Journal articles: 'Extraterrestrial water'

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Zolensky, M. E. "Extraterrestrial Water." Elements 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gselements.1.1.39.

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Baker, Victor R., James M. Dohm, Alberto G. Fair�n, Ty P. A. Ferr�, Justin C. Ferris, Hideaki Miyamoto, and Dirk Schulze-Makuch. "Extraterrestrial hydrogeology." Hydrogeology Journal 13, no. 1 (February 26, 2005): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0433-2.

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Chan, Queenie H. S., Michael E. Zolensky, Yoko Kebukawa, Marc Fries, Motoo Ito, Andrew Steele, Zia Rahman, et al. "Organic matter in extraterrestrial water-bearing salt crystals." Science Advances 4, no. 1 (January 2018): eaao3521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao3521.

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Rahma, Siti Nur, Suliyanah Suliyanah, and Abdul Halim. "How do Astrophysics and the Qur'an Perceive the Extraterrestrial Life? A Qualitative Study." Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika 10, no. 2 (April 20, 2022): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/jpf.v10i2.7433.

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The topic of extraterrestrial life is still only a theory and the truth is still being investigated. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the beginning formation of the universe according to astrophysics and the Qur’an, astrophysics discoveries about extraterrestrial life, and letters in the Qur’an that hint at extraterrestrial life, as well as analyzing the relationship between astrophysics and letters in the Qur’an related to extraterrestrial life. This research is qualitative research with a method consisting of library research and interviews. The primary data of this research comes from scientific articles of previous research, relevant books, and interpretations of Qur’an verses. The secondary data were obtained through the results of interviews with experts. The data analysis technique in this study was adapted from the analysis technique of Miles Huberman, while the verses of the Qur’an used the Kemenag interpretation with a scientific interpretation style. The results show that in line with the astrophysical discoveries, the creation of the universe and the existence of extraterrestrial life are also hinted at in the Qur'an. In addition, the alleged presence of water on other planets also supports the signs in the Qur'an. Based on the results, it can be concluded that there is no dichotomy between astrophysical discoveries and signs in the Qur'an regarding extraterrestrial life.

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Potapov, Alexey, Maria Elisabetta Palumbo, Zelia Dionnet, Andrea Longobardo, Cornelia Jäger, Giuseppe Baratta, Alessandra Rotundi, and Thomas Henning. "Exploring Refractory Organics in Extraterrestrial Particles." Astrophysical Journal 935, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7f32.

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Abstract The origin of organic compounds detected in meteorites and comets, some of which could have served as precursors of life on Earth, remains an open question. The aim of the present study is to make one more step in revealing the nature and composition of organic materials of extraterrestrial particles by comparing infrared spectra of laboratory-made refractory organic residues to spectra of cometary particles returned by the Stardust mission, interplanetary dust particles, and meteorites. Our results reinforce the idea of a pathway for the formation of refractory organics through energetic and thermal processing of molecular ices in the solar nebula. There is also the possibility that some of the organic material had formed already in the parental molecular cloud before it entered the solar nebula. The majority of the IR “organic” bands of the studied extraterrestrial particles can be reproduced in the spectra of the laboratory organic residues. We confirm the detection of water, nitriles, hydrocarbons, and carbonates in extraterrestrial particles and link it to the formation location of the particles in the outer regions of the solar nebula. To clarify the genesis of the species, high-sensitivity observations in combination with laboratory measurements like those presented in this paper are needed. Thus, this study presents one more piece of the puzzle of the origin of water and organic compounds on Earth and motivation for future collaborative laboratory and observational projects.

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Roy, Robert. "Backwards Runs the Reaction." Mechanical Engineering 130, no. 04 (April 1, 2008): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2008-apr-3.

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This article describes various electrochemical programs that could enable advanced vehicles to generate critical gases directly from water. Energy storage solutions using water electrolysis and fuel cell systems are being examined for applications ranging from backup power systems and lighter-than-air vehicles to extraterrestrial bases on the moon and Mars. The basic architecture of a regenerative fuel cell energy storage system includes a high-pressure water electrolysis system, a fuel cell, a fluid management and storage system, a thermal management system, and a power management system. For extraterrestrial applications, the system would be used in tandem with a photovoltaic array. Recent studies have focused on oxygen and hydrogen storage pressures of between 1000 and 2000 psi, requiring the development of a high, balanced-pressure water electrolysis cell stack and balance of plant to safely manage these fluids. Fuel cell-powered vehicles hold the promise of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector, provided the hydrogen fuel is produced from a renewable energy source, such as a high-pressure water electrolyzer operating from wind, solar, or nuclear power.

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Biddanda, Bopaiah, Anthony Weinke, Ian Stone, Scott Kendall, Phil Hartmeyer, Wayne Lusardi, Stephanie Gandulla, John Bright, and Steven Ruberg. "Extant Earthly Microbial Mats and Microbialites as Models for Exploration of Life in Extraterrestrial Mat Worlds." Life 11, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11090883.

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As we expand the search for life beyond Earth, a water-dominated planet, we turn our eyes to other aquatic worlds. Microbial life found in Earth’s many extreme habitats are considered useful analogs to life forms we are likely to find in extraterrestrial bodies of water. Modern-day benthic microbial mats inhabiting the low-oxygen, high-sulfur submerged sinkholes of temperate Lake Huron (Michigan, USA) and microbialites inhabiting the shallow, high-carbonate waters of subtropical Laguna Bacalar (Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico) serve as potential working models for exploration of extraterrestrial life. In Lake Huron, delicate mats comprising motile filaments of purple-pigmented cyanobacteria capable of oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis and pigment-free chemosynthetic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria lie atop soft, organic-rich sediments. In Laguna Bacalar, lithification by cyanobacteria forms massive carbonate reef structures along the shoreline. Herein, we document studies of these two distinct earthly microbial mat ecosystems and ponder how similar or modified methods of study (e.g., robotics) would be applicable to prospective mat worlds in other planets and their moons (e.g., subsurface Mars and under-ice oceans of Europa). Further studies of modern-day microbial mat and microbialite ecosystems can add to the knowledge of Earth’s biodiversity and guide the search for life in extraterrestrial hydrospheres.

