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Journal articles on the topic 'Extreme circumstances'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 26 July 2024

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1

Borysov, Roman, and Lyudmila Georgievna Sokuryanskaya. "Education in extreme circumstances: opportunities, constraints, risks." Youth in Central and Eastern Europe 10, no. 16 (December 21, 2023): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/ycee.10481.

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The article delves into the issue of the education system’s operation within extreme circumstances, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It underscores the pivotal role of education in mitigating global risks such as environmental, epidemiological, geopolitical, and others. Particular emphasis is given to the realm of distance education during extreme situations, examining its prospects, constraints, and perils.Drawing on research conducted in Ukraine and abroad, notably the nationwide study “High School Student 2021: Daily Practices and Life Plans,” the authors dissect the acquired data across three dimensions: the educational aspect (students’ perspectives on distance learning, shifts in their learning methods due to this educational format, modifications in academic engagement, etc.), technological (availability of devices that can be used to join educational platforms) and competence (skills in using devices, experience in distance learning). The article concludes that online education’s primary benefit lies in its ability to sustain the learning process during extreme circumstances, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine. Nevertheless, among the drawbacks of this educational model, the absence of direct interaction among various participants of education is prominently noted. Amid the potential risks, concerns arise about socialization risks and the potential degradation of society’s intellectual capacity due to a potential decline in the quality of educational offerings available to modern youth.

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2

Zhelizniak, S. "The essence and particulars of the circumstances that exclude administrative liability." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 77 (July 13, 2023): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.77.2.7.

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The article examines the essence and peculiarities of the circumstances that exclude administrative responsibility under national legislation. It is emphasized that the recognition of circumstances that exclude administrative responsibility is an important element of human rights protection, which allows to avoid unfair and excessive imposition of an administrative penalty on a person who has committed an offense and to ensure the fair application of the law. According to the provisions of the Code of Ukraine on administrative offenses, the following are the circumstances that exclude administrative responsibility: extreme necessity, necessary defense and state of insanity. It is emphasized that the application of extreme necessity as a circumstance does not mean that a person will not bear administrative responsibility for other actions that were committed without this circumstance. In turn, exemption from administrative liability in case of extreme necessity does not mean automatic release of a person from civil or criminal liability, if such liability has occurred. It was concluded that the necessary defense can be applied only as a reaction to an illegal act. If the act was legal, the necessary defense as a circumstance exempting from administrative responsibility is not applicable. The position on the medical and legal criteria of insanity, as well as the peculiarities of the content of this circumstance, which excludes administrative responsibility, is supported. The need for detailing and normative consolidation of the procedure and conditions of application of circumstances that exclude administrative responsibility is emphasized. Moreover, this applies to both material and procedural components of the application of such circumstances. In the long term, this should have a positive impact on the effectiveness of law enforcement, ensure compliance with the principle of people-centeredness, and also improve the activity of subjects of authority in applying measures of administrative jurisdiction.

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3

Gaynor, Brian S. "The euthanasia controversy. Decision making in extreme circumstances." Medical Journal of Australia 163, no. 3 (August 1995): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb127991.x.

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4

Syme, Rodney R. A. "The euthanasia controversy. Decision‐making in extreme circumstances." Medical Journal of Australia 164, no. 5 (March 1996): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1996.tb94209.x.

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5

Zalcberg, John R., and John D. Buchanan. "The euthanasia controversy. Decision‐making in extreme circumstances." Medical Journal of Australia 163, no. 8 (October 1995): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb124673.x.

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6

Komesaroff, Paul A. "The euthanasia controversy. Decision‐making in extreme circumstances." Medical Journal of Australia 163, no. 8 (October 1995): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb124674.x.

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7

Cziffer, Endre. "021. Management of Extremity Injuries in Extreme Circumstances." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 10, S2 (September 1995): S21—S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00500466.

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8

Martyniuk, Y. О., and V. O. Tolmachevska. "PECULIARITIES OF EMOTIONAL REACTION TO EXTREME CIRCUMSTANCES OF LIFE." Problems of modern psychology, no. 3 (2022): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26661/2310-4368/2022-3-11.

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9

Saegert, Susan. "Unlikely leaders, extreme circumstances: Older black women building community households." American Journal of Community Psychology 17, no. 3 (June 1989): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00931038.

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10

Joldasbaevna, Otegenova Luiza. "THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NECESSARY DEFENSE AND EXTREME NECESSITY." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 04, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume04issue10-10.

