Journal articles on the topic 'Extrapolative beliefs'
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Son-Turan, Semen, and Erdem Kilic. "X-CAPM REVISITED: THE INSTITUTIONAL EXTRAPOLATIVE CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODEL (I-X-CAPM)." Eurasian Journal of Business and Management 6, no. 3 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15604/ejbm.2018.06.03.001.
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This study constructs and tests a consumption-based asset pricing model in which some investors form beliefs about future price changes in the stock market by extrapolating past price changes, while other investors hold fully rational beliefs. The contribution of the present work is the inclusion of institutional investor bias. As such it extends theory. But it also conducts econometric tests by using daily survey data on individual and institutional investors’ sentiment on the current economic situation and their future expectations. Empirical findings may imply that institutions’ sentiment reverts quicker to the equilibrium price than individual sentiment, at least with regard to their beliefs on future economic outlook. If studied further with a bigger dataset, it may imply that institutional investors are closer to the rational-decision making mechanism compared to individual investors. The theoretical framework rests on prospect theory. The market studied is the US equity market, however findings and suggestions can be applied to global markets and various financial instruments.
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Frydman, Cary, and Gideon Nave. "Extrapolative Beliefs in Perceptual and Economic Decisions: Evidence of a Common Mechanism." Management Science 63, no. 7 (July 2017): 2340–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2453.
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Fuster, Andreas, David Laibson, and Brock Mendel. "Natural Expectations and Macroeconomic Fluctuations." Journal of Economic Perspectives 24, no. 4 (November 1, 2010): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.4.67.
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A large body of empirical evidence suggests that beliefs systematically deviate from perfect rationality. Much of the evidence implies that economic agents tend to form forecasts that are excessively influenced by recent changes. We present a parsimonious quasi-rational model that we call natural expectations, which falls between rational expectations and (naïve) intuitive expectations. (Intuitive expectations are formed by running growth regressions with a limited number of right-hand-side variables, and this leads to excessively extrapolative beliefs in certain classes of environments). Natural expectations overstate the long-run persistence of economic shocks. In other words, agents with natural expectations turn out to form beliefs that don't sufficiently account for the fact that good times (or bad times) won't last forever. We embed natural expectations in a simple dynamic macroeconomic model and compare the simulated properties of the model to the available empirical evidence. The model's predictions match many patterns observed in macroeconomic and financial time series, such as high volatility of asset prices, predictable up-and-down cycles in equity returns, and a negative relationship between current consumption growth and future equity returns.
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Kerzel, Dirk, and Jochen Müsseler. "Mental and sensorimotor extrapolation fare better than motion extrapolation in the offset condition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 2 (April 2008): 206–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08003907.
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AbstractEvidence for motion extrapolation at motion offset is scarce. In contrast, there is abundant evidence that subjects mentally extrapolate the future trajectory of weak motion signals at motion offset. Further, pointing movements overshoot at motion offset. We believe that mental and sensorimotor extrapolation is sufficient to solve the problem of perceptual latencies. Both present the advantage of being much more flexible than motion extrapolation.
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Orestova, Vasilisa R., Daria P. Tkachenko, and Marina A. Manchkhashvili. "IRRATIONALITY OF THINKING AS A WAY TO COPE WITH THE UNCERTAINTY OF THE MODERN WORLD." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Psychology. Pedagogics. Education, no. 4 (2021): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6398-2021-4-50-64.
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This work is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the worldview, in particular, the irrational attitudes of modern people who find themselves in a situation of abrupt changes. Their significance for coping with uncertainty and maintaining a sense of security and control of the world is analyzed. The article considers domestic and foreign approaches to understanding the mechanisms of overcoming and rethinking the changing reality, as well as the contribution of irrational beliefs to strategies aimed at coping with the crisis. The results of an empirical study of the peculiarities of the worldview of people faced with the COVID-19 pandemic and the selfisolation regime introduced in March 2020 are presented. A comparative analysis of the data obtained from 188 respondents was carried out in terms of basic beliefs, belief in the supernatural and conspiracy theory, propensity to pseudo-intentionality, and locus of control. The contributions of gender and age factors to the expression of basic beliefs, irrational attitudes, belief in the supernatural and pseudo-intentionality are shown. The connection of basic beliefs with a tendency to pseudo-intentional attitudes, irrational beliefs and belief in conspiracy theory is demonstrated. The conclusion is made about the predominant importance of maintaining the basic attitudes of the personality when faced with abrupt changes in the familiar world. The limitations of extrapolation of research results due to the specificity of the surveyed sample are noted.
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Ferreira, M. Jamie. "Religion's ‘Foundation in Reason’: The Common Sense of Hume's Natural History." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 24, no. 4 (December 1994): 565–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1994.10717385.
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David Hume’s critique of religion reveals what seems to be a vacillation in his commitment to an argument-based paradigm of legitimate believing. On the one hand, Hume assumes such a traditional (argumentbased) model of rational justification of beliefs in order to point to the weakness of some classical arguments for religious belief (e.g., the design argument), to chastise the believer for extrapolating to a conclusion which outstrips its evidential warrant. On the other hand, Hume, ‘mitigated’ or naturalist skeptic that he is, at other times rejects an argumentbased paradigm of certainty and truth, and so sees as irrelevant the traditional or ‘regular’ model of rational justification; he places a premium on instinctive belief, as both unavoidable and (usually) more reliable than reasoning. On this view, a forceful critique of religion would have to fault it, not for failing to meet criteria of rational argument (failing to proportion belief to the evidence), but (as Hume sometimes seems to) for failing to be the right sort of instinct.
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Bode, Michael, Christopher M. Baker, Joe Benshemesh, Tim Burnard, Libby Rumpff, Cindy E. Hauser, José J. Lahoz‐Monfort, and Brendan A. Wintle. "Revealing beliefs: using ensemble ecosystem modelling to extrapolate expert beliefs to novel ecological scenarios." Methods in Ecology and Evolution 8, no. 8 (December 19, 2016): 1012–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12703.
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DellaVigna, S. "Psychology and Economics: Evidence from the Field. Part II: Social Preferences and Nonstandard Beliefs." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 5 (May 20, 2011): 56–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2011-5-56-74.