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Pavlov, Anatoly, Vladimir Cheptsov, Denis Tsurkov, Vladimir Lomasov, Dmitry Frolov, and Gennady Vasiliev. "Survival of Radioresistant Bacteria on Europa’s Surface after Pulse Ejection of Subsurface Ocean Water." Geosciences 9, no. 1 (December 25, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9010009.

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We briefly present preliminary results of our study of the radioresistant bacteria in a low temperature and pressure and high-radiation environment and hypothesize the ability of microorganisms to survive extraterrestrial high-radiation environments, such as the icy surface of Jupiter’s moon, Europa. In this study, samples containing a strain of Deinococcus radiodurans VKM B-1422T embedded into a simulated version of Europa’s ice were put under extreme environmental (−130 °C, 0.01 mbar) and radiation conditions using a specially designed experimental vacuum chamber. The samples were irradiated with 5, 10, 50, and 100 kGy doses and subsequently studied for residual viable cells. We estimate the limit of the accumulated dose that viable cells in those conditions could withstand at 50 kGy. Combining our numerical modelling of the accumulated dose in ice with observations of water eruption events on Europa, we hypothesize that in the case of such events, it is possible that putative extraterrestrial organisms might retain viability in a dormant state for up to 10,000 years, and could be sampled and studied by future probe missions.

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He, Lichen, Chao Wang, Guang Zhang, Yong Pang, and Wei Yao. "A novel auger-based system for extraterrestrial in-situ water resource extraction." Icarus 367 (October 2021): 114552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114552.

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Holladay, J. D., K. P. Brooks, P. Humble, J. Hu, and T. M. Simon. "Compact Reverse Water-Gas-Shift Reactor for Extraterrestrial In Situ Resource Utilization." Journal of Propulsion and Power 24, no. 3 (May 2008): 578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.28589.

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Leighton, T. G. "The acoustic bubble: Ocean, cetacean and extraterrestrial acoustics, and cold water cleaning." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 797 (January 2017): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/797/1/012001.

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Hegde, Siddharth, Ivan G. Paulino-Lima, Ryan Kent, Lisa Kaltenegger, and Lynn Rothschild. "Surface biosignatures of exo-Earths: Remote detection of extraterrestrial life." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 13 (March 16, 2015): 3886–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421237112.

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Exoplanet discovery has made remarkable progress, with the first rocky planets having been detected in the central star’s liquid water habitable zone. The remote sensing techniques used to characterize such planets for potential habitability and life rely solely on our understanding of life on Earth. The vegetation red edge from terrestrial land plants is often used as a direct signature of life, but it occupies only a small niche in the environmental parameter space that binds life on present-day Earth and has been widespread for only about 460 My. To more fully exploit the diversity of the one example of life known, we measured the spectral characteristics of 137 microorganisms containing a range of pigments, including ones isolated from Earth’s most extreme environments. Our database covers the visible and near-infrared to the short-wavelength infrared (0.35–2.5 µm) portions of the electromagnetic spectrum and is made freely available from biosignatures.astro.cornell.edu. Our results show how the reflectance properties are dominated by the absorption of light by pigments in the visible portion and by strong absorptions by the cellular water of hydration in the infrared (up to 2.5 µm) portion of the spectrum. Our spectral library provides a broader and more realistic guide based on Earth life for the search for surface features of extraterrestrial life. The library, when used as inputs for modeling disk-integrated spectra of exoplanets, in preparation for the next generation of space- and ground-based instruments, will increase the chances of detecting life.

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Stevenson, Andrew, Jürgen Burkhardt, Charles S. Cockell, Jonathan A. Cray, Jan Dijksterhuis, Mark Fox-Powell, Terence P. Kee, et al. "Multiplication of microbes below 0.690 water activity: implications for terrestrial and extraterrestrial life." Environmental Microbiology 17, no. 2 (September 28, 2014): 257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12598.

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Engrand, Cécile, Etienne DeLoule, François Robert, Michel Maurette, and Gero Kurat. "Extraterrestrial water in micrometeorites and cosmic spherules from Antarctica: An ion microprobe study." Meteoritics & Planetary Science 34, no. 5 (September 1999): 773–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.1999.tb01390.x.

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Kwok, Sun. "Search for water and life's building blocks in the Universe: An Introduction." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, A29B (August 2015): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316005585.

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AbstractWater and organics are commonly believed to be the essential ingredients for life on Earth. The development of infrared and submillimeter observational techniques has resulted in the detection of water in circumstellar envelopes, interstellar clouds, comets, asteroids, planetary satellites and the Sun. Complex organics have also been found in stellar ejecta, diffuse and molecular clouds, meteorites, interplanetary dust particles, comets and planetary satellites. In this Focus Meeting, we will discuss the origin, distribution, and detection of water and other life's building blocks both inside and outside of the Solar System. The possibility of extraterrestrial organics and water on the origin of life on Earth will also be discussed.

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Mostafa, Reham R., Ozgur Kisi, Rana Muhammad Adnan, Tayeb Sadeghifar, and Alban Kuriqi. "Modeling Potential Evapotranspiration by Improved Machine Learning Methods Using Limited Climatic Data." Water 15, no. 3 (January 25, 2023): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030486.