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This article analyzes the difference between necessary defense and extreme necessity. In addition, the article analyzes the social danger and wrongfulness of an act committed by an arrested person for causing harm during the detention of a person who has committed a crime, the harm caused to him is associated with specific circumstances and does not deviate from the limits of actions necessary for detention.

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Djakovic, Vladimir, Jelena Ivetić, and Goran Andjelic. "Modelling Risk under Volatile Conditions: Tail Index Estimation and Validation." Engineering Economics 32, no. 4 (October 28, 2021): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.32.4.29192.

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The subject of the research is to analyse and evaluate methods of investment risk modelling in dynamic, changing market circumstances, with a special focus on the assessment success of the expected effects of investment activities in ’extreme’ return points. In that sense, different Value at Risk models were used: the Historical Simulation (HS VaR), the Delta Normal VaR (D VaR) and the Extreme Value Theory model (EVT). The research objective is to test the performance of these models in specific, volatile, market circumstances, in terms of estimating the maximum possible losses from these activities. The basic hypothesis of the research is that it is possible to successfully anticipate the maximum possible losses from the investment activities in the extreme points of the return function by applying different methods of investment risk modelling in volatile market circumstances. The analysed financial data comprise daily stock returns of the BELEX15 (Serbia), BUX (Hungary), CROBEX (Croatia) and SBITOP (Slovenia) stock exchange indices in the period 2012-2019, which is relatively long time period suitable for the sound analyses. The main findings of the research point to the superior application adequacy of the Extreme Value Theory model (EVT) for successful risk modelling, i.e. for making optimal investment decisions. The research results represent innovated, concrete knowledge in the field of understanding the behaviour of the return function in its extremes, and consequently are of great importance to both the academic and professional public in the process of generating decisions on investment activities in volatile market conditions.

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12

BRAITHWAITE, RICHARD W. "FIVE MEALS IN THE FORTIES: PERSPECTIVES ON HOSPITALITY UNDER EXTREME CIRCUMSTANCES." Tourism Review International 7, no. 2 (January 1, 2003): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427203773069235.

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13

Marsani, Muhammad Fadhil, and Ani Shabri. "The distribution of extreme share return in different Malaysian economic circumstances." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 16, no. 1 (February 2, 2020): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v16n1.1356.

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This study evaluated the performance of probability distribution in various financial periods by investigating the effect of economic cycle on extreme stock return activity. Malaysian stock price KLCI data from 1994–2008 were split into three economy periods correspond to the growth, financial crisis, and the recovery. Four prevalent distributions specifically generalized lambda distribution (GLD), generalized extreme value (GEV), generalized logistic (GLO), and generalized pareto (GPA) were employed to model weekly and monthly maximum and minimum Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI) share returns. The L-moment approach was used to estimate the parameter while k-sample Anderson darling (k-ad) test was applied to measure the goodness of fit estimation. In conclusion, GLD is the most appropriate distribution representing a weekly maximum minimum return for overall three economic scenarios in Malaysia.

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Lutskevich, Nataliia. "Analysis of Psychophysiological Features of Operator Behavior in Extreme Situations." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, no. 3 (351) (2022): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2022-3(351)-265-273.

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The article analyzes the psychophysiological features of the operator's behavior in extreme conditions and situations. The author determined that extreme conditions are somewhat different from extreme situations. If extreme conditions can be identified with «critical» circumstances that change little in time, then extreme situations develop in a short period of time and are characterized by sharp dynamic changes in circumstances. In general, the influence of extreme factors, conditions, situations leads to the emergence of a stressful situation in the body of the operator. Stress – a state of mental stress that occurs in the process of activity in the most difficult and difficult – extreme conditions. In the conclusions of the article, the researcher noted that the behavior of the operator in extreme conditions and situations is characterized by stress, the impact of which is manifested depending on the subjective characteristics of psychophysiological qualities of the operator. Most of them are clearly clearly affected at once. Some, on the contrary, encourage more productive activities. But, in the end, the impact of extreme factors is clearly negative.

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15

Kryshtal, D., I. Nogko, and S. Gonchar. "MAKING MANAGEMENT DECISIONS IN EXTREME SITUATIONS." Grail of Science, no. 34 (December 16, 2023): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.08.12.2023.25.

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The article presents a general description of management activities in an extreme situation, the main directions of application of social technologies of management activities in extreme situations. The main difficulties that arise in the management of extreme circumstances are analysed and the basic principles and approaches to their solution are identified.

