Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Extraits aqueux'

Le basilic Ocimum basilicum L est une plante herbacée, aromatique et alimentaire, il est utilisé sous forme fraiche ou bien transformé dans certaines préparations culinaires, ainsi que dans la médecine traditionnelle. Les différentes parties de cette plante présentent des propriétés biologiques très importantes pour la santé humaine grâce à leur richesse en composés bioactifs. L’objectif de ce travail est basé sur la caractérisation différentielles entre les tiges et les feuilles d’Ocimum basilicum sur le profil phytochimique et l’évaluation de leurs propriétés antioxydantes, anti-inflammatoires et antispasmodiques. Les extraits de basilic ont présenté des profils phytochimique différents, et l’évaluation de leurs effets antioxydants par le test DPPH et ORAC ont montré que les extraits éthanoliques ont une activité plus importante en comparaison avec les extraits aqueux. L’étude des effets anti-inflammatoires des extraits éthanoliques de tiges et de feuilles de basilic in vitro dans un modèle cellulaire de macrophages J774 stimulés par le LPS/IFNγ a montré que les deux extraits ont un effet inhibiteur sur la production des médiateurs inflammatoires (oxide nitrique, interlukine-6, prostaglandine E2, monocyte chemoattractante protein-1). Par contre ces extraits ont augmenté la production de la cytokine pro-inflammatoire TNFα (Facteur de nécrose tumorale alpha). Par la suite les extraits aqueux ont montré un effet relaxant sur le muscle lisse intestinal de rat. Les résultats de cette étude ont indiqué que les deux parties de basilic feuilles et tiges ont des effets biologiques intéressants qui peuvent être valorisés sur le plan nutrition- santé
Basil Ocimum basilicum L is an herbaceous, aromatic, and food crop, which is used fresh or processed in some culinary preparations, thus in traditional medicine. The different parts of this plant present very important biological properties for human health due to their richness in bioactive compounds. The objective of this work is based on the differential characterization of the phytochemical profile of the stems and leaves of Ocimum basilicum and the evaluation of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic properties. The basil extracts showed different phytochemical profiles, and the evaluation of these antioxidant effects by DPPH and ORAC assay showed that the ethanolic extracts had a higher activity compared to the aqueous extracts. The study of the anti-inflammatory effects of ethanolic extracts of basil stems and leaves in vitro in a macrophage J774 cell model stimulated by LPS/IFNγ showed that both extracts had an inhibitory effect on the production of inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, interlukin-6, prostaglandin E2, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), but increased the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα (Tumour necrosis factor-alpha). Subsequently, the aqueous extracts showed a relaxing effect on rat intestinal smooth muscle. The results of this study indicated that both parts of basil leaves and stems have interesting biological effects that can be valorized in terms of nutrition and health

L’épinette noire Picea mariana est une essence abondamment exploitée au Québec pour la qualité de son bois de charpente. Sa transformation par les scieries génère, en conséquence, d’énormes volumes d’écorces résiduelles. Dans un objectif de transformation de la ressource et de conception de produits et systèmes innovants, ce projet de doctorat a permis de développer un procédé de conversion de la biomasse forestière pour la valorisation complète de l’écorce de l’épinette noire, en utilisant des solvants respectueux de l’environnement. Ce procédé intègre deux types d’extractions différentes : l’hydrodistillation et l’extraction à l’eau chaude. Ainsi il produit simultanément trois extraits naturels, l’huile essentielle et l’hydrolat capturant la fragrance de l’épinette et l’extrait aqueux brut riche en polyphénols antioxydants. L’élucidation de la composition chimique de l’huile essentielle et de l’hydrolat d’écorce de l’épinette noire a mis en évidence plus de cinquante composés volatils et aromatiques appartenant à la famille des terpénoïdes. De plus, la fragrance de l’huile essentielle est très différente de celle produite industriellement à partir des aiguilles. Elle pourrait ainsi constituer un nouveau produit pour les secteurs de la parfumerie et des arômes. L’extrait brut aqueux, quant à lui, est riche en polyphénols antioxydants, en tanins et en sucres. Les composés phénoliques de faibles masses moléculaires appartiennent majoritairement à la famille des stilbènes dont les trans-isorhapontine, trans-resvératrol, trans-picéide et transastringine. Deux nouvelles molécules ont également été découvertes dans cet extrait : deux stéréoisomères de stilbènes, appelés picéasides O et P. Dans le but de récupérer ces molécules d’intérêt en plus grande quantité, une optimisation de l’extraction aqueuse a été réalisée pour établir les meilleurs paramètres d’extraction. La température 80 °C et le ratio écorce/eau 50 mg/mL ont été déterminés comme étant les paramètres les plus efficaces pour enrichir l’extrait aqueux en polyphénols d’intérêt, grâce à une approche statistique impliquant la chimiométrie. Ainsi, trois produits à haute valeur ajoutée sont disponibles à partir de l’écorce de l’épinette noire. Mais le plus pertinent au niveau industriel, c’est qu’ils peuvent être extraits simultanément via le procédé intégré dont le développement a permis de valider les rendements et les compositions chimiques tout en garantissant la disponibilité des écorces résiduelles pour la combustion. Ce projet de doctorat permet d’offrir une solution de gestion efficace des coproduits de transformation du bois par le biais d’un procédé vert produisant trois produits naturels à haute valeur ajoutée. Les extraits riches en polyphénols constitueraient de nouveaux ingrédients naturels potentiels pour les secteurs cosmétiques et de santé nutrition, en tant qu’actifs pour la peau ou compléments alimentaires antioxydants. De plus, les molécules d’intérêt thérapeutique comme le resvératrol et ses dérivés identifiés dans l’extrait aqueux seraient de bons candidats pour l’industrie pharmaceutique. Enfin, l’huile essentielle et l’hydrolat pourraient enrichir la palette du parfumeur ou être employés en tant qu’arômes.