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Modeling potential evapotranspiration (ET0) is an important issue for water resources planning and management projects involving droughts and flood hazards. Evapotranspiration, one of the main components of the hydrological cycle, is highly effective in drought monitoring. This study investigates the efficiency of two machine-learning methods, random vector functional link (RVFL) and relevance vector machine (RVM), improved with new metaheuristic algorithms, quantum-based avian navigation optimizer algorithm (QANA), and artificial hummingbird algorithm (AHA) in modeling ET0 using limited climatic data, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and extraterrestrial radiation. The outcomes of the hybrid RVFL-AHA, RVFL-QANA, RVM-AHA, and RVM-QANA models compared with single RVFL and RVM models. Various input combinations and three data split scenarios were employed. The results revealed that the AHA and QANA considerably improved the efficiency of RVFL and RVM methods in modeling ET0. Considering the periodicity component and extraterrestrial radiation as inputs improved the prediction accuracy of the applied methods.

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Kolosova, T., A. Raukas, S. Shymanovich, and R. Tiirmaa. "EXTRATERRESTRIAL SPHERULES IN THE SURROUNDINGS OF KAALI METEORITE CRATERS (SAAREMAA ISLAND, ESTONIA)." Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 42, no. 3 (1993): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/geol.1993.3.05.

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Shirai, Toshimichi, Tomoaki Oyama, Hiroshi Imai, and Shinsuke Abe. "Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence at 22 GHz with the Very Large Array." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 213 (2004): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900193647.

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We have conducted a direct Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence at the Water Maser frequency, 22.235 GHz, using the Very Large Array. The targets were 13 solar-type stars that were known to host exoplanetary systems. In all cases, the RMS limits of the flux density, 20 mJy (5σ), were sufficient to rule out any omnidirectional transmitters of the same power as terrestrial radars (5 × 1012 W). We discuss the significance of this non-detection.

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Matthews, Clifford N. "Universal Protein Ancestors from Hydrogen Cyanide and Water." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 112 (1985): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900146467.

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Current research in cosmochemistry shows that crude organic solids of high molecular weight are readily formed in planetary, interplanetary and interstellar environments. What are the components of these intractable materials and how are they connected, if at all, with the beginnings of life? It is proposed here that underlying much of this ubiquitous chemistry is a low energy route leading directly to the synthesis of heteropolypeptides from hydrogen cyanide and water. Evidence from laboratory and extraterrestrial investigations suggests that this hydrogen cyanide polymerization is a truly universal process that accounts not only for the past synthesis of protein ancestors on Earth but also for reactions proceeding elsewhere today within our solar system, on planetary bodies around other stars and in the dusty molecular clouds of spiral galaxies. The existence of this preferred pathway adds greatly to the probability of life being widespread in the universe.

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Reid, George C., and Susan Solomon. "On the existence of an extraterrestrial source of water vapor in the middle atmosphere." Geophysical Research Letters 13, no. 11 (November 1986): 1129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gl013i011p01129.

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Bassez, Marie-Paule. "Follow the High Subcritical Water." Geosciences 9, no. 6 (June 3, 2019): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9060249.

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The expression “follow the water” is used to recognize inside the universe, life as it exists on Earth. It is shown here that the expression “follow the high subcritical water” can be used to recognize the components of life that formed prior to the emergence of life. It is also shown that this particular water leaves signatures inside rocks that are produced during high subcritical water–rock interactions. These signatures are ferric minerals, which are currently explained by the presence of microorganisms. The consideration of water in the high subcritical domain may lead to postpone the date of the existence of FeII-oxidizing and O2-producing microorganisms, and consequently the date of the appearance of oxygen in the atmosphere. Alkaline water at pH ~9.5 to 14 and in the specific domain of temperature ~300–350 °C, pressure ~10–25 MPa, and density ~700–600 kg/m3, allows us to understand the formation of silica and ferric minerals, and the synformation of components of life in anoxic geological terrains such as the banded iron formations on early Earth and extraterrestrial objects such as Enceladus. The high subcritical water lets appear the continuity between rocks and life, which is conceptualized by the word “geobiotropy”.

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Thompson, Reynaldo, and Tirtha Prasad Mukhopadhyay. "Microbial Nanoids: Electronic Arts in the Face of Mexico’s Megadiversity Crisis." Leonardo 51, no. 3 (June 2018): 294–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01537.

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In this paper the authors describe the pioneering robot designed by Arcangel Constantini, called the Nanodrizas (2006). Nanodrizas is a cluster of small robots resembling extraterrestrial flying objects. They are introduced into an ecosystem for water recycling, among other effects. The result of a seriocomic robotic device like the Nanodrizas is to make the viewer aware of the specific technology that would one day allow humans to invite machines and artificial life-systems to save an environment that is precariously balanced on the edge.

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Rai, Abhishek K., Jayanta K. Pati, Christian G. Parigger, and Awadhesh K. Rai. "Plasma Spectroscopy of Various Types of Gypsum: An Ideal Terrestrial Analogue." Atoms 7, no. 3 (July 21, 2019): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms7030072.

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The first detection of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) by the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover Curiosity in the Gale Crater, Mars created a profound impact on planetary science and exploration. The unique capability of plasma spectroscopy, which involves in situ elemental analysis in extraterrestrial environments, suggests the presence of water in the red planet based on phase characterization and provides a clue to Martian paleoclimate. The key to gypsum as an ideal paleoclimate proxy lies in its textural variants and terrestrial gypsum samples from varied locations and textural types have been analyzed with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) in this study. Petrographic, sub-microscopic, and powder X-ray diffraction characterizations confirm the presence of gypsum (hydrated calcium sulphate; CaSO4·2H2O), bassanite (semi-hydrated calcium sulphate; CaSO4·½H2O), and anhydrite (anhydrous calcium sulphate; CaSO4), along with accessory phases (quartz and jarosite). The principal component analysis of LIBS spectra from texturally varied gypsums can be differentiated from one another due to the chemical variability in their elemental concentrations. The concentration of gypsum is determined from the partial least-square regressions model. The rapid characterization of gypsum samples with LIBS is expected to work well in extraterrestrial environments.

