Relevant bibliographies by topics / Extrakce EKG

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Academic literature on the topic 'Extrakce EKG'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Extrakce EKG"

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ADAMIEC, J., M. DOLEŽAL, K. MÍKOVÁ, and J. DAVÍDEK. "Changes in Egg Volatiles during Storage." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 20, No. 2 (November 18, 2011): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3515-cjfs.

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The quality of eggs is tightly associated with freshness. New possibilities for the determination of egg freshness were studied. The volatile compounds of eggs and their changes during storage were followed. Three methods for extraction of volatiles were compared: dynamic headspace (Purge and Trap), static headspace (Solid Phase of Microextraction – SPME) and extraction according to Likens-Nickerson by simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) with diethyl ether as organic solvent. The extracts were analysed by GC/FID. The volatiles in an extract obtained by SDE method were identified by GC-MS. The extract includes aldehydes, alcohols, acids and esters. The volatiles in an extract obtained by SPME and Purge and Trap have not been identified until now. The changes in volatiles during storage of eggs using the above mentioned methods were studied.
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Santoso, U., and Y. Fenita. "THE EFFECT OF Sauropus androgynus LEAF EXTRACT ON PERFORMANCE, EGG QUALITY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EGGS." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 41, no. 3 (August 30, 2016): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.41.3.125-134.

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The purpose of this research was to produce the enriched eggs, but low in cholesterol content. Forty eight layer chickens aged 72 weeks (strain Dekalb Warren) were distributed into six treatment groups. One group of laying hens was fed diets without Sauropus androgynusleaf extract (SALE) as the control, and another five groups were fed diet supplemented to 9 g SALE, 18 g SALE, 27 g SALE, 36 g SALE, and 45 g SALE/kg diet, respectively. Completely randomized design was used in the present study.The experimental results showed that SALE supplementation had no effect on egg production, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, yolk weight, albumen weight, shell egg, egg index, eggshell thickness, and yolk index (P>0.05), but significantly affected Haugh Unit, albumen index, yolk color, egg odor, egg taste, and yolk color (P<0.05). The protein, fat, calsium, phosphor, kaliumand iron contents of eggs did not change (P>0.05), but the cholesterol content of egg was significantly reduced (P<0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of SALE did not enhance performance, but it improve egg quality and its chemical composition.
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Barrows, John K., and David T. Long. "Cell-free transcription in Xenopus egg extract." Journal of Biological Chemistry 294, no. 51 (November 15, 2019): 19645–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.011350.

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Groen, Aaron C., Margaret Coughlin, and Timothy J. Mitchison. "Microtubule assembly in meiotic extract requires glycogen." Molecular Biology of the Cell 22, no. 17 (September 2011): 3139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e11-02-0158.

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The assembly of microtubules during mitosis requires many identified components, such as γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC), components of the Ran pathway (e.g., TPX2, HuRP, and Rae1), and XMAP215/chTOG. However, it is far from clear how these factors function together or whether more factors exist. In this study, we used biochemistry to attempt to identify active microtubule nucleation protein complexes from Xenopus meiotic egg extracts. Unexpectedly, we found both microtubule assembly and bipolar spindle assembly required glycogen, which acted both as a crowding agent and as metabolic source glucose. By also reconstituting microtubule assembly in clarified extracts, we showed microtubule assembly does not require ribosomes, mitochondria, or membranes. Our clarified extracts will provide a powerful tool for activity-based biochemical fractionations for microtubule assembly.
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Makal, Henny V. G., and Deflly A. S. Turang. "PEMANFAATAN EKSTRAK KASAR BATANG SERAI UNTUK PENGENDALIAN LARVA Crosidolomia binotalis Zell. PADA TANAMAN KUBIS." EUGENIA 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2011): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/eug.17.1.2011.95.

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Theresearch wasaimed to assess effect of some concentrations of lemon grass stem extract to C.binotalis larvae. The advantage of the research was to give information the use lemon grass stemextract as a botanical insecticide to control C. binotalis larvae. The result showed that after applicationof the lemon grass stem extract, the C. binotalis larvae showed symptoms such as inactive of eating,inactive of movement and eventually death of larvae C. binotalis.The death of larvae was showingchanging of color at dorsal and ventral. The color at the dorsal became pale yellow and the color atventral turned to light brown.The death larvae subsequently were hardened and the entire body thelarvae were blackish brown.The percentage of C. binotalis larvae mortality increased when theconcentration of lemon grass stem extract was also increased.Concentration 80 g/50 ml resulted 95 %death of total tested larvae. It could be concluded thatlemon grass stem extract can be used to controllarvae of C.binotalis on cabbage. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh beberapa konsentrasi ekstrak batang seraiterhadap larva C. binotalis. Manfaat dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan informasi tentangpenggunaan ekstrak batang serai sebagai insektisida botani untuk mengendalikan larva C. binotalis.Gejala kematian larva C. binotalis setelah aplikasi ekstrak batang serai pada awalnya larva kelihatangelisah, tidak aktif makan kemudian menjadi tidak aktif bergerak dan akhirnya mati. Larva yang matiterjadi perubahan warna, pada bagian dorsal berwarna kuning pucat dan bagian ventral berwarnacoklat muda dan lama kelamaan seluruh tubuh mengeras dan berwarna coklat kehitaman. Hasilpenelitian menunjukan bahwa persentase mortalitas larva C binotalis meningkat seiring denganmeningkatnya konsentrasi ekstrak batang serai yang diaplikasikan. Pada konsentrasi ekstrak batangserai 80g/ml menyebabkan mortalitas sebesar 95% dari keseluruhan larva uji. Berdasarkan hasil ini,ekstrak batang serai dapat digunakan untuk mengendalikan larva C. binotalis pada kubis.
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Marchon, Niyan, and Gourish Naik. "Sharp Filters To Extract Absence Seizures EEG Signals." International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering 06, no. 10 (November 30, 2018): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26438/ijcse/v6si10.3741.

