Journal articles on the topic 'Extraction de processus'
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1
AITELKADI, KENZA. "Extraction des éléments de façade de bâtiments patrimoniaux à partir de données issues de scanner laser terrestre." Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, no. 210 (April 10, 2015): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52638/rfpt.2015.229.
Abstract:
Le relevé par Scanner Laser Terrestre (SLT) et le traitement de ces données, ou lasergrammétrie, est en pleine évolution depuis plusieurs années. Les domaines de l'architecture et de la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel bénéficient de plus en plus des produits dérivés de cette technologie. L'apparition de la lasergrammétrie a permis l'inventaire, l'archivage et la modélisation tridimensionnelle des édifices et des sites. Toutefois, le processus de traitement des données brutes et de production des produits dérivés est long et parfois difficile. Des travaux de recherche ont alors permis d'automatiser certaines étapes de traitement. Dans le cadre de l'analyse de façades de bâtiments historiques, les approches de traitement automatique développées pour l'identification des plans et des détails, dont la phase de segmentation, sont généralement géométriques. Ces approches présentent cependant des limites dans l'identification des éléments de façades appartenant au même plan. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons un nouveau processus automatique de segmentation d'un nuage de points. Ce processus intègre l'ensemble des composantes du nuage de points à savoir les composantes géométriques et radiométriques - couleur et intensité laser. Nous présentons ensuite une nouvelle méthode de filtrage des résultats de segmentation basée sur la triangulation de Delaunay. L'étape finale consiste à détecter les contours des éléments segmentés en vue de l'établissement d'un modèle vectoriel. Cette méthode est testée sur des façades des anciennes Médinas au Maroc dont celle de la Médina de Casablanca. Nos résultats montrent l'importance d'intégrer toutes les composantes du nuage de points pour l'établissement du modèle vectoriel.
2
Maniez, François. "Extraction d’une phraséologie bilingue en langue de spécialité : corpus parallèles et corpus comparables." Meta 46, no. 3 (October 2, 2002): 552–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/003549ar.
Abstract:
Résumé L'extraction terminologique et phraséologique repose à l'heure actuelle sur des outils éprouvés en environnement unilingue. Toutefois, le repérage des collocations ou lexies composées ( multi-word units ) et de leur équivalent de traduction dans une autre langue, que ce soit à l'aide de corpus parallèles ou de corpus comparables, reste une tâche ardue. Cet article expose une approche semiautomatique de ce processus d'extraction grâce à l'utilisation de ces deux types de corpus.
3
Craciun, Paula, and Josiane Zerubia. "Unsupervised marked point process model for boat extraction and counting in harbors from high resolution optical remotely sensed images." Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, no. 207 (June 20, 2014): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.52638/rfpt.2014.2.
Abstract:
Les modèles de processus ponctuels marquès ont été appliqués avec succès pour l'extraction d'objets à partir d'images optiques de télédétection à haute résolution lors de la dernière décennie. Les modèles se composes typiquement de deux types de termes d'énergie : un terme de données qui reflète la fidélité des configurations à l'image d'entrée et un terme qui intègre des connaissances a priori sur les objets à extraire. Dans cet article, nous traitons le problème de l'extraction des bateaux dans des ports. C'est un problème difficile en raison de la répartition particulière des objets dans ce cas. Nous décrivons un modèle de processus ponctuel marquè à base d'ellipses développé auparavant, pour lequel nous déterminons automatiquement l'un de ses principaux paramètres. Nous présentons quelques-uns des inconvénients de ce modéle en raison des contraintes dures imposées, que nous relaxons ensuite pour rendre le nouveau modèle plus général.
4
Crabbé, Ph. "L’exploration des ressources extractives non renouvelables : théorie économique, processus stochastique et vérification." Articles 53, no. 4 (June 30, 2009): 559–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800747ar.
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AbstractMost of the literature devoted to the "theory of the mine" has been developed under certainty. It has been unable to explain the activity of exploration. The stochastic models of exploration were developed quasi-independently from economic theory. The purpose of this article is to survey both the mining and economic literature related to the "theory of the mine" under uncertainty and the exploration models since the turn of the century. The survey is complementary to the one made in this journal by F. Peterson and A.C. Fisher.The first part defines exploration as being essentially a search and information gathering activity. It reviews the contributions to the economic theory of exploration and resource stock uncertainty. It compares the optimal extraction path and the life cycle of the mine under stock uncertainty and stock certainty. It shows in particular that increasing the rate of discount is generally inappropriate to take account of stock uncertainty. Some partial equilibrium results on exploration are given as well. The presence of stock uncertainty or exploration in a general equilibrium model is shown to jeopardize the optimality of competitive allocations.The second part points out the wealth of the theoretical and empirical analysis of exploration as a stochastic process. It first reviews the literature on size distributions of reserves which gives strong theoretical and empirical support to the lognormal hypothesis. It then goes on to the exploration models which roughly speaking can be broken down into two groups. The Allais type models, better suited for relatively unexplored regions, which combine a Poisson or negative binomial process for discovery with a lognormal distribution for sizes. The Arps-Roberts-Kaufman type models, more adequate for "mature" regions, assume exhaustive sampling with probability proportional to size of discovery. Generally the treatment of the discovery process, to be distinguished from the sampling for sizes, and the handling of geological information are still woefully inadequate.The third and last part of the survey points out the gap which exists in the microeconomic literature about the study of random inputs. It suggests that the theory of dams and insurance and the theory of search especially adaptive search could be fruitfully used. Problems which remain to be tackled are the influence of stock uncertainty on grade of ore mined and on investment in capacity.
5
Léonard, Eric. "Fronteras internas, extracción de rentas y enclaves ganaderos: La colonización agraria del Istmo Central mexicano, 1945-1985 / Internal frontiers, rent extraction and livestock enclaves: The agricultural colonization of the mexican Central Isthmus, 1945-1985." Revista Trace, no. 80 (July 30, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22134/trace.80.2021.786.
Abstract:
Este artículo analiza los procesos de construcción y expansión de redes sociales y dispositivos de patronazgo privado que coordinaron el proceso de frontera interna del Istmo de Veracruz durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Se interesa en particular en los diversos soportes institucionales, oficiales e informales en los que actores privados, vinculados con la red de poder del presidente Miguel Alemán, apoyaron sus estrategias de control sobre los recursos naturales y estatales movilizados en dicho proceso. En muchos aspectos, estos dispositivos sociales e institucionales se han cristalizado en dinámicas de enclaves, es decir, en la formación de espacios regulados por sistemas de reglas y autoridades privadas, segregados en lo esencial de las jurisdicciones territoriales establecidas por la ley y los reglamentos oficiales. En el Istmo Central, son dispositivos personalizados de patronazgo privado los que confirieron a las estructuras territoriales características de campos jurisdiccionales de excepción.Abstract: This article analyzes the processes through which social networks and private patronage devices developed in order to coordinate the internal frontier process in the Isthmus of Veracruz during the second half of the 20th century. It particularly focusses on the institutional bases, both official and informal, which enabled private actors, associated with the power network of President Miguel Alemán, to establish and expand their strategies for controlling the natural and state resources mobilized in this process. In many ways, such social and institutional arrangements crystallized in enclave dynamics, i.e. in the formation of spaces regulated by private sets of rules and authorities, segregated to a major extent from the territorial jurisdictions established by laws and official regulations. In the Central Isthmus, territorial structures were molded by personalized private patronage networks that conferred them the characteristics of exceptional jurisdictional fields.Keywords: internal frontier; patronage; cattle reeding; enclave; privatization.Résumé : Cet article analyse les processus de construction et d’expansion de réseaux sociaux et de dispositifs de patronage privé qui ont coordonné le processus de frontière interne dans l’Isthme de Veracruz, au cours de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle. Il s’intéresse en particulier aux bases institutionnelles, tant officielle qu’informelles, qui ont permis à des acteurs privés, associés au réseau de pouvoir du président Miguel Alemán, d’asseoir leurs stratégies de contrôle des ressources naturelles et étatiques mobilisées dans ce processus. A bien des égards, ces dispositifs sociaux et institutionnels se sont cristallisés dans des dynamiques d’enclave, c’est-à-dire dans la formation d’espaces régulés par des systèmes de règles et d’autorités privées, ségrégués dans une large mesure des juridictions territoriales établies par la loi et les règlements officiels. Dans l’Isthme Central, ce sont des dispositifs personnalisés de patronage privé qui ont conféré aux structures territoriales les caractéristiques de champs juridictionnels d’exception.Mots-clés : frontière interne ; patronage ; élevage bovin ; enclave ; privatisation.