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The second part of a larger work devoted to the modern behavioral economics considers nonstandard preferences that are manifest in altruistic behavior and charitable giving. The author also deals with nonstandard beliefs and shows how overconfidence, incorrect estimation of probabilities and extrapolation of previous experience produce biases in the rational decision-making, including the behavior on financial markets.
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Skrzypiec, Grace. "Adolescents’ Beliefs About Why Young People Commit Crime." Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 23, no. 2 (September 4, 2013): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2013.16.
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The aim of the study was to obtain adolescents’ perspectives about why young people offend. Twenty-four Australian male and female offenders and non-offenders offered insights about what, according to them, motivates young people to become involved in crime. Without the use of sophisticated language, participants offered explanations that were well-aligned with the ‘big three’ theories suggested by Cullen and Agnew (2003) as major criminological theories — namely, control, differential association, and strain theories. Participants also provided explanations that corroborated Carroll, Houghton, Durkin, and Hattie's (2009) reputation enhancing goals theory. Participants’ explanations were consistent with empirically supported criminological theories, suggesting that young people involved in crime, or associated with known offenders, have insights about the causes of crime. An extrapolation of this notion would suggest that they might also have some insight into what measures could be taken to reduce or prevent offending. Notwithstanding further research, it is proposed that young people should be given more voice in criminal justice matters.
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Dupin de Saint-Cyr, Florence, and Jérôme Lang. "Belief extrapolation (or how to reason about observations and unpredicted change)." Artificial Intelligence 175, no. 2 (February 2011): 760–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2010.11.002.
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Jongen, Hortense, and Jan Aart Scholte. "Legitimacy in Multistakeholder Global Governance at ICANN." Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 27, no. 2 (June 9, 2021): 298–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02702004.
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Abstract This article examines levels and patterns of legitimacy beliefs toward one of today’s most developed global multistakeholder regimes, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). Two complementary surveys find that levels of legitimacy perceptions toward ICANN often rank alongside, and sometimes ahead of, those for other sites of global governance, both multilateral and multistakeholder. Moreover, average legitimacy beliefs toward ICANN hold consistently across stakeholder sectors, geographical regions, and social groups. However, legitimacy beliefs decline as one moves away from the core of the regime, and many elites remain unaware of ICANN. Furthermore, many participants in Internet governance express only moderate (and sometimes low) confidence in ICANN. To this extent, the regime’s legitimacy is more fragile. Extrapolation from mixed evidence around ICANN suggests that, while multistakeholder global governance is not under existential threat, its legitimacy remains somewhat tenuous.
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FitzPatrick, R. "Avionics extrapolations(A foray into the future of avionics)." Aeronautical Journal 105, no. 1047 (May 2001): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000012057.
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The past has been interesting, but what of the future? As Fig. 1 shows, extrapolation is an attractive tool, with pitfalls for the incautious - most often exemplified in aerospace by the prediction that by 2015 the entire US defence budget would fund one aeroplane, or more recently by the belief that avionics will expand into infallibility and reduce costs to invisibility. The first extrapolation is premature, and the latter two as near as makes no difference wrong. In the case of the single affordable US defence aircraft the extrapolation probably correctly estimated the 2015 US defence budget, but erred in expressing the US Department of Defence requirement in terms of aircraft rather than damage-effects on target. The subsequent step change in avionics miniaturisation undermined the extrapolation and now looks likely to enable the DoD’s damage-effect requirements to be attained using products that lie on a different cost-effectiveness trend line.
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Levis, Donald J. "The Power of Extrapolating Basic Laboratory Principles: The Behavioural-Cognitive Approach of Implosive Therapy." Behaviour Change 10, no. 3 (September 1993): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900005490.
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The purpose of this article is to emphasise the importance of basic research in the advancement of theory and clinical technique. To illustrate the power of such a strategy the theory and imagery technique of Implosive (Flooding) Therapy will be briefly described along with a recent modification that has resulted in the development of a new technique which is capable of reactivating all past traumatic memories responsible for the development and maintenance of psychopathology. This new approach has resulted in a number of important discoveries that challenge many currently held beliefs.
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Hommes, Cars, Tatiana Kiseleva, Yuri Kuznetsov, and Miroslav Verbic. "IS MORE MEMORY IN EVOLUTIONARY SELECTION (DE)STABILIZING?" Macroeconomic Dynamics 16, no. 3 (February 17, 2011): 335–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136510051000060x.
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We investigate the effects of memory on the stability of evolutionary selection dynamics based on a multinomial logit model in a simple asset pricing model with heterogeneous beliefs. Whether memory is stabilizing or destabilizing depends in general on three key factors: (1) whether or not the weights on past observations are normalized; (2) the ecology or composition of forecasting rules, in particular the average trend extrapolation factor and the spread or diversity in biased forecasts; and (3) whether or not costs for information gathering of economic fundamentals have to be incurred.
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Wilson, Ewan. "‘Diagrams of Motion’: Stop-Motion Animation as a Form of Kinetic Sculpture in the Short Films of Jan Švankmajer and the Brothers Quay." Animation 13, no. 2 (July 2018): 148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1746847718782890.
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Jean-Luc Godard wrote that ‘The cinema is not an art which films life; the cinema is something between art and life’ (cited in Roud’s, 2010, biography of Godard), an observation particularly true of stop-motion animation. The filmmakers discussed in this essay, Jan Švankmajer and the Brothers Quay, share a fascination with the latent content of found objects; they believe that forgotten toys, discarded tools and other such objects contain echoes of past experiences. Extrapolating Švankmajer’s belief that memories are imparted to the objects we touch, the manipulation of his found objects as puppets in his films becomes a means of evoking and repurposing their latent content, just as the Quays develop their dreamlike films from the psychic content they perceive in their armatures. Making a case study of a selection of these animators’ short films, this article examines the practice of stop-motion animation against that of kinetic sculpture, unpicking the complexities of the relationship between the inherently static mediums of sculpture and photography – symbolic of a fixed moment in time – and that of stop-motion animation, a temporal pocket in which these fossilized moments are revived once more.
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Winter, J. Alan. "Religious Belief and Managerial Ideology: An Exploratory Study of an Extrapolation from the Weber Thesis." Review of Religious Research 33, no. 2 (December 1991): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3511912.