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Barzin, Razieh, Amin Shirvani, and Hossein Lotfi. "Estimation of daily average downward shortwave radiation from MODIS data using principal components regression method: Fars province case study." International Agrophysics 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2016-0035.

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Abstract Downward shortwave radiation is a key quantity in the land-atmosphere interaction. Since the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data has a coarse temporal resolution, which is not suitable for estimating daily average radiation, many efforts have been undertaken to estimate instantaneous solar radiation using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data. In this study, the principal components analysis technique was applied to capture the information of moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer bands, extraterrestrial radiation, aerosol optical depth, and atmospheric water vapour. A regression model based on the principal components was used to estimate daily average shortwave radiation for ten synoptic stations in the Fars province, Iran, for the period 2009-2012. The Durbin-Watson statistic and autocorrelation function of the residuals of the fitted principal components regression model indicated that the residuals were serially independent. The results indicated that the fitted principal components regression models accounted for about 86-96% of total variance of the observed shortwave radiation values and the root mean square error was about 0.9-2.04 MJ m−2 d−1. Also, the results indicated that the model accuracy decreased as the aerosol optical depth increased and extraterrestrial radiation was the most important predictor variable among all.

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Gontareva, N. B. "Photochemical stability of biomolecules in the experiments modelling Martian surface conditions." International Journal of Astrobiology 4, no. 1 (January 2005): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147355040500251x.

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Life has probably existed on Earth for about 3.5 billion years and ever since people could wonder, they have tried to understand its origins. It is thought that organisms as complex as bacteria emerged within 0.5–1 billion years. Organic molecules, such as amino acids, organic acids and sugars have been observed in material from extraterrestrial sources in the solar system. But, to confirm the possibility of nucleic acid bases also being synthesized under these conditions, we have replicated the synthesis of monophosphates as dry pellets (5′-monophosphates, the predominant reaction products) under simulated Martian conditions. Our research task was to find out whether the main organic substances were able to survive in the absence of water. This reaction must proceed under solvent-free conditions and incident short ultraviolet radiation (UVC) in a vacuum. After 5 months of reaction time monophosphates could be identified in detectable quantities. These experiments utilized basalt and limonite as protectors and successfully shielded the products from decomposition by UVC. Our team has obtained more results concerning prebiotic synthesis of polypeptides and nucleotides in the presence of meteorite dust; these are the same kind of experiment, but using different extraterrestrial material.

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Murdmaa, I. O., D. M. Pechersky, D. K. Nourgaliev, D. M. Kuzina, and S. M. Sloistov. "Extraterrestrial native iron in deep-water sediments of the NW Atlantic: Evidence from thermomagnetic analyses." Lithology and Mineral Resources 50, no. 2 (March 2015): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0024490215020030.

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Rastinasab, Vahid, Weidong Hu, and Mohammad Kazem Tahmasebi. "Water Recognition on the Moon by Using THz Heterodyne-Spectrometer for Identifying the Appropriate Locations to Extract Water for Providing Oxygen for Breathing and Fuel for Spaceships’ Propulsion on the Moon with CubeSat." Aerospace 8, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8070186.

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Asteroid mining offers vital sources for improving human lives and provides opportunities for interplanetary missions and space travel. There are many professional commercial space companies that are only investing billions of dollars on asteroids mining, but prior to that, one condition for asteroid mining could be planetary stations to refuel the pioneers’ spacecraft or human colonies on alien planets; hence, one of the vital sources for these purposes is water. Water can be harvested to split oxygen for breathing and hydrogen for refueling spaceships’ propulsions, and Earth-to-space water payload transporting is extremely expensive; therefore, discovering extraterrestrial water in outer space is economically beneficial. This paper presents a Lunar CubeSat Injector to deliver four 3U CubeSats into Low Lunar Orbit to make a constellation to identify locations of water sources on the Moon by using a THz heterodyne-spectrometer. In sum, this project can help scientists to recognize more water resources for those who will colonize the Moon and for those planning to go beyond it.

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В.Н., Хмелёв,, Барсуков, Р.В., Голых, Р.Н., Барсуков, А.Р., Нестеров, В.А., and Quan, Qiquan. "Compact DEVICE WITH AUTONOMOUS POWER SUPPLY FOR DRILLING EXTRATERRESTRIAL OBJECTS." Южно-Сибирский научный вестник, no. 6(46) (December 20, 2022): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25699/sssb.2022.46.6.030.

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Статья посвящена устройству, способному обеспечить эффективное бурение неизвестного до посадки космических модулей грунта, в котором решена проблема бурения под разными углами для выявлении и добычи воды из лунного грунта, установки исследовательских датчиков и иных устройств в грунте на заданной глубине для исследования планет, комет, астероидов и других небесных тел. В статье представлен обзор конструкций существующих буров, выявлены их основные достоинства и недостатки. Подробно рассмотрена конструкция и работа предлагаемого ультразвукового бура. Особенности конструкции предлагаемого УЗ бура в сочетании со встроенной в электронный генератор системой контроля импеданса пробуриваемого грунта в ходе его бурения позволяет получать оперативную информацию о его свойствах, оптимизировать работу УЗ бура по мере изменения свойств грунта в процессе заглубления. The article is devoted to a device capable of providing efficient drilling of soil unknown before the landing of space modules. The problem of drilling at different angles is being solved to identify and extract water from the lunar soil. It also solves the problem of installing research sensors and other devices in the ground at a given depth to study planets, comets, asteroids and other celestial bodies. The article presents an overview of the existing drills designs reveals their main advantages and disadvantages. The design and operation of the proposed ultrasonic drill are considered in detail. The design features of the proposed ultrasonic drill in combination with the system for monitoring the impedance of the drilled soil during drilling, built into the electronic generator, makes it possible to obtain operational information about its properties, optimize the operation of the ultrasonic drill as the properties of the soil change in the process of deepening.

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Chela-Flores, Julian. "A Search for Extraterrestrial Eukaryotes: Biological and Planetary Science Aspects." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 161 (January 1997): 525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100015050.