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Markovic, Dubravka, Mirjana Krstic, Milanko Djuric, and Tatjana Brkanic. "Degree of the residual alveolar ridge resorption registrated by ortopantomograms among immediate and classic complete denture users." Serbian Dental Journal 49, no. 1-2 (2002): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs0202040m.
Abstract:
Degree of residual ridge loss is influenced by sistemic phactors, but during the first phase after extraction local phactors are dominant. Patohistological changes of alveolar processus of jaws show the possibility of negative influence of complete dentures on support tissue. In this study, on the chosen sample, the degree of alveolar ridge loss was measured in the group of immediate complete denture users (30 patients) and classical complete denture users ( 30 patients).Height of residual alveolar ridge was measured on ortopantomograms. Localization of referent points proportion was used because of neutralization of shadow distorsion (five in maxilla and five in mandibula). The first ortopantomogram was made at the time of delivering dentures, and the second one six months later. The final measurement of alveolar ridge height is bigger in the group with classical dentures. The reduction degree of residual alveolar ridge is bigger in the group of immediate complete denture users in the first six months.
7
Garcia-Castello, Esperanza M., Luis Mayor, Alejandro Calvo-Ramirez, Ruben Ruiz-Melero, and Antonio D. Rodriguez-Lopez. "Response Surface Optimization of Inulin and Polyphenol Extraction from Artichoke (Cynara scolymus (L.)) Solid Wastes." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 7957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12167957.
Abstract:
Artichoke wastes after processing represent 60–70% of the raw material and are a potential source of inulin and polyphenols, bioactive compounds that can be valorized as food ingredients or nutraceutical products. The aim of this work was to assess and optimize the extraction of these compounds from artichoke wastes using water or water–ethanol mixtures as extracting agents. For simultaneous inulin and polyphenol extraction and to achieve high antioxidant activity in extracts, the best process conditions using water as an extracting agent were T = 89 °C and t = 139 min, where 80% of the inulin content, 60% of the total phenolic content (TPC) and 56% of the antioxidant activity (Aox) were obtained. For water–ethanol extractions, the best results were obtained with EtOH = 22.4%, T = 81 °C and t = 217 min, leading to extraction yields of 90% of TPC, 38% of Aox and 58% of inulin content. From these results, we recommend the use of water for the recovery of inulin and polyphenols from artichoke wastes. Although the extraction yield of polyphenols is lower in water treatments, the amount extracted is considerable and it is a greener option when compared with water–ethanol mixtures.
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Crăciun, Alina Lenuța, and Gheorghe Gutt. "Optimization of Experimental Parameters in the Solvent Extraction of Trans-Resveratrol from Pruning Waste of Vitis vinifera, Fetească Neagră Variety." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 6, 2023): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13020823.
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The past few decades have seen a marked expansion in market demand for food supplements with therapeutic value. Due to this demand, the recovery of vine waste for obtaining certain phytochemicals or plant synthesized compounds with health-promoting activities can be an important economic component, principally with the agreement of the European Union for resveratrol as a new food ingredient. For the sake of economic capitalization, it is necessary to determine optimum extraction parameters for maximum recovery. In this paper, we have determined the optimum parameters for the solvent extraction of trans-resveratrol from vine prunings. We tested different extraction conditions: 35 different types of solvents, 10 types of solid-to-liquid ratios, 10 extraction times, 10 types of granulosity of the ground material and 7 consecutive extractions on the same material. The optimal parameters determined were: solvent ethanol:diethyl ether 4:1 ratio, 1:35 solid liquid ratio g/mL, 4 days for extraction time, 500 µm–350 µm granulosity of powdered material and one extraction on the material. These findings are confirmed by optimization of extracting parameters according to Box–Behnken design.
9
Aboubacar, Zakari. "Analyse De La Promotion Du Genre Et De L’équité Dans Le Processus Du Développement Local : Cas Du PDC De La Commune De Matamèye." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 29 (October 31, 2017): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n29p254.
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This study aims is to identify the level of integration of the female component in development actions at the level of the urban commune of Matamèye. It is based on an exploitation of the field data with the help of a maintenance guide, a questionnaire and the support of the Municipal Development Plan. The interview took place in the semi-structured form. It is clear that there are more than a hundred registered women's groups both in the commune and in the departmental service. These groups operate in the following activities: extraction of peanut oil, market gardening, manufacture of traditional spaghetti and garin yara. The promoters of these activities do not complain. Indeed, even if these results do not live up to expectations, we must encourage the initiatives of the municipality which try with little means to create a framework that allows these structures to evolve in complete independence. Nevertheless, there are conflicts of jurisdiction in the granting of official authorization to these groups between the supervisory authority and the newly elected administration. Each of the two parties believes that it is up to the municipality to issue them according to the local authorities code according to the ordinance n ° 2010-54 of 17 September 2010. That is why we say that the conflicts of competence between the supervisory authority and the newly elected government that often appear must not hamper local development actions, the principle for which decentralization has emerged.
10
Tang, Zhigang, Zhimin He, Hongwei Li, Dong Guo, and Zhijun Zhao. "Process Intensification in Tiopronin Extraction." International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 7, no. 6 (December 2016): 433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2016.7.6.620.
11
Dyachok, Vasil. "Extraction Process of Intracellular Substance." Chemistry and Chemical Technology 4, no. 2 (June 15, 2010): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht04.02.163.
Abstract:
In this study the mathematical model of the extraction process from plant material is developed, taking into account the anatomical structure of plant material, namely the presence of cellular and intercellular spaces. The solution of the model enables to determine its kinetic coefficients Dc, Dt, process conditions, and predict the kinetics of the extraction process implementation in practice.
12
Jv, Caixia, Fenggang Li, Peng Yan, Mengmeng Fan, Linlin Jia, Hong Zhang, Xianyong Wei, and Zhimin Zong. "Analysis of Carbon Tetrachloride-Extractable Species from Daxing Bituminous Coal." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 9, 2020): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020494.