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16

Gebbie, Kristine M., Cheryl A. Peterson, Italo Subbarao, and Kathleen M. White. "Adapting Standards of Care Under Extreme Conditions." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 3, no. 2 (June 2009): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dmp.0b013e31819b95dc.

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ABSTRACTThe filing of criminal charges against a group of clinicians in New Orleans for failure to meet expected standards of care following the hurricanes of 2005 made the growing concern among health professionals about care provided during extreme emergencies or disasters all too real. Questions about what may lead to censure, penalties from licensing boards, or lawsuits have come from nurses, physicians, and many other licensed health professionals. A panel convened by the American Nurses Association that included representatives of medical, public health, hospital, and government agencies considered the ethical, professional, and practical aspects of meeting standards of care in such circumstances. Clinicians are reminded that in emergencies, it is only the circumstances that change (perhaps radically); neither the individual’s professional competency nor the basic professional standard of care is different. In making prioritized decisions under such circumstances, the individual’s ethical framework is utilitarian, and there are 3 areas for action, even when some routine tasks are set aside: maintain worker and patient safety; maintain airway, breathing, and circulation; and establish or maintain infection control. Policy recommendations such as state legislation for the adoption of comprehensive immunity for volunteer health care workers, and the establishment of a medical review panel as arbitration board are also suggested. The resulting white paper summarizes the issues and provides guidance to individual professionals, institutions in which they work, and emergency planners. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3:111–116)

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Matiienko, T. V. "PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF NEGOTIATIONS HELD BY THE POLICE IN EXTREME SERVICE CIRCUMSTANCES." State and Regions. Series: Law 2, no. 1 (2020): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/1813-338x-2020.1-2.30.

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18

Osofsky, Howard J., and Michael J. Osofsky. "Like Father, Like Son: A Psychoanalytical Approach to Interviewing in Extreme Circumstances." Psychoanalytic Inquiry 29, no. 6 (November 6, 2009): 529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07351690903014064.

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19

Hills, Alice. "Care and control: The role of the UK police in extreme circumstances." Policing and Society 7, no. 3 (March 1997): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964772.

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20

Kursaev, Aleksandr. "Circumstances excluding criminal liability for nonpayment of wages." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2020, no. 2 (July 21, 2020): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2020-2-123-130.

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Relevance of the research topic. The criminal code of the Russian Federation establishes criminal liability for non-payment of wages (article 1451). Liability under this rule occurs only if the employer has the actual ability to make payment of wages. In this regard, the author analyzes situations that may indicate the absence of such a possibility, and their significance in the qualification of the crime, based on the study of judicial and investigative practice. Problem statement. In science, there is no unity of views regarding the qualification of situations in which the perpetrator does not have the opportunity to repay the arrears of wages. It is proposed to consider the existing cases according to the rules of extreme necessity, reasonable risk, innocent behavior, and so on. However, each of these institutions differs in a specific set of characteristics necessary for the recognition of the committed act as inviolable. In this regard, the possibility of exemption from criminal liability for nonpayment of wages directly depends on the circumstance that eliminates the criminality of the committed act, if there are good reasons for non-payment, it can be attributed to. Research goals and methods. The purpose of the study is to assess the criminal law circumstances in which the crime of non-payment of wages can be eliminated. The paper uses dialectical, comparative legal, historical-legal, formal-legal methods of legal research. Results and key conclusions. A study was conducted on the possibility of applying the circumstances provided for by the Criminal code of the Russian Federation that eliminate the criminality of an act to cases of non-payment of wages. The conclusion that only extreme necessity can be considered as the only such circumstance is substantiated.

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21

Gálya, Bernadett, Péter Riczu, Lajos Blaskó, Vivien Bákonyi, and János Tamás. "Examination of the conditions of extreme water balance circumstances (water logging, drought) with environmental information technology tools." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 69 (March 23, 2016): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/69/1793.

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The Carpathian Basin is characterized by varying hydrological extremes, both in space and time. Hungary's natural endowments are more favourable than average, especially for agricultural production, with 5,3 million hectares of land we have which is suitable for agricultural production. These extreme water management are often occur in the same year and mostly in the same region, which may become more frequent in the future, especially in the lowland regions. The negative impacts of extreme water management was influenced by the land use changes in recent years, which has modified the runoff processes of the affected regions. The aim of the study was to research the formation of inland water and drought circumstances in two sample areas the Great Plain (Szolnok-Túri flat and Nyírség) by geoinformatic tools. During the investigation in the first step we determined that areas which are susceptible to inland water and drought, based on the AGROTOPO database. In addition, land-use categories of characteristics of the sample areas are evaluated according to the Corine Land Cover. Furthermore, after defining characteristic of NDVI values between the period of 2003–2013, we evaluated the effect of drought whether can be detected in crop failures in respective areas. Based on our results, we concluded that the formation of inland water and drought circumstances can be investigated in a large spatial extension by geoinformatic tools and databases.