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BAEHR, JASON. "Flannery O'Connor and religious epistemology." Religious Studies 56, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 349–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412518000562.
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AbstractWhat are the demands of religious inquiry? It can be tempting to think of these demands in strictly epistemic terms, e.g. as a function of the inquirer's background beliefs, cognitive faculties, natural cognitive ability, intellectual skills, and intellectual character. In this article, I extrapolate an alternative model of religious inquiry from three stories by the Southern Gothic writer Flannery O'Connor (1925–1964). According to the model, a person's fitness for religious inquiry also depends on whether she possesses a certain moral posture. In particular, I argue that something like moral humility functions as an epistemic virtue in the theistic domain.
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Chakravartty, Anjan. "Inferência metafísica e a experiência do observável." Principia: an international journal of epistemology 21, no. 2 (December 14, 2017): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2017v21n2p189.
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Some strongly empiricist views of scientific knowledge advocate a rejection of metaphysics. On such views, scientific knowledge is described strictly in terms of knowledge of the observable world, demarcated by human sensory abilities, and no metaphysical considerations need arise. This paper argues that even these views require some recourse to metaphysics in order to derive knowledge from experience. Central here is the notion of metaphysical inference, which admits of different “magnitudes”, thus generating a spectrum of putative knowledge with more substantially empirical beliefs at one end, and more metaphysically imbued beliefs at the other. Given that metaphysical inference is required even concerning knowledge of the observable, the empiricist hope of avoiding metaphysics altogether is futile: knowledge of the observable simply involves metaphysical inferences that are of smaller magnitudes than others. Metaphysical inferences are required not only to distinguish veridical from non-veridical experience and to determine the quality of empirical information, but also in order to explain how we construct experience (through categorizations and classifications of objects, events, processes, and properties), how we extrapolate from empirical evidence to generalize about observable phenomena, and how we use this evidence to test and confirm hypotheses and theories.
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Archdeacon, Thomas J. "Reflections on Immigration to Europe in Light of U.S. Immigration History." International Migration Review 26, no. 2 (June 1992): 525–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600218.
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Recent immigration from the south and the east has undermined the popular belief that Europe is a set of ethnically and culturally unchanging states. In response, Europeans have turned to American history for insights into managing diversity. Extrapolating from America's experience, however, requires careful analysis. The success of the United States in integrating peoples rested partly in political and socioeconomic conditions that may not hold in all places at all times. Moreover, current discussions of “multiculturalism” may be misleading in regard both to the connotations of the term and to the history of immigrant group assimilation in the United States.
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Lawrence, Andrew D., Matthias J. Koepp, Roger N. Gunn, Vincent J. Cunningham, and Paul M. Grasby. "Steps to a neurochemistry of personality." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 3 (June 1999): 528–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99332040.
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Depue & Collins's (D&C's) work relies on extrapolation from data obtained through studies in experimental animals, and needs support from studies of the role of dopamine (DA) neurotransmission in human behaviour. Here we review evidence from two sources: (1) studies of patients with Parkinson's disease and (2) positron emission tomography (PET) studies of DA neurotransmission, which we believe lend support to Depue & Collins's theory, and which can potentially form the basis for a true neurochemistry of personality.
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Et. al., Fabiola Talavera-Mendoza,. "Meaning of the Initial Teacher Training Path: A Perspective by Gender." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 5 (April 10, 2021): 1090–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i5.1755.
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The article aims to report the pedagogical journey of the essence of the reflection of the theory and practice of initial training students, by gender, based on the development of the training plan and educational experiences in pre-professional practices. The objective is to analyze the effectiveness, impact and transfer of the university training process in pedagogical practice. The methodology used was qualitative, based on the beliefs of the students to arrive at subjective theories. An interview and the focus group technique were used. The analysis took place around career choice, teacher orientation, satisfaction, teacher performance, change of conceptions, finding ten common categories. We end by extrapolating the need for accompaniment, the relationship between theory and practice; the preference and greater opportunities for the female gender; These findings make it possible to contribute to the resignification of pedagogical conceptions, approaches and practice models.
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Чалов, Геннадий, and Gennadiy Chalov. "Stone-worship on the frotier of the south defense (zasechnyi) lines of Muscovy in the first half of the 16th century." Servis Plus 9, no. 1 (March 6, 2015): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7588.
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The author specifies the location of the ancient "Sacred stones" of the south defense line of Muscovy in the first half of the 16th century, registered and literally adapted their legend, ascertained the Vyatichi origin of the legend and the stones and its affinity with the legend of Antes chieftain Boz- The article substantiates the extrapolation of their beliefs to the spiritual views, inner life and fighting qualities of their ancestors of the forenamed period with due regard for relics´ impact on the spirit world and mentality of the modern descendants of the lines´ defenders. Also the stones of the "Holy well" are presented as well as the ancient stones with strong energy and the image of Vedic cross to light the "live "fire.
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Khaled, Rilla, and Pippin Barr. "Generative Logics and Conceptual Clicks: A Case Study of the Method for Design Materialization." Design Issues 39, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/desi_a_00706.
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Abstract Game design research is caught between epistemologies and disciplines, leading to a lack of grounded methodologies. Without such methodological approaches, we cannot support evidence-based claims about game design. The Method for Design Materialization (MDM) is a methodological approach to capturing game design via software version control. By embracing a time-sliced representation of a game throughout its development and pairing it with explicit materializations of design thinking through reflective writing, we believe significant progress can be made in understanding and extrapolating from the design process.
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Doak, David, Gareth Denyer, Juliet Gerrard, Joel Mackay, and Jane Allison. "Peppy." Pacific Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning 2, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjtel.v2i1.68.
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Science students are traditionally taught protein structure and function through textbook pictures and/or physical model building. This is not effective for most students because conceiving large, complex three-dimensional chemicals structure and dynamic molecular interactions requires a very high degree of abstract thought, imagination and extrapolation. It is intuitively reasonable to believe that a virtual reality approach would aid appreciation of nanoscale molecular structure, function and dynamics.
