Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Extraction impacts'
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Kartezhnikova, Maria. "Hydraulic impacts of hydrokinetic energy extraction in rivers." Thesis, University of Alaska Anchorage, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1550170.
Full textA simple technique to estimate the hydraulic impacts associated with the deployment of hydrokinetic (HK) devices is introduced. This technique involves representing HK devices with an enhanced bottom roughness. The enhanced bottom roughness is found to be a function of Manning roughness, slope, and water depth of the natural channel as well as device efficiency, blockage ratio, and density of device deployment. This approach was developed using a theoretical relationship between power extracted to power dissipated, and assuming a simple rectangular channel cross-section and uniform distribution of devices. Once the effective bottom roughness is determined, it can be used to determine the hydraulic impact of arbitrary device configurations and flow situations. The enhanced bottom roughness approach was compared to an alternative method of determining the affects of hydrokinetic energy extraction (SNL-EFDC). Both methods were in good agreement. Capabilities and limitations of determining hydraulic impacts by enhanced bottom roughness approach are demonstrated by site-specific simulation for the Tanana site.
Muñoa, Capron-Manieux Gorka. "The impact of oil extraction on tropical rainforests: A view from space." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671734.
Full textEl aumento de la demanda y consumo mundial de petróleo está estimulando la necesidad de acceder a nuevas y cada vez más remotas reservas de hidrocarburos situadas en los bosques tropicales (Butt et al., 2013), ya que las reservas mundiales de gas y petróleo se superponen con el 30% de los bosques tropicales, siendo la Amazonía la selva tropical con mayor porcentaje (39,4%) de dicha superposición (Orta-Martínez et al., 2018). Los impactos provocados por 50 años de actividad petrolera en la Amazonía norperuana han causado graves daños en los ecosistemas y la salud de las personas. En este sentido, urge encontrar nuevos mecanismos de monitoreo a gran escala capaces de detectar y cuantificar los impactos generados por esta industria en áreas aisladas de difícil acceso. La teledetección, capaz de realizar seguimientos a nivel regional, estatal e incluso global, puede suponer una alternativa eficaz y económicamente viable. En este contexto, el objetivo general de la tesis es identificar y cuantificar los impactos producidos por la actividad petrolera sobre los bosques tropicales húmedos mediante técnicas de teledetección, divididos en: 1) identificar y cuantificar la deforestación y la perturbación provocados por la actividad petrolera; 2) identificar los vertidos de crudo; 3) desarrollar un método para detección de áreas que históricamente han sido contaminadas a causa de la descarga directa de hidrocarburos y aguas de producción. Para ello, se han llevado a cabo tres estudios en los bosques tropicales húmedos de la Amazonía norperuana. Estos estudios se han basado en el análisis de series temporales de imágenes de satélite, a fin de observar los cambios en las respuestas espectrales provocados por dichos impactos. Así, se ha utilizado una serie temporal de 11 imágenes Landsat de los años 1986-2005 para realizar el seguimiento de la deforestación a través de la evolución del NDVI, y de la perturbación del bosque, a través del método Carnegie Landsat Analysis System-lite (Asner et al., 2009), en lote petrolero 1AB/192. A través de 172 imágenes de SAR del Sentinel 1, se ha llevado a cabo un análisis de tres vertidos de crudo y se han desarrollado 4 índices de detección de vertidos y un método basado en clasificaciones ISODATA. Finalmente, se han desarrollado tres índices para la detección de las áreas contaminadas por hidrocarburos, basados en la especificidad de la respuesta espectral del petróleo en ciertas zonas del infrarrojo, y estudiar así, su evolución durante los años 1985 y 2007. Los resultados obtenidos indican que 1) prácticamente la mitad de la deforestación y perturbación provocada por la actividad extractiva de petróleo en los bosques tropicales se debe a la construcción y mantenimiento de las carreteras; 2) Los índices propuestos para la detección de áreas contaminadas por hidrocarburos en bosques tropicales húmedos resultan efectivos, sobre todo si se dispone información georeferenciada de la infraestructura petrolera existente para limitar el análisis a determinadas zonas. En estos casos, el índice menos restrictivo de los tres presentados, es capaz de detectar entorno al 20-40% de los píxeles contaminados, con un porcentaje de acierto superior al 90%. Como consecuencia, se recomienda: - la no explotación de los yacimientos petroleros situados en los bosques tropicales húmedos por tratarse de centros de alta biodiversidad y albergar un gran número de comunidades indígenas, algunas de ellas viviendo en aislamiento voluntario. - En su defecto, la implementación de métodos offshore-inland, es decir, el uso de operaciones que no requieran la construcción de carreteras. - El desarrollo de una metodología eficaz para la detección de los vertidos de petróleo en bosques tropicales húmedos, que permita la creación de un sistema de monitoreo en tiempo casi real (NRTM) para detectarlos.
ncreasing global oil demand and consumption is stimulating the need to access to new and more and more remote hydrocarbon reserves located in tropical rainforests (Butt et al., 2013), for the reason that world oil and gas reserves overlap with 30% of them, with the Amazon being the one with the highest percentage (39.4%) of this overlap (Orta-Martínez et al., 2018). As a result of 50 years of oil activity in the remote North Peruvian Amazon, the impacts produced by the oil companies have caused serious damages to ecosystems and people’s health. In this sense, there is an urgent need to develop new large-scale monitoring mechanisms able to detecting and quantifying the impacts generated by the extractive oil industry in isolated areas that are difficult to access. Remote sensing, capable of monitoring at the regional, state and even global scale, can be an efficient and economically viable alternative. In this context, the central aim of this thesis was to identify and quantify the impacts produced by oil activity on tropical rainforests through remote sensing techniques, distinguishing between: 1) identify and quantify deforestation and forest disturbance caused by oil activity; 2) identify oil spills caused by oil extraction industry; 3) develop a method for detecting areas that have historically been contaminated due to the direct discharge of hydrocarbons and production waters. For this purpose, three researches were carried out in tropical rainforests of the region of Loreto, in Northern Peruvian Amazon. These studies were based on the analysis of long time series of images from different satellites, in order to observe changes in spectral responses caused by oil impacts. Thus, a time series of 11 Landsat images between 1986 and 2005 were used to monitor deforestation through the evolution of the NDVI, and forest disturbance, using the Carnegie Landsat Analysis System - Lite (CLASlite) approach (Asner et al. 2009), in the oil block 192 (previously 1AB). Further, 172 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images from Sentinel 1 were used to analyse three oil spills caused by leaks in pipelines, and develop 4 oil spill detection indices and an additional methodology based on unsupervised ISODATA clustering classification. Finally, 18 multispectral Landsat 5TM images were used to develop three indices to detect oil-polluted areas, based on the specificity of the spectral response of oil in certain infrared areas. Results were used to study the evolution of these oil-covered areas between 1985-2007. The results indicate that 1) almost half of the deforestation caused by oil extraction in tropical rainforests is due to construction and maintenance of oil roads, which are also the infrastructures that cause a greater forest disturbance, edge effect and habitat fragmentation. 2) Proposed indices for the detection of oil-polluted areas on tropical rainforests are effective, especially if georeferenced information on the existing oil infrastructure is available to limit the analysis to a buffer from these infrastructures. In these cases, the least restrictive index can detect around 20-40% of the pixels covered by oil, with a success rate higher than 90%. As a consequence of these findings, it is recommended: - The non-exploitation of oil fields located in the tropical rainforests due to high impacts caused by oil extraction activity in centers of high biodiversity and cultural richness, with a large number of indigenous communities, some of them living in voluntary isolation. - Failing that, the implementation of offshore-inland methods, that is, the use of operations that do not require any road construction. The development of an effective methodology for the detection of oil spills in tropical rainforests, which allows creating a near-real-time monitoring system (NRTM) to detect them.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals
Hall, Adelyn N. "Socioeconomic Impacts of Natural Gas Extraction in Bradford County, PA." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1427979892.
