in Acid Mine Drainage Polluted Environments—Mini-Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010376.
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Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) results from sulfide oxidation, which incorporates hydrogen ions, sulfate, and metals/metalloids into the aquatic environment, allowing fixation, bioaccumulation and biomagnification of pollutants in the aquatic food chain. Acidic leachates from waste rock dams from pyritic and (to a lesser extent) coal mining are the main foci of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) production. When AMD is incorporated into rivers, notable changes in water hydro-geochemistry and biota are observed. There is a high interest in the biodiversity of this type of extreme environments for several reasons. Studies indicate that extreme acid environments may reflect early Earth conditions, and are thus, suitable for astrobiological experiments as acidophilic microorganisms survive on the sulfates and iron oxides in AMD-contaminated waters/sediments, an analogous environment to Mars; other reasons are related to the biotechnological potential of extremophiles. In addition, AMD is responsible for decreasing the diversity and abundance of different taxa, as well as for selecting the most well-adapted species to these toxic conditions. Acidophilic and acidotolerant eukaryotic microorganisms are mostly composed by algae (diatoms and unicellular and filamentous algae), protozoa, fungi and fungi-like protists, and unsegmented pseudocoelomata animals such as Rotifera and micro-macroinvertebrates. In this work, a literature review summarizing the most recent studies on eukaryotic organisms and micro-organisms in Acid Mine Drainage-affected environments is elaborated.
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Ferreira, Manuel Portugal, and Justino Gomes Ferreira. "O impacto de dimensões selecionadas do ambiente institucional dos países da África Subsaariana na sua capacidade de atrair investimento estrangeiro." Internext 11, no. 1 (May 17, 2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18568/1980-4865.11121-36.
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International business research points to the institutional environment as a core determinant of the countries’ ability to attract foreign direct investment (FDI). However, the extant research has been more focused on understanding the specific institutional of the transition and emerging economies and has left largely untapped African countries. In this paper we examine the impact of a selected number of six institutional dimensions on sub-Saharan countries’ ability to attract FDI inflows. Results show that the quality of the institutional environment is positively related to the FDI into these countries, confirming prior work on different geographies but showing some remarkable differences. We extend extant research on the institutional environments and distances into contexts of extreme under-institutionalization that characterize much of the sub-Saharan African region.
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Lang, Morin, Grzegorz Bilo, Sergio Caravita, and Gianfranco Parati. "Blood pressure and high altitude: physiological response and clinical management." Medwave 21, no. 04 (May 27, 2021): e8194-e8194. http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2021.04.8194.
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High altitude is an extreme environment that challenges human beings exposed because of work, recreational activities, or habitat. Exposure to hypobaric hypoxia results in physiological adaptations in response to the geography and the associated extreme environmental conditions. These acclimatization responses can be diverse and result from evolutionary changes and comorbidities. In this context, this review aims to identify the available evidence on the effects of high altitude on blood pressure—from the physiological to clinical aspects at rest and during exercise—and the underlying mechanisms and possible clinical implications of acute and chronic intermittent hypoxia.
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Shen, Zhenzhen, Aleksey Reiderman, and Casey Anude. "Pressure-less AgNP Sintering for High-power MCM Assembly for Extreme Environment Applications." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2015, no. 1 (October 1, 2015): 000342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2015-wp14.
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Silver nano-particle (AgNP) sintering has been a promising bonding material for high-temperature applications. There is an increasing demand for designs implemented as multi-chip module (MCM) in the high-temperature markets, like the oil and gas industry, primarily because of MCM's smaller size, higher-performance capability, and higher overall reliability when compared to traditional high Tg printed circuit boards. In this work, pressure-less AgNP sintering paste was used in the assembly of multi-chip modules. The assemblies included die-mounted on aluminum nitride and alumina substrates that were metallized with various thin and thick films. Sintered silver nano-particle attachments were also attempted for surface-mounted technology (SMT) chip components. Different assembly parameters such as bonding line thickness and sintering profiles were evaluated to discover the optimal assembly process window that would yield acceptable reliability for 250°C and higher ambient temperature applications. The assemblies were subjected to various tests including thermal cycling, high-ramp rate thermal shocks, and high-temperature storage tests. Shear strength measurements and analysis of the cross sections and fracture surfaces were performed to understand failure mechanisms. One of the findings was a certain and unique failure mode associated with bonding of thin-film gold metallized surfaces using pressure-less silver nano-particles sintering. That failure mode begins after a short exposure to temperatures of 200°C and higher. However, silver nano-particle sintering on substrates metallized with thin-film silver and some thick-film formulations yields dramatically better results.