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AbstractOne pressing question in bioastronomy is to attempt to devise assays in the search for extraterrestrial eukaryotes (SETE). In the positive case of encountering a fossil of a certain microorganism, it is not yet clear how to identify it in an unequivocal manner, even if found arrested and preserved in the midst of biological activity, as in some known Archean sediments on Earth. On the other hand, for living microorganisms the present approach may have some advantages over the straightforward probe of the morphological features of the putative eukaryote, as we argue that we are not constrained to base identification on morphological properties, such as the presence of organelles, which are known to be missing in some higher taxa. We sketch a possible experimental set-up required for a robot to investigate whether eukaryogenesis has already taken place in Mars or Europa. Besides, we also discuss the biological and astronomical implications of a SETE program. Previous observation and theoretical work have suggested that underneath the ice crust of the Jovian satellite Europa there may be an ocean of liquid water. We therefore argue that as hot springs may be present at the bottom of that ocean, eukaryotes should be searched for, not only deep in the Martian permafrost, as discussed by others, but a SETE program should be extended to the aquatic environment of the Jovian satellite as well. Our current work emphasising gene silencing, may suggest how to decide on the degree evolution which microbiota may have reached in the Europa ocean, a topic which deserves our attention, as eukaryogenesis is the process which introduced the basic cellular plan of those Earth-bound organisms that have been raised to the level of intelligent beings. We make a specific suggestion for a robotic investigation of eukaryogenesis in solar system exploration.

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Glein, Christopher R., and Mikhail Yu Zolotov. "Hydrogen, Hydrocarbons, and Habitability Across the Solar System." Elements 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.16.1.47.

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The ingredients to make an environment habitable (e.g., liquid water, chemical disequilibria, and organic molecules) are found throughout the solar system. Liquid water has existed transiently on some bodies and persistently as oceans on others. Molecular hydrogen occurs in a plume on Saturn’s moon Enceladus. It can drive the reduction of CO2 to release energy. Methane has been observed in many places: from the dusty plains of Mars, to the great lakes of the Saturnian moon Titan, to the glacial wonderland that is Pluto. Organic molecules are common where volatile elements and reducing conditions prevail: these organic molecules can have diverse origins. Future space missions will attempt to illuminate the “organic solar system” and the role played by possible extraterrestrial life.

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Bassez, Marie-Paule. "High subcritical water-rock interaction for the formation of ferric minerals, in the absence of oxygen, UV light and microorganisms." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199801002.

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The formation of ferric minerals on the anoxic early Earth is usually explained with the action of microorganisms or UV light in acidic conditions. Results show that amorphous and crystalline ferric oxides and silicates can form in the absence of oxygen, microorganisms and UV light, when rocks, located in the upper crust of the Earth until ca 1 km depth, contain ferrous silicates which interact with water called high subcritical, at 300-350 °C and 10-25 MPa. This conclusion is established following the analyses of Eh-pH diagrams for the Fe-H2O system and solubility diagrams for quartz and amorphous silica. It is shown that water below the critical point and not above can lead to the formation of ferric iron in geological terrains on Earth and extraterrestrial objects where anoxic alkaline high subcritical water reacts with rocks containing ferrous silicates.

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Palhares, Dario, and Íris Almeida dos Santos. "Astronomic Bioethics: Terraforming X Planetary protection." Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 8, no. 2 (November 3, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v8i2.34474.

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A hard difficulty in Astrobiology is the precise definition of what life is. All living beings have a cellular structure, so it is not possible to have a broader concept of life hence the search for extraterrestrial life is restricted to extraterrestrial cells. Earth is an astronomical rarity because it is difficult for a planet to present liquid water on the surface. Two antagonistic bioethical principles arise: planetary protection and terraforming. Planetary protection is based on the fear of interplanetary cross-infection and possible ecological damages caused by alien living beings. Terraforming is the intention of modifying the environmental conditions of the neighbouring planets in such a way that human colonisation would be possible. The synthesis of this antagonism is ecopoiesis, a concept related to the creation of new ecosystems in other planets. Since all the multicellular biodiversity requires oxygen to survive, only extremophile microorganisms could survive in other planets. So, it could be carried out a simulation of a meteorite by taking to other planets portions of the terrestrial permafrost, or ocean or soil, so that if a single species could grow, a new ecosystem would start, as well as a new Natural History. As a conclusion, ecopoiesis should be the bioethical principle to guide practices and research in Astrobiology.

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Kamran, Muhammad, Sajid Rasheed Ahmad, Khurram Chohan, Azeem Akhtar, Amna Hassan, and Rao Mansoor Ali Khan. "Assessment of Water Stress in Rice Fields Incorporating Environmental Parameters." Vol 4 Issue 2 4, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 416–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040212.

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Rice is considered as a major crop due to its demand globally. Pakistan is famous throughout the world to produce export quality rice which have healthy contribution in boosting the regional economy. Rice plant require plenty of water for its proper growth and development therefore, water conservation is significant to maintain water reserves for a sustainable future. The main objective of this study was to identify day-to-day availability of water in rice fields from Germination to Ripening (GTR) using Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model. CASA model incorporates real-time parameter e.g., temperature, pressure, extraterrestrial radiations, Leaf Area Index (LAI), vapor pressure and sunshine hours to compute net-shortwave radiations (Rns), net-longwave radiations (Rnl), net-radiations (Rn), actual incoming radiations (Rso), sensible heat flux (H), ground heat flux (Go) and finally the water stress (W). The averaged values of Rn, Rso, Rns, Rnl and H were computed as 206, 319, 178, 34 and 124 (wm-2) respectively for GTR. Total expected sunshine hours were 1584h but we could receive only 874 h during GTR due to “off and on” cloud activity. LAI and Go were observed in inverse relation to each other.