I will describe the Virtual Reality (VR) tool, “Peppy” (1), that we have developed for exploring the molecular forces which drive protein secondary structure. Peppy allows students to build, visualise and manipulate polypeptides within the six degrees of freedom that characterises the VR environment. Peppy not only recreates traditional secondary structures dependent on hydrogen- bonding in a generic peptide backbone, it also permits students to insert any and all of the 20 amino acids and to examine the effect of the shapes and electrostatic forces of these on secondary structure. The highly extrapolative environment created by Peppy is extended with features that encourage student engagement, such as a selfie camera, interactive Ramachandran plot, and even features to emphasise the dynamics of a vibrant macromolecular structure. Being able to physically and directly grab and manipulate the atoms and angles with the virtual hand enhances the connection of students with the molecules and results in an exploration experience unmatched by traditional 3D visualisation software.
I will also describe the testing and iterative improvement of Peppy during deployment to large undergraduate classes at the University of Sydney, which boasts the Immersive Learning Lab, with 26 VR (Oculus Rift) headsets. Remarkably, even students with no prior VR experience are able to interact with Peppy in an engaged and meaningful way within just 10 minutes and, after less than an hour many are able to build highly complex multi-peptide structures such as β-barrels or experiment with long peptides containing a variety of side chains and disulphide bonds. The experience resonates with the students well after the session, as evidenced by their reflections and follow-up questions regarding the physics of the simulation and ideas for extension of the software.
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BARABAS, JASON, and JENNIFER JERIT. "Are Survey Experiments Externally Valid?" American Political Science Review 104, no. 2 (May 2010): 226–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055410000092.
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Researchers use survey experiments to establish causal effects in descriptively representative samples, but concerns remain regarding the strength of the stimuli and the lack of realism in experimental settings. We explore these issues by comparing three national survey experiments on Medicare and immigration with contemporaneous natural experiments on the same topics. The survey experiments reveal that providing information increases political knowledge and alters attitudes. In contrast, two real-world government announcements had no discernable effects, except among people who were exposed to the same facts publicized in the mass media. Even among this exposed subsample, treatment effects were smaller and sometimes pointed in the opposite direction. Methodologically, our results suggest the need for caution when extrapolating from survey experiments. Substantively, we find that many citizens are able to recall factual information appearing in the news but may not adjust their beliefs and opinions in response to this information.
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Xi, Jun, Yanqing Chen, and Jianwen Cao. "Algorithms of Finite Difference for Pricing American Options under Fractional Diffusion Models." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/364868.
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It is well known that linear complementarity problem (LCP) involving partial integro differential equation (PIDE) arises from pricing American options under Lévy Models. In the case of infinite activity process, the integral part of the PIDE has a singularity, which is generally approximated by a small Brownian component plus a compound Poisson process, in the neighborhood of origin. The PIDE can be reformulated as a fractional partial differential equation (FPDE) under fractional diffusion models, including FMLS (finite moment log stable), CGMY (Carr-Madan-Geman-Yor), and KoBol (Koponen-Boyarchenko-Levendorskii). In this paper, we first present a stable iterative algorithm, which is based on the fractional difference approach and penalty method, to avoid the singularity problem and obtain numerical approximations of first-order accuracy. Then, on the basis of the first-order accurate algorithm, spatial extrapolation is employed to obtain second-order accurate numerical estimates. Numerical tests are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm and the extrapolation method. We believe that this can be used as necessary tools by the engineers in research.
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Felten, David L. "Transplantation, plasticity, and the aging host." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18, no. 1 (March 1995): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00037377.
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AbstractNeural transplantation as a recovery strategy for neuro-degenerative diseases in humans has used mainly grafting following acute denervation strategies in young adult hosts. Our work in aged mice and rats demonstrates an age-related increase in susceptibility to oxidative damage from neurotoxins, a remarkably poor recovery of C57BL/6 mice from MPTP insult with transplantation and growth factors, even at 12 months of age, and diminished plasticity of host neurons. We believe that extrapolation of data from young adult animal models to aged humans without thorough investigation of transplantation and host response inagedrecipients is scientifically and ethically inappropriate.
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Fisher, A. V., A. J. Gigiel, G. R. Nute, and M. V. L. Swain. "Interrelations between beef carcass type, chilling rate and weight loss, and heat quality." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (March 1989): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600010047.
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There is a belief, held by many in the meat industry, in catering, and by consumers alike, that meat from leaner carcasses is inferior in eating quality to that from fatter ones. In addition, meat from leaner continental breeds has been suggested by some to be inferior to that from the more traditional British beef breeds which fatten more readily at lighter weights, and meat from bulls has been similarly implicated. This may be an extrapolation of the belief in the role of fat, or it may be a separate issue concerned with other underlying genetic or physiological differences. Other factors known to influence meat quality are pre-slaughter handling and post-mortem chilling rates and conditioning. Rapid chilling of beef carcasses has economic advantages through a faster turnover and lower evaporative losses, but may impair eating quality by inducing muscle cold-shortening. Chill rate may be influenced by carcass type, in particular by the amount of fat present and by the thickness of the tissues. It is possible that the role of fatness (and conformation) in eating quality of meat may be manifested indirectly through its effect on rate of cooling.
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Zheng, Min. "Heterogeneous Expectations and Speculative Behavior in Insurance-Linked Securities." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/574091.
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Within the framework of heterogeneous agent models, this paper analyzes the impact factors on the issuance of an insurance-linked security (ILS), and gives an ILS pricing formula and the conditions of existence and stability of the issue price. We consider two cases: fixed supply and flexible supply. We find that, in the fixed volume case, to assure the successful issuance of an ILS, an appropriate volume of the ILS is necessary, and to attract investors, the ILS should pay a positive premium which can help investors to enhance the efficient frontier of their portfolio. In the flexible supply case, we show that the issue price of an ILS is given by the weighted average of different beliefs about the discounted ILS return, and the stability of the issue price depends on the numbers of investors and sponsors and the extrapolation rate to the ILS of investors. In addition, whether an ILS has the hedging ability to sponsors depends on their own understanding about the ILS coupon and the relationship between the recovery from the ILS and their liability, but how much the risk of sponsors can be hedged relies on the ILS coupon expected by investors.
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Martins, Vitor, Rosley Anholon, Osvaldo L. G. Quelhas, and Walter Filho. "Sustainable Practices in Logistics Systems: An Overview of Companies in Brazil." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (July 31, 2019): 4140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154140.