The transformation of black spruce Picea mariana, abundantly operated for the quality of its lumber in Quebec, generates huge volumes of residual bark in sawmills. With the objective of transforming the resource and designing innovative products and systems, this doctoral project has developed a process for converting forest biomass through the complete conversion of black spruce bark, using eco-friendly solvents. This process incorporating two different types of extractions (hydrodistillation and hot water extraction) simultaneously produces three natural extracts, the essential oil and hydrosol capturing the fragrance of black spruce and the hot water extract enriched with antioxidant polyphenols. The elucidation of the chemical composition of black spruce bark essential oil and hydrosol has revealed more than fifty volatile and aromatic compounds belonging to the terpenoid family. In addition, the fragrance of the essential oil is very different from the one produced industrially from the needles. It could thus constitute a new product for the perfume and aroma sectors. The aqueous crude extract, on the other hand, is rich in antioxidant polyphenols, tannins and sugars. Phenolic compounds of low molecular weight mainly belong to the stilbene family, including trans-isorhapontin, trans-resveratrol, trans-piceide and trans-astringin. Two new molecules have also been discovered in this extract: two stereoisomers of stilbene, called piceasides O and P. In order to optimally recover these molecules of interest, an optimization of the hot water extraction has made it possible to highlight the best extraction parameters. Thanks to a statistical approach involving chemometrics, the temperature 80 °C and the bark/water ratio 50 mg/mL were determined to be the most effective parameters for enriching the aqueous extract with polyphenols of interest. Thus, three high value-added products are extractable from the bark of black spruce. But the most interesting at an industrial level is that they can be extracted simultaneously via the integrated process whose development has validated the yields and chemical compositions while ensuring the availability of residual bark for combustion. This doctoral project offers a solution for an efficient management of co-products of wood processing through a green process, producing three natural products with high added value. The cosmetic and health nutrition sectors, constantly in search of new natural ingredients, may be interested in marketing these extracts as skin actives or as antioxidant dietary supplements. Molecules of therapeutic interest such as resveratrol and its derivatives identified in the aqueous extract could also be used by the pharmaceutical industry. Essential oil and hydrosol could enrich the perfumer's palette or be used as aromas.

Dans la présente étude, nous avons étudié les effets des infusions de feuilles de caroube et de cladodes OFI riches en polyphénols sur l'inflammation associée à l'obésité et la colite ulcéreuse induite par le dextran de sulfate de sodium (DSS) chez les souris suisse.Des études in vitro ont révélé que les extraits aqueux de feuilles de caroube et de cladodes OFI présentaient des propriétés anti-inflammatoires marquées par l'inhibition de la production d'IL-6, de TNF-α et d'oxyde nitrique (NO) dans les cellules RAW 264.7 stimulées par des lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Inhibition de la translocation du noyau NF-κβ.Pour des investigations in vivo, des souris mâles suisses ont été soumises à un régime contrôle (ND) ou à un régime riche en graisses (HFD). A la 4ème semaine après le début de l'étude, les animaux ont reçu ou non 1% d'infusion de feuilles de caroube ou d'OFI-cladode pendant 6 semaines et ont été soumis à une administration de DSS à 2% dans l'eau potable au cours des 7 derniers jours. Après sacrifice, les niveaux de cytokines pro-inflammatoires dans le plasma et l'expression de leur ARNm dans différents organes ont été déterminés. Les résultats ont montré que les infusions de feuille de caroube et de OFI-cladode réduisaient la sévérité de l'inflammation associée à l'obésité induite par HFD et la colite aiguë induite par le DSS indiquée par une diminution de l'expression des cytokines pro-inflammatoires (comme TNF-α, IL1b et IL-6) tissu adipeux et rate. En outre, les taux plasmatiques d'IL-6 et de TNF-α ont également été réduits en réponse au traitement par les infusions. Ainsi, les infusions de feuilles de caroube et d'OFI-cladode ont empêché la perméabilité intestinale grâce à la restauration des protéines de jonctions serrées (Zo1, occludines) et à l'homéostasie immunitaire. Ainsi, l'effet anti-inflammatoire des feuilles de caroube et des cladodes OFI pourrait être attribué à leurs polyphénols qui pourraient atténuer la gravité de l'inflammation associée à l'obésité et à la colite
In the present study, we have investigated the effects of polyphenol-rich infusions from carob leaves and OFI-cladodes on inflammation associated with obesity and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in Swiss mice. In vitro studies revealed that aqueous extracts of carob leaves and OFI-cladodes exhibited anti-inflammatory properties marked by the inhibition of , TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells concomitant with NF-κβ nucleus translocation inhibition. For in vivo investigations, Swiss male mice were subjected to control or high fat diet (HFD). At the 4th week after the start of study, animals received or not 1% infusion of either carob leaves or OFI-cladode for 6 weeks and were subjected to 2% DSS administration in drinking water over last 7 days. After sacrifice, pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in plasma and their mRNA expression in different organs were determined. Results showed that carob leaf and OFI-cladode infusions reduced inflammation severity associated with HFD-induced obesity and DSS-induced acute colitis indicated by decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines expression (as such TNF-α, IL1b and IL-6) in colon, adipose tissue and spleen. In addition, plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were also curtailed in response to infusions treatment. Thus, carob leaf and OFI-cladode infusions prevented intestinal permeability through the restoration of tight junction proteins (Zo1, occludins) and immune homeostasis. Hence, the anti-inflammatory effect of carob leaves and OFI-cladodes could be attributed to their polyphenols which might alleviate inflammation severity associated with obesity and colitis

Orientador: Marineide Rosa Vieira
Resumo: O ácaro rajado, Tetranychus urticae Koch, é uma praga que ataca várias culturas em todo o mundo. Seu controle é feito basicamente por acaricidas químicos sintéticos. O uso inadequado de defensivos agrícolas, além de acarretar problemas ao meio ambiente, ao trabalhador e ao consumidor, pode levar ao desenvolvimento de populações de pragas resistentes aos seus princípios ativos. Extratos vegetais têm sido estudados na busca de novos princípios ativos que causem menos problemas ambientais, ocupacionais e de saúde humana, e que possam fazer parte de programa de manejo integrado de pragas e doenças. As florestas brasileiras são constituídas por uma grande diversidade de plantas que podem apresentar metabólitos secundários interessantes com propriedades biocidas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar extratos aquosos e hidroetanólicos de folhas e cascas de doze espécies vegetais nativas do Cerrado brasileiro quanto à atividade acaricida e ao efeito sobre a fecundidade de fêmeas do ácaro-rajado, T. urticae. De cada espécie vegetal foram avaliados dois órgãos (folhas e cascas), duas épocas de coletas (primavera/verão e outono/inverno) além de dois tipos de solventes (água e etanol 70%). Os extratos foram aplicados por pulverização em torre de Potter, avaliando-se mortalidade, repelência e oviposição após 120 horas. Todas as doze espécies apresentaram atividade acaricida significativa sobre T. urticae, dependendo da época de coleta, do material vegetal e do solvente utilizado. Em nove e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a pest that attacks various crops throughout the world. The mites control is basically made by synthetic chemical acaricides. The inappropriate use of pesticides, besides causing problems to the environment, to the workers and the consumers, can lead to the development of populations of pests resistant to its active ingredient. Some pesticides such as neonicotinoids and pyrethroids have their origin in secondary plant metabolites such as tobacco and chrysanthemum, respectively. Plant extracts have been studied in the search for new active ingredients that cause less environmental, occupacional and human health problems, and that can be part of an integrated pest and disease management program. The Brazilian forests are constituted by a great plant diversity that can have interesting secondary metabolites with biocide properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mitecide activity of the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of leaves and bark of twelve native species from the Brazilian Cerrado and their effect on the fecundity of T. urticae mite females. Two plant organs (leaves and barks), two collection seasons (spring/summer and autumn/winter) were evaluated from each plant species, besides two types of solvents (70% ethanol and water). The extracts were applied by Potter tower spray, evaluating mortality, repellency and oviposition after 120 hours. All twelve species showed significant miticide activity... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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This work was developed in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology of the Institute of Veterinary Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in Serop?dica-RJ. We evaluated the antifungal activity plant Cymbopogon citratus (lemon-grass), Peumus boldus (boldo) and Shinus terebinthifolia (aroeira), inhibition of growth of species of the genus Aspergillus (A. flavus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. Parasiticus and A. carbonarius. Using the method of minimum inhibitory concentration in agar, with the technique of dilution plate (Pour-Plate), were held dilutions of different extracts, resulting in the final concentrations of 5%, 2.5% and 1.25%. Testing of commercial sensitivity to antifungal - ketoconazole were made in a final concentration of 1933.18 ? g /mL, as recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). The results obtained in the experiments have shown that aqueous extracts of C. citratus and S. terebinthifolia, after 24 hours of incubation, were able to inhibit the growth of A. flavus and A. carbonarius, respectively. The other extracts being studied and tested in the concentrations were not able to inhibit the growth of mycelial species of the genus Aspergillus.