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Aweda, F. O., J. O. Agbolade, J. A. Oyewole, and M. Sanni. "Seasonal variation of some atmospheric parameters in fresh water swamp and Sudan Savanna areas of Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Technology 40, no. 4 (October 27, 2021): 740–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v40i4.21.

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The year in year out variation in atmospheric parameters, solar radiation, and meteorological variables such as ambient temperature, relative humidity RH, wind speed etc, are posies that can be and are used to describe the atmospheric conditions. Ten years of data obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet) was analysed. Results showed that solar radiation rises from January to get to its peak in April which is maintained till August before it begins to fall again with the Sudan savanna area (Maiduguri) having a value of (15.70 MJm-2month-1) and freshwater swamp area (Ikeja) having the value of (10.16 MJm-2month-1). The extraterrestrial radiations calculated for the two stations are 333.53 (MJm-2month-1) and 195.53 (MJm-2month-1) respectively. However, the relative humidity of Ikeja (84.54%) is higher as compared to that of Maiduguri (42.23%). The minimum temperature ranges observed for the two stations varies from (22 - 24)0C and (12 - 26)°C, while the maximum temperature was as high as 33°C and 40°C obtained in April for Ikeja and Maiduguri, respectively. Similarly, the average wind speed is higher for Ikeja (4.97m/s) than for Maiduguri (4.62m/s). The result of the statistical correlation reveals that, in Maiduguri, solar radiation was found to have a significant negative relationship with relative humidity (r = -.256, p<0.01) and a significant positive relationship with minimum and maximum temperature (p<0.05). This means that minimum and maximum temperatures increase as solar radiation increases (p<0.05). Relative humidity decreases as solar radiation increases. In Ikeja, solar radiation was found to have a significant negative relationship with relative humidity (r =-.350, p<0.01) and wind speed (r = -146, p<0.05) and significant positive relationship with minimum temperature (r =.410, p<0.05) and maximum temperature (r =.575, p<0.01). In conclusion, the variables like relative humidity, minimum temperature and wind speed are higher in the freshwater swamp area of Nigeria as compared to the Sudan savanna area, while the solar radiation, extraterrestrial radiation and maximum temperature are generally higher in the Sudan savanna area of Nigeria.

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ELAGIB∗, NADIR AHMED, SHAMSUL HAQUE ALVI, and MARTIN G. MANSELL. "DAY-LENGTH AND EXTRATERRESTRIAL RADIATION FOR SUDAN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY." International Journal of Solar Energy 20, no. 2 (April 1999): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01425919908914348.

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Watanabe, Yoshiyasu, Eiichi Tajika, and Shintaro Kadoya. "Climate of Extraterrestrial Planets with Oceans and Carbonate-Silicate Geochemical Cycle Under Various Obliquities." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S293 (August 2012): 333–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921313013112.

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AbstractWe systematically investigated the climate of water-rich terrestrial planets with a negative feedback mechanism of carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle against the climate under various obliquities and semi-major axes. We found that, while the permanent ice-cap mode (partially ice-covered throughout the year) and the seasonal ice-cap mode (partially ice-covered seasonally) exist stably at low obliquity conditions, the ranges of semi-major axis for these climate modes shrink and finally disappear with an increase of obliquity. When carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle is taken into account, the ranges of semi-major axis for all the climate modes expand at any obliquities, compared with the cases without carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle, indicating that the carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle strongly stabilizes the climate for the planets with any obliquities inside the habitable zone.

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Cosmovici, C. B., and S. Pogrebenko. "Water maser emission from exoplanetary systems." International Journal of Astrobiology 17, no. 1 (May 9, 2017): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550417000106.

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AbstractSince the first discovery of a Jupiter-mass planet in 1995 more than 2000 exo-planets have been found to exist around main sequence stars. The detection techniques are based on the radial velocity method (which involves the measurement of the star's wobbling induced by the gravitational field of the orbiting giant planets) or on transit photometry by using space telescopes (Kepler, Corot, Hubble and Spitzer) outside the absorbing Earth atmosphere. From the ground, as infrared observations are strongly limited by atmospheric absorption, radioastronomy offers almost the only possible way to search for water presence and abundance in the planetary atmospheres of terrestrial-type planets where life may evolve. Following the discovery in 1994 of the first water maser emission in the atmosphere of Jupiter induced by a cometary impact, our measurements have shown that the water maser line at 22 GHz (1.35 cm) can be used as a powerful diagnostic tool for water search outside the solar system, as comets are able to deliver considerable amounts of water to planets raising the fascinating possibility of extraterrestrial life evolution. Thus in 1999 we started the systematic search for water on 35 different targets up to 50 light years away from the Sun. Here we report the first detection of the water maser emission from the exoplanetary systems Epsilon Eridani, Lalande 21185 and Gliese 581. We have shown the peculiar feasibility of water detection and its importance in the search for exoplanetary systems especially for the Astrobiology programs, given the possibility of long period observations using powerful radiotelescopes equipped with adequate spectrometers.

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Corey, Kenneth A., Phil A. Fowler, and Raymond M. Wheeler. "592 Water Flux from Lettuce Plants at Reduced Atmospheric Pressure." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 499A—499. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.499a.

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Reduced atmospheric pressures may be used to minimize mass and engineering requirements for plant growth habitats used in some extraterrestrial applications. A chamber with high vacuum capability and thermal control at Kennedy Space Center was used to measure water loss of lettuce plants at reduced atmospheric pressures. A test stand with three, high-pressure sodium vapor lamps was used to determine short-term plant responses to reduced pressure. Initial experiments with lettuce showed that a pressure of 10 kPa (≈0.1 atm) resulted in a 6.1-fold increase in the rate of water loss compared to water loss at ambient pressure. However, due to low relative humidity, plants wilted after 30 minutes exposure to 10 kPa. A follow-up experiment in which relative humidity was controlled between 70% and 85%, demonstrated that water loss was directly proportional to the vapor pressure gradient, regardless of atmospheric pressure in the pressure range of 10 to 101 kPa. However, the response was curvilinear, suggesting effects on the pathway resistance. Results indicate that plant growth at atmospheric pressures of 5 to 10 kPa should be achievable. Further work will necessitate better relative humidity control and carbon dioxide control in order to separate vapor pressure deficit effects from diffusion effects.