Abstract:
Soxhlet extraction (SE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were carried out on Daxing coal with carbon tetrachloride. The extracted components were analyzed by GC-MS while the residues of the coal after extractions were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The obtained IR spectra indicated that the functional groups were barely changed in strength for the coal before and after extractions concluding that the macromolecular structures of coal were not destroyed in the extraction processes. XRD diagrams showed the peak around θ = 47 was totally disappeared by all the three extractions, indicating that the graphite-like structural substances in the coal were totally destroyed in the extraction processes. GC/MS analysis showed that: (1) The SE method extracted the least number of substances from the coal; on the other hand, the extracted compounds are largely chlorinated which can be explained by the free radical mechanism. (2) MAE extracted 75 organic compounds of which 53 are oxygen-containing substances. A small portion of non-alkanes (1.19%) was found, which is in contrast to the other two extraction methods. Moreover, a few biomarker compounds were also identified including hexaoxane, 2-methylcholest-3-ene, 6,9,12-tripropylheptadecane, and 17α-21β-28,30-bisnorhopane. (3) The three extraction methods gave totally different extraction patterns for the same coal, highlighting that the extraction method can dominate the outcome of the extracted products. The mechanisms behind these extraction processes are discussed. This study provides a base for the future choice of the extraction methods in terms of outcomes of the extraction products.
13
Ahmad, Jawad, Abdur Rehman, Hafiz Tayyab Rauf, Kashif Javed, Maram Abdullah Alkhayyal, and Abeer Ali Alnuaim. "Service Recommendations Using a Hybrid Approach in Knowledge Graph with Keyword Acceptance Criteria." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (March 31, 2022): 3544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073544.
Abstract:
Businesses are overgrowing worldwide; people struggle for their businesses and startups in almost every field of life, whether industrial or academic. The businesses or services have multiple income streams with which they generate revenue. Most companies use different marketing and advertisement strategies to engage their customers and spread their services worldwide. Service recommendation systems are gaining popularity to recommend the best services and products to customers. In recent years, the development of service-oriented computing has had a significant impact on the growth of businesses. Knowledge graphs are commonly used data structures to describe the relations among data entities in recommendation systems. Domain-oriented user and service interaction knowledge graph (DUSKG) is a framework for keyword extraction in recommendation systems. This paper proposes a novel method of chunking-based keyword extractions for hybrid recommendations to extract domain-specific keywords in DUSKG. We further show that the performance of the hybrid approach is better than other techniques. The proposed chunking method for keyword extraction outperforms the existing value feature entity extraction (VF2E) by extracting fewer keywords.
14
Doerr, S. H., C. T. Llewellyn, P. Douglas, C. P. Morley, K. A. Mainwaring, C. Haskins, L. Johnsey, et al. "Extraction of compounds associated with water repellency in sandy soils of different origin." Soil Research 43, no. 3 (2005): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04091.
Abstract:
After an initial evaluation of several solvents, the efficiency of Soxhlet extractions with isopropanol/ammonia (s.g. 0.88) (70 : 30 v : v; 24 h) in extracting compounds associated with water repellency in sandy soils was examined using a range of repellent and wettable control soils (n = 15 and 4) from Australia, Greece, Portugal, The Netherlands, and the UK. Extraction efficiency and the role of the extracts in causing soil water repellency was examined by determining extract mass, sample organic carbon content and water repellency (after drying at 20°C and 105°C) pre- and post-extraction, and amounts of aliphatic C–H removed using DRIFT, and by assessing the ability of extracts to cause repellency in acid-washed sand (AWS). Key findings are: (i) none of organic carbon content, amount of aliphatic C–H, or amount of material extracted give any significant correlation with repellency for this diverse range of soils; (ii) sample drying at 105°C is not necessarily useful before extraction, but may provide additional information on extraction effectiveness when used after extraction; (iii) the extraction removed repellency completely from 13 of the 15 repellent samples; (iv) extracts from all repellent and wettable control soils were capable of inducing repellency in AWS. The findings suggest that compounds responsible for repellency represent only a fraction of the extract composition and that their presence does not necessarily always cause repellency.
15
Delgado-González, Manuel J., María de Valme García-Moreno, and Dominico A. Guillén-Sánchez. "A Theoretical Approximation of the Accelerating Effects of Ultrasound about the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Wood by Wine Spirits." Foods 11, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11040517.
Abstract:
The acceleration on the extraction by the sonication of phenolic compounds (measured as the Total Phenolic Index) from wood chips by wine distillates is studied in the present paper. Using the Arrhenius equation, the theoretical temperature at which the kinetics obtained by these sonicated extraction processes are equal to the kinetics of non-sonicated and thermally accelerated extractions, was calculated. By applying a pseudo-second order kinetic model, it was shown that the initial rate values obtained from the sonicated extractions were as high as those obtained from the thermal extractions carried out at a temperature at least 2.5 °C higher than the real temperature at which the experiment was performed. Higher power densities lead to higher initial rates of extraction, although very high power densities decrease the amount of phenols in equilibrium, probably due to the degradation processes. Additionally, the positive synergy between the sonication and the movement of the recirculated distillate through wood chips was also stablished, obtaining a difference of temperature of at least,18.2 °C for the initial extraction rate and 7.0 °C for the equilibrium.
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Krishna, Nanditha, and K. Nagamani. "Understanding and Visualization of Different Feature Extraction Processes in Glaucoma Detection." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2327, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2327/1/012023.
Abstract:
Abstract In the recent years the usage of mobile phone is increased and it is the major reason for cause of vision loss in several people. The continuous usage increases pressure inside optic nerve head and it leads to glaucoma disease. Also, there are lot of other reasons which leads to the cause of glaucoma. The purpose of this paper is to determine the importance of feature extraction process in glaucoma detection and implementation of different techniques for extracting convenient features for training machine learning model using pre-processed OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) images. The two major feature extraction techniques narrated in this paper are convolutional neural network (CNN) model-based feature extraction and image processing model-based feature extraction. A performance analysis was conducted to find best feature extraction technique and both techniques performed well.
17
Xarez, M., P. Weiderer, A. M. Tomé, and Elmar W. Lang. "Extracting control variables of casting processes with NMF and rule extraction." Expert Systems with Applications 180 (October 2021): 115118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115118.
18
Zamanhuri, Norashikin Ahmad, Norazah Abd Rahman, and Noor Fitrah Abu Bakar. "Effect of Microwave Power and Extraction Time on Crude Palm Oil Quality Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction Process." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 3 (February 15, 2021): 495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.35402.
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The aim of this study is to evaluate microwave-assisted extraction at several microwave power and extraction time in extracting oil palm products, such as crude palm oil (CPO) and palm fatty acid (PFA) composition. The exposure time was shortened and overheating was avoided when sterilized mesocarp exposed to microwave prior to Soxhlet extraction in order to obtain good quality oil. The effects of CPO extraction and PFA composition on the distillate produced were investigated. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the determination and quantification of PFA composition in the distilled products. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that the microwave-assisted extraction technique had efficiently assisted in the release of oil by breaking down the mesocarp cell structure. To fill the research gap of microwave-assisted sterilization in the previous research, microwave-assisted extraction was introduced, in which two processes (i.e., extraction and drying) were conducted in one equipment. Oil yield and color, free fatty acids (FFA), Deterioration of Bleachability Index (DOBI), and carotene contents of the CPO were quantified. At 100 W, the extraction of CPO demonstrated 64% yield produced, with chemical properties of 0.301% FFA, 3.53 DOBI and 1132 ppm carotene with final temperature of 76.2°C during microwave-assisted extraction. The optimum condition for extracting PFA distillate was 300 W for 30 min of exposure time. Additionally, distillate obtained at the optimum condition using microwave-assisted extraction consisted of high palmitic acid (C16:0), caramel-like aroma, and possessed a sweet fragrance.