Full textWalker, Clare. "Modelling the hydrological impacts of mechanised peat extraction on an upland blanket bog." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327184.
Full textPitkin, Julia. "Oil, Oil, Everywhere: Environmental and Human Impacts of Oil Extraction in the Niger Delta." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/88.
Full textAnderson, Emily. "States of extraction : impacts of taxation on statebuilding in Angola and Mozambique, 1975-2013." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3071/.
Full textCochrane, Nicholas J. K. "Programmatic extraction of information from unstructured clinical data and the assessment of potential impacts on epidemiological research." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/30582/.
Full textJeannes, Deon Bruce. "A survey of the legal framework governing the water impacts of proposed shale gas extraction in the Karoo." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15164.
Full textKefa, Christopher Amutabi. "Assessing the Impacts of Bioenergy Extraction and Human Land Use of the Biodiversity of Kakamega Tropical Rainforest, Kenya." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1465254368.
Full textFleming, Ruven C. "Shale gas extraction in Europe and Germany : the impacts of environmental protection and energy security on emerging regulations." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=228565.
Full textLemery, Emmanuelle. "Structure et physicochimie des tensioactifs, leurs impacts sur la toxicité cutanée et la fonction barrière." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10044/document.
Full textCreams, shampoos, soaps, shower gels, these cosmetics daily used, have in common the presence of a raw material essential to their formulation, namely the surfactant or emulsifier. These molecules are therefore frequently in contact with the skin. Indeed, because of its particular amphiphilic structure, the surfactant helps the stabilization of emulsions, allows the formation of foam and provides the detergent properties of cleansing cosmetic products, by solubilizing the fatty substances present on the surface. These molecules can also interact with the components of the skin. One of the first obvious evidence of the interaction of surfactants with the skin is the observation of clinical signs following prolonged or chronic exposure to surfactant-rich formulas. These molecules are now known to cause irritant contact dermatitis and are the subject of a real public health problem regarding professional detergent diseases. However, considering the multitude of surfactants on the market, the mechanisms of action of surfactants on the skin are still poorly known, especially for nonionic surfactants, widely used in skincare products and often considered non-toxic. Sodium lauryl sulfate, anionic surfactant remains to this day, the model molecule currently studied. The cutaneous toxicity is most often related to the interaction of the surfactant with the proteins, charged molecules. As a result, ionic surfactants are considered to be the most toxic to the skin. In addition, the monomeric form of the surfactant is described as the entity responsible for cutaneous toxicity, fitting more easily into the lipid bilayer and thus able to penetrate the skin more easily than in the form of micelles. The toxicity of the surfactant is therefore also related to its critical micelle concentration. . The objective of this research project was to expand knowledge on different physicochemical properties of many classes of surfactants, to better understand their interactions and their effects on the skin. Several levels of studies have been developed. After detailed physicochemical analysis of the surfactants, in vitro measurements were used to evaluate the effect of the surfactant on skin toxicity. The study on the skin barrier function (surface properties / detergency, lipid matrix organization and evaluation of lipid extraction) was conducted via ex vivo experiments. Our studies have shown significant toxicity of some nonionic surfactants and conversely some ionic surfactants have been found to be perfectly well tolerated. Parameters highlighted in the literature such as CMC and surfactant charges have been questioned. Several explanations were put forward considering the organization of the surfactant in the water and its behavior on the skin barrier function thus bringing new tracks for a better understanding of the effect of the surfactant on the skin. In addition, the toxicity of the surfactants could be related to one of the three levels of disruption of the cutaneous barrier: the disorganization of the lipid matrix
Turmel-Courchesne, Laurence. "Remouillage d'un grand fen continental après extraction de tourbe horticole : impacts sur les échanges de carbone et la végétation." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35859.