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia do Instituto de Veterin?ria da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, em Serop?dica-RJ. Foram avaliadas a atividade antif?ngica das plantas Cymbopogon citratus (capim-lim?o), Peumus boldus (boldo) e Shinus terebinthifolia (aroeira), na inibi??o do crescimento de esp?cies do g?nero Aspergillus (A. flavus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. parasiticus e A. carbonarius). Utilizando o m?todo da concentra??o inibit?ria m?nima em ?gar, com a t?cnica de dilui??o em placa (Pour-Plate), foram realizadas dilui??es dos diferentes extratos, obtendo-se as concentra??es finais de 5%, 2,5% e 1,25%. Testes de sensibilidade ao antif?ngico comercial - cetoconazol foram realizados numa concentra??o final de 1933,18 ?g/mL, conforme recomendada pelo National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Os resultados obtidos nos experimentos demonstraram que os extratos aquosos de C. citratus e S. terebinthifolia, ap?s 24 horas de incuba??o, foram capazes de inibir o crescimento de A. flavus e A. carbonarius, respectivamente. Os demais extratos em estudo e nas concentra??es testadas, n?o foram capazes de inibir o crescimento micelial das esp?cies do g?nero Aspergillus.

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Pittosporum undulatum Vent., an Australian tree implicated in supression of tree recruiment in many ecosystems, is found invading secondary Araucaria forests in subtropical Brazil. The first chapter of this study aimed to investigate the role of allelopathy in the invasive proccess, accessing germination and growth of Bauhinia forficata Link. in presence of secondary metabolites from cheesewood leaves. Leachates in concentrations of 20%, 15%, 10% and 5% (w/v), extracts from dry material (10%; 7,5%; 5% and 2,5%) and coumarin solutions (2,5 mM; 1,25 mM; 0,625 mM and 0,3125 mM) were prepared. Petri-dishes germination bioassays, with countings done at each 12 hours, allowed to determinate both germinabilty and germination rate; polyethylene glicol (PEG 6000) solutions were used to evaluate osmotic effects. For seedlings growth, the three highest concentrations of each solution were tested and after seven days root and shoot lenght were measured. While germinability was only sensitive to extracts from dry material, the germination rate showed a dose-dependent curve for all solutions. In seedlings, roots were the most sensitive structure and severe morfo-anatomic anomalies were observed. The main purpose of the second chapter was to investigate the use of Pittosporum undulatum Vent. (cheesewood) leaves as a possible sustainable alternative for barnyard grass control. Leachates in concentrations of 20%; 15%; 10%; 5% and 2,5% (w/v), aqueous extracts from powdered leachated and non- eachated leaves (10%; 7,5%; 5%; 2,5% and 1,25%), coumarin solutions (2,5 mM; 1,25 mM; 0,625 mM and 0,3125 mM) and Roundup Original® according to label informations were prepared. Polyethylene glycol were also used. Both germinability and germination rate were determined by germination biossays, with countings done at each 12 hours. In growth experiments, seedlings were exposed for seven days, when root and shoot length were measured. All solutions, with exception of coumarins, caused only small inhibitory effects on germination. In relation to the growth, all treatments but control caused necrose, absence of hairs and dose-dependent lenght reduction in radicles. Hipocotiles were affected by phenolic compound, extracts from non-leachated leaves and gliphosate. Although the allelopathic effects, ecophisiological aspects relative to Pittosporum undulatum still need to be cleared before its leaves can be used as a herbicide.