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Li, Qingxiao, Nicky Rahmana Putra, Dwila Nur Rizkiyah, Ahmad Hazim Abdul Aziz, Irianto Irianto, and Lailatul Qomariyah. "Orange Pomace and Peel Extraction Processes towards Sustainable Utilization: A Short Review." Molecules 28, no. 8 (April 18, 2023): 3550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083550.
Abstract:
More than 58 million metric tonnes of oranges were produced in 2021, and the peels, which account for around one-fifth of the fruit weight, are often discarded as waste in the orange juice industry. Orange pomace and peels as wastes are used as a sustainable raw material to make valuable products for nutraceuticals. The orange peels and pomace contain pectin, phenolics, and limonene, which have been linked to various health benefits. Various green extraction methods, including supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) extraction, subcritical water extraction (SWE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), are applied to valorize the orange peels and pomace. Therefore, this short review will give insight into the valorization of orange peels/pomace extraction using different extraction methods for health and wellness. This review extracts information from articles written in English and published from 2004 to 2022. The review also discusses orange production, bioactive compounds in orange peels/pomaces, green extractions, and potential uses in the food industry. Based on this review, the valorization of orange peels and pomaces can be carried out using green extraction methods with high quantities and qualities of extracts. Therefore, the extract can be used for health and wellness products.
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Olguín-Rojas, José Arturo, Lucio Abel Vázquez-León, Miguel Palma, María Teresa Fernández-Ponce, Lourdes Casas, Gerardo Fernández Barbero, and Guadalupe del Carmen Rodríguez-Jimenes. "Re-Valorization of Red Habanero Chili Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) Waste by Recovery of Bioactive Compounds: Effects of Different Extraction Processes." Agronomy 14, no. 4 (March 24, 2024): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040660.
Abstract:
Inadequately managed agricultural waste significantly impacts the environment, health, and economy. This pollution stems from the underutilization, inadequate awareness, and insufficient treatment of agricultural waste. Fruit and vegetable wastes are valuable sources of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to revalorize discarded waste from red habanero chili peppers (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) by extracting bioactive compounds through different extraction processes: maceration (ME), maceration assisted by ultrasound (US), Soxhlet extraction (SE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and supercritical fluid extraction with a co-solvent (SFEC). The extraction processes had significant effects on extraction efficiency and phytochemical profile (capsaicinoids and carotenoids recovery). The results indicated that the highest-efficiency process was SFEC, in addition to its high phytochemicals recovery (14.9 mg of total capsaicinoids and total carotenoids 292.09 µg per gram of sample). Concerning the phytochemical profile of the extract, the maceration process yielded the highest concentration of compounds, followed by US and SFEC. These data reveal that the use of the SFE and SFEC processes is recommended for extracting phytochemicals with biological activity from red habanero chili pepper waste for diverse industrial applications.
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Owczarek, Katarzyna, Natalia Szczepanska, Justyna Plotka-Wasylka, Malgorzata Rutkowska, Olena Shyshchak, Michael Bratychak, and Jacek Namiesnik. "Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents in Extraction Process." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 10, no. 4s (December 25, 2016): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht10.04si.601.
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Developing new, eco-friendly solvents which would meet technological and economic demands is perhaps the most popular aspects of Green Chemistry. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) fully meet green chemistry principles. These solvents offer many advantages including biodegradability, low toxicity, sustainability, low costs and simple preparation. This paper provides an overview of knowledge regarding NADES with special emphasis on extraction applications and further perspectives as truly sustainable solvents.
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Dhillon, S. K., and K. S. Dhillon. "Pools of selenium in some Indian soils at field capacity and submerged moisture regimes." Soil Research 42, no. 2 (2004): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03002.
Abstract:
Pools of soil selenium (Se) as influenced by moisture regimes were investigated in some normal and seleniferous (which produce vegetation containing >5 mg Se/kg—the maximum permissible level for animal consumption) soils of India. Soil samples were equilibrated with 75Se by subjecting to alternate wetting and drying cycles and incubated at field capacity and submerged moisture regimes. Each soil sample was subjected to either single extraction with 0.25 M KCl, 0.1 M KH2PO4, and 4 M HCl in a sequence or 7 extractions with KCl followed by 7 extractions with KH2PO4 and 2 with HCl. Amount of 75Se extracted from different soils incubated at field capacity through single extraction with 0.25 M KCl varied from 8.4 to 30.5% of applied 75Se for alkaline and 2.6 to 10.4% for acidic soils. Among alkaline soils, a greater amount of 75Se was extracted from highly calcareous non-seleniferous soils than seleniferous soils. The amount of selenium extracted through 7 sequential extractions with 0.25 M KCl was 1.5–7.0 times greater than that extracted through single extraction. A significant coefficient of correlation between 75Se extracted through repeated extractions with 0.25 M KCl and pH of the soils (r = 0.93, P�≤ 0.01) suggested greater availability of Se in alkaline than acidic soils. Specifically sorbed soil Se extracted with 0.1 M KH2PO4 through 7 sequential extractions ranged from 15.3 to 24.6% for alkaline and 24.4 to 40.1% for acidic soils. The amount of 75Se desorbed through multiple extractions with 4 M HCl was negatively correlated with pH (r�= –0.95, P ≤ 0.01) and electrical conductivity (r = –0.85, P ≤ 0.05) of the soils. After subjecting to single extraction, residual 75Se left in soils incubated at field capacity moisture varied from 11.7 to 59.7%. It was negatively correlated with pH (r = –0.85, P ≤ 0.05) and CaCO3 (r = –0.79, P ≤ 0.10) and positively correlated with ammonium oxalate extractable iron content (r = 0.76, P ≤ 0.10) of soils. Compared with the single extraction procedure, only a small amount (9–36%) of 75Se was left as residual 75Se after multiple extractions. Relatively less 75Se was released when the alkaline or acidic soils incubated under submergence were subjected to single or multiple extraction procedures. The multiple extraction procedure could better assess different soil Se pools than the single extraction procedure. At field capacity moisture, large amounts of Se occur in easily available forms. Under submerged conditions, substantial amounts of Se are maintained in the soil solution when Se is removed from the solution through plant uptake or leaching.
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Li, Junyang, Margherita Pettinato, Roberta Campardelli, Iolanda De Marco, and Patrizia Perego. "High-Pressure Technologies for the Recovery of Bioactive Molecules from Agro-Industrial Waste." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (April 4, 2022): 3642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073642.
Abstract:
Large amounts of food waste are produced each year. These residues require appropriate management to reduce their environmental impact and, at the same time, economic loss. However, this waste is still rich in compounds (e.g., colorants, antioxidants, polyphenols, fatty acids, vitamins, and proteins) that can find potential applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Conventional extraction techniques suffer some drawbacks when applied to the exploitation of food residues, including large amounts of polluting solvents, increased time of extraction, possible degradation of the active molecules during extraction, low yields, and reduced extraction selectivity. For these reasons, advanced extraction techniques have emerged in order to obtain efficient residue exploitation using more sustainable processes. In particular, performing extraction under high-pressure conditions, such as supercritical fluids and pressurized liquid extraction, offers several advantages for the extraction of bioactive molecules. These include the reduced use of toxic solvents, reduced extraction time, high selectivity, and the possibility of being applied in combination in a cascade of progressive extractions. In this review, an overview of high-pressure extraction techniques related to the recovery of high added value compounds from waste generated in food industries is presented and a critical discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each process is reported. Furthermore, the possibility of combined multi-stage extractions, as well as economic and environmental aspects, are discussed in order to provide a complete overview of the topic.