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Broadus, Matthew R., and Ethan Lee. "Chemical Screening Using Cell-Free Xenopus Egg Extract." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2018, no. 8 (February 23, 2018): pdb.prot098277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot098277.

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Mei, Chunli, Xuelu Han, Jing Zhang, Ling Gao, and Huimin Liu. "Neuroprotective Effects of Ginkgo Biloba Extract (GbE) on Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation (OGD) in PC12 Cells." Engineering 05, no. 10 (2013): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/eng.2013.510b030.

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Makita, Masashi, Kiyoshi Shiroishi, and Hiroaki Fujii. "Examination of Experimental Method to Extract Characteristics of Lower Limb Movement in Emergency Braking Operation." Engineering 12, no. 07 (2020): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/eng.2020.127032.

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Seok, Woojoon, Minsoo Yeo, Jiwoo You, Heejun Lee, Taeheum Cho, Bosun Hwang, and Cheolsoo Park. "Optimal Feature Search for Vigilance Estimation Using Deep Reinforcement Learning." Electronics 9, no. 1 (January 11, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9010142.

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A low level of vigilance is one of the main reasons for traffic and industrial accidents. We conducted experiments to evoke the low level of vigilance and record physiological data through single-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements. In this study, a deep Q-network (DQN) algorithm was designed, using conventional feature engineering and deep convolutional neural network (CNN) methods, to extract the optimal features. The DQN yielded the optimal features: two CNN features from ECG and two conventional features from EEG. The ECG features were more significant for tracking the transitions within the alertness continuum with the DQN. The classification was performed with a small number of features, and the results were similar to those from using all of the features. This suggests that the DQN could be applied to investigating biomarkers for physiological responses and optimizing the classification system to reduce the input resources.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Extrakce EKG"

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Waloszek, Vojtěch. "Identifikace a verifikace osob pomocí záznamu EKG." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442492.

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In the past years, utilization of ECG for verification and identification in biometry is investigated. The topic is investigated in this thesis. Recordings from ECG ID database from PhysioNet and our own ECG recordings recorded using Apple Watch 4 are used for training and testing this method. Many of the existing methods have proven the possibility of using ECG for biometry, however they were using clinical ECG devices. This thesis investigates using recordings from wearable devices, specifically smart watch. 16 features are extracted from ECG recordings and a random forest classifier is used for verification and identification. The features include time intervals between fiducial points, voltage difference between fiducial points and PR intervals variability in a recording. The average performance of verification model of 14 people is TRR 96,19 %, TAR 84,25 %.
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Ředina, Richard. "Model fibrilace síní." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442495.

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The aim of this master thesis is to create a 3D electroanatomical model of a heart atria, which would be able to perform atrial fibrillation. To control the model, the differential equations of the FitzHugh-Nagumo model were chosen. These equations describe the change of voltage on the cell membrane. The equations have established parameters. The modification of them leads to changes in the behavior of the model. The simulations were performed in the COMSOL Multiphysics environment. In the first step, the simulations were performed on 2D models. Simulations of healthy heart, atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation were created. The acquired knowledge served as a basis for the creation of a 3D model on which atrial fibrillation was simulated on the basis of ectopic activity and reentry mechanism. Convincing results were obtained in accordance with the used literature. The advantages of computational modeling are its availability, zero ethical burden and the ability to simulate even rarer arrhythmias. The disadvantage of the procedure is the need to compromise between accuracy and computational complexity of simulations.
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Hua, Xuequn Helen. "Regulation of initiation of DNA replication in Xenopus egg extract /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9814545.

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Teljega, Marijana. "Automatic Control of a Window Blind using EEG signals." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Avdelningen för datavetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-19184.

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This thesis uses one of Brain Computer Interface (BCI) products, NeuroSky headset, to design a prototype model to control window blind by using headset’s single channel electrode. Seven volunteers performed eight different exercises while the signal from the headset was recorded. The dataset was analyzed, and exercises with strongest power spectral density (PSD) were chosen to continue to work with. Matlabs spectrogram function was used to divide the signal in time segments, which were 0.25 seconds. One segment from each of these eight exercises was taken to form different combinations which were later classified.The classification result, while using two of proposed exercises (tasks) was successful with 97.0% accuracy computed by Nearest Neighbor classifier. Still, we continued to investigate if we could use three or four thoughts to create three or four commands. The result presented lower classification accuracy when using either 3 or 4 command thoughts with performance accuracy of 92% and 76% respectively.Thus, two or three exercises can be used for constructing two or three different commands.
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Badin, Flavio. "Biocidas naturais e seus reflexos sobre contaminantes na produção de etanol /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94913.