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Maulana, Jaya, Vina Vindiani, Mohammad Triyanto, and Afif Aditama. "Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) at the Home Batik Sarong Screen Printing Industry in Pekalongan." International Journal of Advanced Technology and Social Sciences 2, no. 5 (May 30, 2024): 691–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.59890/ijatss.v2i5.1910.
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Home Industry Batik sarong screen printing is one of the economic pillars of the local community with many people involved in business and working in the field of batik. One of them is the Batik Sarong Screen Printing Home Industry in Pekalongan. The screen printing process poses dangers to workers. So it is necessary to evaluate the work environment and identify the risks of the screen printing process. This research aims to determine the conditions of the work environment by applying the Hazard Identification Risk and Assessment (HIRA) method in the process of making screen-printed sarongs. The method used in this research is qualitative and quantitative research. The results of identifying the hazards contained in all work activities found 7 types of activities that could pose 10 risks. The results of the assessment based on HIRA show the risk value of all potential hazards, namely, extreme risk (Extreme Risk) is 1, high risk is 3, moderate risk is 4, and low risk is 2 types. Suggestions from researchers are to make improvements using PPE, improve workplace design, and ergonomics training, stretch regularly, take regular breaks, substitute chemicals, and apply screen printing techniques correctly
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Roncella, Riccardo, Nazarena Bruno, Fabrizio Diotri, Klaus Thoeni, and Anna Giacomini. "Photogrammetric Digital Surface Model Reconstruction in Extreme Low-Light Environments." Remote Sensing 13, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071261.
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Digital surface models (DSM) have become one of the main sources of geometrical information for a broad range of applications. Image-based systems typically rely on passive sensors which can represent a strong limitation in several survey activities (e.g., night-time monitoring, underground survey and night surveillance). However, recent progresses in sensor technology allow very high sensitivity which drastically improves low-light image quality by applying innovative noise reduction techniques. This work focuses on the performances of night-time photogrammetric systems devoted to the monitoring of rock slopes. The study investigates the application of different camera settings and their reliability to produce accurate DSM. A total of 672 stereo-pairs acquired with high-sensitivity cameras (Nikon D800 and D810) at three different testing sites were considered. The dataset includes different camera configurations (ISO speed, shutter speed, aperture and image under-/over-exposure). The use of image quality assessment (IQA) methods to evaluate the quality of the images prior to the 3D reconstruction is investigated. The results show that modern high-sensitivity cameras allow the reconstruction of accurate DSM in an extreme low-light environment and, exploiting the correct camera setup, achieving comparable results to daylight acquisitions. This makes imaging sensors extremely versatile for monitoring applications at generally low costs.
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Ahmed, Mushtaq, Zafarullah Nizamani, Akihiko Nakayama, and Montasir Osman. "Generation of Offshore Environments in the Numerical Wave Tank to Model Metocean Conditions Interaction with Offshore Structure Near the Free Surface." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 945, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/945/1/012018.
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Abstract Offshore structures play a vital role in the economy of offshore oil-producing countries, where mostly fixed jacket type structures are used to produce oil and gas installed in shallow water. In an offshore environment where structures are installed, there exist met ocean forces such as wind, waves, and currents. These met ocean conditions when interacting with offshore structures near the free surface, generate loads. The estimation of such loads is very much important for the proper design of these structures. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the interaction of waves with a jacket platform by generating offshore environments in the numerical wave tank (NWT). To achieve this goal, ANSYS Fluent is used for the flow analysis by using continuity and Navier Stokes equation. Results are verified and validated with the analytical work. Wave crests under operating condition generate a force of 1.3 MN which is the lowest in magnitude as compared to wave crest which produces 4.5 MN force under extreme conditions. Unlike operating wave crest, the operating wave trough generates a higher force of 1 MN than extreme conditions which account for 1.5 MN forces. Forces produced by the extreme offshore environment are 30% higher than those generated under operating conditions. It is concluded from the results that a positive force is exerted onto the structure during the water entry phase while a negative force is observed when the water leaves the structure.