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Orozco-Flores, Laura A., Erika Salas, Guillermo González-Sánchez, David Chávez-Flores, Raúl A. Ramírez-García, Beatriz A. Rocha-Gutiérrez, María Del R. Peralta-Pérez, and María De L. Ballinas-Casarrubias. "Novel Zero Headspace Solid-Liquid Extraction for the Recovery of Polyphenolic Fractions from Grape Pomace." Processes 10, no. 6 (June 2, 2022): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10061112.
Abstract:
Grape pomace (GP) is a good source of high-value compounds as up to 60% of grape polyphenols remain in it after wine-making. To overcome traditional membrane technologies’ d rawbacks, such as fouling, a novel Zero Head Space extraction (ZHE) procedure was developed. The reaction vessel comprised a filtration device with a nitrocellulose membrane. The separation was performed at 50 lb/in2 and 23 °C, with no headspace during the process. Water and methanol (both acidifie d) were evaluated as solvents during two extraction stages for the recovery and fractionation of polyphenols. Aqueous extract (AE) was mainly constituted by monomeric polyphenols while Methanol extract (ME) presented less soluble compounds, as well as a higher concentration of total anthocyanin content than AE. Additional methanolic (CE) and acetone (CAE) extractions of residual GP showed CE presented a similar profile to ME (at a lower concentration), indicating ZHE efficiency at extracting polyphenols in GP. CAE presented a non-resolved hump, characteristic of high proanthocyanidins’ polydispersity. ZHE rendered a monomeric fraction in ME (mean Degree of Polymerization, mDP of 1.38). Residual GP (cake) extractions demonstrated oligomeric polyphenol retention; mDP up to 3.05 when acetone was used. Fractionation of GP polyphenols was successfully established using a Zero Head space extractor.
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LaFlamme, Crystal, Christopher R. M. McFarlane, and David Corrigan. "Neoarchean Mantle-derived Magmatism within the Repulse Bay Block, Melville Peninsula, Nunavut: Implications for Archean Crustal Extraction and Cratonization." Geoscience Canada 42, no. 3 (July 29, 2015): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2015.42.065.
Abstract:
SUMMARYThe Repulse Bay block (RBb) of the southern Melville Peninsula, Nunavut, lies within the Rae craton and exposes a large (50,000 km2) area of middle to lower crust. The block is composed of ca. 2.86 Ga and 2.73–2.71 Ga tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) and granitic gneiss that was derived from an older 3.25 and 3.10 Ga crustal substrate. This period of crustal generation was followed by the emplacement of ca. 2.69–2.66 Ga enderbite, charnockite, and granitoid intrusions with entrained websterite xenoliths. These voluminous batholith-scale bodies (dehydrated and hydrated intrusions), and the associated websterite xenoliths, have similar whole rock geochemical properties, including fractionated light rare earth element (LREE)–heavy (H)REE whole rock patterns and negative Nb, Ti, and Ta anomalies. Dehydrated intrusions and websterite xenoliths also contain similar mineralogy (two pyroxene, biotite, interstitial amphibole) and similar pyroxene trace element compositions. Based on geochemical and mineralogical properties, the two lithologies are interpreted to be related by fractional crystallization, and to be the product of a magmatic cumulate processes. Reworking of the crust in a ca. 2.72 Ga subduction zone setting was followed by ca. 2.69 Ga upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle and the intrusion of massif-type granitoid plutons. Based on a dramatic increase in FeO, Zr, Hf, and LREE content of the most evolved granitoid components from the 2.69–2.66 Ga cumulate intrusion, we propose that those granitoid plutons were in part derived from a metasomatized mantle source enriched by fluids from the subducting oceanic slab that underwent further hybridization (via assimilation) with the crust. Large-scale, mantle-derived Neoarchean sanukitoid-type magmatism played a role in the development of a depleted lower crust and residual sub-continental lithospheric mantle, a crucial element in the preservation of the RBb.RÉSUMÉLe bloc de Repulse Bay (RBb) dans le sud de la péninsule de Melville, au Nunavut, est situé dans le craton de Rae et expose une large zone (50 000 km2) de croûte moyenne à inférieur. Ce bloc est composé de tonalite-trondhjémite-granodiorite (TTG) daté à ca. 2,86 Ga et 2,73–2,71 Ga, et de gneiss granitique dérivé d’un substrat crustal plus ancien daté à 3,25 Ga et 3,10 Ga. Cette période de croissance crustale a été suivie par la mise en place entre ca. 2,69 et 2,66 Ga d’intrusions d’enderbite, charnockite et de granitoïde incluant des xénolites d’entraînement de websterite. Ces intrusions de taille batholitique (intrusions déshydratées et hydratées) ainsi que les xénolites d’entraînement de websterite associés, ont des propriétés géochimiques sur roche totale semblables notamment leurs profils de fractionnement des terres rares légers (LREE) et des terres rares lourds (HREE) ainsi que leurs anomalies négatives en Nb, Ti et Ta. Les intrusions déshydratées et les xénolites de websterite ont aussi des minéralogies similaires (deux pyroxènes, biotite, amphibole interstitielle) ainsi que des compositions semblables en éléments traces de leurs pyroxènes. Étant donné leurs propriétés géochimiques et minéralogiques, ces deux lithologies sont interprétées comme provenant d’une cristallisation fractionnée, et comme étant le produit de processus d'accumulations magmatiques. Le remaniement de la croûte dans un contexte de subduction vers ca. 2,72 Ga, a été suivi vers ca. 2,69 Ga d’une remontée du manteau asthénosphérique et de l’intrusion de granitoïdes de type massif. D'après l’importante augmentation en FeO, Zr, Hf et LREE dans les granitoïdes les plus évolués du magmatisme ayant pris place entre ca. 2,69 Ga et 2,66 Ga, nous proposons que ces plutons aient été en partie dérivés d’une source mantélique métasomatisée enrichies par des fluides d’une plaque océanique en subduction et qui a subi une hybridation supplémentaire (par assimilation) avec la croûte. Le magmatisme néo-archéen de type sanukitoïde, dérivé du manteau et de grande échelle, a joué un rôle dans le développement d’une croûte inférieure et d’un manteau lithosphérique continental résiduel appauvri, un élément déterminant pour la préservation du RBb.
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Antony, Anila, and Mohammed Farid. "Effect of Temperatures on Polyphenols during Extraction." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 2107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042107.
Abstract:
Background: Polyphenols are a set of bioactive compounds commonly found in plants. These compounds are of great interest, as they have shown high antioxidant power and are correlated to many health benefits. Hence, traditional methods of extraction such as solvent extraction, Soxhlet extraction and novel extraction technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and subcritical water extraction (SWE) have been investigated for the extraction of polyphenols. Scope and Approach: Generally, for traditional extractions, the total phenolic content (TPC) is highest at an extraction temperature of 60–80 °C. For this reason, polyphenols are regularly regarded as heat-labile compounds. However, in many studies that investigated the optimal temperature for subcritical water extraction (SWE), temperatures as high as 100–200 °C have been reported. These SWE extractions showed extremely high yields and antioxidant capacities at these temperatures. This paper aimed to examine the relevant literature to identify and understand the mechanisms behind this discrepancy. Results: Thermal degradation is the most common explanation for the degradation of polyphenols. This may be the case for specific or sub-groups of phenolic acids. The different extraction temperatures may have also impacted the types of polyphenols extracted. At high extraction temperatures, the formation of new compounds known as Maillard reaction products may also influence the extracted polyphenols. The selection of source material for extraction, i.e., the plant matrix, and the effect of extraction conditions, i.e., oxidation and light exposure, are also discussed. The overestimation of total phenolic content by the Folin–Ciocâlteu assay is also discussed. There is also a lack of consensus in TPC’s correlation to antioxidant activity.