Full textLes tourbières jouent un rôle important dans le cycle du carbone à l’échelle de la planète, principalement par la captation de dioxyde de carbone (CO₂) et l’accumulation de carbone dans la tourbe et par de considérables émissions de méthane (CH₄). Les activités d’extraction de tourbe horticole causent la dégradation des tourbières qui fournissent des services écologiques, dont la régulation du climat. Une méthode de restauration significative, robuste et efficace a été développée pour les tourbières acides dominées par les sphaignes. Il arrive toutefois que les conditions physico-chimiques de la tourbe résiduelle après extraction soient caractéristiques des tourbières minérotrophes (fens). Lorsqu’appliquée dans un contexte de restauration de fens, la méthode de restauration par transfert de la strate muscinale s’est avérée peu efficace pour le retour des espèces vasculaires et muscinales typiques des fens. Dans certains contextes, la technique de remouillage sans autre action de restauration pourrait s’avérer efficace pour restaurer les fens post-extraction. Le but de cette étude est d’évaluer l’efficacité du remouillage à rétablir la végétation caractéristique des fens, ainsi que leur fonction de séquestration du carbone, et cela une et dix saisons de croissance après remouillage. Le site à l’étude se trouve dans le sud-est du Manitoba, au Canada. Les données ont été récoltées durant les étés 2016 et 2017. Le remouillage peut rapidement mener à des échanges de CO₂ typiques des tourbières naturelles. Le remouillage a résulté en des écosystèmes dominés par des espèces vasculaires typiques des milieux humides et des tourbières minérotrophes et ombrotrophes. Dix saisons de croissance après remouillage, un tapis discontinu de mousses typiques des tourbières minérotrophes s’est rétabli. Le remouillage peut être utilisé de manière efficace pour la restauration de fens après extraction. La gestion des niveaux d’eau s’avère primordiale pour favoriser une structure de végétation semblable à celle retrouvée dans les fens naturels. De trop hauts niveaux d’eau sont à éviter pour empêcher de générer de très hautes émissions de CH₄ et maximiser la fonction de séquestration du carbone. Ce mémoire se divise en trois chapitres : une introduction générale au sujet, suivie d'un corps de mémoire sous forme d'article scientifique puis d’une courte conclusion
Ndiaye, Oumoule. "Impacts of Water, Extraction Procedure and Origin on Anthocyanins and Volatile Compositions of Hibiscus Extracts and Freeze-Dried Hibiscus." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/88756.
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Ivkovic, Karen Marie-Jeanne, and kardami@optusnet com au. "Modelling Groundwater-River Interactions for Assessing Water Allocation Options." The Australian National University. Centre for Resources, Environment and Society, 2007. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20080901.134545.
Full textYoboue, Koffi Kouadio Michel. "La question de la remédiation environnementale résultant de l'exploitation artisanale, à petite échelle du diamant : cas de l'Union du fleuve Mano." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30013/document.
Full textArtisanal and small-scale diamond mining is practiced in all countries of the Mano River Union (Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone) in a rudimentary and informal manner. However artisanal diamond mining is an important means of livelihood for most local communities in the Mano River Union. Based on our field research and surveys of miners, this type of mining has direct impacts on the forest ecosystem, soil and watercourses. In addition, the research shows that reducing the environmental impacts of artisanal and small scale diamond mining is not seen as a necessity or a major concern in the mining communities. There is often a lack of understanding and insufficient capacity to deal with environmental problems among artisanal miners, as revealed in our study of three mining sites in Côte d'Ivoire; Bobi, Toubabouko and Tortiya. Protected areas, which are of major ecological and socioeconomic importance for the populations of the Mano River Union countries, are unfortunately under pressure because of artisanal diamond mining. Especially since artisanal miners at the surveyed sites are often in precarious socio-economic situations more preoccupied by means of survival under very difficult working conditions. In recent years, the Kimberley Process has been focusing on environmental issues. In 2012, the Washington Declaration on Integrating Development of Artisanal and Small-Scale Diamond Mining in the implementation of the Kimberley Process highlighted the importance of considering the ramifications and environmental consequences of artisanal mining. To this end, a survey of artisanal miners in Côte d'Ivoire in 2014 made it clear that the legal, social, institutional and political framework of the Ivorian government, was neither adapted to the solution of the social problems of miners nor to the settlement of environmental problems caused by mining activities. This diagnosis should serve as a model for the other countries of the Mano River Union. The reclamation of artisanal mining sites is therefore possible in spite of the environmental impacts of artisanal mining. In fact there is a need for reclamation procedures and protocols adapted to the educational and financial realities of artisanal miners. In this regard, Sierra Leone has been a model in reclamation of abandoned mining sites through pilot projects such as "Land after Diamonds: Land Reclamation for Agriculture and Advocacy Pilot Initiative". These projects have helped to protect the environment and improve the socio-economic conditions of artisanal miners. However, these reclamation projects, although salutary, also have limitations which deserve to be taken into account in future initiatives of the other countries of the Mano River Union
Bouchez, Alice. "Optimisation multicritère de procédés incluant les impacts environnementaux : cas de l'éco-extraction de biomolécules antioxydantes à partir de coproduits agroalimentaires." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R023.
Full textTo meet the current major challenge of improving the environmental performance of processes, a methodology for the multi-criteria optimisation of green processes including productivity, energy and environmental aspects has been proposed. In this study, it was applied to the case of antioxidant polyphenols recovery from an agri-food by-product. The optimisation takes into account the total polyphenol yield and the antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from declassified beet seeds, as well as the energy consumption of the equipment involved and the environmental impacts generated during the process life cycle. Extraction processes assisted by ultrasound (US), microwave (MO) and a combination of these two technologies were studied. For each process, a global model was developed as a tool for multi-criteria optimisation, integrating parameters such as time, solvent composition, solvent/by-product ratio, US power, MO power and solvent volume, depending on the study. The model was obtained by combining kinetic equations to the methods of experimental design and life cycle assessment. This tool allows to predict the optimal operating conditions for each process while respecting specific constraints such as maximising extraction yield and/or minimising extraction time, energy consumption and/or environmental impacts. This methodology could easily be adapted for multicriteria optimisation of other processes
Mendes, João Carlos Teixeira. "Alternativas de colheita de Eucalyptus e seus impactos no solo e na vegetação nativa em processo de regeneração num plantio abandonado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-04012013-104545/.