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Orientador: Márcia Justino Rossini Mutton
Banca: Flávia Cecílio Ribeiro Bregagnoli
Banca: Francisco Vicente Gaiotto Cleto
Resumo: As indústrias sucroenergéticas têm como preocupação o controle de contaminantes da fermentação, responsáveis por afetar a viabilidade da levedura, provocando diversos transtornos no processo, comprometendo a eficiência fermentativa e o rendimento industrial. Dentre as alternativas para o controle das contaminações, destacam-se o uso de antimicrobianos sintéticos. Sua utilização continua pode favorecer o desenvolvimento de cepas resistentes, contribuindo para o incremento do custo de produção, além da possibilidade de incorporação de resíduos no produto final. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do biocida convencional (monensina sódica) e biocidas naturais preparados à base de própolis (Extrato Hidroalcoólico de Própolis - EHP e Extrato Oleoso de Própolis- EOP) sobre a fisiologia das leveduras, o controle dos contaminantes do processo fermentativo e composição do destilado. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o Inteiramente Casualizado com parcelas subdivididas, com 4 repetições. Os Tratamentos Principais foram: Testemunha, EOP, EHP e monensina sódica (Kamoran WP). Os Tratamentos Secundários constituíram-se nos 10 ciclos fermentativos. Avaliaram-se as características químico-tecnológicas do caldo, mosto e vinho, parâmetros microbiológicos das leveduras e composição do destilado obtido. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os biocidas avaliados apresentaram efeito similar, sendo efetivos no controle dos contaminantes da fermentação, não afetando negativamente suas características fisiológicas. Não afetaram a composição a composição do destilado final obtido
Abstract: The control of fermentation contaminants is one of the sugar mills concerns. The fermentation contaminants are responsible to affect the yeast viability, generating several overturns to the process, compromising the fermentative efficiency as well the industrial yield. Among the alternatives to control contamination, the use of synthetic antimicrobials can be highlighted. Its progressed use may favor the development of resistant strains, contributing in production cost improving, besides the possibility of residues incorporation into the final product. This work aimed evaluate the effect of conventional biocides (sodic monensin) and natural ones based on propolis (Propolis Hydroalcoholic Extract - EHP and Propolis Oily Extract - EOP) under the yeasts physiology, the fermentative process contaminants control, and the distilled composition. The experimental design used was the split-plot with four replications. The main treatments were: Control, EOH, EHP, and sodic monensin (Kamoran WP). The secondary treatments were the 10 fermentative cycles. The evaluated characteristics were: juice, must, and wine chemical-technical characteristics, yeasts microbiologic parameters, and the distillated obtained composition. The results obtained showed that the evaluated biocides presented similar effect, being effectives to control the fermentation contaminants, not affecting negatively its physiologic characteristics. They did not affect the composition of the distilled obtained
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Pretti, Taciana. "Tecnologia para produção de extrato aquoso de amendoim e elaboração de produto fermentado /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88338.

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Orientador: Maria Regina Barbieri de Carvalho
Banca: José Fernando Durigan
Banca: José Paschoal Batistuti
Resumo: Visando ampliar o aproveitamento nutricional e tecnológico do amendoim realizou-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de elaborar extrato aquoso, com diferentes processamentos, e verificar a aceitação do extrato fermentado com Streptococcus thermophilus e Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp bulgaricus e com adição de leite em pó desnatado. O procedimento para obtenção do extrato consistiu no aquecimento dos grãos em solução de bicarbonato de sódio a 0,5% (1:4, p/v) até ebulição, com posterior drenagem, lavagem, desintegração e filtração. Foram avaliadas duas temperaturas (75 ºC e 97 ºC) e duas proporções de grão: água (1:5 e 1:8, p/v) para a desintegração dos grãos. Os produtos fermentados, com 0%, 2% e 4% de leite em pó, foram avaliados sensorialmente. Água a 75 ºC produziu extrato com o menor conteúdo de lipídeos (5,87%) e maior de carboidratos (2,31%). Os componentes dos extratos foram significativamente diluídos com a maior proporção de água (1:8 p/v), que permitiu o maior rendimento (1:6,92 kg), a maior extração de sólidos totais e proteína e a menor perda de sólidos no resíduo, sendo este procedimento selecionado para elaboração do extrato fermentado. O aquecimento dos grãos a 97 ºC propiciou proteína com maior digestibilidade (80,6%). Os resultados mostraram a possibilidade de se elaborar um produto adequado, fermentando-se o extrato de amendoim adicionado de leite em pó. Apresentou pH 4,5, 0,5% de ácido lático, 4,86% proteína e 2,36% de lipídeos e características sensoriais aceitáveis. A adição de leite em pó desnatado favoreceu a fermentação (4 horas e meia), melhorou a consistência e a aceitação geral do produto fermentado. O extrato aquoso fermentado de grãos de amendoim é uma alternativa tecnológica viável à elaboração de alimentos para a população, pela qualidade nutricional de seus componentes e a sua fácil disponibilidade.
Abstract: Aiming to increase nutritional and technological utilization of the peanut, this research was realized to produce an aqueous extract, with variations in processing, and to check the acceptance of the fermented extract with Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp bulgaricus and with the addition of powder milk. The procedure to obtain the extract consisted of heating the beans until boiling (1:4 w/v) 0.5% of sodium bicarbonate, draining, washing, disintegration and filtration. It was evaluated two temperatures (75 ºC and 97 ºC) and two amounts of grain: water (1:5 and 1:8, w/v) in disintegration of the grains. Fermented products, with 0%, 2% and 4% of powder milk, were evaluated. Water at 75 ºC produced extract with lower content of lipids (5.87%), and higher of carbohydrates (2.31%). The extracts components of the were significantly diluted with the proportion 1:8 w/v, that permited the highest yield of process (1:6.92 kg) and better total solids and protein extraction and lower loss of solids in the waste. It was therefore selected for preparation of the fermented extract. The heating of the grains at 97 ºC, due to better digestibility of protein (80.6%). The results showed that is possible to obtain a fermented product with peanut extract added at milk powder. It presented pH 4.5, 0.5% lactic acid, 4.86% protein and 2.36% lipids and sensorial quality. The addition of powder milk favored fermentation (4 hours) and improved the consistency and general acceptance of the fermented product. The aqueous extract fermented of peanut grains represents a viable technological alternative in the preparation of food for population, due to nutritional quality of its components and its easy availability.
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Gimenes, Angélica Misailidis. "Resposta ovariana em éguas tratadas com baixa dose de extrato de pituitária equina /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98154.