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The main purpose of this article is to present an overview of the applications of sustainable practices in logistic operations performed by Brazilian companies. To reach this objective, the following steps were carried out: (1) a review of the literature on logistics systems and sustainability in logistics activities; (2) the collection of sustainability reports published by companies that perform logistics operations, which are recognized in Brazil; (3) a content analysis of the reports collected and (4) a discussion of the results, cross-checked with the literature and the extrapolation of conclusions. It was possible to identify 22 sustainable practices, and these practices were grouped into five macro areas. The authors of this paper believe that the findings presented here can be useful for professionals and researchers in the implementation of sustainability practices in logistics systems.
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Kelly, H. William, and Shirley Murphy. "Should We Stop Using Theophylline for the Treatment of the Hospitalized Patient with Status Asthmaticus?" DICP 23, no. 12 (December 1989): 995–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808902301209.
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Recent reviews and editorials have indicated that theophylline may not be effective for the therapy of acute severe asthma. This judgment is primarily based on data comparing the efficacy of theophylline to inhaled beta2-agonists in the emergency room treatment of asthma. The authors believe that it is inappropriate to extrapolate data from short-term studies in the emergency room setting to the hospitalized patients with status asthmaticus. Studies of hospitalized patients in which the patients were monitored for at least 24 hours all demonstrate a positive therapeutic effect for theophylline. The possible reasons for the discrepancies between hospitalized patients and emergency room patients are discussed. Theophylline is still recommended for the management of the hospitalized patient with status asthmaticus.
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Assaf, Nadra, and Heather Harrington. "(Re)positioning, (re)ordering, (re)connecting: A choreographic process of mind and body convergence." Choreographic Practices 13, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 25–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/chor_00040_1.
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Nadra Assaf from Lebanon and Heather Harrington from the United States are dancers, educators, scholars and choreographers who believe in the power of the body for communication, intersectional feminism and sociopolitical movement. They came together, virtually and in real life, to create hybrid performances investigating what it means to be a female in the twenty-first century through the lens of their respective countries utilizing a feminist social constructionist perspective. They initiated new ways to choreograph birthed out of who they are, their geographical separation and their sociopolitical environments. Engaging in autoethnography, they analyse their creative process and choreographic work to extrapolate observations from personal and social spheres. Their theoretical application examines connections, reflections and interactions through an intersectional feminist lens. Data collection comes from the retro(in)spection of journals, video recordings, e-mail correspondences, recordings of conversations and interviews with viewers of their work. Their practice-led research opens doors to Jungian dream analytic tools and Barad’s diffraction theory to help reveal meanings behind their choreographic work. They believe their choreographic strategies can be applied outside of their unique collaboration, specifically relating to the present interconnected virtual world thus revealing new ways of creating.
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Muñoz-Leyva, Felipe, Kariem El-Boghdadly, and Vincent Chan. "Is the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) in acute pain a good measure of analgesic efficacy in regional anesthesia?" Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 45, no. 12 (September 7, 2020): 1000–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2020-101670.
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In the field of acute pain medicine research, we believe there is an unmet need to incorporate patient related outcome measures that move beyond reporting pain scores and opioid consumption. The term “minimal clinically important difference” (MCID) defines the clinical benefit of an intervention as perceived by the patient, as opposed to a mathematically determined statistically significant difference that may not necessarily be clinically significant. The present article reviews the concept of MCID in acute postoperative pain research, addresses potential pitfalls in MCID determination and questions the clinical validity of extrapolating MCID determined from chronic pain and non-surgical pain studies to the acute postoperative pain setting. We further suggest the concepts of minimal clinically important improvement, substantial clinical benefit and patient acceptable symptom state should also represent aspirational outcomes for future research in acute postoperative pain management.
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Kontogianni, Areti, Dimitris Damigos, Michail Skourtos, Christos Tourkolias, Eleanor Denny, Ibon Galarraga, Steffen Kallbekken, and Edin Lakić. "Model Validity and Transferability Informing Behavioral Energy Policies." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 3122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113122.
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A number of microeconomic choice models are currently applied to demonstrate systematic biases in energy consumer behavior. The models highlight the hidden potential of energy savings from policies that target the so-called behavioral anomalies. Nevertheless, whether these patterns are repeatable or not is not clear, because the efforts to determine the transferability or generalizability of these models are practically nonexistent. This paper uses a unique collection of empirical data from five EU countries collected within the CONSEED project to refine and develop further the standard consumer decision model, validate it for policy purposes, and elaborate on its transferability between countries. The pooled samples allow for a more reliable investigation of the relative importance of the factors influencing consumers’ attitudes and beliefs towards energy investment decisions. Based on the statistical tests conducted to evaluate the “transferability” of the pooled models (i.e., the possibility of creating a “universal” model of EE from the pooled model), it can be argued that the models are transferable in specific cases since attitudinal factors and demographic characteristics play a significant role. Although the pooled models are validated, any extrapolation of the above-mentioned findings to specific populations in terms of “space” (i.e., country) and “target” (e.g., sectors and technologies) should be approached with caution from a policy perspective.
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Kara, Nazira, and Clare Harvey. "The social construction of ‘deafness’: explored through the experiences of Black South African mothers raising a deaf child." South African Journal of Psychology 47, no. 1 (August 2, 2016): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246316648517.
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Individual realities and perceptions are embedded in a web of dominant social and cultural views which shape the individual. Mothers of deaf children therefore cannot be understood in isolation, and neither can their experiences, perceptions, and well-being. The present research investigated the construction of deafness through the experiences of mothers raising a deaf child and considered the manner in which these constructions impacted their well-being and relationship with the child. The study explored the experiences of six Black South African hearing mothers of a deaf child between the ages of 3 and 8 years. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted. Through an interpretive theoretical framework, this qualitative study noted seven main themes, namely, deafness is foreign and unknown, increased awareness and normalising of deafness, religious and Traditional African beliefs about disability/deafness, external pity and the mother’s rejection of it, the discourse of the ‘superiority’ of speech and encouragement of speech and hearing, barriers to communicating with her child, and ‘Why me?’ attribution of cause and the emergence of blame. Extrapolation of the data suggests that there is a lack of awareness regarding the deaf individual, and this creates misinformed perceptions about deafness which impact negatively both mother and child.