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22

Wang, Jingrong, Zhihua Zhang, M. James C. Crabbe, and Lipon Chandra Das. "Responses of Extreme Climates in South Asia under a G6sulfur Scenario of Climate Engineering." Atmosphere 14, no. 10 (September 26, 2023): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14101490.

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Under global warming scenarios, extreme climate events in South Asia will occur more frequently which will seriously threaten the safety of local residents. South Asia faces dual pressures of the obligation of carbon emissions reduction globally and the demand for a better life for huge populations. Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) climate engineering provides a potential solution to this dilemma. We compared the evolution of 12 climate extreme indices under historical scenarios, two future scenarios (SSP245, SSP585) and an implementation scenario of SAI climate engineering (G6sulfur). We showed that the intensity and frequency of extreme climates under a G6sulfur scenario would be significantly higher than those under historical scenarios, and that the difference in extreme climates under three scenarios (SSP245, SSP585, and G6sulfur) would be widely varying, with some indices being considerably mitigated while others would reflect a worse set of circumstances than would be the case without SAI climate engineering. Therefore, SAI climate engineering is not an effective tool to mitigate future climate extremes in South Asia under global warming scenarios.

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Middleton, Warwick. "Extreme adaptations in extreme and chronic circumstances: The application of “weaponized sex” to those exposed to ongoing incestuous abuse." Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 18, no. 3 (March 20, 2017): 284–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2017.1295378.

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Chen, Xiaoyong, Qian Wang, and Dongming Jing. "Experimental study on fire resistance of electrical penetration assembly (EPA) under extreme circumstances." Annals of Nuclear Energy 158 (August 2021): 108225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2021.108225.

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25

SUZUKI, Koichi, and Masahiro WATANABE. "Circumstances of Groundwater in Matsuyama City and Extreme Shortage of Water in 1994." Journal of Groundwater Hydrology 38, no. 4 (1996): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5917/jagh1987.38.315.

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26

Shopper, Moisy, and Linda Gunsberg. "Interlude: Like Father, Like Son: A Psychoanalytical Approach to Interviewing in Extreme Circumstances." Psychoanalytic Inquiry 29, no. 6 (November 6, 2009): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07351690903014049.

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27

Urquhart, Andrew, and Robert Hudson. "Investor sentiment and local bias in extreme circumstances: The case of the Blitz." Research in International Business and Finance 36 (January 2016): 340–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2015.09.010.

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28

Boldyreva, А. N. "Review of the textbook by E.K. Stoletova, O.E. Chubarova “Extreme Сircumstances”, 2021, 164 pages." Professor’s Journal. Series: Russian and Literature: studying and teaching 4(8) (January 12, 2022): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2687-0339-2021-4-34-36.

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A review of the textbook by E.K. Stoletova and O.E. Chubarova “Extreme Circumstances”, published in 2021 in the publishing house “Flinta”, is proposed. The textbook is addressed to advanced foreign learners. It presents three short stories by modern Russian writers, touching on actual and exciting topics for the modern reader. These stories are united by the fact that their characters are forced to act in difficult life situations, extreme circumstances, make difficult decisions, take risks, saving themselves and other people. The authors of the textbook are supporters of interrelated teaching of types of speech activity. Each of the texts presented in the book is followed by exercises aimed at developing reading, speaking and writing skills, improving the discursive and grammatical competencies of learners.

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29

Cosentino, Alejandro César, Susana Celeste Azzollini, Pablo Domingo Depaula, and Sergio Edgardo Castillo. "Assessment of the affective and rational bases for urgent decision-making under extreme circumstances." Análise Psicológica 35, no. 4 (December 26, 2017): 543–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14417/ap.1267.

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Baumane, Mara, and Karlis Bukovskis. "Conditionality in extreme circumstances: the IMF and emergency financing during the COVID-19 pandemic." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 3, no. 27 (December 2023): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.27.2023.3.17-26.