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Orientador: Cezinande de Meira
Banca: Sony Dimas Bicudo
Banca: Cássia Maria Barroso Orlandi
Resumo: O presente estudo visou avaliar a resposta ovariana e a taxa de recuperação embrionária em éguas tratadas com EPE nas doses de 6, 8 e 12,5 mg sendo o tratamento iniciado após a aplicação de prostaglandina F2 no oitavo ou sexto dia após a ovulação com a finalidade de reduzir o tempo e custo do tratamento. Foram realizados dois experimentos, para o experimento 1, 40 ciclos estrais de éguas Mangalarga Marchador, entre cinco e 24 anos, e para o segundo experimento 30 ciclos estrais de éguas mestiças entre quatro e 12 anos de idade, foram estudados. Foi aplicada 7,5 mg i.m.de prostaglandina F2 (Dinoprost Trometamina) no oitavo (experimento 1) ou sexto (experimento 2) dia após a ovulação. Nesse momento as éguas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em cinco grupos para o experimento 1: (n=8 ciclos estrais/grupo): Grupo F20-23mm 6mg e F20-23mm 8mg receberam 6 e 8mg, respectivamente, de EPE por via i.m. a cada 12 horas, a partir da detecção de folículo(s) entre 20-23mm de diâmetro. Nos Grupos D8 - 6mg e D8 - 8mg foi aplicado 6 ou 8 mg de EPE, respectivamente, a cada 12 horas por via i.m. a partir do D8 (concomitante a PGF2 ). No Grupo F20-23mm Salina (Controle): as éguas receberam solução salina respeitando os mesmos intervalos que os grupos tratados com EPE a partir da detecção de folículo(s) entre 20-23mm de diâmetro. No experimento 2, a metodologia foi similiar ao experimento 1, contudo, as éguas receberam 12,5 mg de EPE, e o tratamento foi iniciado no sexto dia após a ovulação para o Grupo D6-12,5 mg (n=9), ou quando detectou-se folículo(s) entre 20-23mm, Grupo F20-23mm 12,5 mg (n=10) e F20-23mm Salina (Controle, n=10). Em todos os grupos (Exp. 1 e 2) o tratamento (EPE ou salina) foi mantido até 12 horas anterior a detecção de folículo(s) com diâmetro 35 mm, nesse momento a ovulação foi induzida com única dose de 2500 U.I. de hCG, i.v. (Vetecor®)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The present study aimed to evaluate the ovarian response and embrionary recovery in mares treated with doses of 6, 8 and 12.5 mg of EPE. The treatment was started after application of prostaglandin F2 for reduce the period and cost of treatment. Two experiments were conducted, for the experiment one, 40 estrous cycles of Mangalarga Marchador mares and ranged in age from 5 to 24 yrs, and for the second experiment 30 estrous cycles of crossbreed mares ranged in age from four to 12 yrs was used. In the eighth (experiment 1) or sixth (experiment 2) after ovulation was applied 7.5 mg i.m. of prostaglandin F2 (Dinoprost Trometamina). In this moment, all mares in experiment 1 was randomly assigned to treatment and control groups as follows: Groups 1 and 2 (n=8 cycles/group) received 6 mg of EPE, i.m. twice daily, beginning when largest follicle (s) was (were) 20-23 mm (Group F20-23mm 6mg) or regardless of follicle size on Day 8 (Group D8 - 6 mg); Groups 3 and 4 (n=8 cycles/group), received 8 mg of EPE, i.m. twice daily, beginning when largest follicle was 20-23 mm (Group F20-23 mm 8 mg) or regardless of follicle size on Day 8 (Group D8 - 8mg); Group F20-23mm Saline (Control, n=8 cycles) received saline, i.m. beginning when largest follicle (s) was (were) 20-23 mm in the same range of groups treated with EPE. In the second experiment was used the same methodology of the experiment 1, however, the mares received 12.5mg of EPE, and the treatment began in the sixth day after ovulation for the Group D6- 12.5mg (n=9), or when the largest follicle (s) was (were) 20-23 mm, Group F20-23mm 12,5 mg (n=10) e F20-23mm Saline (Control, n=10). Treatments with EPE or saline continued until 12 hours before detection of follicle (s) reached 35 mm, at which time a single dose of hCG (2500 U.I., i.v., Vetecor®) was given. Groups were compared using ANOVA and mean differences among groups were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Blow, J. J. "The control of eukaryotic DNA replication." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233674.