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Nyul, Dávid, Levente Novák, Mónika Kéri, and István Bányai. "A Simple Elimination of the Thermal Convection Effect in NMR Diffusiometry Experiments." Molecules 27, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 6399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196399.
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Thermal convection is always present when the temperature of an NMR experiment is different from the ambient one. Most often, it falsifies the value of the diffusion coefficient determined by NMR diffusiometry using a PGSE NMR experiment. In spite of common belief, it acts not only at higher temperatures but also at temperatures lower than in the laboratory. Sodium alkyl-sulfate monomers and micelles in D2O solvent were used as model molecules measured at T = 319 K in order to show that thermal convection sometimes remains hidden in experiments. In this paper, we demonstrate that the increase in apparent diffusion coefficient with increasing diffusion time is a definite indicator of thermal convection. Extrapolation to zero diffusion time can also be used to obtain the real diffusion coefficient, likewise applying the less sensitive pulse sequences designed for flow compensation or the expensive hardware, e.g., sapphire or Shigemi NMR tubes, to decrease the temperature gradient. Further, we show experiments illustrating the effect of a long diffusion time in which the periodic changes of the echo intensity with gradient strength appear as predicted by theories.
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Thonemann, Peter. "Croesus and the Oracles." Journal of Hellenic Studies 136 (2016): 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075426916000112.
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Abstract:Herodotus’ narrative of the testing of various Greek oracles by King Croesus of Lydia (1.46–54) has long been viewed with justifiable scepticism. A newly published verse dedication from the sanctuary of Apollo Ismenios at Thebes (Papazarkadas 2014: 233–48) sheds welcome light on Herodotus’ sources for this part of his Croesus-narrative. Herodotus’ account of Croesus’ testing of the oracle of Amphiaraus at Thebes appears to have been an imaginative extrapolation from the text of this inscription. But there is good reason to believe that Herodotus significantly misinterpreted the historical context and significance of the epigraphic text he had before him; in particular, the real author of the dedication is unlikely to have been King Croesus of Lydia, and may instead have been an Athenian aristocrat of the Alcmaeonid family. The new inscription from Thebes sheds light both on Herodotus’ use of documentary evidence and on the creative misreading of early epigraphic texts by Theban sanctuary personnel in the mid fifth century BC.
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Zainuddin MZ, Zainuddin. "Metode Kritis Al-Shawkânî dalam Kitab Nayl Al-Awţâr." ISLAMICA: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 3, no. 2 (January 22, 2014): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/islamica.2009.3.2.90-100.
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Of the many sources for the study of Hadîth and the science of law and legal arrangements (al-ahkâm wa al-mawâ‘ id), Kitâb Muntaqâ al-Akhbâr by Majd al-Dîn Abd al-Salâm bin Abdullah bin Qâsim better known as Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 652 H) is one of the most important. This book has been commented by al-Shawkânî in a book called Nayl al-Awţâr where he employs the following methods. First, elaborating and commenting not of all hadiths but some them in each chapter of the book. Second, describing the narrators of the hadîths, their quality and personality. Third, providing the literal meaning of the hadîths he commented. Fourth, explaining the grammatical position of the vocabularies of the hadîth. Fifth, highlighting the use and benefit of the hadîth. Sixth, explaining the views of various ulama on a hadith. Seventh, extrapolating the legal rules of the hadîth using the dictums of the uşûl al-fiqh. This paper is designed to discuss this. It holds that in providing the commentary of the hadith, al-Shawkânî begins with the issue of how it was narrated (takhrîj), and ends up with extrapolating rules that may be learnt from it. The paper also believes that al-Shawkânî is an objective scholar, who worked in the elaboration and commentary of the hadîths just for the sake of knowledge. The fact that he often offers a commentary against the legal position of his own school of thought indicates that al-Shawkânî a person of academic integrity. The methods that he employs and the spirit behind his determination to provide commentary, all point to one thing of particular importance, that al-Shawkânî is immune of fanaticism and imitation.
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Buer, L., M. L. Høivik, A. W. Medhus, and B. Moum. "Does the Introduction of Biosimilars Change Our Understanding about Treatment Modalities for Inflammatory Bowel Disease?" Digestive Diseases 35, no. 1-2 (2017): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000449087.
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Background: Biological agents, mainly tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors, play an important role in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). These drugs are expensive and constitute a major cost in the IBD care. In 2013, the first biosimilar monoclonal antibody, infliximab (IFX), was approved in the EU. Key Messages: There has been considerable skepticism regarding the use of biosimilars. Both clinicians and patients have questioned the safety and efficacy of these new drugs. In particular, the extrapolation of treatment effects between patients with different diagnoses has been debated. Due to national negotiations, the price reductions vary considerably between countries. In Norway, the biosimilars Remsima® and Inflectra® come at a very favourable price, and have supplanted the originator Remicade® almost completely. The total sale of IFX has also increased, indicating that extended indications and increased doses are being implemented in clinical use. Conclusions: The introduction of biosimilars has raised questions not only about the efficacy and safety but also about health politics. There is reason to believe that the introduction of cheaper biosimilars will change the clinical use of biologics.
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Longair, M. S. "The Astrophysics of the Future." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 123 (1990): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100077381.
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It is with some trepidation that I set down these thoughts. The history of physics and astronomy is littered with pontifications about the future, most of which simply end up embarrassing their authors. There are many projects which can be regarded as very safe bets but these might not be the ones which totally transform the nature of the discipline. The situation is analogous to that in the early 1950s when extragalactic astronomy simply meant optical astronomy since there was no other way of carrying out such studies – few would regard that as an adequate position nowadays. Similarly, it is difficult nowadays to imagine cosmology without the Microwave Background Radiation. Thus, the problem for the prognosticator is to tread the narrow line between science fiction and a simple extrapolation of what we do now with our facilities. It is in the spirit of this meeting to concentrate upon space observatories but I believe that it is instructive to look at the whole of astronomy, both from space and from the ground.
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Roussakow, Sergey. "The History of Hyperthermia Rise and Decline." Conference Papers in Medicine 2013 (July 28, 2013): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/428027.