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The article highlights the shift in lending policy towards instruments without ex post conditionality by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) amid the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The objectives of the article are two-fold: Firstly, it aims to clearly indicate the shift of IMF lending policy towards instruments without conditionality in 2020; secondly, it complements the existing academic literature on changes in conditionality by testing three factors that contribute to the shift. It is concluded that similarly to the global financial crisis in 2008, more discretion was given to IMF staff to rapidly respond to the crisis and that the IMF staff increased the Fund’s power position in the global financial safety net through expanded lending. A novelty around the COVID-19 crisis is the change in the normative debate around conditionality, which intensified in the years before the pandemic, suggesting that a more permanent change in IMF conditionality policy is taking shape. Keywords: Conditionality, COVID-19, Emergency Financing, International Monetary Fund.

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31

Gillespie, Michael A., and L. David Marquet. "Senior Leaders Are Extreme Cases, Not Special Cases." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 11, no. 4 (December 2018): 682–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2018.131.

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Recent discussions have focused on the special circumstances surrounding assessment and development for senior leadership (Reynolds, McCauley, Tsacoumis, and the Jeanneret Symposium Participants, 2018). The fundamental assertion is that different challenges are inherent in working with senior leadership, as compared to lower levels of leadership. We suggest that, although the focal article presents a useful synthesis of research and practice, many of the points made are applicable to leaders at all levels. In other words, by looking at senior leaders, we gain an increased appreciation for issues that are in fact relevant to all leaders.

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Zmarzlinski, Adam. "Pramod K. Nayar, The Extreme in Contemporary Culture: States of Vulnerability." Open Cultural Studies 1, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/culture-2017-0028.

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Abstract Pramod K. Nayar’s inventive 150-page examination of physical and psychological vulnerability of man under extreme circumstances-torture, terminal illness, environmental and geographical limits etc.-is a brilliant work best described as a thought-provoking, and surprisingly emotional, equivalent of an academic horror story. 'The Extreme in Contemporary Culture' leads the reader through film, literature, extreme sports, two major historical events-9/11 and Chernobyl-and the prisons of Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo Bay, and, like a neat multi-flowered bouquet, interlinks these different topics in one (un)floral cone: the human body under duress.

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Boonekamp, Rudy, Tamar Schaap, and Helma Van den Berg. "Examining immersion in a game-based experiment to study extreme behavior." International Journal of Serious Games 9, no. 1 (March 18, 2022): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17083/ijsg.v9i1.453.

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This paper investigates whether immersion in a game-based experiment can be used to observe authentic behavior, for example in the case of studying extreme behaviors under unfamiliar circumstances. A graphic adventure game (Opponent Immersion Game) was developed, in which participants could experience and act on various known risk factors and triggers for violent extremism. We investigated the following topics: 1) The relation between the perceived level of immersion and authentic in-game reactions, 2) the impact of the level of authenticity on the use of (in-game) violent extremist behavior, and 3) the impact of the presence or absence of visuals in the game on resulting game experiences. Results from an experiment with 188 participants show that authentic reactions are positively correlated with the flow experience, a subcategory of immersion. More authentic behavior is related to less violent behavior. Contrary to expectations, there was no effect of the exclusion of visuals on the level of immersion. Response coding shows the majority of participants had positive sentiments towards the game. This study shows that game based experimentation for studying human behavior in extreme and unfamiliar circumstances is a promising approach.

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MURISA, TENDAI, and TENDAI CHIKWECHE. "ENTREPREUNERSHIP AND MICRO-FINANCE IN EXTREME POVERTY CIRCUMSTANCES — CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS: THE CASE OF ZIMBABWE." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 18, no. 01 (March 2013): 1350001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946713500015.

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Using an on-going real case study of a micro-finance project modeled on financial inclusion in Zimbabwe, a country with high levels of poverty, we provide real time insights on entrepreneurship and micro-finance in this environment focusing on the nature of challenges faced by entrepreneurs and potential solutions to these challenges. While acknowledging this is a research stream that has dominated micro-finance, our study extends the scope of research beyond Asia and Latin America to include insights from an African market where micro-finance has recorded significant growth yet very few stories are told about these experiences. Our case study provides an opportunity to reflect on emerging and previously held insights in real time using a project that is still in the process of dealing with these challenges. We then go onto illustrate how our inclusive approach to serving the unbanked segment in Zimbabwe has potential for broader contribution to poverty reduction among citizens who are exposed to extreme conditions of poverty. Our paper also outlines an alternative approach of solutions to the challenges faced by micro-finance entrepreneurs, which could be applied by entrepreneurs in environments facing similar challenges.