A árvore australiana Pittosporum undulatum Vent. (Pittosporaceae) é encontrada diminuindo o recrutamento de espécies nativas em formações secundárias de Floresta Ombrófila Mista no sul do Brasil. O objetivo do primeiro capítulo desse estudo foi verificar a ação alelopática da espécie no processo invasivo, investigando a sensibilidade de sementes e plântulas de Bauhinia forficata Link. (pata-de-vaca) à compostos foliares de pau-incenso. Foram preparados extratos aquosos lixiviados nas concentrações de 20%, 15%, 10% e 5% (m/v), extratos aquosos obtidos do pó de folhas lixiviadas (10%; 7,5%; 5% e 2,5% ) e soluções de cumarina a 2,5 mM; 1,25 mM; 0,625 mM e 0,3125 mM. Bioensaios em placas de Petri, com contagens realizadas a cada 12 horas, permitiram determinar a germinabilidade e velocidade de germinação; soluções de polietileno glicol (PEG 6000) foram preparadas para analisar os efeitos osmóticos. Nos bioensaios de crescimento, utilizaram-se as três concentrações mais elevadas de cada solução, sendo, após sete dias, medidos o comprimento radicular e de parte aérea. Enquanto a germinabilidade mostrou-se sensível apenas aos extratos de pó de folhas, a velocidade de germinação apresentou resposta dose-dependente para todas as soluções testadas. Quanto ao crescimento, a radícula foi a estrutura mais sensível aos efeitos alelopáticos, sendo observadas alterações morfo-anatômicas. No segundo capitulo, objetivou-se investigar o uso de material foliar de pau-incenso como alternativa ao manejo do capim-arroz, uma gramínea resistente a herbicidas que traz problemas a plantações de arroz e à biodiversidade de planícies úmidas em todo o mundo. Foram preparados extratos aquosos foliares lixiviados nas concentrações de 20%; 15%; 10%; 5% e 2,5% (m/v), extratos aquosos obtidos do pó de folhas lixiviadas e não-lixiviadas (10%; 7,5%; 5%; 2,5% e 1,25%), soluções de cumarina a 5mM; 2,5 mM; 1,25 mM; 0,625 mM e 0,3125 mM e solução de Roundup® Original seguindo as recomendações do fabricante. Soluções de PEG também foram utilizadas. Para bioensaios de germinação, as contagens foram realizadas a cada 12 horas, sendo determinadas as porcentagens e velocidades germinativas; para o crescimento, plântulas de sete dias submetidas aos compostos tiveram medidos seus comprimentos de radícula e parte aérea. A germinação, apesar de fortemente inibida pela cumarina, foi pouco sensível às demais soluções. Quanto ao crescimento, as radículas analisadas apresentaram necrose, ausência de pêlos e redução dose-dependente do comprimento para todos os tratamentos com exceção do controle. Os hipocótilos foram afetados pelo composto fenólico, glifosato e extratos aquosos de folhas não-lixiviadas. Apesar da ação alelopática, aspectos ecofisiológicos relativos ao pau-incenso ainda devem ser esclarecidos para que suas folhas possam ser usadas como herbicida.

As plantas para fins medicinais são amplamente utilizadas no Brasil, porém existem poucos estudos que comprovam a eficácia como também a segurança do uso. Piper aduncum usada por muitas comunidades como planta medicinal para tratar e curar diferentes doenças, dentre estas, desordens gastrointestinais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano e toxicológico do extrato bruto aquoso das folhas Piper aduncum e aproximar os efeitos em testes laboratoriais aos possíveis efeitos observados no consumo das infusões. Folhas saudáveis de Piper aduncum foram utilizadas para preparar os extratos brutos aquosos em três concentrações (20 g/L, 10 g/L e 5 g/L). Foram realizados testes de ágar difusão em poço contra as bactérias enteropatogênicas Sthaphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 1402 e Shigella flexneri ATCC 12022. Testes de fragilidade osmótica eritrocitária humana e o teste citotóxico da avaliação do crescimento da raiz de Allium cepa foram realizados para avaliar a toxicidade dos extratos. A triagem fitoquímica foi realizada para determinar os compostos presentes nas infusões. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as infusões de P. aduncum não apresentaram efeitos antimicrobianos e não tiveram efeitos tóxicos sobre células sanguíneas, mas apresentaram potencial tóxico no desenvolvimento celular.
Plants for medicinal purposes are widely used in Brazil, but there are few studies that demonstrate the efficacy and the safety use. Piper aduncum is used for many communities as medicinal plant to treat and cure different diseases, including gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-microbial and toxic potential of aqueous crude extract from leaves of Piper aduncum, and approximate the effect in laboratory tests to what is possibly observed with the tea use. Healthy leaves of Piper aduncum were used to prepare the aqueous crude extract in three concentrations (20g/L, 10g/L and 5g/L). The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the agar wells diffusion against entropathogenic bacteria Sthaphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 1402 e Shigella flexneri ATCC 12022. Human erythrocyte osmotic fragility and cytotoxic evaluation of Allium cepa roots growth were performed to evaluate the toxicity of the extracts. The phytochemical screening determined the present compound in infusions. The obtained results showed that P. aduncum infusions has no effect as antimicrobial, and it did not have any toxic effect against blood cells, but potential toxic effect on cell development.

Les régions de Midi-Pyrénées (France) et de Chongqing (Chine) sont riches en plantes aromatiques et médicinales dites oubliées (ou médiévales). Afin de valoriser pleinement les différentes bio-molécules extractibles de ces plantes, le concept de MAP-raffinerie a été créé et appliqué à une sélection de plantes issues de ces deux régions. Plusieurs technologies d’extraction utilisant l’eau comme solvant vert (hydrodistillation, distillation à la vapeur et extraction par eau sub-critique) ont ainsi été employées et leur impact tant sur la composition des huiles essentielles que sur la récupération des molécules anti-oxydantes a été évalué. Dans un premier temps, une liste de plantes aromatiques et médicinales oubliées, voire sous-utilisées dans les deux régions a été établie selon des règles de sélection prédéfinies. Six plantes modèles de la région de Midi-Pyrénées (Tussilago farfara L., Calendula arvensis L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Geranium robertianum L., Cytisus scoparius L. et Spartium junceum L.) et trois plantes de la région de Chongqing (Tussilago farfara L., Citrus aurantium L. et Saussurea costus) ont finalement été retenues. Puis, le concept de MAP-raffinerie a été appliqué à ces plantes afin d’étudier leur possible valorisation globale. L’étude des compositions chimiques des extraits volatils des racines de Tussilago farfara L. et de Calendula arvensis L., ainsi que des boutons de fleurs de Spartium junceum L. a été réalisée par GC et GC-MS pour la première fois. Les principaux composés chimiques dans l’extrait volatil de racines de Tussilago farfara L. étaient des hydrocarbures sesquiterpéniques et des composés aliphatiques tandis que les principaux composés chimiques dans l’extrait volatil de racines de Calendula arvensis L. étaient des sesquiterpènes oxygénés, des monoterpènes oxygénés et des diterpènes oxygénés. L’extrait volatil de boutons de fleurs de Spartium junceum L. était principalement composé de composés aliphatiques. Par ailleurs, les résultats de l’évaluation des capacités anti-oxydantes des extraits (par les tests DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, ORAC et Folin-Ciocalteu) ont montrés que plusieurs plantes comme Cytisus scoparius L., Tussilago farfara L., Citrus aurantium L. ou Robinia pseudoacacia L. pourraient être des sources potentielles d’anti-oxydants naturels. D’un point de vue technologique, les comparaisons de l’utilisation de l’hydrodistillation (HD), de la distillation à la vapeur (SD) et de l’extraction par eau sub-critique (SWE) ont montrées que si la HD et la SD ont des effets limités sur la composition des huiles essentielles, la HD semble être une méthode plus efficace pour la récupération