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Electromagnetic hyperthermia remains experimental treatment after 40 years of research and application in view of its “temperature concept” based on the belief that temperature is the only parameter of the efficacy. Initial “extreme hyperthermia” concept was based on the wrong premise of much higher thermal susceptibility of malignant cells and broad therapeutic range of hyperthermia, allowing to kill tumor cells by above-threshold (>43°C) temperature without damaging healthy tissues. Indeed, this therapeutic gap is minor or absent which makes the extreme hyperthermia impossible. The next concept of “thermal dose” was based on the ungrounded extrapolation of the biochemical Arrhenius relationship onto the living matter and formed the basis of “moderate hyperthermia” concept, believing that it could enhance tumor oxygenation and radio- and chemosensitivity, ignoring the special features of tumor blood flow. Both concepts have not been confirmed; “thermal dose” is currently proven to be not connected with any clinical outcome. Analysis of randomized trials with respect to biases has not confirmed hyperthermia efficacy. The growing evidence of athermal effects and their broad application has caused development of some athermal cancer treatments. Hyperthermia concept should be cardinally reevaluated now with respect to obvious bankruptcy of the temperature concept and development of the athermal concept.
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Mawardi, Ahmad Imam. "Qiyâs dan Istihsân dalam Rasionalitas Usûl al-Sarakhsî." ISLAMICA: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 7, no. 1 (January 23, 2014): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/islamica.2012.7.1.85-99.
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<p>There are two conceptual terms that this paper will try to expose. The first is analogy (<em>qiyâs</em>) and the second is <em>istihsân</em>, an analogy—like method of extrapolating jurisprudential rules. The paper will try to speak of their relationship in the light of al-Sarakhsî’s rationality. In the field of Islamic jurisprudence, the two concepts are often seen as contradicting to one another. The Shafi’ite jurists are even of belief that using <em>istihsân </em>is legally forbidden for that would contradict the general rules of Islamic law. The paper assumes that despite general view of the jurists that <em>istihsân </em>is an equivocal method it can nonetheless be fitted into <em>qiyâs. </em>To show that however, the paper would inevitably re-define both <em>qiyâs </em>and <em>istihsân </em>as proposed by al-Sarakhsî. By exploiting the ideas of al-Sarakhsî, the paper hopes that new lights may be shed as far as the richness of Islamic method in</p>jurisprudence is concerned.
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Rubin, Donald B. "Meta-Analysis: Literature Synthesis or Effect-Size Surface Estimation?" Journal of Educational Statistics 17, no. 4 (December 1992): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986017004363.
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A traditional meta-analysis can be thought of as a literature synthesis, in which a collection of observed studies is analyzed to obtain summary judgments about overall significance and size of effects. Many aspects of the current set of statistical tools for meta-analysis are highly useful—for example, the development of clear and concise effect-size indicators with associated standard errors. I am less happy, however, with more esoteric statistical techniques and their implied objects of estimation (i.e., their estimands) which are tied to the conceptualization of average effect sizes, weighted or otherwise, in a population of studies. In contrast to these average effect sizes of literature synthesis, I believe that the proper estimand is an effect-size surface, which is a function only of scientifically relevant factors, and which can only be estimated by extrapolating a response surface of observed effect sizes to a region of ideal studies. This effect-size surface perspective is presented and contrasted with the literature synthesis perspective. The presentation is entirely conceptual. Moreover, it is designed to be provocative, thereby prodding researchers to rethink traditional meta-analysis and ideally stimulating meta-analysts to attempt effect-surface estimations.
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Yang, Xiao. "Maṇḍala within the Rock: The Visualization of the Mahāmāyūrī-vidyārājñī and its Altar in Southwestern China, 9th–13th Centuries." Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques 74, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 945–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asia-2018-0029.
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Abstract This paper considers visualizations in Chinese medieval esoteric Buddhism in seven sculptural tableaux of the Mahāmāyūrī-vidyārājñī (Peacock Wisdom King 孔雀明王) from rock carving sites in the Sichuan Basin, Southwestern China. Early scholars highlighted the authority of Amoghavajra’s ritual manual for the Mahāmāyūrī images in this area, yet divergences between text and image hold them back from further interpretation. This paper reinvestigates these Mahāmāyūrī shrines “dialectically” by considering the text-image relationship. While keeping Amoghavajra’s ritual manual as a reference, it attempts to decode the meaning of the images and sites based on their own content, and to extrapolate from the text-image divergences how artistic productions and esoteric practices could lead to the presence of such divergences. This involves discussing artistic forms and decorative elements appropriated from exoteric Buddhism, as well as adjustments to the central icon and adjacent narrative scenes weaved within the temporal and spatial transitions. It also includes observations on the grouping between the Mahāmāyūrī and other deities in the larger iconographic program in their affiliated rock-cut sites, which reflects the interaction between this esoteric teaching and other popular beliefs. At least four out of seven examples share the same hierarchical iconographic programs or signature spatial structures similar to the Mahāmāyūrī altar prescribed in Amoghavajra’s ritual manual. It takes these visual or spatial similarities as concrete evidences that the construction of these shrines intended to make altars/maṇḍalas, although in two different ways to represent the esoteric altar and to create a space to conduct such a ritual.
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Porosenkov, Sergey V. "The Principle of Material Unity of the World in the World of Pluralism." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences 22, no. 5 (December 15, 2022): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v210.
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This paper dwells on the principle of material unity of the world in the aspects of substantial, substrate, attributive, and functional unity of the world and in the aspect of unity of the world’s natural process. A substantial connection of this principle with the development of science, primarily, natural sciences, is determined. A historical nature of philosophical interpretations of the principle of material unity of the world is identified and a comparison is drawn between the monistic expression of this principle based on classical scientific rationality and its interpretations based on non-classical scientific rationality. A conclusion is made about the impact of methodological pluralism of modern scientific cognition on various substantive aspects of the principle of material unity of the world. Points of contradiction are identified between the modern scientific methodologies and the philosophical content of the principle under study. In terms of the ideological significance of the principle of material unity of the world, the author points out complete exclusion of the ontological meaning of any religious views and ideas by the regulatory action of this principle. In the modern picture of worldview pluralism (dominated by religious and religious-like beliefs, value orientations and views) a worldview based on the principle of material unity of the world is elitist and is very poorly represented. In scientists’ worldview, orientation towards this principle explicitly (reflexively) or implicitly performs the function of an epistemological basis for extrapolating knowledge obtained in local areas of research to the entire subject area of the relevant sciences. Therefore, at least within the scientific community, the principle of material unity of the world retains its monistic significance, both in methodological and ideological terms.