Full textThis study assessed the effects of three Eucalyptus harvesting systems on physical attributes of the soil and structure of the native vegetation of understory, in a stand of Eucalyptus saligna Smith. abandoned for 40 years. The study area is situated in the Experimental Station of Forest Resources Science of ESALQ-USP (University of São Paulo - Brazil) in the municipality of Itatinga - São Paulo state - Brazil. The experiment was a randomized block design, with nine parcels and three repetitions, due to the spatial heterogeneity of eucalypt density and native vegetation. Three treatments were analyzed: CCV - conventional harvesting with mechanized extraction; CIR1 - reduced impact with mechanized harvesting; and CIR2 - reduced impact harvesting for firewood associated with animal extraction (DBH 30 cm) and with mechanized extraction for logs (DBH > 30 cm). The analyses bulk density, penetration resistance, soil disturbance and vegetation damages were performed in two phases: after extraction for firewood and for logs. The variables for the study on soil effects were: four classes of surface disturbances (m2.ha-1): \"no-disturbances\", \"light\", \"moderate\" and \"severe disturbances\"; penetration resistance (MPa) and bulk density (g.cm-3). The results showed the occurrence of critical theoretical values for penetration resistance (2.5 MPa) and relative increase over 15% for bulk density, on the classes of moderate and severe disturbances with the use of mechanized extraction. At the end of the harvesting, the treatments CIR1 and CIR2 showed smaller area of these classes of disturbances, with 1,151 m2.ha-1 and 1,094 m2.ha-1, respectively, statistically different in relation to CCV, with 2,620 m2.ha-1. The variables for studies on effects of vegetation structure were: three classes of tree damages: intact, damaged and dead; and remaining basal area (m2.ha-1). At the end of the harvesting, the treatments CIR1 and CIR2 showed relatively lower rates of dead trees, 33% and 38%, respectively, statistically differing in relation to CCV, which showed a rate of 49%. The treatments CIR1 and CIR2 showed higher values for basal area, 5.50 m2.ha-1 and 5.40 m2.ha-1, respectively, statistically differing from CCV that showed basal area of 4.32 m2.ha-1. Final conclusions were, that the occurrence of significant effects of physical attributes of soil and vegetation structure is an inevitable fact in wood extraction. However, treatments CIR1 and CIR2 allowed to conclude that it is possible to minimize moderate and severe disturbances in the soil, reduce tree deaths and promote larger remaining basal area of native species. Therefore, the harvesting systems of reduced impact are the best alternatives for wood extraction in abandoned eucalypt stands, as a managing process of forests to turn them into areas of legal reserve.
CASTRO, FLAVIA J. de. "Avaliação ecotoxicológica dos percolados das colunas de cinza de carvão e de solos com cinza de carvão utilizando Lactuca sativa e Daphnia similis como organismos teste." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10517.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Perreault, Véronique. "Prétraitement d'un isolat de protéines de lin par haute pression hydrostatique : impacts sur la structure protéique, l'hydrolyse enzymatique et les capacités antioxydantes des hydrolysats finaux." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26804.
Full textFlaxseed is an oilseed widely cultivated in Canada. However, residues generated after oil extraction contains large amount of proteins and then can be much-valued in human diet due to its bioactive peptide fractions. The influence of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on flaxseed protein isolate was studied especially in terms of protein structures, enzymatic hydrolysis and final hydrolysate antioxidant activity. Flaxseed protein solutions (1% w/v) were subjected first to 600 MPa HHP treatments during 5 and 20 minutes at 20°C and were compared to non-pressurized samples. Two subsequent hydrolysis treatments were performed on pressure or non-pressure treated samples: tryptic hydrolysis was carried out and another hydrolysis was performed using pronase on tryptic hydrolysates. Firstly, the characterization of treated and untreated flaxseed protein isolates was done by spectrofluorometric and particle size analyses. Thereafter, flaxseed hydrolysates were analyzed by HPLC-MS and antioxidant capacity by ORAC. These results demonstrated that the pressurizing level and duration had an impact on proteins structure, inducing the dissociation of protein leading subsequently to aggregates. These aggregates were formed by decompression or during further storage. After enzymatic hydrolysis of pressurized or non-pressurized samples by trypsin and trypsin-pronase, chromatographic analyses showed that HHP treatments modified the concentration of certain peptides of the tryptic hydrolysates only. Finally, HHP increases antioxidant capacity (ORAC) of final trysin-pronase hydrolysates when compared to a control.
Tsiba, Jean-Kevin Aimé. "L'exploitation minière dans la région du Haut-Ogooué (Gabon) : contribution à l'étude des impacts environnementaux." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0361.
Full textThis dissertation is about the consequences of manganese and uranium mining on the environment in Gabon, especially in the Haut-Ogooué province. The extraction of manganese in Moanda, conducted by the Comilog company (a subsidiary of the French ERAMET), has both radically altered the landscape and caused chemical pollution in the local ecosystems. The extraction of uranium, formerly conducted by Comuf (a subsidiary of Areva, then known as COGEMA) has caused severe environmental damage, both in terms of abnormally high radioactivity and landscape alteration. In both cases, the confrontation of nature and society has seen an ever increasingly rapid transformation of nature due to the growth of human activity. Such manmade hazards have potentially fatal consequences. The environmental crisis created by the two mining projects has caused anger in the local population and the civil society at large, with people blaming the government and the companies concerned for not handling the hazards in the area responsibly enough or soon enough. This dissertation suggests several avenues to improve the local quality of life in Moanda (manganese mining) and Mounana (uranium mining) in the perspective of sustainable development. Those suggestions include the creation of public structures such as the “mine police” and of analysis laboratories in charge of environmental data
Martinez, Noguez Abraham Isaac [Verfasser], Reinhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Hinkelmann, Reinhard [Gutachter] Hinkelmann, Savidis [Gutachter] Stavros, and Rainer [Gutachter] Helmig. "Impacts of fast water infiltration in fault zones and water extraction on land subsidence / Abraham Isaac Martinez Noguez ; Gutachter: Reinhard Hinkelmann, Savidis Stavros, Rainer Helmig ; Betreuer: Reinhard Hinkelmann." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1156178088/34.
Full textVelho, Eduarda Leoneth Gaspar Mulende. "O impacto ambiental da extração petrolífera: Estudo sobre a (re) evolução do Direito Ambiental." Master's thesis, Universidade Portucalense, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11328/1536.
Full textO trabalho em epígrafe cinge-se na Problemática do impacto ambiental da extração petrolífera, ou seja na (re) Evolução do Direito Ambiental. Ao abordarmos sobre esta temática, é importante referirmos que, de um modo geral, são empresas competentes para o efeito que extraem o petróleo. O petróleo é tido como o recurso natural que fornece a principal fonte de energia ao homem. Ao ser extraído causa-se danos irreparáveis pra os seres vivos e com isso há a necessidade de se encontrar mecanismos de responsabilização das pessoas que os provocam.
The work referred to above gird on the Issues of the environmental impact of oil extraction, that is the (re) Evolution of Environmental Law. When discussing about this matter, it is important to refer, in general, companies are responsible for the effect that draws oil. Oil is considered the natural feature that provides the main source of energy to man. When extracted to cause irreparable damage to living beings and therefore there is a need to find mechanisms accountability of persons they cause.
Orientação: Prof. Doutor Carlos Rodrigues
Mariet, Anne-Lise. "Contamination en éléments traces métalliques et changements de végétation liés aux activités minières dans le massif des Vosges : approche diachronique et synchronique des impacts environnementaux." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2077.