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Obukohwo, Dr Aghogho Blessing. "Review on Processes in Liquid-Liquid and Solid Phase Extraction." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 1276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48272.
Abstract:
Abstract: The process of separating a component of mixture of liquid using liquid solvent is known as solvent extraction. The component being separated is completely insoluble in the solvent known as the carrier liquid. Distribution coefficient and partition coefficient are used to quantitatively determine the degree of solubility of a solute in a solvent compared to its solubility in another solvent. In liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) the solvents used should have maximum transfer of solute from carrier into the solvent. The solvent used must have high affinity for the solute to be extracted and it must not be completely miscible with the carrier liquid. Solid phase extraction (SPE) is a solvent-extraction system with a stationary phase by adsorption onto a solid support (usually silica) and the other liquid phase which is mobile. It uses small membranes or columns and many of the extracting agents used in LLE are also used in SPE. SPE generates less amount of wastes and it is an excellent substitute for LLE as it is faster and more efficient. It requires samples as small as 50 – 500ul and relatively small volumes of solvents not as pure as may be required by LLE. The working principles of SPE are like that of LLE were partitioning takes place between two immiscible liquids but in SPE the analytes to be extracted are partitioned between liquid and solid. This paper has reviewed the various processes involved in solvent extraction considering diluents in solvent extraction, liquid-liquid extraction and solidphase extraction.
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Lieffering, RE, and CDA Mclay. "The effect of hydroxide solutions on dissolution of organic-carbon in some New Zealand soils." Soil Research 33, no. 5 (1995): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9950873.
Abstract:
The disposal of high pH, hydroxide-based, liquid wastes using land treatment systems is becoming increasingly common in New Zealand. For effective disposal of high pH liquid wastes to land, it is necessary to understand the effects of different hydroxide-based solutions on organic carbon dissolution to ensure soil physical properties are not adversely affected. Single-step and multi-step extraction experiments were designed to investigate the effect of high pH solutions on organic carbon dissolution in four New Zealand soils. In the single-step extraction experiments, soil was shaken with varying concentrations of NaOH and KOH (0.003, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1 and 0.3 M) at a 1:5 soil to solution ratio for 18 h. Organic carbon dissolution occurred at very low concentrations and increased linearly with hydroxide concentration, with up to 45% of the total initial organic carbon dissolved when 0.3 M NaOH was used. KOH dissolved slightly less organic carbon than NaOH, indicating that a cation difference occurred. When the anion was changed to chloride, the amount of organic carbon dissolved was very small (<2% of total initial organic carbon) for all concentrations, indicating that the hydroxide anion was most important in causing organic carbon dissolution. Multi-step experiments involved repeatedly shaking soil with fresh hydroxide extracting solutions, and showed that the difference between NaOH and KOH in dissolving organic carbon decreased as the number of extractions increased. The cumulative amount of organic carbon dissolved increased from about 45% after a single-step extraction to about 75% after five extractions. Organic carbon dissolution with different solutions tended to be higher in an allophanic soil, but similar in soils dominated by phyllosilicate clay minerals. The results indicate that factors such as the chemical composition of the liquid waste and soil type need to be considered prior to land disposal to prevent adverse effects on soil physical properties.
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Maciel-Silva, Francisco W., Daniel Lachos-Perez, Luz Selene Buller, William G. Sganzerla, Montserrat Pérez, Mauricio A. Rostagno, and Tania Forster-Carneiro. "Green Extraction Processes for Complex Samples from Vegetable Matrices Coupled with On-Line Detection System: A Critical Review." Molecules 27, no. 19 (September 23, 2022): 6272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196272.
Abstract:
The detection of analytes in complex organic matrices requires a series of analytical steps to obtain a reliable analysis. Sample preparation can be the most time-consuming, prolonged, and error-prone step, reducing the reliability of the investigation. This review aims to discuss the advantages and limitations of extracting bioactive compounds, sample preparation techniques, automation, and coupling with on-line detection. This review also evaluates all publications on this topic through a longitudinal bibliometric analysis, applying statistical and mathematical methods to analyze the trends, perspectives, and hot topics of this research area. Furthermore, state-of-the-art green extraction techniques for complex samples from vegetable matrices coupled with analysis systems are presented. Among the extraction techniques for liquid samples, solid-phase extraction was the most common for combined systems in the scientific literature. In contrast, for on-line extraction systems applied for solid samples, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and pressurized liquid extraction were the most frequent green extraction techniques.
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Sultana, Hujaifa, Abhinab Chetia, Abhigyan Saikia, and Nekibul Jaman Khan. "An Updated Review on Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 12, no. 07 (July 3, 2023): 154–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2023.v12i07.001.
Abstract:
Plant extracts have long been used for their medicinal qualities and as sources of bioactive chemicals. In recent years, there has been a surge in interest in investigating the possibilities of plant extracts in a variety of disciplines, including medicine, cosmetics, and food. This abstract presents an up-to-date assessment of methods for extracting, isolating, and identifying bioactive chemicals from plant extracts, highlighting advances and problems in this field. The first stage in acquiring bioactive chemicals from plant sources is extraction. Maceration, infusion, decoction, solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction are among the extraction procedures used. These approaches strive to extract the target molecules as efficiently as possible while keeping their chemical integrity and bioactivity.
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Lezoul, Nour El Houda, Mohamed Belkadi, Fariborz Habibi, and Fabián Guillén. "Extraction Processes with Several Solvents on Total Bioactive Compounds in Different Organs of Three Medicinal Plants." Molecules 25, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 4672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204672.
Abstract:
The extraction of secondary metabolites by water, MeOH:water (8:2) containing NaF, methanol, ethanol and acetone (all of them diluted (7:3) in water)from the different parts (leaves, flowers, stems and roots) of Passiflora caerulea L., Physalis peruviana L. and Solanum muricatum Aiton via decoction and maceration methods was studied. The highest extraction yields were recorded by methanol for decoction and acetone for maceration. The total polyphenol content (TPC) obtained by decoction had the highest TPC contents, and MeOH containing NaF was the best solvent for the extraction of TPC. Maceration was suitable for flavonoid extractions, with ethanol and acetone being the best solvents. In general, the highest levels of TPC and flavonoids were obtained from Passiflora leaves regardless of the solvent or extraction method applied. Furthermore, the roots of Physalis and Solanum showed important levels of these compounds in consonance with the total antioxidant activity (TAA) evaluated in the different organs of the plant in the three species. In this study, the solvents and extraction methods applied were tools that determined significantly the level of extraction of bioactive compounds, showing a different impact on plant organs for each medicinal species studied.
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Zhang, Cheng Long, Jing Wei Wang, Jian Feng Bai, and Wen Jie Wu. "Life Cycle Assessment of the Bio-Hydrometallurgical Process of Recycling Copper from Printed Circuit Boards Scraps." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 929–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.929.
Abstract:
Recently, a few studies have been undertaken for the extracting of metallic copper from electronic scrap/printed circuit boards by bioleaching - solvent extraction-electrowinning. Results of the present investigation indicate that bioleaching-solvent extraction-electrowinning could be a new cleaner hydrometallurgy route for recovery copper from the PCBs.The life cycle assessment method was used to investigate the environmental impacts of the new biohydrometallurgical process of production of metallic copper. The energy consumption，greenhouse effect，acidification in the new processes is studied and compared. The results indicate that the environmental impacts of bioleaching - solvent extraction-electrowinning technology is less than the conventional mechanical-pyrometallurgical processes and pyrometallurgical processes.