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One of the major limitations on research into the control of eukaryotic DNA replication has been the lack of any cell-free system that initiates DNA replication in vitro. The first part of the disseration describes the establishment of a eukaryotic system, derived from the activated eggs of the South African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis, that efficiently initiates and completes DNA replication in vitro. Using a variety of biochemical techniques I show that DNA added to the extract in the form of sperm nuclei is efficiently replicated over a period of 4 - 6 hours. Replication of nuclear DNA represents a single round of semiconservative, semidiscon-tinuous replication. The extract will also replicate naked DNA incubated in it, regardless of sequence, though less efficiently than nuclear templates. This is probably related to the unusual ability of the egg extract to assemble apparently normal interphase nuclei from any DNA molecule incubated in it Evidence is presented that initiation, rather than chain elongation, is the rate-limiting step for replication in vitro. In this and in other ways the cell-free system behaves as though it were an early embryo blocked in a single cell cycle. The second part of the dissertation describes experiments that examine the control of DNA replication in the extract The first set of experiments suggest that on replication, DNA is marked in some way so that it can no longer act as a substrate for further initiation. This provides a mechanism by which the template DNA is replicated precisely once per incubation in vitro (or per cell cycle in vivo). The second set of experiments investigate the relationship between nuclear assembly and the initiation of DNA replication in vitro. A novel method for quantifying DNA replication in intact nuclei using the nucleotide analogue biotin-11-dUTP is described. This technique reveals that although they are in the common cytoplasm of the egg extract, different nuclei start to replicate at different times. Entry into S-phase is characterised by a burst of many synchronous or near-synchronous initiations within individual nuclei. This means that nuclei act as independent and integrated units of replication in the cell-free system, and suggests a fundamental role for nuclear assembly in controlling DNA replication in vitro.
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Mantelatto, Maria Augusta Motta. "Utilização do controle estatístico de processo na unidade de produção e desenvolvimento de derivados de soja - UNISOJA - F.C.F. - UNESP /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89567.

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Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características químicas das amostras recolhidas nas etapas do processamento do "leite" de soja e utilizar o Controle Estatístico de Processo - CEP (gráficos de média e desvio-padrão) para determinar os limites de variabilidade para controle de processo da produção do mesmo. Os materiais utilizados foram: soja em grão descascado cozido, água de cozimento do grão da soja descascada, calda para preparo do "leite" de soja, resíduo da soja (okara) e "leite" de soja pasteurizada processado pela Unidade de Produção e Desenvolvimento de Derivados da Soja - UNISOJA. Foram analisadas 329 amostras, coletadas em 15 dias, em pontos da linha de processamento de "leite" de soja. Destas 329 amostras, 75 amostras foram retiradas do grão de soja cozido descascado para análise de proteína e umidade; 75 da água de cozimento do grão descascado para análise de proteína; 29 de calda para análise de sólidos solúveis; 75 de resíduo (okara) para análise de proteína, lipídeos e cinzas e, finalmente, 75 amostras de "leite" de soja pasteurizado para análise de cinza, cor, lipídeos, proteína e sólidos solúveis. Essas análises foram feitas em duplicatas. Esse estudo mostrou que os gráficos da ferramenta da qualidade "Controle Estatístico de Processo" são eficientes para detectar possíveis falhas durante as diferentes etapas do processamento do "leite" de soja. Entretanto, ainda há necessidade de treinamento dos funcionários e padronização no processo de fabricação do "leite", em todas as etapas. Além disso, foi possível construir, para as etapas críticas do processamento, os limites de processo em gráficos de desvio padrão e média para a produção de "leite" de soja.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the chemical characteristics of the samples collected from soybeans "milk" processing stages as well as using statistical process control (mean and standard deviation graphs) to determine the variability limits to control its production process. The used materials were: decorticated cooked soybeans water in grain, cooking the grain of peeled soybean, syrup preparation for soybeans "milk", the soybean residue (okara) and pasteurized soybean "milk" processed by the Unidade de Produção e Desenvolvimento de Derivados da Soja - UNISOJA. Three hundred and twenty nine (329) samples were analyzed, collected in 15 days from several points of the soybeans milk processing line. Among these 329 samples, 75 samples were taken from cooked grain strip for protein analysis and moisture; other 75 samples were taken from the cooking water of grain strip for protein analysis; 29 samples were taken from syrup for analysis of soluble solids; 75 samples were taken from residue (okara) for protein, lipids and ash analysis; and, finally, 75 samples were taken from soybean pasteurized "milk" for gray, color, lipids, protein and soluble solids analysis. All these analyses were performed in duplicate. The study showed that the graphics of the Statistical Process Control are efficient to detect possible failures during different stages of soy "milk" processing but there is still a need for training of officials and for standardization in the "milk" production process at the different stages. Moreover, it was possible to build the limits of the process in graphics of standard deviation and means for the critical processing stages in the soybeans "milk" production.
Orientador: José Paschoal Batistuti
Coorientador: Elizeu Antonio Rossi
Banca: José Paschoal Batistuti
Banca: Elizeu Antonio Rossi
Banca: João Bosco Faria
Banca: Alice Yoshiko Tanaka
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Losi, Livia Creste 1982. "Uso de Ascophyllum nodosum para o enraizamento de microestacas de eucalipto /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93820.