Full textSince at least the last two millennia, mining and smelting activities have occurred in the Vosges Mountains and conducted to (i) the emission of trace metal (TM) contaminated particles in the atmosphere, (ii) the presence of mining and smelting wastes and (iii) landscape changes. Due to the use of resources from this mountainous area by local populations, it is necessary to measure impacts of these past activities on the forested ecosystem.This PhD thesis proposes a multi-proxy approach coupling geochemistry, palynology and ecotoxicology. Several phases of TM deposits have been recorded and correspond to major phases of TM contamination known in the northern hemisphere and also local periods of mining/smelting activities. The impact of mining activities on the landscape appears to be reduced contrary to historical data that described shortage of wood due to mining activities. The bioavailability and the risk associated to TMs from mining activities have been assessed in a former lead (Pb)-silver mining district by an active bioindication campaign using Cantareus aspersus, considered as indicator of soil quality. Among the eight stations, four of them present an excess of TM transfer conducting to a high ecological risk, particularly in two archaeological mining sites but also in a kitchen garden. Lead fractionation and speciation highlight the use of slags as amendments in the kitchen garden. Trace metal contamination of the soil due to mining activities is still bioavailable for soil organisms and so potentially transferred in food chain
Ahmad, Alexandre. "Animation de structures déformables et modélisation des interactions avec un fluide basées sur des modèles physiques." Limoges, 2007. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/4f73d6f8-b8f0-4794-924b-8f827db44689/blobholder:0/2007LIMO4046.pdf.
Full textThe presented works' main focus is the interaction of liquids and thin shells, such as sheets of paper, fish fins and even clothes. Even though such interactions is an every day scenario, few research work in the computer graphics community have investigated this phenomenon. Thereby, I propose an algorithm which resolves contacts between Lagrangian fluids and deformable thin shells. Visual artefacts may appear during the surface extraction procedure due to the proximity of the fluids and the shells. Thus, to avoid such artefacts, I propose a visibility algorithm which projects the undesired overlapping volume of liquid onto the thin shells' surface. In addition, an intuitive parametrisation model for the definition of heterogeneous friction coefficients on a surface is presented. I also propose two optimisation methods. The first one reduces the well-known dependency of numerical stability and the timestep when using explicit schemes by filtering particles' velocities. This reduction is quantified with the use of frequency analysis. The second optimisation method is a unified dynamic spatial acceleration model, composed of a hierarchical hash table data structure, that speeds up the particle neighbourhood query and the collision broad phase. The proposed unified model is besides used to efficiently prune unnecessary computations during the surface extraction procedure
Simões, Cláudia Sofia Lola. "Modelação da erosão do solo numa região de forte impacte de actividades mineiras e estudo geoquímico das zonas mais vulneráveis, com vista à sua remediação e reabilitação. Estudo de uma área piloto da Bacia do rio Paraopeba (Bacia do Rio Paraopeba - MG, Brasil)." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/16404.
Full textDriche, Khaled. "Diamond unipolar devices : towards impact ionization coefficients extraction." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT115/document.
Full text97% of the published climate studies articles agree with the fact that recent global warming is entirely caused by human activities. The gases emitted to produce electrical energy plus other gases rejected by cars impact considerably on the atmosphere by greenhouse effect (without referring other factors). A solution to this problem is the development of components with lower power conduction losses and higher breakdown characteristics that could be used in nuclear power plants, high power commutation cells, hybrid (electric) cars and so on.The choice of the material to reach low power conduction losses and higher breakdown is of great importance. Nowadays, silicon-based devices control about 95% of all electronic components. Silicon carbide SiC and gallium nitride GaN are at present under research and development and start to be integrated into some electronic circuits. Other materials like Ga2O3, AlN or diamond are under research for power electronic application. The last ones are known as ultra wide bandgap materials and they seem to be the required solution to low power losses. Diamond is recognized as the ultimate material for the next next-generation of power devices owing to its exceptional physical properties such as high breakdown field (>10 MV/cm) to use the device for high power control, high carrier mobility (2000 cm^2/V.s for holes) for fast switching and high frequency devices, high saturation velocity, high thermal conductivity (22 W/cm.K) for a perfect heat dissipation and low dielectric constant. Theoretically, diamond is the best semiconducting material showing the best trade-off between on-resistance and breakdown voltage. Especially, due to the incomplete ionization of the dopant, it is even more efficient at high temperature. Various diamond Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) with good forward and reverse performances (7.7 MV/cm) were reported. In addition to SBDs, switches diamond field effect transistors (FETs) were also investigated through metal-oxide-semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs) using either an H-terminated diamond surface with high current densities in on-state or an O-terminated one with high blocking characteristics. For the high blocking voltage devices, one needs to properly terminate the edge of the electrode at the surface in order to avoid premature breakdown of the devices due to electric field crowding at the borders. In that aim, edge termination (ET) techniques are used to push the limit of the devices and reach ideal features. The obvious task before any device fabrication if the simulation part that predicts the device optimization and expected characteristics. A good device prediction requires knowledge of the material parameters. Important parameters for device breakdown in the off-state are the impact ionization coefficients. At present, several ionization coefficients were reported for diamond, however, they were extracted by fitting non-optimized structures and hence there is a lack of accuracy.In this study, two edge terminations structures for Schottky barrier diodes called field plate (FP) oxide and floating field rings were investigated. Their effectiveness in surface field distribution via electron beam induced current (EBIC) analysis was observed. In addition, normally-on FETs were fabricated and characterized, a MESFET and a reverse blocking (RB)-MESFET. The FETs exhibited a high BV, up to 3 kV and a low on-resistance. The development of transistors is inseparable from the Schottky diode since both are required to fabricate commutation cells. And finally, impact ionization coefficients for electrons were measured using EBIC for a field >0.5 MV/cm in a defect-free region. The measured values are (in a Chynoweth form) an = 971 /cm and bn = 2.39x10^6 V/cm. These values are close to the experimentally measured coefficients reported in the literature
Yao, Kouadio Assemien François. "Développement d'une méthodologie pour une meilleure évaluation des impacts environnementaux de l'industrie extractive." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG001/document.