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Alekseev, G. V., O. A. Egorova, V. A. Shanin, I. A. Gaisin, and I. H. Israphilov. "Optimization of the solution of mass- and heat transfer models in capillary-porous media." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1112, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1112/1/012085.
Abstract:
Abstract Extraction efficiency is determined by mass and heat transfer processes in the liquid-solid system. In order to determine the optimal conditions for the extracting process, it is necessary to make up a mathematical model which reliably describes mass and heat exchange processes. In our study there are equations of mass and heat transfer, which occur during extracting process. They allow to determine numerically the process parameters and describe the resistance shares of external mass transfer much easier than in other methods of calculation. Further development of the outlined ideas leads to a new content of the concepts of kinetic coefficients of mass and heat transfer. To prove the accuracy of the calculation method, the share of external mass transfer resistance was calculated when extracting soybean oil with extraction gasoline and dichloroethane. The described calculation method for extracting process features may be used for designing extraction equipment, technology development and technological characterizing of process. Taking into account the identified system features, it is possible to reduce the solution to a particular form and mathematically describe a specific mass and heat exchange process. This makes it possible to determine the optimal conditions and increase the efficiency of the extracting process.
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Galib, Mohammed A., Timothy Abbott, and Hyung-Sool Lee. "Examination of Extracellular Polymer (EPS) Extraction Methods for Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) Biomass." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 12584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212584.
Abstract:
Membrane bioreactor fouling is a complex process, which is typically driven by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), a complex mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, humic substances, and other intercellular polymers. While much is known about fouling in aerobic membrane reactors, far less is known about fouling in anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBR). Much of this knowledge, including EPS extraction methods, has been extrapolated from aerobic processes and is commonly assumed to be comparable. Therefore, several extraction methods commonly used for aerobic EPS quantification, including ultrasonication, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and formaldehyde plus sodium hydroxide (CH2O+NaOH), were evaluated to determine the most suitable extraction method for EPS of anaerobic microorganisms in an AnMBR. To maximize EPS yields, each extraction was performed four times. Experimental results showed that the EDTA method was best for EPS quantification, based on chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and protein yields: 1.43 mg COD/mg volatile suspended solids (VSS), 0.14 mg DOC/mg VSS, and 0.11 mg proteins/mg VSS. In comparison, the CH2O+NaOH method maximized the extraction of carbohydrates (0.12 mg carbohydrates/mg VSS). However, multiple extraction cycles with EDTA and ultrasonication exhibited lower extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations compared to CH2O+NaOH extractions, indicating lower levels of released intracellular substances. Successive EPS extractions over four cycles are better able to quantify EPS from anaerobic microorganisms, since a single extraction may not accurately reflect the true levels of EPS contents in AnMBRs, and possibly in other anaerobic processes.
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Gribova, N. A. "Study of technological processes of extractive substances extraction from osmo-dehydrated berry products." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 85, no. 3 (November 1, 2023): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2023-3-153-157.
Abstract:
The process of extraction from vegetable raw materials is an important technological solution in the food industry for obtaining extractive substances that contain minerals, organic acids, phenolic substances, pectin’s, sugars and vitamins. The extraction process is influenced by the main factors - the size of the plant material, its duration and temperature conditions. Segmentation is essential for extraction. The correct choice of size allows you to better preserve the cellular structure of the berries, the diffusion processes proceed optimally efficiently, the extraction slows down, and the resulting extract contains less mechanical impurities and is easier to clean. The traditional method for extracting vegetable raw materials is water-alcohol solutions, but the extraction of water-soluble substances occurs partially, and as is known, vitamins, sugars, and phenolic substances predominate in berry raw materials. The most accessible and economical means for extraction is water. When extracted with water, the final product contains water-soluble substances and no fat-soluble substances. Extraction of osmo-dried berries was carried out with an aqueous solution at different temperature conditions with ranges of 30–40 °C, 50–60 °C and 70–80 °C. To determine the duration of extraction of osmo-dried berries, the yield of dry matter was used. It has been established that the highest yield of dry matter from osmo-dried strawberries (10,17 %), raspberries (8,74 %) and black currants (11,43 %) is observed at an extraction temperature of 50–60 °C and 70–80 °C. With a duration of 8 – 12 hours. The extraction time is described by polynomial regression equations of the 2nd degree. It was revealed that the highest content of vitamin C is observed at a temperature in the range of 50–60 °C, extraction of 36,7 mg/100 g of extract, and at a temperature in the range of 60–70 °C, the content of ascorbic acid decreased by 40 %.
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Verret, Catherine, Anja Rakotondramavo, and Sullivan Renouard. "Green Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Podophyllotoxin from Juniperus scopulorum Needles." Applied Sciences 13, no. 22 (November 10, 2023): 12194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132212194.
Abstract:
Background—Podophyllotoxin, a polyphenolic compound with major applications in cancer treatment, is in short supply, as its source is now an endangered plant species. It is therefore essential to find another available plant that produces high levels of podophyllotoxin. Some Juniperus species are known to contain podophyllotoxin, more exactly within their needles, but are still unused in this regard. Objective—The aim is to develop an efficient green ultrasound-assisted extraction protocol for podophyllotoxin from commercially available Juniperus scopulorum varieties. Methodology—To highlight optimal extraction conditions, a single-factor experiment was performed to identify the parameters (extraction duration, frequency, temperature extraction, preliminary grinding, and plant material concentration) influencing extraction. A multifactorial approach using the Box–Behnken design was then applied to determine the exact optimal extraction conditions. Results—The conditions for extracting the maximum amount of podophyllotoxin consist of 51.5 min of extraction time, in ethanol at 69.3%, and at 58.8 °C. This is the highest podophyllotoxin extraction yield ever obtained from Juniperus scopulorum needles. Compared with the reference protocol for the extracting of podophyllotoxin from Juniperus, ultrasonic extraction is an eco-friendly protocol, safe for humans, and the podophyllotoxin extracted by this method has much greater stability, allowing its purification. The analyses also indicate a variation in the podophyllotoxin content of Juniperus scopulorum needles, (from 7.02 to 10.34 mg/g DW) depending on the variety and year of purchase. Conclusion—Extraction in ethanol at 69.3% and at 58.8 °C for 51.5 min allows the extraction of up to 10.34 mg podophyllotoxin/g from freeze-dried Juniperus scopulorum needles.
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Zaretskii, M. I., V. V. Rusak, and E. M. Chartov. "MTBE in extraction processes." Coke and Chemistry 55, no. 12 (December 2012): 470–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068364x12120083.