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Orientador: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas
Banca: Antonio de Pádua Sousa
Banca: Ana Cláudia Pacheco Santos
Resumo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de extrato de Ascophyllum nodosum na produção de mudas de Eucalytus urograndis e Eucalyptus urophilla durante a fase de enraizamento. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, pertencentes às empresas VEC Florestal e Monte Flora, produtoras de microestacas de eucalipto e localizadas na cidade de Bofete, estado de São Paulo. O experimento foi conduzido em quatro fases no período de abril de 2009 a março de 2010, utilizando-se dois clones de E. urograndis (Euca 103 e Euca 105) e um clone de E. urophilla (I144), dois substratos (Brasil Minérios e Carolina Soil) e aplicação de diferentes doses de extrato de A. nodosum (EAN) 0, 0,5, 1, 1,5, 2, 3, 4, 8 e 16 mL L-1. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições e 86 plantas por parcela. As aplicações do extrato de A. nodosum ocorreram aos 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após o estaqueamento variando conforme a fase. Foram avaliados a massa fresca de raiz (MFR), massa seca de raiz (MSR), comprimento de raiz (CR), massa fresca de parte aérea (MFA), massa seca de parte aérea (MAS), diâmetro do caule (D) e quantidade de raiz (Q) aos 30 e 45 2 dias após dias após o estaqueamento e análise química da planta. As avaliações permitiram observar que houve resposta diferenciada do EAN em relação aos substratos e ao material genético. O tratamento na dose de 3 mL de EAN para o clone I144 proporcionou melhor enraizamento das microestacas. Observou-se também que a forma de aplicação do produto interfere nos resultados
Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different rates of extract of Ascophyllum nodosum in the production of microshoots Eucalyptus urograndis and Eucalyptus urophilla during the rooting. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse belonging to companies VEC Florestal and Monte Flora, two producers of microcuttings eucalyptus and located in the city of Bofete, State of São Paulo. The experiment was conducted in four phases between April 2009 and March 2010, using two clones of E. urograndis (Euca 103 e Euca 105) and one clone of E. urophilla (I144), two substrates (Brasil Minérios and Carolina Soil) and application of different rates of extract A. nodosum (EAN) 0, 0,5, 1, 1,5, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16 mL L-1. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with four replications and 86 plants per plot. The applications of the extract A. nodosum occur at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after the cutting. It were evaluated root fresh weight (MFR), root dry mass (MSR), root length (CR), fresh weight of shoot (MFA), shoot dry mass (MAS), stem diameter (D) and quality of root (Q) at 30 and 45 days after the cutting. The evaluations allowed to note that there was differential response of EAN in relation to substrates and genetic material, The dose of 3 mL of ean for clone I144 provided better microcuttings rooting. It was also observed that the way of the product application affect the results
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Books on the topic "Extrakce EKG"

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A. Bilalissi*, O. N’nanle, D. Nideou, H. T. Meteyake, Y. A. E. Kouame, E. Decuypere, M. Gbeassor, O. Onagbessan, and K. Tona. The appropriate time to improve day-old chick production and post-hatch growth through Moringa oleifera leaf extract inoculation into the hatching egg. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1399/eps.2019.286.

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Book chapters on the topic "Extrakce EKG"

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Pomerening, Joseph R. "Xenopus laevis Egg Extract." In Encyclopedia of Systems Biology, 2364–65. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_1331.

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Matthews, Glenn M., and Alan Colman. "The Xenopus Egg Extract Translation System." In RNA Isolation and Characterization Protocols, 235–47. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-494-1:235.

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Gonda, Koichi, and Nobuaki Kikyo. "Nuclear Remodeling Assay in Xenopus Egg Extract." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 247–58. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-154-3_17.

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Broadus, Matthew R., P. Renee Yew, Stephen R. Hann, and Ethan Lee. "Small-Molecule High-Throughput Screening Utilizing Xenopus Egg Extract." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 63–73. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2269-7_5.

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Hashimoto, Yoshitami, and Vincenzo Costanzo. "Studying DNA Replication Fork Stability in Xenopus Egg Extract." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 437–45. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-129-1_25.

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Iio, Masayoshi, Yoshie Yamabe, Mayumi Taniguchi, Shihoko Kaku, Junko Fujita, Asuka Akahoshi, and Yukuharu Kobayashi. "Apoptosis of Various Cultured Cells Caused by Egg Membrane Extract." In Animal Cell Technology: Basic & Applied Aspects, 427–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5746-9_69.

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Deming, Paula, and Sally Kornbluth. "Study of Apoptosis In Vitro Using the Xenopus Egg Extract Reconstitution System." In Xenopus Protocols, 379–93. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-000-3_27.

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French, Bradley T., and Aaron F. Straight. "The Power of Xenopus Egg Extract for Reconstitution of Centromere and Kinetochore Function." In Centromeres and Kinetochores, 59–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58592-5_3.

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Kano, Fumi, Katsuya Takenaka, and Masayuki Murata. "Reconstitution of Golgi Disassembly by Mitotic Xenopus Egg Extract in Semi-Intact MDCK Cells." In Xenopus Protocols, 357–65. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-000-3_25.