Full textAn increasing demand of mineral resources is associated with modern society development. In parallel, mining projects face strong oppositions both from public and from environment protection agencies, due to the potential impacts associated with ore extraction. In order to conciliate the needs of producing raw materials and of taking into account the preservation of the quality of the environment, it is necessary to assess the environmental impact previous to the start of the mining activities. The Environmental Impact Assessment procedure helps to identify and evaluate the environmental impacts of a project. Although Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure is mandatory, the regulations do not impose any impact assessment method. Thus, EIA practitioners are free to use the method that suits them and their own expertise to estimate the environmental impacts of a project. The main purpose of this work is to propose a method to more effectively evaluate the environmental impacts of the mining industry. To achieve this, two approaches have been explored: the Mining Environmental Impact Assessment Methodology (MEIAM) developed in this thesis and the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which is a standardized methodology. MEIAM is based on the risk analysis approach and makes it possible to evaluate the impacts taking into account the climatic and geological conditions and the initial state of the zone. LCA is a standardized technique that assesses the impacts produced on the site and those generated off-site but whose generating activities are related to the system studied. These methods were implemented on a gold mine in Côte d’Ivoire.MEIAM, taking into account the particular characteristics of the study area, showed high impact results for both surface water and groundwater pollution, mainly at the operation and post-closure stages. This study has also shown that pollution sources with high level impacts include tailings, soils previously contaminated by dust fallout and mining works. Regarding the LCA, which is in essence an overall method, it has made it possible to highlight quite significant off-site impacts. For on-site effects, the study showed that the impacts on human health are mainly due to metal emissions from operation activities (ore processing and tailings management as well as blasting). Finally, our work showed that all the impacts were better taken into account by a combination of MEIAM and LCA in the EIA procedures
Goulas, Anaïs. "Devenir et biodisponibilité des antibiotiques entrant dans les sols agricoles lors du recyclage des matières fertilisantes d'origine résiduaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA034/document.
Full textAntibiotics are chronically introduced in soils through the application of exogenous organic matter (EOM) such as manure or sewage sludge. The environmental dissemination of these pollutants presents a long-term risk for health particularly due to the acquisition of antibiotic resistances. The origin and the properties of EOM can influence the antibiotic behavior in soils. This behavior and the potential impact on living-organisms depends on the antibiotic (bio)availability. Few data about the antibiotic bioavailability in soils exist and increasing knowledge is conditioned by the development of extraction and analytical methods for molecules at low concentrations in complex organomineral matrices. This research work focuses on the link between the MAFOR type, the behavior and the bioavailability of antibiotics in soils, and their impacts on soil microorganisms. Chemical methods were developed to assess the(bio)availability and the behavior of two antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin) and some transformation products in EOM-amended soils incubated in controlled conditions. A modelling approach was used to describe the behavior of sulfamethoxazole and its main metabolite in soils as a function of the organic matter evolution; the modelling results suggest that co-metabolism was responsible for the molecule mineralization and the formation of biogenic non-extractable residues. Finally chemical data were confronted to biological measures: the (bio)availability of antibiotics estimated through different aqueous extractions was related to their biodegradation by adapted soil microorganisms or to their toxicity on soil microbial activities. Original results were obtained in this work and will be useful to assess the risk related to the antibiotic dispersion in the environment
Gharaibeh, Ahmed. "Environmental impact assessment on oil shale extraction in Central Jordan." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-226424.
Full textQirreish, Emad Eddin Yacob Juma. "Radiographic profile of symptomatic impacted mandibular third molars in the Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
Full textBekiroglu, Yasemi. "Nonstationary feature extraction techniques for automatic classification of impact acoustic signals." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Datateknik, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-3592.
Full textLi, Xiaorong. "Three-dimensional modelling of tidal stream energy extraction for impact assessment." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2016. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3006766/.
Full textSatakopan, Hariram. "Time-Frequency Feature Extraction for Impact Sound Quality Analysis with Emphasis on Automobile Applications." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1299168649.
Full textTipsrisukond, Narin. "Impact of lipid degradation processes, and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction on flavor characteristics of lard /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3091972.
Full textSajnani, Anand Kumar. "Impacted canines: characteristics, prevalenceand implications." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44173350.
Full textHaddad, Mohamed Hatem. "Extraction et impact des connaissances sur les performances des systèmes de recherche d'information." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004459.
Full textGoodwin, Michaela. "The use of general anaesthetic for dental extractions in children : researching the complex causal networks and approaches to reducing need." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-use-of-general-anaesthetic-for-dental-extractions-in-children-researching-the-complex-causal-networks-and-approaches-to-reducing-need(eb277cce-f90a-4ce5-b62c-91873a7d2959).html.
Full textFletcher, Harriet Rachael. "Microwave assisted hydrothermal extraction of carbohydrates from macroalgae and the impact of seasonal variation." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16939/.
Full textSingh, Neelam. "A Study of Human Impact on Sacred Groves in India." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1153856401.
Full textRaycraft, Mary D. "Boomtown Attitudes and Perceptions Non-renewable Energy Extraction Regions:North Dakota, U.S.A., Oil Shale and Alberta, Canada, Oil Sands." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1527606796285623.
Full textDekaki, Anouar. "Impact de l'utilisation d'un compost vert sur l'activité et la diversité de la microflore tellurique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST0058/document.
Full textComposting is a technique of transformation organic waste in a stable product rich in organic materials. Some "green" compost proved to be from 2 to 3 times more benefit on the growth of the plants than traditional composts. The main of this study is to follow the evolution of density and diversity of the microflora (bacteria, fungi) during the process of maturation of green compost manufactured from vegetable wastes, and to investigate the impact of this compost on the diversity and the activity of the telluric microflora. This analysis was carried out by complementary techniques: biochemical (enzymatic activity), microbiological (in vitro cultures) and molecular biology (PCR-DGGE, DNA sequencing). The results show that during its maturation, the studied compost presents a significant decrease of its water content and an appreciable increase in its pH. The microflora undergoes a complete reorganization with appearance of bacterial strain suitable for degrade polluting compounds like the plastics, the pesticides and hydrocarbons. The addition of this compost with two types of soil presenting of the different physicochemical properties, did not show significant and durable modifications of the microbial and functional diversity of this one. The causes of the remarkable effect of this compost on the vegetable growth are discussed
Bhujel, Nabina. "The impact of premature extraction of primary teeth on the subsequent need for orthodontic treatment." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5549/.
Full textGouali, Souhila. "Impact environnemental des anodes sacrificielles en aluminium." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2026.