des composés anti-oxydants à partir des résidus de distillation que la SD tandis que la SWE s’avère être une technologie prometteuse pour l’extraction directe de ces molécules à partir des plantes. Si la composition minérale de l’eau lors de l’hydrodistillation n’a que des effets très limités sur les rendements d’extraction, les teneurs en ions calcium et bicarbonate des eaux ont par contre des effets décroissants significatifs sur la capacité anti-oxydante et sur la teneur phénolique totale des extraits aqueux et méthanoliques. Au vue de ces résultats, un concept amélioré de MAP-raffinerie a été développé en intégrant une extraction à l’eau sub-critique pour l’extraction des composés anti-oxydants des résidus d’extraction primaire. Selon ce nouveau concept, cinq extraits peuvent être obtenus à partir des matières végétales: un extrait volatil, un extrait aqueux, un extrait méthanolique, un extrait à l’eau sub-critique et in fine un résidu solide. Les premiers résultats ont montrés que la "MAP-raffinerie améliorée" augmente de manière significative la récupération des antioxydants par rapport à la MAP-raffinerie originale et permet d’envisager une valorisation plus facile du résidu solide en agro-matériaux du fait de sa faible teneur en eau résiduelle
In both Midi-Pyrénées region (France) and Chongqing region (China), there are rich and underutilized medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP). Aiming at fully exploiting different molecules in these plants, the concept of MAP-refinery was developed and applied to several underutilized medicinal and aromatic plants in these two regions. Several water-based green extraction technologies of natural products (e.g. hydrodistillation, steam distillation and subcritical water extraction) were also investigated to look at their effects on essential oil composition and antioxidants recovery from selected plants. Firstly, lists of forgotten or underutilized medicinal and aromatic plants in both regions were established according to the rules of selection. From the lists, six plants in the Midi-Pyrénées region (Tussilago farfara L., Calendula arvensis L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Geranium robertianum L., Cytisus scoparius L. and Spartium junceum L.) and three plants in the Chongqing region (Tussilago farfara L., Citrum aurantium L. and Saussurea costus) were finally selected for investigations. Then the MAP-refinery was applied to the selected plants in two regions in order to realise their global valorisation. Volatile extracts composition in the roots of Tussilago farfara L. and Calendula arvensis L., as well as flower buds of Spartium junceum L. were firstly investigated. The main chemical compounds in volatile extract from Tussilago farfara L. roots were sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and aliphatic compounds while main chemical compounds in volatile extract from Calendula arvensis L. roots were oxygenated sesquiterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes and oxygenated diterpenes. The volatile extract from flower buds of Spartium junceum L. was mainly composed of aliphatic compounds. Antioxidant capacity evaluation results (by DPPH, ABTS, FRAC, ORAC and Folin-Ciocalteu tests) showed that several plant samples like Cytisus scoparius L., Tussilago farfara L., Citrum aurantium L. and Robinia pseudoacacia L. could be potential sources of natural antioxidants. Comparisons of hydrodistillation (HD), steam distillation (SD) and subcritical water extraction (SWE) showed that HD and SD had limited effects on essential oil composition but HD, SD and SWE had significant impacts on the recovery of antioxidants. Hydrodistillation seemed to be a better method for recovery of antioxidant compounds from residues of distillation than steam distillation. However, SWE appeared to be a more efficient method for direct extraction of antioxidant molecules (or phenolic compounds) from plants. In the hydrodistillation process, mineral contents in water were found to have very limited effects on yields of extracts but calcium and bicarbonate ions, had significant decreasing effects on antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of both aqueous and methanolic extracts. Finally, an improved MAP-refinery was developed. Subcritical water was used for further extraction of antioxidant compounds from residues in original MAP-refinery. In this way, five parts could be obtained from plant materials: volatile extract, aqueous extract, methanolic extract, subcritical water extract and the final residue. The results showed that the improved MAP-refinery significantly increased the recovery of antioxidants compared with original MAP-refinery. This promising process will also allow a better valorisation of the final solid residue due to the lower content of residual water

Doutoramento em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The aim of this work was to develop methodologies for micropropagation and extraction of bioactive compounds from both wild gorse (Pterospartum tridentatum L.) and micropropagated gorse explants, as a means of valorisation of this species. Micropropagation was very effective on large scale propagation, having multiplication rates ranging from 1.6 to 43.9; number of shoots ranging from 1.5 to 10.4 and rooting above 96.7%. The extraction yield of aqueous extraction varied from 10.5 to 19.4 and 12.2 to 30.1% (w/w) for wild gorse and micropropagated gorse explants, respectively. Aqueous extracts showed high levels of total phenols, from 203.4 to 369.2 and 104.1 to 121.3 mg gallic acid eq g-1 ms, and FRAP antioxidant activity: 256-856 and 160-260 mmolFe2+ 100g-1 ms; DPPH: 1433-1551 and 1503-1509 mM Trolox 100g-1 ms for wild gorse and micropropagated gorse explants, respectively. Extracts showed no antifungal activity. However, these extracts showed inhibition of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Chitosan bioactive coatings with gorse extracts improved cherry postharvest preservation ability. The results allow topropose these methodologies to obtain extracts with bioactive properties from micropropagated material, without depleting natural resources

Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm
Leonotis leonurus, a South African indigenous medicinal plant, is frequently used in the form of a tea. However, this dosage form has many disadvantages. Consequently three L. leonurus solid extract preparations were prepared and explored as possible replacements of the tea form, but very little was known about their physical and chemical stability during storage. The specific objectives were to: (i) prepare a freeze dried aqueous extract (FDAE), 20 % aqueous ethanol (Aq EtOH) extract and calcium alginate beads of the FDAE form of L. leonurus, (ii) characterize the extracts using parameters of select physical and chemical features and, (iii) determine the long-term stability of the extracts. It was hypothesised that the Aq EtOH extract would contain higher levels of chemical marker compounds (marrubiin and leonurine) than the FDAE and calcium alginate FDAE beads of L. leonurus and, that the calcium alginate FDAE beads would have greater stability (i.e. longer shelf-life) than the FDAE and the Aq EtOH extract. The three L. leonurus solid extracts were prepared using accepted published methods. For the physical characterization of the extracts, the organoleptic properties were determined using the natural senses (e.g. sight, smell, taste, etc.) and for chemical characterization, total phenol content (TPC; using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method), total flavonoid content (TFC; using aluminium chloride-methanol solution) and antioxidant activity (using the -diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay). To establish the long-term stability of the preparations, encapsulated L. leonurus solid extracts was stored in sealed standard plastic containers at four conditions: (A), room temperature of 24 ˚C ± 5 ˚C; (B), fixed temperature of 30˚C ± 5 ˚C and (C), elevated temperature of 40˚C ± 5 ˚C for 6 months, and (D), accelerated stability test