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Cai, Kun, and Shengli Xie. "A New HOS-Based Blind Source Extraction Method to Extract μ Rhythms from EEG Signals." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 180–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13498-2_24.

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Conference papers on the topic "Extrakce EKG"

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Damodaran, Vani, Srinivasan Jayaraman, and S. Poonguzhali. "A novel method to extract ECG morphology from scanned ECG records." In 2011 Defense Science Research Conference And Expo (DSR). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dsr.2011.6026803.

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Ruangsuwana, R., G. Velikic, and M. Bocko. "Methods to extract respiration information from ECG signals." In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2010.5495584.

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Muhammad Sheikh Sadi, Subroto Debnath, Fahim Feroje Al Jami, and G. M. Mahmudur Rahman. "A new approach to extract features from ECG signals." In 2015 2nd International Conference on Electrical Information and Communication Technologies (EICT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eict.2015.7391944.

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Loja, Juan, Esteban Velecela, Kenneth Palacio-Baus, Darwin Astudillo, Rubén Medina, and Sara Wong. "CinC Challenge 2013: comparing three algorithms to extract fetal ECG." In 11th International Symposium on Medical Information Processing and Analysis (SIPAIM 2015), edited by Eduardo Romero, Natasha Lepore, Juan D. García-Arteaga, and Jorge Brieva. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2214359.

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Qin, Xuemei, Yunfei Zheng, and Badong Chen. "Extract EEG Features by Combining Power Spectral Density and Correntropy Spectral Density." In 2019 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cac48633.2019.8996873.

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Noorzadeh, Saman, Bertrand Rivet, and Pierre-Yves Gumery. "A multi-modal approach using a non-parametric model to extract fetal ECG." In ICASSP 2015 - 2015 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2015.7178086.

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Triyastuti, M. S., A. C. Kumoro, and M. Djaeni. "Physical properties evaluation of roselle extract-egg white mixture under various drying temperatures." In PROCEEDINGS FROM THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4978116.

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Kovan, Ibrahim, Mazlum Unay, Ozlem Karabiber Cura, and Aydin Akan. "Analysis of EEG Signals to Extract the Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Depression." In 2018 Medical Technologies National Congress (TIPTEKNO). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tiptekno.2018.8597026.

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Bibian, Carlos, Eduardo Lopez-Larraz, Nerea Irastorza-Landa, Niels Birbaumer, and Ander Ramos-Murguialday. "Evaluation of filtering techniques to extract movement intention information from low-frequency EEG activity." In 2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2017.8037478.

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Pinto, Adam Henrique, and Roseli Aparecida Romero. "EEG signal detection and analysis with application in educational robotics." In VIII Workshop de Teses e Dissertações em Robótica/Concurso de Teses e Dissertações em Robótica. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wtdr_ctdr.2020.14951.

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Brain-Computer Interfaces add information to robots directly from users’ brain, allowing for the interpretation of attention, engagement, and even student mistakes. However, most applications still have low accuracy in recognizing this information. In this paper, an Error Related Potential (ErrP) detection system is being proposed. For this, a new database was created by using a serious game and a humanoid robot aiming to force errors and mental state changings of the user. Wavelets and Fourier Transforms were compared to signal feature extraction, classified using both MultiLayer Perceptron (MLP) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Experiments demonstrate that the wavelet outperformed Fourier transform to extract the ErrP signal, and CNN had a higher accuracy than MLP in the classification.
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Reports on the topic "Extrakce EKG"

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Tidd, Alexander N., Richard A. Ayers, Grant P. Course, and Guy R. Pasco. Scottish Inshore Fisheries Integrated Data System (SIFIDS): work package 6 final report development of a pilot relational data resource for the collation and interpretation of inshore fisheries data. Edited by Mark James and Hannah Ladd-Jones. Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.23452.

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[Extract from Executive Summary] The competition for space from competing sectors in the coastal waters of Scotland has never been greater and thus there is a growing a need for interactive seascape planning tools that encompass all marine activities. Similarly, the need to gather data to inform decision makers, especially in the fishing industry, has become essential to provide advice on the economic impact on fishing fleets both in terms of alternative conservation measures (e.g. effort limitations, temporal and spatial closures) as well as the overlap with other activities, thereby allowing stakeholders to derive a preferred option. The SIFIDS project was conceived to allow the different relevant data sources to be identified and to allow these data to be collated in one place, rather than as isolated data sets with multiple data owners. The online interactive tool developed as part of the project (Work Package 6) brought together relevant data sets and developed data storage facilities and a user interface to allow various types of user to view and interrogate the data. Some of these data sets were obtained as static layers which could sit as background data e.g. substrate type, UK fishing limits; whilst other data came directly from electronic monitoring systems developed as part of the SIFIDS project. The main non-static data source was Work Package 2, which was collecting data from a sample of volunteer inshore fishing vessels (<12m). This included data on location; time; vessel speed; count, time and position of deployment of strings of creels (or as fleets and pots as they are also known respectively); and a count of how many creels were hauled on these strings. The interactive online tool allowed all the above data to be collated in a specially designed database and displayed in near real time on the web-based application.
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Brophy, Kenny, and Alison Sheridan, eds. Neolithic Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.196.