Full textIn the marine environment, the protection of metallic structures against corrosion can be ensured by the technique of cathodic protection, thanks to sacrificial anodes made of aluminium. However, their consumption leads to increasing concentration of aluminium in waters and marine sediments. Tests featuring aluminium as a contaminant have been preceded in laboratory, using aluminium salts (aluminium sulfate and aluminium chloride) or aluminium produced by the dissolution of a sacrificial anode set up with three electrodes and controlled electric current. All results are displaying a sorption of aluminium, regardless of its source, onto the selected natural sediments. The sorbed aluminium is highly labile, and can even diffuse from sediments layers back to aqueous phase (trapped essentially in reducible fraction). Sediments turn then into a latent source of pollution. Experiments with microphytobenthos communities show clearly that they are affected by the exposure to aluminum. This sensitivity to aluminium of those primary producers constitutes a potential threat for the marine trophic network
Czyzak, Zbigniew. "Impact du traitement hydro thermo dynamique sur les opérations de diffusion et d'extraction : applications au thé." La Rochelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LAROS167.
Full textBoudreau, Mathieu. "Impact de la dilution opérationnelle sur le rendement métallurgique de l'or." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35842.
Full textZhang, Rui. "Impact of emerging technologies on the cell disruption and fractionation of microalgal biomass." Thesis, Compiègne, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COMP2548.
Full textThis research work focuses on extraction and fractionation of bio-molecules from microalgae using physical treatments: pulsed electric fields (PEF), high voltage electrical discharges (HVED) and ultrasonication (US) techniques. In this study, three microalgae species Nannochloropsis sp., Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) and Parachlorella kessleri (P. kessleri) were investigated. These species have different cell shapes, structure and intracellular contents. The effects of tested techniques on extraction of bio-molecules have been highlighted in a quantitative and qualitative analysis by evaluating the ionic components, carbohydrates, proteins, pigments and lipids. A comparative study of physical treatments (PEF, HVED and US) at the equivalent energy input for release of intracellular bio-molecules from three microalgal species allowed us to better understand the different disintegration mechanisms. For each microalga at the same energy consumption, the HVED treatment proved to be the most efficient for extraction of carbohydrates, while the US treatment for extraction of proteins and pigments. In general, the smallest efficiency was observed for the PEF treatment. However, the highest selectivity towards carbohydrates can be obtained using the mild PEF or HVED technique. The preliminary physical treatments (PEF, HVED or US) of more concentrated suspensions followed by high pressure homogenization (HPH) of diluted suspensions allowed improving the extraction efficiency and decreasing the total energy consumption. The physical pretreatments permit to reduce the mechanical pressure of the HPH and number of passes, to reach the same extraction yield. For the maximum valorisation of microalgal biomass, extraction procedure assisted by HVED treatment (40 kV/cm, 1-8 ms) followed by aqueous and non-aqueous extraction steps seems to be useful for selective extraction and fractionation of different bio-molecules from microalgae. The significant effects of HVED pre-treatment on organic solvent extraction of pigments (chlorophylls, carotenoids) and lipids were also observed
Mouloubou, Olsen. "Développements spectroscopiques pour l'étude de la matière organique du sol dans des extraits liquides, avec étude de son impact sur le comportement des métaux : application à un sol agricole amendé par du compost." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4733/document.
Full textThe evolution of the legislation regarding the valorization of biowaste (green manure) induces the development of valorization chains, among which amending soils with compost is of particular interest, due to the presence of humic substances. Organic matter (OM) is an important component of the soil due to its physical, chemical and biological participation, and its implication in the behaviour of metals and trace metals (MTM).The aims of this thesis were to develop a methodological approach to characterize OM of soil (SOM) and to study its spatiotemporal evolution over one year at two different depths following the addition of compost, and its impact on the behaviour of MTM. A 4-step sequential extraction procedure (water, acid, sodium hydroxide, pyrophosphate) was used to the SOM fractionation. Quantitative and qualitative analysis were applied on extracts. Solubilization kinetics of MTM was also carried out to refine the study of their mobility.The chemical fractionation procedure allowed distinguishing several classes of organic compounds (labile, fulvic and humic with various aromaticity). Quantitative analyzes and spectral responses of the extracts revealed an effect of the compost (organic carbon, metals, aromaticity and molecular weight compounds) essentially during the first three months after spreading and during the summer period, with a climate parameter effect during the year, but not beyond 15 cm of depth. Compost can bring to the soil an additional load of MTM, including potentially mobilized forms, with a moderate, but not negligible risk of contamination, due to the potential effects of accumulation and concentration over the long term
Greenwood, M. F. D. "The fish populations of the Lower Forth Estuary, including the environmental impact of cooling water extraction." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22856.
Full textWang, Lu. "Valorization of apple by-products by the extraction and purification of polyphenols : impact of the ultrasound." Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2509/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the intensification of polyphenols extraction from apple products (flesh, peel, and pomace) by ultrasound (US) and the purification of apple peel extracts by adsorption/desorption and membrane technology. The selective extraction of phenolic contents from apple products has been analyzed. The obtained data evidenced the possibility of fine regulation of selective extraction of soluble matter, catechin and total polyphenolic compounds using different temperatures, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) protocols, ethanol/aqueous mixtures. The selectivity of catechin extraction was also depended on the type of the tissue (flesh, peel or pomace) and apple variety (green or red). The cavitation phenomenon generated by ultrasound could increase extraction of valuable components from fruit peels by damaging cell membranes of samples and accelerating heat and mass transfer by disrupted cell walls of samples. Meanwhile, the gas water solvents could enhance the extraction efficiency of polyphenols and antioxidant activity from apple peels by enhancing cavitation phenomenon generated by ultrasound. The efficiency of polyphenols purification from apple peel extracts with adsorption/desorption process by ultrasound treatment with the polyaromatic amberlite adsorbent XAD-16 and with membrane electro-filtration were studied. The obtained data demonstrated that the sonication significantly facilitated adsorption kinetics and increased activation energy of polyphenols adsorption. In addition, the desorption ratio was positively affected by the sonication during the adsorption step. On the other hand, the results demonstrated that the membrane electro-filtration allowed the purification of polyphenols in the anode (+) space and obtaining larger volume of filtrates
Mauro, Manuela. "Mining extraction in the ocean depths: a baseline to understand and reduce acoustic impact on biodiversity." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/144131.