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35

Wang, Fei, Hanchen Xu, Ti Xu, Kangping Li, Miadreza Shafie-khah, and João P. S. Catalão. "The values of market-based demand response on improving power system reliability under extreme circumstances." Applied Energy 193 (May 2017): 220–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.01.103.

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36

Balakrishnan, Kuhendra, Peter Scott, and Leslie Oliver. "A confluence of circumstances: A case of IVF, extreme exercise and spontaneous coronary artery dissection." International Journal of Cardiology 203 (January 2016): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.10.099.

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Irmak, Nurbay. "Professional ethics in extreme circumstances: responsibilities of attending physicians and healthcare providers in hunger strikes." Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 36, no. 4 (July 21, 2015): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11017-015-9333-9.

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38

Godé, Cécile, and Jean-Fabrice Lebraty. "Improving Decision Making in Extreme Situations." International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction 9, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jthi.2013010101.

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This article explores the capacity of a decision support system (DSS) to improve the quality of decision making in extreme situations. This DSS is actually based on a networked information system (IS). Academic literature commonly mentions models of fit to explore the relationship between technology and performance, reckoning users’ evaluations as a relevant measurement technique for Information System (IS) success. Although effective contributions have been achieved in measurement and exploration of fit, there have been few attempts to investigate the triangulation of fit between “Task-DSS-Decision Maker” under stressful and uncertain events. This article provides new insights regarding the assessment of advantages provided by networked IS for making relevant decisions under such circumstances. An original case study has been conducted. It is focused on a decision support system called Link 16 that is used during aerial missions. This case study shows that the system improves decision making on an individual basis and suggests to take into account three main criteria – compliance, complementarity and conformity – to measure DSS performance under extreme situations.

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Földi, László, and József Padányi. "Climate Change as a Challenge to the Armed Forces." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES/SODOBNI VOJAŠKI IZZIVI 24, no. 4 (October 1, 2022): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.24.4.2.

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Abstract Threats to national security are becoming more and more diverse, and factors are emerging which we did not expect. In recent decades, we have increasingly perceived extreme environmental events resulting from climate change as threats. This includes natural disasters related to weather, climate and/or water (windstorms, extreme precipitation, heat waves and extreme cold, wildfires, droughts,.). Military forces are carrying out their operations while being more and more affected by difficult environmental circumstances, and in addition their use in disaster management has become indispensable in our times. In this paper, the authors examine climate-related disasters’ impact on national security and on the use of military forces.

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Shenshin, Viktor M. "On the practice of implementing legislation on justified risk or extreme necessity, as circumstances precluding the criminality of the act of rescuers involved in emergency rescue operations." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 3 (2022): 404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2022-6-3-404-412.

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The presented study examines the practice of implementing legislation on justified risk or extreme necessity, as circumstances excluding the criminality of the actions of rescuers involved in emergency rescue operations. It is noted that, despite the increased attention from the legislator, as well as the scientific community, today it is necessary to improve the practice of implementing legislation on justified risk or extreme necessity, as circumstances excluding the criminality of the actions of rescuers involved in emergency rescue operations. There is no legally established mechanism for determining “imaginary” extreme necessity, which, according to the researcher, can be solved as follows: a person should be held liable only if, based on the current situation, he could and should have realized that the threats are actually no, the danger is imaginary. In this case, the responsibility for the harm caused comes for a negligent crime. In all other cases, we will talk about imaginary extreme necessity. The author's interpretation of such a term as “actions in conditions of uncertainty” is presented, which should be understood as the actions of officials and personnel of the fire department to eliminate the threat to life and health of people, save people when extinguishing fires and (or) carry out emergency rescue operations carried out in the absence of the necessary and sufficient information to make a decision on the methods and means of rescuing people, extinguishing a fire and (or) conducting emergency rescue operations and eliminating the consequences of an emergency.

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Nikulenko, Andrei. "The extreme necessity and its importance in operational and investigative activities." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2019, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2019-4-107-112.

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The article describes the role and place of circumstances precluding the criminality of the act in the criminal law of Russia. The authors demonstrate the possibilities of their regulatory function of law enforcement officers, in particular, employees of operational units of the internal Affairs bodies of the Russian Federation. The main emphasis is placed on the conditions of legality of causing harm in case of extreme necessity, as a circumstance precluding the criminality of the act, in the criminal law of Russia. The questions of application of the norm of extreme necessity and its correlation with the conditions of legality of operational search activities by law enforcement officers are touched upon. The current procedure of legal assessment of operational search activities is criticized. It is concluded that at present the harm to the interests protected by the criminal law during the operational search activities, from the point of view of its legality to the norms of the criminal legislation, can be justified only by extreme necessity. Due to the lack of relevant norms in the current criminal legislation, it is necessary to focus on the existing regulatory framework. It is noted that the legislation on operational-search activity of conditions of legality of causing harm, unfortunately, does not contain. Thus, its role in the regulation of such relations is minimal and does not meet the prevailing law enforcement practice. Possible solutions to these problems are proposed.