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Bredt, James H. "NASA's Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems (CELSS) Program." HortScience 23, no. 2 (April 1988): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.2.274a.

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Abstract NASA is interested in extraterrestrial crop production because it is expected that some future missions may require life support systems that can regenerate food as well as air and water. Such systems must produce a nearly complete human diet within very stringent limits on size and energy consumption. Although many problems remain to be solved by further research, CELSS based on crop production by higher plants appear to be feasible. The feasibility of this approach will be tested in the next several years by a project to build and operate a preprototype system that can recycle oxygen, carbon, water, and nitrogen. If this project succeeds, it will be followed by Space Station experiments to develop cultural methods for weightless plants and ground-based tests of more sophisticated prototypes with human occupants. Readiness to build operational space systems may be achieved as early as the turn of the century.

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Gregg, Tracy K. P., and Jonathan H. Fink. "Quantification of extraterrestrial lava flow effusion rates through laboratory simulations." Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 101, E7 (July 1, 1996): 16891–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96je01254.

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Gull, Maheen, Tian Feng, and Matthew A. Pasek. "Results of an Eight-Year Extraction of Phosphorus Minerals within the Seymchan Meteorite." Life 12, no. 10 (October 12, 2022): 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12101591.

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In-fall of extraterrestrial material including meteorites and interstellar dust particles during the late heavy bombardment are known to have brought substantial amounts of reduced oxidation-state phosphorus to the early Earth in the form of siderophilic minerals, e.g., schreibersite ((FeNi)3P). In this report, we present results on the reaction of meteoritic phosphide minerals in the Seymchan meteorite in ultrapure water for 8 years. The ions produced during schreibersite corrosion (phosphite, hypophosphate, pyrophosphate, and phosphate) are stable and persistent in aqueous solution over this timescale. These results were also compared with the short-term corrosion reactions of the meteoritic mineral schreibersite’s synthetic analog Fe3P in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions (ultrapure water and formamide). This finding suggests that the reduced-oxidation-state phosphorus (P) compounds including phosphite could be ubiquitous and stable on the early Earth over a long span of time and such compounds could be readily available on the early Earth.

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Magazzù, A., D. Bronte Ciriza, A. Musolino, A. Saidi, P. Polimeno, M. G. Donato, A. Foti, et al. "Investigation of Dust Grains by Optical Tweezers for Space Applications." Astrophysical Journal 942, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac9a45.

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Abstract Cosmic dust plays a dominant role in the universe, especially in the formation of stars and planetary systems. Furthermore, the surface of cosmic dust grains is the benchwork where molecular hydrogen and simple organic compounds are formed. We manipulate individual dust particles in a water solution by contactless and noninvasive techniques such as standard optical and Raman tweezers, to characterize their response to mechanical effects of light (optical forces and torques) and to determine their mineral compositions. Moreover, we show accurate optical force calculations in the T-matrix formalism highlighting the key role of composition and complex morphology in the optical trapping of cosmic dust particles. This opens perspectives for future applications of optical tweezers in curation facilities for sample-return missions or in extraterrestrial environments.

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Mastrogiuseppe, Marco. "Dual Frequency Orbiter-Radar System for the Observation of Seas and Tides on Titan: Extraterrestrial Oceanography from Satellite." Remote Sensing 11, no. 16 (August 14, 2019): 1898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11161898.

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Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, is believed to have a ~100 km thick ice shell above a global ocean of liquid water. Organic materials, including liquid hydrocarbon lakes and seas in its polar terrain, cover Titan’s surface, which makes it a world of two oceans. The RADAR instrument on board Cassini, was able to probe lakes and seas during few dedicated altimetric observations, revealing its capability to work as a sounder. Herein, we describe the design of, and scientific motivation for, a dual frequency X/Ka-band radar system that is able to investigate Titan’s subsurface liquid water ocean, as well as the depth and composition of its surface liquid hydrocarbon basins. The proposed system, which could take advantage of the telecommunications dish, can operate as a sounder, as Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) able to map the surface at tens meters of scale resolution, and when data are acquired from close-adjacent orbits, as a repeat-pass SAR interferometer (InSAR). The instrument, which is based on the architecture of the Cassini RADAR, can also characterize Titan’s interior by using geophysical measurements of the tidal amplitude to derive high accuracy estimates of the Love number h2 from a 1500 km circular orbit.

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Changela, Hitesh G., Elias Chatzitheodoridis, Andre Antunes, David Beaty, Kristian Bouw, John C. Bridges, Klara Anna Capova, et al. "Mars: new insights and unresolved questions." International Journal of Astrobiology 20, no. 6 (December 2021): 394–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550421000276.

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AbstractMars exploration motivates the search for extraterrestrial life, the development of space technologies, and the design of human missions and habitations. Here, we seek new insights and pose unresolved questions relating to the natural history of Mars, habitability, robotic and human exploration, planetary protection, and the impacts on human society. Key observations and findings include: –high escape rates of early Mars' atmosphere, including loss of water, impact present-day habitability;–putative fossils on Mars will likely be ambiguous biomarkers for life;–microbial contamination resulting from human habitation is unavoidable; and–based on Mars' current planetary protection category, robotic payload(s) should characterize the local martian environment for any life-forms prior to human habitation.Some of the outstanding questions are: –which interpretation of the hemispheric dichotomy of the planet is correct;–to what degree did deep-penetrating faults transport subsurface liquids to Mars' surface;–in what abundance are carbonates formed by atmospheric processes;–what properties of martian meteorites could be used to constrain their source locations;–the origin(s) of organic macromolecules;–was/is Mars inhabited;–how can missions designed to uncover microbial activity in the subsurface eliminate potential false positives caused by microbial contaminants from Earth;–how can we ensure that humans and microbes form a stable and benign biosphere; and–should humans relate to putative extraterrestrial life from a biocentric viewpoint (preservation of all biology), or anthropocentric viewpoint of expanding habitation of space?Studies of Mars' evolution can shed light on the habitability of extrasolar planets. In addition, Mars exploration can drive future policy developments and confirm (or put into question) the feasibility and/or extent of human habitability of space.