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The main recommendations of the Panel report can be summarised as follows: The Overall Picture: more needs to be understood about the process of acculturation of indigenous communities; about the Atlantic, Breton strand of Neolithisation; about the ‘how and why’ of the spread of Grooved Ware use and its associated practices and traditions; and about reactions to Continental Beaker novelties which appeared from the 25th century. The Detailed Picture: Our understanding of developments in different parts of Scotland is very uneven, with Shetland and the north-west mainland being in particular need of targeted research. Also, here and elsewhere in Scotland, the chronology of developments needs to be clarified, especially as regards developments in the Hebrides. Lifeways and Lifestyles: Research needs to be directed towards filling the substantial gaps in our understanding of: i) subsistence strategies; ii) landscape use (including issues of population size and distribution); iii) environmental change and its consequences – and in particular issues of sea level rise, peat formation and woodland regeneration; and iv) the nature and organisation of the places where people lived; and to track changes over time in all of these. Material Culture and Use of Resources: In addition to fine-tuning our characterisation of material culture and resource use (and its changes over the course of the Neolithic), we need to apply a wider range of analytical approaches in order to discover more about manufacture and use.Some basic questions still need to be addressed (e.g. the chronology of felsite use in Shetland; what kind of pottery was in use, c 3000–2500, in areas where Grooved Ware was not used, etc.) and are outlined in the relevant section of the document. Our knowledge of organic artefacts is very limited, so research in waterlogged contexts is desirable. Identity, Society, Belief Systems: Basic questions about the organisation of society need to be addressed: are we dealing with communities that started out as egalitarian, but (in some regions) became socially differentiated? Can we identify acculturated indigenous people? How much mobility, and what kind of mobility, was there at different times during the Neolithic? And our chronology of certain monument types and key sites (including the Ring of Brodgar, despite its recent excavation) requires to be clarified, especially since we now know that certain types of monument (including Clava cairns) were not built during the Neolithic. The way in which certain types of site (e.g. large palisaded enclosures) were used remains to be clarified. Research and methodological issues: There is still much ignorance of the results of past and current research, so more effective means of dissemination are required. Basic inventory information (e.g. the Scottish Human Remains Database) needs to be compiled, and Canmore and museum database information needs to be updated and expanded – and, where not already available online, placed online, preferably with a Scottish Neolithic e-hub that directs the enquirer to all the available sources of information. The Historic Scotland on-line radiocarbon date inventory needs to be resurrected and kept up to date. Under-used resources, including the rich aerial photography archive in the NMRS, need to have their potential fully exploited. Multi-disciplinary, collaborative research (and the application of GIS modelling to spatial data in order to process the results) is vital if we are to escape from the current ‘silo’ approach and address key research questions from a range of perspectives; and awareness of relevant research outside Scotland is essential if we are to avoid reinventing the wheel. Our perspective needs to encompass multi-scale approaches, so that ScARF Neolithic Panel Report iv developments within Scotland can be understood at a local, regional and wider level. Most importantly, the right questions need to be framed, and the right research strategies need to be developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of information about the Scottish Neolithic.
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Leavy, Michelle B., Danielle Cooke, Sarah Hajjar, Erik Bikelman, Bailey Egan, Diana Clarke, Debbie Gibson, Barbara Casanova, and Richard Gliklich. Outcome Measure Harmonization and Data Infrastructure for Patient-Centered Outcomes Research in Depression: Report on Registry Configuration. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcregistryoutcome.

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Background: Major depressive disorder is a common mental disorder. Many pressing questions regarding depression treatment and outcomes exist, and new, efficient research approaches are necessary to address them. The primary objective of this project is to demonstrate the feasibility and value of capturing the harmonized depression outcome measures in the clinical workflow and submitting these data to different registries. Secondary objectives include demonstrating the feasibility of using these data for patient-centered outcomes research and developing a toolkit to support registries interested in sharing data with external researchers. Methods: The harmonized outcome measures for depression were developed through a multi-stakeholder, consensus-based process supported by AHRQ. For this implementation effort, the PRIME Registry, sponsored by the American Board of Family Medicine, and PsychPRO, sponsored by the American Psychiatric Association, each recruited 10 pilot sites from existing registry sites, added the harmonized measures to the registry platform, and submitted the project for institutional review board review Results: The process of preparing each registry to calculate the harmonized measures produced three major findings. First, some clarifications were necessary to make the harmonized definitions operational. Second, some data necessary for the measures are not routinely captured in structured form (e.g., PHQ-9 item 9, adverse events, suicide ideation and behavior, and mortality data). Finally, capture of the PHQ-9 requires operational and technical modifications. The next phase of this project will focus collection of the baseline and follow-up PHQ-9s, as well as other supporting clinical documentation. In parallel to the data collection process, the project team will examine the feasibility of using natural language processing to extract information on PHQ-9 scores, adverse events, and suicidal behaviors from unstructured data. Conclusion: This pilot project represents the first practical implementation of the harmonized outcome measures for depression. Initial results indicate that it is feasible to calculate the measures within the two patient registries, although some challenges were encountered related to the harmonized definition specifications, the availability of the necessary data, and the clinical workflow for collecting the PHQ-9. The ongoing data collection period, combined with an evaluation of the utility of natural language processing for these measures, will produce more information about the practical challenges, value, and burden of using the harmonized measures in the primary care and mental health setting. These findings will be useful to inform future implementations of the harmonized depression outcome measures.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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