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Smith, Phil, and Les Bell. "Transactional and transformational leadership in schools in challenging circumstances: a policy paradox." Management in Education 25, no. 2 (April 2011): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892020611399608.

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This article reports on a research project that studied the approaches to leadership adopted by head teachers in one local authority in an area of extreme social deprivation in northern England. Using data from semi-structured interviews which was analysed using three software packages, it examines how far the heads use either transactional or transformational leadership and identifies the factors that lead heads to make leadership choices. It concludes that while heads use both approaches to leadership, they believe that transformational leadership is far more effective in bringing about change which produces successful school development. However, external pressures cause the heads to concentrate far more than they would wish on transactional leadership in spite of the espoused national policy to facilitate school improvement.

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Zhao, Jian Yu, Bo Xin Wang, Ya Yi Lu, Xiao Dong Li, Xi Lu Lv, Zhao Min Cheng, and Qing Hua Wang. "Security Analysis of Solar Building in Extreme Weather." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 1893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.1893.

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In order to prevent the solar heater falling off the roof in extreme weather and spread the solar building technology, this paper gave a feasible inclination and new connection for collectors used in slope roof and ridge in cold district. The reliability of connection was analyzed under snowstorm and fierce wind condition. The results showed that raising the inclination angle of heater 3°higher than local latitude was beneficial to ensure the security of collector and to reduce the energy consumed by buildings. In the event that the whole load has acted on a single expansion in combined load condition, it remain contained 286% safety margin, while safety margin was up to 415% under fierce wind circumstances individually. It is obvious that the connection is quiet suit for installing heaters on the roof without forethought pedestals.

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Cosentino, Alejandro César, Sergio Héctor Azzara, Aldana Sol Grinhauz, and Susana Celeste Azzollini. "Urgent decision-making in extreme circumstances: Associations with cognitive reflection and with responses to moral dilemmas." Análise Psicológica 38, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14417/ap.1707.

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Foi proposto que a tomada de decisões urgentes em circunstâncias extremas pode ser baseada em dois tipos de processamento de informações: afetivo e racional. Como o modelo de decisões urgentes é recente, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar suas características e relações com variáveis relevantes. Utilizamos uma amostra intencional de 416 estudantes universitários de uma academia militar. Os resultados mostraram que a tomada de decisões urgentes em circunstâncias extremas está relacionada a preferências gerais por intuição ou deliberação, reflexão cognitiva e reação a dilemas morais pessoal altamente conflituosos. Notavelmente, a tomada de decisão urgente baseada na racionalidade foi positivamente associada à reflexão cognitiva e a uma forma utilitária de resolver dilemas morais pessoais de alto conflito. Além disso, tanto a tomada de decisões urgentes, tanto racionais como afetivas/emocionais, foram associadas à percepção da dificuldade em resolver dilemas morais pessoais de alto-conflito. O modelo de juízos urgentes em circunstâncias extremas pode ser útil porque contribui para descrever o perfil cognitivo e decisório óptimo para a seleção de recursos humanos em atividades que envolvem enfrentar contextos de alta incerteza onde a tomada de decisões rápidas é necessária, tais como tarefas realizadas por profissionais de resgate ou pessoal de combate.

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Denison, Robert, and Caroline Dos Santos. "Impact of Radical Changes of Circumstances on Contractual Relationships Under Swiss Law and English Law: Tomato-Tomato?" Business Law Review 44, Issue 2 (April 1, 2023): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2023008.

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When circumstances change radically after a contract has been concluded, parties may try to seek relief from performance. If the terms of the contract itself do not assist, the underlying governing law may offer a remedy, depending on the supervening events in question and their effect on the contract. The authors examine the legal mechanisms that Swiss and English contract law provide to address such situations and compare how they each would approach some of the recent unprecedented global events that have affected international commerce. Both systems are reticent to intervene except where the changes affecting the contract are extreme; therefore, parties will often prefer to try to allocate risk of supervening events by including appropriate contractual terms. In the absence of such terms, both Swiss and English law may relieve a party’s liability if performance has become impossible. English law goes further, also offering respite where the purpose of the contract has been frustrated, but will not intervene solely to protect a party from a bad economic outcome. In contrast, Swiss law does permit a judge or arbitrator to intervene and amend the parties’ contract in cases of extreme economic imbalance.