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Nakashima, Satoru, Yoko Kebukawa, Norio Kitadai, Motoko Igisu, and Natsuki Matsuoka. "Geochemistry and the Origin of Life: From Extraterrestrial Processes, Chemical Evolution on Earth, Fossilized Life’s Records, to Natures of the Extant Life." Life 8, no. 4 (September 20, 2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life8040039.

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In 2001, the first author (S.N.) led the publication of a book entitled “Geochemistry and the origin of life” in collaboration with Dr. Andre Brack aiming to figure out geo- and astro-chemical processes essential for the emergence of life. Since then, a great number of research progress has been achieved in the relevant topics from our group and others, ranging from the extraterrestrial inputs of life’s building blocks, the chemical evolution on Earth with the aid of mineral catalysts, to the fossilized records of ancient microorganisms. Here, in addition to summarizing these findings for the origin and early evolution of life, we propose a new hypothesis for the generation and co-evolution of photosynthesis with the redox and photochemical conditions on the Earth’s surface. Besides these bottom-up approaches, we introduce an experimental study on the role of water molecules in the life’s function, focusing on the transition from live, dormant, and dead states through dehydration/hydration. Further spectroscopic studies on the hydrogen bonding behaviors of water molecules in living cells will provide important clues to solve the complex nature of life.

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Kobayashi, Kensei, Takeo Kaneko, Yoshinori Takano, and Jun-ichi Takahashi. "Formation of amino acid precursors with large molecular weight in dense clouds and their relevance to origins of bio-homochirality." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S251 (February 2008): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308022199.

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AbstractA wide variety of organic compounds have been found in carbonaceous chondrites and comets, which suggests that extraterrestrial organic compounds could have been an important source of the first terrestrial biosphere. In the Greenberg model, these organic compounds in the small bodies were originally formed in interstellar dusts (ISD) in dense clouds by the action of cosmic rays and ultraviolet light. We irradiated a frozen mixture of methanol, ammonia and water with high-energy heavy ions from an accelerator (“HIMAC” in NIRS, Japan) to simulate the action of cosmic rays in dense clouds. Racemic mixtures of amino acids were detected after hydrolysis of the irradiation products. A mixture of carbon monoxide, ammonia and water also gave such complex amino acid precursors with large molecular weights. When such amino acid precursors were irradiated with circular polarized UV light from a synchrotron, enantiomeric excesses were detected. The yield of amino acids was not largely changed between, before, and after CPL-irradiation. The present results suggest that the seed of homochirality of terrestrial amino acids were originally formed in interstellar space.

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Anbar, Ariel D., Kevin J. Zahnle, Gail L. Arnold, and Stephen J. Mojzsis. "Extraterrestrial iridium, sediment accumulation and the habitability of the early Earth's surface." Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 106, E2 (February 1, 2001): 3219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000je001272.

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Kato, Takeyoshi, and Yasuo Suzuoki. "A Study on Autonomous Scheduling Method for Daytime Operation of Heat-Pump Water Heaters Following Daily Change in Extraterrestrial Irradiance." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 134, no. 2 (2014): 320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss.134.320.

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Nina, Aleksandra, Vladimir Srećković, and Milan Radovanović. "Multidisciplinarity in Research of Extreme Solar Energy Influences on Natural Disasters." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 14, 2019): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11040974.

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The atmosphere is a very sensitive medium to extraterrestrial forces, most importantly, solar electromagnetic radiation and energetic particle intrusion. This released intense solar activity can cause sudden disturbances in the Earth’s atmosphere and further create ground telecommunication interferences, blackouts, transportation problems, water supply problems, potential health effects, as well as natural disasters, such as forest fires. These extreme events can cause billions of dollars of damage and impact individuals, families, communities, and societies. For this reason, it is of crucial importance to investigate the connections between this extreme activity and natural disasters, and further develop ways to prevent, prepare against, and respond to them. The aim of this special issue is to engage a wide community of scientists to de-fragment broaden and improve our knowledge in this field. We invite researchers from all relevant fields to publish their recent investigations in this special issue.

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Knez, Dariusz, and Mohammad Ahmad Mahmoudi Zamani. "A Review of the Geomechanics Aspects in Space Exploration." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 11, 2021): 7522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227522.

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From the 2000s onwards, unprecedented space missions have brought about a wealth of novel investigations on the different aspects of space geomechanics. Such aspects are related to the exploratory activities such as drilling, sampling, coring, water extraction, anchoring, etc. So far, a whole range of constitutive research projects on the plate tectonics, morphology, volcanic activities and volatile content of planetary bodies have been implemented. Furthermore, various laboratory experiments on extraterrestrial samples and their artificial terrestrial simulants are continually conducted to obtain the physical and mechanical properties of the corresponding specimens. Today, with the space boom being steered by diverse space agencies, the incorporation of geomechanics into space exploration appreciably appears much needed. The primary objective of this article is to collate and integrate the up-to-date investigations related to the geomechanical applications in space technologies. Emphasis is given to the new and future applications such as planetary drilling and water extraction. The main impetus is to provide a comprehensive reference for geoscience scientists and astronauts to quickly become acquainted with the cutting-edge advancements in the area of space geomechanics. Moreover, this research study also elaborates on the operational constraints in space geomechanics which necessitate further scientific investigations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Extraterrestrial water'

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