conditions of 40˚C ± 5 ˚C / 75 % RH for 4 weeks. Samples of the stored encapsulated preparations were collected periodically and assessed for changes in organoleptic properties, TPC, TFC, antioxidant activity levels and marker compound (i.e. marrubiin and leonurine) levels. The latter was determined by validated HPLC assay. Yields of 19.9, 12.82 and 10.7 % of FDAE, Aq EtOH extract and calcium alginate FDAE beads were obtained, respectively. Physically the calcium alginate beads contained less moisture (1.86 %) than the FDAE (3.77 %) and Aq EtOH (2.91 %). Chemically the FDAE, Aq EtOH extract and calcium alginate FDAE beads respectively had appreciable and similar TPC (i.e.7.86, 7.52 &, 6.94 mg GAE/g; p > 0.05; Anova) and TFC (i.e. 4.30, 4.47 & 3.67 mg QE/g; p > 0.05; Anova) levels, but variable amounts of marrubiin (i.e. 22.5, 17.5, and 0.4 ug/mg plant extract) and leonurine (i.e. 2.0, 1.4 and 0.7 ug/mg plant extract), respectively. The antioxidant activity levels were also different i.e. EC50 values of 7.71, 6.66 and 11.53 mg/mL (student t-test p-value of < 0.0001; ANOVA-test; p< 0.05) for the FDAE, Aq EtOH extract and calcium alginate FDAE beads, respectively. During storage (i.e. stability study) the L. leonurus solid extracts generally remained physically unaffected by temperature (i.e. no significant change in organoleptic features), but when exposed to humidity the FDAE and Aq EtOH extracts showed clear signs of physical degradation i.e. changed from being flaky powders to sticky melted masses, while the calcium alginate beads remained unchanged. Within 1 month storage at RT, 30 °C, 40 °C and 1 week at 40 °C / 75 % RH the TPC of the encapsulated FDAE decreased significantly by 61, 60, 58 and 52 %, respectively, that for the encapsulated Aq EtOH extract by 61, 54, 46 and 50 %, respectively, and for calcium alginate FDAE beads by 66, 71, 59 and 57 %, respectively. Using TPC as a stability parameter all three encapsulated extracts had very short shelf-lives ranging from 1.24 weeks (0.31 months) to 3.72 weeks (0.93 months). Under the same conditions and storage periods (i.e. 1 month & 1 week) the TFC of the encapsulated FDAE decreased significantly by 25, 25, 29 and 66 %, respectively, for encapsulated Aq EtOH extract by 26, 26, 23 and 70 %, respectively, and the calcium alginate FDAE beads by 55, 55, 52 and 64 %, respectively. The results obtained for TFC was thus similar to that obtained for the TPC data. Based on the TFC data all three encapsulated extracts had very short shelf-lives ranging, from 1.56 weeks (0.39 months) to 6.76 weeks (1.69 months). Under the same conditions and storage periods (i.e. 1 month & 1 week) as that used to determine TPC and TFC, the antioxidant activity of the extracts changed little, i.e. decreased by 0.2, 0.1, 0.8 and 2 %, respectively for FDAE, by 0.7 %, 1 %, 0.1 % and 5.3 %, respectively for the Aq EtOH and by 2, 2, 1.4 and 0.8 %, respectively for the calcium alginate FDAE beads. Moreover, based on antioxidant activity, all three encapsulated extracts had relatively long shelf-lives ranging from 15.6 weeks (3.9 months) to 22.4 weeks (5.6 months). Finally, the determination of the stability of the encapsulated L. leonurus extracts stored under stress conditions (i.e. 40 °C / 75 % RH) and based on marker compound levels was unresolved. Between the time of extract preparation and characterisation until start of the stability study the marrubiin levels in the FDAE, Aq. ETOH and calcium beads had decreased from 22.5, 17.5, and 0.4 ug/mg plant extract, respectively, to 0.30, 0.11, 0.30 μg/mg, respectively, and the leonurine levels from 2.0, 1.4 and 0.7 to 0.46, 0.38 and 0.09 μg/mg, respectively and was too low to conduct a meaningful stability study with the developed validated assay. Overall, all three the encapsulated L. leonurus solid extracts studied were clearly very unstable and did not have suitable long-term storage stability. The modification of the freeze-dried aqueous extract of L. leonurus into a calcium alginate bead form seemed to combat physical instability but did not improve the chemical instability of the aqueous extract. It is therefore recommended that the addition of excipients or other post extract modification (e.g. production of phytosomes) be explored to combat the hygroscopicity of L. leonurus FDAE and ultimately improve its overall product stability.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Inflammation is involved in many diseases affecting much of the world's population. Ketoprofen is a widely used drug in the treatment of these inflammatory processes. However, despite its efficacy, this drug has significant side effects. The mechanism by which these undesired effects occur are not fully known. Research indicates the involvement of inhibition of some enzymes in this process. But nowadays other targets have been identified as corroboradores of the clinical complications by use ketoprofen, such as the oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a deleterious condition for the organism that may be softened by the action of antioxidants such as catechins, tannins and other polyphenols. The relationship between oxidative stress, ketoprofen and the contribution of antioxidant molecules in this process need to be clarified and may be a future therapeutic target when it comes to improving the pharmacologic action and/or decreased side effects caused by use of ketoprofen. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the action of ketoprofen and the aqueous extract of guarana alone and associates in oxidation in vitro and in vivo models of renal and hepatic toxicity studies evaluating biochemical and hematological laboratory parameters systems. Among the models used are direct action on ABTS•+, DPPH•, HOCl, O2•-, inhibition of peroxidase and hemolysis by AAPH radical. For the in vivo study, were used rats (female) (Wistar), which were divided into groups (n=10 or 11 animals): control group (saline), ketoprofen group (20 mg/kg/ day), aqueous extract guarana group 0,1 (0,1 mg/g/day), aqueous extract guarana group 1 (1 mg/g/day), association group 0,1 (ketoprofen (20mg/kg/day + water extract of guarana 0.1 mg/ g/day) and association group 1 (ketoprofen (20mg/kg/day + water extract of guarana 1 mg/g/ day), the administration of the samples was given by oral route (gavage) for 7 days. The results show that the aqueous extract of guarana show significant antioxidant activity in all in vitro tests. The ketoprofen virtually showed no activity in in vitro assays used in this study. The combination of these substances been shown to be potentially beneficial for action against free radicals and oxidizing agents, as well as in the inhibition of peroxidase . In in vivo assays, the ketoprofen caused significant changes in renal parameters: urea, creatinine and uric acid, and the association with the aqueous extract of guarana reversed this change. In hematological parameters, the ketoprofen caused anemia was not reversed by treatment with the extract. On markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense we observed variability in results, according to the indicator analyzed. In general, ketoprofen causes a decrease in the total antioxidant capacity and catalase levels of treated animals, and the aqueous extract of guarana contributed to re-establishment of this defense. On markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense we observed variability in results, according to the indicator analyzed. In general, the ketoprofen causes a decrease in the total antioxidant capacity and of the catalase levels of treated animals, and the aqueous extract of guarana contributed to re-establishment of this defense. The results are promising and indicate that the association between ketoprofen and the aqueous extract of guarana can be an alternative to reduce the potential damage linked to the use of this drug and considering the perspective addressed in this study. It is important to emphasize the importance of conducting studies to assess the maintenance of ketoprofen anti-inflammatory efficacy when used in combination with other substances.