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Li, Fu Meng, Yi Hua Feng, Hao Sun, and Hai Xia Huang. "A Summarization of Tribological Behaviors of Self-Lubricating Composite Ceramic Tool." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.302.

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Under the special circumstances, we cannot use the lubricating medium and want to overcome the lake of friction properties of the single material in the cutting process, we will be done mainly through two ways: prepared self-lubricating tool and preparation of coating tools, in order to work reliable under the extreme conditions.

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Swathi, Baswaraju, B. Varasree, Vandna Kumari, Sonali Jayronia, Hazim Y. Saeed, and Manish Kumar. "Advances in Design and Development of High-Performance Super Alloys for Extreme Environments." E3S Web of Conferences 430 (2023): 01137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343001137.

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This study centres on the current progressions in the domain of superalloy design and development, with a particular emphasis on their customization to endure the demanding conditions of highly challenging settings. The manuscript emphasises the importance of superalloys in diverse sectors, including aerospace, energy, and manufacturing, where materials are exposed to elevated temperatures and corrosive environments. The primary aims of this research encompass the investigation of innovative alloy compositions, techniques for microstructural engineering, and advanced methods of processing. The objective is to augment the mechanical strength, creep resistance, corrosion resistance, and overall durability of superalloys under circumstances of severe exposure. The manuscript emphasises the intricate nature of the problems encountered in this endeavour, highlighting the need of striking a balance between different material qualities in order to get the most favourable performance. In addition, the manuscript provides a concise overview of the paper’s methodology, which involves the use of sophisticated tools for characterising materials, computer modelling, and experimental verification. The potential of these novel high-performance superalloys to bring about a paradigm shift in industries that heavily rely on materials with the ability to endure severe circumstances is considerable. Superalloys offer enhanced qualities that can be advantageous in many applications, including as aerospace components, gas turbines, and petrochemical equipment.

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ILGAMOV, M. A. "REVIEW BOOK GALIEV SH.U. "EXTREME MULTIVALUED WAVES IN SCALAR FIELDS", PLANNED BY SPRINGER FOR PUBLICATION IN EARLY 2024." Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN, no. 3 (September 11, 2023): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2023-0-3-95-108.

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The purpose of the book is a mathematical and experimental study of the circumstances that determine the occurrence of extreme multivalued waves, their evolution and description. The interdisciplinary nature of extreme waves is emphasized. It is known that Einstein tried to build a unified (interdisciplinary) field theory that would unite all interactions in Nature into a single system. The book uses this idea. The known equations of the scalar field are considered as the basis for the unification and description of extreme waves in the environment. This approach will allow us to raise fundamental questions about the many-valued, corpuscular-wave, nonlinear nature of the world around us. The idea that everything in the world obeys non-linear laws is illustrated. Various strongly non-linear wave processes are modeled, ranging from modeling the Euler figures and ocean waves to describing the birth of particle-waves and the Universe. It is shown that extreme waves model many patterns observed in liquid layers, optical systems, Bose-Einstein condensates, micro- and electronic resonators. Thus, the extreme waves discussed in this book can be applied to a variety of technologies and systems, from the atomic scale to space.

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Ghosh, Sunanda, George Bruxner, and Alka Kothari. "“Too much too soon, let me out of here!” Psychiatric and obstetric implications of a child’s pregnancy." Australasian Psychiatry 27, no. 2 (March 21, 2019): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856219838344.

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Objective: Psychiatrists may become involved in circumstances where a child is seeking termination of pregnancy. Potential roles include capacity advice and advocacy, but ethical and legal uncertainties abound. This paper uses illustrative cases, in an Australian jurisdiction, to exemplify the issues. Conclusion: Termination of pregnancy at the youthful extreme raises unique challenges for all involved.

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Leland Ware. "Before and After Segregation and Apartheid: A Comparative Analysis." Thinker 85, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/thethinker.v85i3.383.

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This article compares conditions in South Af rica before and after apartheid to the circumstances in America during and after segregation. During the eras of segregation and apartheid, conditions for Black people in America and South Af rica were oppressive in the extreme. The two systems had some differences, but the overall impact was the same.

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