Full text[CAT] A lo llarc de l'historia, l'home ha explotat els recursos minerals de la terra per a la seua supervivencia i desenroll tecnologic sense un equilibri en la seua regeneracio. Donat el creiximent de la poblacio mundial i la reduccio de recursos, l'home escomençà a buscar nous deposits que se trobaren en la decada de 1960 en les fondaries dels oceans. En estos, l'humanitat empezò a pensar en extraure els minerals d'estos deposits i aço llevò al naiximent de Deep Sea Mining (DSM). Les conseqüencies de les activitats mineres en les fondaries del mar no se coneixen realment i els efectes poden ser diferents: contaminacio acustica, contaminacio lluminica, contaminacio quimica, destruccio de l'habitat, fragmentacio de l'habitat i perdua d'especies que son la base de molts sistemes vitals. L'impacte acustic d'estes activitats pot tindre importants conseqüencies en les especies marines, encara que este es el tema mes ignorat. El proposit d'este proyecte de doctorat fon proporcionar una comprensio basica dels possibles impactes acustics del DSM en la biodiversidad abans de que escomencen estes activitats. Per a fer aço, el proyecte de doctorat s'organisà en varis passos. Primer, durant un experiment indoor, s'analisaren les respostes bioquimiques en invertebrats somesos a estrés acustic, Arbacia lixula i Mytilus galloprovincialis. Els resultats demostraren efectes significatius en l'activitat de citotoxicidad, expressio d'heat shock protein (HSPS) i activitats enzimáticas (esterasa, fosfatasas alcalina, peroxidasas) en el liquit celomático dels capellanets de mar somesos a estrés acustic. Tambe s'observaren efectes significatius en el nivell de glucosa, la citotoxicidad i les activitats enzimáticas (esterasa, fosfatasa alcalina, peroxidasas) de la glandula digestiva de la clochina. En segon lloc, s'analisaren les respostes bioquimiques de vertebrats i invertebrats somesos in-situ a l'emissio de watergun: Chromis chromis, Holothuria tubulosa i Arbacia lixula. se trobaren efectes significatius sobre els nivells de cortisol en peixos i les activitats enzimáticas (esterasas, fosfatasas alcalines, peroxidasas y superoxide dimutases) en peristomes de capellanet de mar. Ademes, les respostes bioquimiques enzimáticas analisades en els decorreguts celómicos dels equinoderms fon significativa nomes per A. lixula i nomes en l'activade peroxidasica. Tercer s'estudiaren els canvis de comportament en les condicions experimentals en jovenils de Sparus aurata somesos a 4 freqüencies d'emissio acustica diferents. Este experiment demostrà que nomes les baixes freqüencies tingueren efectes en totes les respostes comportamental: alçada de natacio, motilidad i escampada del grup. Sobre la base de les senyes de comportament obtinguts in vivo en peixos jovens, se creó un model numeric per a predecir els impactes de diferents freqüencies d'emissio acustica. Utilisant els resultats obtinguts i la bibliografia cientifica, se propongue un primer estandart tecnic que es util per a la mineria.
[EN] Throughout history, man has exploited the earth's mineral resources for its survival and for technological development without regard for their regeneration. Given the growth of the world population and given the fall in resources, man started looking for new deposits, which were found in 1960s in the ocean depths. Humankind then began to consider extracting minerals from these deposits and this gave origin to Deep Sea Mining (DSM). The consequences of mining activities in the deep sea are not entirely known and the effects can be varied: noise pollution, light pollution, chemical pollution, habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and the loss of species which we consider the basis of many life systems. The acoustic impact of these activities could have significant consequences on marine species; nevertheless, this has been the most overlooked issue to date. The aim of this PhD project was to provide baseline knowledge of possible acoustic impacts of DSM on biodiversity before mining begins. In order to do this, the PhD project was organised into 3 different stages. First, during an indoor experiment, the biochemical responses of invertebrates Arbacia lixula and Mytilus galloprovincialis subjected to acoustic stress were analysed. The results showed significant changes in cytotoxicity activity, expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), and enzyme activities (esterases, alkaline phosphatases, peroxidases) in the coelomic fluid of sea urchins subjected to acoustic stress. Significant effects were also observed in glucose levels, cytotoxicity and enzyme activities (esterase, alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase) in the digestive gland of the mussel. Second, the biochemical responses of vertebrates and invertebrates subjected in-situ to watergun emission were analysed: Chromis chromis, Holothuria tubulosa and Arbacia lixula. Significant effects on fish cortisol levels and on enzyme activities in sea urchin peristomes were found. Furthermore, the enzyme biochemical responses analysed in the coelomic fluids of echinoderms showed significant effects only in A. lixula sea urchin and only in peroxidase activity. Third, behavioural changes in experimental conditions were studied in juveniles of Sparus aurata subjected to 4 different acoustic emission frequencies. This experiment showed that only low frequencies had effects on all the behavioural responses analysed: swimming height, motility and dispersion of the group. Based on behavioural data obtained in vivo on juvenile fish, a numerical model was created to predict the impacts of different acoustic emission frequencies. Using the results obtained and literature, a first technical standard useful for mining activities was drawn up.
The study of the Section 3.3 was supported by grants from MIUR (Ministry of Education, University and Research), Fondo Finalizzato alla Ricerca di Ateneo (FFR, 2018-2021) to M.V. and by the CNR research project: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SOS CONVENTION - Offshore Platforms & Impacts between MATTM and CNR-DTA, (Capo Granitola, Campobello di Mazara) Work Package E: Indepth technical and scientific evaluation of the effects on marine ecosystems of airgun technologies and the effects of a watergun The study of the Section 3.4 study was conducted in the framework of the PhD program in Mediterranean Biodiversity XXXII cycle (International) of the University of Palermo. I. Perez-Arjona, M. Bou-Cabo and V. Espinosa acknowledge the financial support of the European Comission -project 11.0661/2018794607/SUB/ENV.C2. Risk-based Approaches to Good Environmental Status (RAGES). The other founding supports come from PhD Innovative with Industrial Characterization PON 2014-2020 and the projects CAIMAR Joint Laboratory Italy-Argentina (Laboratori Congiunti Bilaterali Internazionali of the Italian National Reseach Council, 2017-2019) and BOSS – Study of bioacoustics and applications for the sustainable exploitation of marine resources (Projects of major importance in the Scientific and Technological Collaboration Executive Programmes, funded by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation).
Mauro, M. (2020). Mining extraction in the ocean depths: a baseline to understand and reduce acoustic impact on biodiversity [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/144131
TESIS