A inflamação está envolvida com diversas doenças que acometem grande parte da população mundial. O cetoprofeno é um medicamento amplamente utilizado no tratamento dos processos inflamatórios. Apesar de sua eficácia, este fármaco apresenta importantes efeitos colaterais. O mecanismo pelo qual tais efeitos indesejados acontecem não são totalmente conhecidos. Pesquisas indicam o envolvimento da inibição de algumas enzimas. Porém, outros alvos têm sido apontados como corroboradores das complicações clínicas do cetoprofeno, como é o caso do estresse oxidativo. O estresse oxidativo é uma condição deletéria para o organismo que pode ser amenizada pela ação de agentes antioxidantes, tais como: catequinas, taninos e outros polifenóis. A relação entre o estresse oxidativo, cetoprofeno e a contribuição de moléculas antioxidantes neste processo precisa ser melhor esclarecida e pode ser um futuro alvo terapêutico quando se trata da melhoria da ação farmacológica e/ou diminuição de efeitos colaterais provocados pelo uso do cetoprofeno.Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação do cetoprofeno e do extrato aquoso de guaraná, isoladamente e associados, em sistemas oxidativos in vitro e modelos in vivo de estudos de toxicidade renal e hepática avaliando-se parâmetros laboratoriais bioquímicos e hematológicos. Dentre os modelos utilizados estão: ABTS+, DPPH, HOCl, O2 -, inibição de peroxidase e hemólise provocada pelo radical AAPH. Para o estudo in vivo foram utilizadas ratas (Wistar), que foram assim divididas (n=10 ou 11 animais): grupo controle (salina), grupo cetoprofeno (20mg/kg/dia), grupo extrato aquoso de guaraná 0,1 (0,1mg/g/dia), grupo extrato aquoso de guaraná 1 (1mg/g/dia), grupo associação 0,1 (cetoprofeno 20mg/kg/dia +extrato aquoso de guaraná 0,1mg/g/dia) e grupo associação 1 (cetoprofeno 20mg/kg/dia + extrato aquoso de guaraná 1mg/g/dia), a administração das amostras se deu por via oral (gavagem) durante 7 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que o extrato aquoso de guaraná apresentou significativa atividade antioxidante em todos os testes in vitro. O cetoprofeno apresentou baixa atividade na maioria dos ensaios in vitro. A associação destas substâncias demonstrou-se potencialmente benéfica sobre a ação contra radicais livres e agentes oxidantes, assim como na inibição da peroxidase. Nos ensaios in vivo, o cetoprofeno provocou alterações significativas nos parâmetros renais: ureia, creatinina e ácido úrico, e a associação com o extrato aquoso de guaraná reverteu esta alteração. Nos parâmetros hematológicos, o cetoprofeno causou anemia que não foi revertida pelo tratamento com o extrato. Sobre os marcadores de estresse oxidativo e defesa antioxidante observou-se variabilidade nos resultados, de acordo com o indicador analisado. De uma maneira geral, o cetoprofeno provoca a diminuição da capacidade antioxidante total bem como dos níveis de catalase dos animais tratados, e o extrato aquoso de guaraná contribuiu para o reestabelecimento desta defesa. Os resultados são promissores e indicam que a associação entre o cetoprofeno e o extrato aquoso de guaraná pode ser uma alternativa para a diminuição dos possíveis danos vinculados ao uso deste fármaco e sob a perspectiva abordada neste estudo. E ainda,é importante a realização de estudos para a avaliação da manutenção da eficácia anti-inflamatória do cetoprofeno quando utilizado associado à outras substâncias.

The incidence of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, is on the increase worldwide. Medicinal plants played an important role in the treatment of hypertension for centuries. Very few scientific studies have, however, been done to validate the use of these phytotherapies. O africana is on of the many phytotherapies that has been use indigenously for years to treat hypertension. The objectives of this study were to determine the most effective does of O africana aqueous extract which will reduce blood pressure
to determine whether chronic administration of O africana can be used to prevent and treat hypertension
to determine whether O africana exert its effects by modulation of the renin-angiotensin system.

Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
Carqueja, Pterospartum tridentatum L., is a shrub common in mountainous areas and acids land, used in traditional medicine and gastronomy. In order to evaluate the eventual production of extracts of this plant, the effect of harvest period and extraction time on yield, phenolic content (PC) and antioxidant activity (AA) of the extracts was studied. Plant samples, harvested in Malcata and Gardunha mountains, were subjected to consecutive extraction steps in boiling water. After each step the aqueous phase was recovered and liophilized. The highest yield extraction was obtained in the dormancy period, with 46 and 25 % m/m (d.m) in plants of Malcata and Gardunha. It was observed at 120minutes the mass of extract recovered was on average more than 75%. No substantial variation of PC, evaluated by measuring the absorbance at 280nm in aqueous solutions, was observed throughout the consecutive extracts. PC ranged from 245 to 400 mg gallic acid equivalents per g (d.m.). Probably different phenolic compounds are extracted at different rates and there are other compounds co-extracted. The AA was determined by the radical scavenging activity method using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical. The greatest radical scavenging activity was observed in the flowers extracts (2mMTrolox/100g d.m.), no significant differences were observed for the different batches. Due to its AA the results suggest the interest on the production of carqueja extracts.