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Methenitis, Spyridon, Ioanna Stergiou, Smaragdi Antonopoulou, and Tzortzis Nomikos. "Can Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Be a Good Model for the Investigation of the Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Diet in Humans?" Biomedicines 9, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9010036.
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Subclinical, low-grade, inflammation is one of the main pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the majority of chronic and non-communicable diseases. Several methodological approaches have been applied for the assessment of the anti-inflammatory properties of nutrition, however, their impact in human body remains uncertain, because of the fact that the majority of the studies reporting anti-inflammatory effect of dietary patterns, have been performed under laboratory settings and/or in animal models. Thus, the extrapolation of these results to humans is risky. It is therefore obvious that the development of an inflammatory model in humans, by which we could induce inflammatory responses to humans in a regulated, specific, and non-harmful way, could greatly facilitate the estimation of the anti-inflammatory properties of diet in a more physiological way and mechanistically relevant way. We believe that exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) could serve as such a model, either in studies investigating the homeostatic responses of individuals under inflammatory stimuli or for the estimation of the anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory potential of dietary patterns, foods, supplements, nutrients, or phytochemicals. Thus, in this review we discuss the possibility of exercise-induced muscle damage being an inflammation model suitable for the assessment of the anti-inflammatory properties of diet in humans.
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Kimberly, David A., and Christopher J. Salice. "Evolutionary responses to climate change and contaminants: Evidence and experimental approaches." Current Zoology 61, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 690–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.4.690.
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Abstract A fundamental objective within ecotoxicology lies in understanding and predicting effects of contaminants. This objective is made more challenging when global climate change is considered as an environmental stress that co-occurs with contaminant exposure. In this multi-stressor context, evolutionary processes are particularly important. In this paper, we consider several non-”omic” approaches wherein evolutionary responses to stress have been studied and discuss those amenable to a multiple stressor context. Specifically, we discuss common-garden designs, artificial and quasi-natural selection, and the estimation of adaptive potential using quantitative genetics as methods for studying evolutionary responses to contaminants and climate change in the absence of expensive molecular tools. While all approaches shed light on potential evolutionary impacts of stressor exposure, they also have limitations. These include logistical constraints, difficulty extrapolating to real systems, and responses tied strongly to specific taxa, populations, and/or testing conditions. The most effective way to lessen these inherent limitations is likely through inclusion of complementary physiological and molecular tools, when available. We believe that an evolutionary context to the study of contaminants and global climate change is a high priority in ecotoxicology and we outline methods that can be implemented by almost any researcher but will also provide valuable insights.
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TADIRI, C. P., M. E. SCOTT, and G. F. FUSSMANN. "Impact of host sex and group composition on parasite dynamics in experimental populations." Parasitology 143, no. 4 (February 18, 2016): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016000172.
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SUMMARYTo better understand the spread of disease in nature, it is fundamentally important to have broadly applicable model systems with readily available species which can be replicated and controlled in the laboratory. Here we used an experimental model system of fish hosts and monogenean parasites to determine whether host sex, group size and group composition (single-sex or mixed-sex) influenced host-parasite dynamics at an individual and group level. Parasite populations reached higher densities and persisted longer in groups of fish compared with isolated hosts and reached higher densities on isolated females than on isolated males. However, individual fish within groups had similar burdens to isolated males regardless of sex, indicating that females may benefit more than males by being in a group. Relative condition was positively associated with high parasite loads for isolated males, but not for isolated females or grouped fish. No difference in parasite dynamics between mixed-sex groups and single-sex groups was detected. Overall, these findings suggest that while host sex influences dynamics on isolated fish, individual fish in groups have similar parasite burdens, regardless of sex. We believe our experimental results contribute to a mechanistic understanding of host-parasite dynamics, although we are cautious about directly extrapolating these results to other systems.
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Rips, Lance J., Amber Bloomfield, and Jennifer Asmuth. "From numerical concepts to concepts of number." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 6 (December 2008): 623–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08005566.
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AbstractMany experiments with infants suggest that they possess quantitative abilities, and many experimentalists believe that these abilities set the stage for later mathematics: natural numbers and arithmetic. However, the connection between these early and later skills is far from obvious. We evaluate two possible routes to mathematics and argue that neither is sufficient: (1) We first sketch what we think is the most likely model for infant abilities in this domain, and we examine proposals for extrapolating the natural number concept from these beginnings. Proposals for arriving at natural number by (empirical) induction presuppose the mathematical concepts they seek to explain. Moreover, standard experimental tests for children's understanding of number terms do not necessarily tap these concepts. (2) True concepts of number do appear, however, when children are able to understand generalizations over all numbers; for example, the principle of additive commutativity (a+b=b+a). Theories of how children learn such principles usually rely on a process of mapping from physical object groupings. But both experimental results and theoretical considerations imply that direct mapping is insufficient for acquiring these principles. We suggest instead that children may arrive at natural numbers and arithmetic in a more top-down way, by constructing mathematical schemas.
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McFarlane, Gordon A., and Richard J. Beamish. "Effect of an External Tag on Growth of Sabiefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), and Consequences to Mortality and Age at Maturity." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 8 (August 1, 1990): 1551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-175.
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Tagged juveniles from a strong year-class of sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) were sampled for 9 yr Tagged females were approximately 6 cm larger than untagged females at 50% maturity. Males showed little difference because of their slower growth rate. Untagged males and females matured one and 2 yr earlier than tagged males and females. From this same year-class length-at-age of untagged males and females was significantly larger than for tagged and recaptured fish. Untagged males and females were 6.5 and 8 cm larger than tagged fish by age seven. Smaller tagged fish were recaptured at lower rates than larger tagged fish, indicating that slower growth reduced recapture percentage, which we believe indicates a higher mortality rate. Because smaller size was associated with increased mortality and tagged fish grew slower than untagged fish, we concluded that tagged fish had higher rates of mortality than untagged fish. The increased age and size at 50% maturity and the increased juvenile mortality indicated the potential response of a population of sablefish and possibly other species to a reduction in individual fish growth. If our results apply to other species and other types of tags, investigators should be cautious in extrapolating from tagged to untagged populations.