Guava is cultivated in many parts of the world, but the high perishability and the incidence of diseases such as anthracnose limits its commercialization. The challenge to the method used to attempt to solve these problems, the use of chemicals, has instigated the conduct of research with products. Thus, plantas have been studied mant times have active substances with antimicrobial properties, among them aroeira that is widely used in folk medicine and its potencial for the use in agricultura are being targeted studies. Another alternative is the use of coatings based on polymers such as chitosan that in addition to prolonging the shelf-life also presents potencial antifungal. This study to determine the yeld of aqueous extract and hydrolate mastic and the main chemical compounds contained, to evaluate the antifungal effect of hydrodistillation byproducts on in vitro development of the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and test biofilm-base chitosan for promote increased service life and control the attack of anthracnose in guavas Paluma . The aqueous extract end hydrolate were obtained by hydrodistillation of leaves and seeds at different times. For the in vitro antifungical power of aroeira in C. gloeosporioides concentrations used were 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% aqueous extraxt, 10, 15, 20 and 25% hydrolate and 2μL fungicide. In vivo test, guavas were inoculated with the pathogen were for 1 minute in chitosan solutions 2, 3 and 4% and subjected to chemical and physical assessments every 4 days storage totaling 12. It was observed that the time of hydrodistillation did not influence the yeld of the aqueous extract and hydrolate, indicating 2,5h for extraction. Larger amounts of hidrolact were obtained from levaes of aroeira, while the yield of the extract was not influenced by the plant. Unable to determine the compounds existing in the hydrolate aroeira. The fungus developed in all treatments with respect cotonoso except in fungicide Captan® (2μL). The aqueous extract and hydrolate aroeira showed no fungicidal properties of inhibiting the development of in vitro concentrations used in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is not recommended to control of this fungus. The guavas coated with chitosan 3 and 4% had delayed ripening being evidenced by the high firmness, color maintenance from the pulp and peel, slight increase of soluble solids and vitamin C in addition to having constant pH. A 2% chitosan was not as efficient when compared to other concentrations. The fruits control and fungicide were not fit for consumption for 12 days due to the rapid maruration and incidence of anthracnose. All concentrations of chitosan were efficient in controlling the fungus.
A goiaba é cultivada em várias partes do mundo, porém a alta perecibilidade e a incidência de doenças como a antracnose limitam a sua comercialização. A contestação do método mais utilizado para tentar solucionar tais problemas, o uso de produtos químicos, tem instigado a realização de pesquisas com produtos naturais. Assim, as plantas vêm sendo estudadas por muitas vezes possuírem substâncias ativas com propriedades antimicrobianas, dentre elas a aroeira que é amplamente utilizada na medicina popular e suas potencialidades quanto ao uso na agricultura estão sendo alvo de estudos. Outra alternativa é o uso de revestimentos a base de biopolímeros como a quitosana que além de prolongar a vida pós-colheita também apresenta potencial fungitóxico. Este trabalho teve como objetivos determinar o rendimento do extrato aquoso e hidrolato de aroeira e os principais compostos químicos contidos, avaliar o efeito fungitóxico destes subprodutos da hidrodestilação no desenvolvimento in vitro do fungo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides e testar biofilmes a base de quitosana para promover o aumento da vida útil e controlar o ataque da antracnose em goiabas Paluma . O extrato aquoso e o hidrolato foram obtidos por hidrodestilação de folhas e sementes em diferentes tempos. Para o ensaio in vitro do poder fungitóxico da aroeira em C. gloeosporioides foram utilizadas as concentrações 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30% de extrato aquoso; 10, 15, 20 e 25% de hidrolato e 2μL de fungicida. No ensaio in vivo as goiabas foram inoculadas com o patógeno, imersas por 1 minuto em soluções de quitosana a 2, 3 e 4% e submetidas a avaliações físicas e químicas a cada 4 dias totalizando 12 de armazenamento. Observou-se que os tempos de hidrodestilação não influenciaram o rendimento do extrato aquoso e do hidrolato, indicando-se 2,5h para extração. Maiores quantidades de hidrolato foram obtidas a partir de folhas de aroeira, enquanto que o rendimento do extrato também não foi influenciado pela parte da planta. Não foi possível determinar os compostos existentes no hidrolato da aroeira. Os fungos desenvolveram-se em todos os tratamentos com aspecto cotonoso exceto no fungicida Captan® (2μL). O extrato aquoso e hidrolato de aroeira não apresentaram propriedade fungicida para a inibição do desenvolvimento do in vitro do Colletotrichum gloeosporioides nas concentrações utilizadas não sendo recomendados para controle deste fungo. As goiabas revestidas com quitosana 3 e 4% tiveram seu amadurecimento retardado sendo evidenciado pela alta firmeza, manutenção da coloração tanto da polpa quanto da casca, leve incremento de sólidos solúveis e vitamina C além de apresentarem pH constante. Os frutos controle e fungicida não se encontravam aptos para o consumo aos 12 dias em função do rápido amadurecimento e incidência de antracnose. Todas as concentrações de quitosana foram eficientes no controle do fungo.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the microenvironment of the ear canal of dogs and determine the effect of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) and Triticum vulgare (wheat) in healthy ears and in the treatment of experimental noninfectious external otitis of Wistar rats. For analysis of the microenvironment of the ear canal 141 healthy dogs were used, 30 to evaluate the ear canal pH and 111 to measure the ear temperature. Dog ears with absent to mild, moderate or intense cerumen were studied, and the auditory canal was washed for pH measurements. The rectal temperature (TR) was measured with a mercury thermometer and the ear temperature with an infrared thermometer. The difference between TR and TAM (average ear temperature), was classified in the following scores: A=TAMObjetivou-se avaliar o microclima do canal auditivo de cães e determinar o efeito do Rosmarinus officinalis L. (alecrim) e do Triticum vulgare (trigo) em orelhas hígidas e no tratamento da otite externa experimental não infecciosa de ratos Wistar. Para análise do microclima do canal auditivo foram considerados 141 cães hígidos, destes 30 utilizados para avaliação do pH do canal auditivo e 111 para aferição das temperaturas auditivas. Os cães foram distribuídos em dois grupos de acordo com a quantidade de cerúmem ausente a leve e moderado a intenso e o canal auditivo foi lavado para aferição do pH. A diferença entre a temperatura retal (TR), aferida com termômetro coluna de mercúrio e a temperatura auditiva média (TAM), aferida com termômetro infravermelho, foi avaliada para classificação em escores: A=TAM