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LUZ, ANNY CAROLYNE DA, IRANY RODRIGUES PRETTI, and MARIA DO CARMO PIMENTEL BATITUCCI. "COMPARISON OF RNA EXTRACTION METHODS FOR Passiflora edulis SIMS LEAVES." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 38, no. 1 (February 2016): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-2945-278/15.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT Functional genomic analyses require intact RNA; however, Passiflora edulis leaves are rich in secondary metabolites that interfere with RNA extraction primarily by promoting oxidative processes and by precipitating with nucleic acids. This study aimed to analyse three RNA extraction methods, Concert™ Plant RNA Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), TRIzol® Reagent (Invitrogen) and TRIzol® Reagent (Invitrogen)/ice -commercial products specifically designed to extract RNA, and to determine which method is the most effective for extracting RNA from the leaves of passion fruit plants. In contrast to the RNA extracted using the other 2 methods, the RNA extracted using TRIzol® Reagent (Invitrogen) did not have acceptable A260/A280 and A260/A230 ratios and did not have ideal concentrations. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed a strong DNA band for all of the Concert™ method extractions but not for the TRIzol® and TRIzol®/ice methods. The TRIzol® method resulted in smears during electrophoresis. Due to its low levels of DNA contamination, ideal A260/A280 and A260/A230 ratios and superior sample integrity, RNA from the TRIzol®/ice method was used for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the resulting amplicons were highly similar. We conclude that TRIzol®/ice is the preferred method for RNA extraction for P. edulis leaves.
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Milicaj, Jozafina, Colleen D. Castro, Nadiya Jaunbocus, and Erika A. Taylor. "Extraction of ADP-Heptose and Kdo2-Lipid A from E. coli Deficient in the Heptosyltransferase I Gene." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 8, 2021): 8314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188314.
Abstract:
The enzymes involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis, including Heptosyltransferase I (HepI), are critical for maintaining the integrity of the bacterial cell wall, and therefore these LPS biosynthetic enzymes are validated targets for drug discovery to treat Gram-negative bacterial infections. Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) utilize substrates that are synthetically complex, with numerous stereocenters and site-specific glycosylation patterns. Due to the relatively complex substrate structures, characterization of these enzymes has necessitated strategies to generate bacterial cells with gene disruptions to enable the extraction of these substrates from large scale bacterial growths. Like many LPS biosynthetic enzymes, Heptosyltransferase I binds two substrates: the sugar acceptor substrate, Kdo2-Lipid A, and the sugar donor substrate, ADP-l-glycero-d-manno-heptose (ADPH). HepI characterization experiments require copious amounts of Kdo2-Lipid A and ADPH, and unsuccessful extractions of these two substrates can lead to serious delays in collection of data. While there are papers and theses with protocols for extraction of these substrates, they are often missing small details essential to the success of the extraction. Herein detailed protocols are given for extraction of ADPH and Kdo2-Lipid A (KLA) from E. coli, which have had proven success in the Taylor lab. Key steps in the extraction of ADPH are clearing the extract through ultracentrifugation and keeping all water that touches anything in the extraction, including filters, at a pH of 8.0. Key steps in the extraction of KLA are properly lysing the dried down cells before starting the extraction, maximizing yield by allowing precipitate to form overnight, appropriately washing the pellet with phenol and dissolving the KLA in 1% TEA using visual cues, rather than a specific volume. These protocols led to increased yield and a higher success rate of extractions thereby enabling the characterization of HepI.
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Kapadia, Pritam, Amy S. Newell, John Cunningham, Michael R. Roberts, and John G. Hardy. "Extraction of High-Value Chemicals from Plants for Technical and Medical Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (September 7, 2022): 10334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810334.
Abstract:
Plants produce a variety of high-value chemicals (e.g., secondary metabolites) which have a plethora of biological activities, which may be utilised in many facets of industry (e.g., agrisciences, cosmetics, drugs, neutraceuticals, household products, etc.). Exposure to various different environments, as well as their treatment (e.g., exposure to chemicals), can influence the chemical makeup of these plants and, in turn, which chemicals will be prevalent within them. Essential oils (EOs) usually have complex compositions (>300 organic compounds, e.g., alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, saponins and terpenes) and are obtained from botanically defined plant raw materials by dry/steam distillation or a suitable mechanical process (without heating). In certain cases, an antioxidant may be added to the EO (EOs are produced by more than 17,500 species of plants, but only ca. 250 EOs are commercially available). The interesting bioactivity of the chemicals produced by plants renders them high in value, motivating investment in their production, extraction and analysis. Traditional methods for effectively extracting plant-derived biomolecules include cold pressing and hydro/steam distillation; newer methods include solvent/Soxhlet extractions and sustainable processes that reduce waste, decrease processing times and deliver competitive yields, examples of which include microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), subcritical water extraction (SWE) and supercritical CO2 extraction (scCO2). Once extracted, analytical techniques such as chromatography and mass spectrometry may be used to analyse the contents of the high-value extracts within a given feedstock. The bioactive components, which can be used in a variety of formulations and products (e.g., displaying anti-aging, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-depressive, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antiviral and anti-stress properties), are biorenewable high-value chemicals.
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Gordalina, Mariana, Helena M. Pinheiro, Marília Mateus, M. Manuela R. da Fonseca, and M. Teresa Cesário. "Macroalgae as Protein Sources—A Review on Protein Bioactivity, Extraction, Purification and Characterization." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 7969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177969.
Abstract:
The increased demand for protein sources combined with a decrease in the available land and water resources have led to a growing interest in macroalgae as alternative protein sources. This review focuses on strategies for macroalgae protein extraction, enrichment and characterization. To date, the protein extraction methods applied to algae include enzymatic hydrolysis, physical processes and chemical extraction. Novel methods, such as pulsed electric field, microwave-assisted, pressurized liquid and supercritical fluid extractions, and the application of smart solvents are discussed. An overview of the use of membranes and other processes to generate high-value protein concentrates from algae extracts is also presented, as well as some examples of the methods used for their characterization. The potential bioactivities from macroalgae-derived proteins and peptides, including novel glycoproteins and lectins, are briefly reviewed.
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Rodrigues, Vítor H., Marcelo M. R. de Melo, Inês Portugal, and Carlos M. Silva. "Extraction of Added-Value Triterpenoids from Acacia dealbata Leaves Using Supercritical Fluid Extraction." Processes 9, no. 7 (July 3, 2021): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071159.
Abstract:
Forestry biomass is a by-product which commonly ends up being burnt for energy generation, despite comprising valuable bioactive compounds with valorisation potential. Leaves of Acacia dealbata were extracted for the first time by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using different conditions of pressure, temperature and cosolvents. Total extraction yield, individual triterpenoids extraction yields and concentrations were assessed and contrasted with Soxhlet extractions using solvents of distinct polarity. The extracts were characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and target triterpenoids were quantified. The total extraction yields ranged from 1.76 to 11.58 wt.% and the major compounds identified were fatty acids, polyols, and, from the triterpenoids family, lupenone, α-amyrin and β-amyrin. SFE was selective to lupenone, with higher individual yields (2139–3512 mg kgleaves−1) and concentrations (10.1–12.4 wt.%) in comparison to Soxhlet extractions, which in turn obtained higher yields and concentrations of the remaining triterpenoids.
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Chen, Yu, Bang Gui He, and Wen Juan Gu. "Research on the Algorithm of Defect Feature Extraction in Trademark Printing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 731 (January 2015): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.731.205.
Abstract:
A defect feature extraction algorithm which depends on the separation and subtraction of color image and mathematical morphology is proposed in this paper, based on the defects in trademark printing processes, such as smudges, pin holes, misprints, misting etc. The difference images of each monochrome are operated with morphology methods and then the defect information of high precision printing processes in colorful trademark, such as shape, boundary contour, quantity, size and location etc, are extracted and recognized with suitable structure elements. The defect extraction algorithm is programmed and run by MATLAB and the results validated the high speed and precision of the algorithm about extracting some kinds of defect information in color trademark printing processes. The algorithm has met the real-time requirements of defect feature extraction in trademark printing processes. This research laid a theoretical foundation for researching and developing the color trademark quality detection system.
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Besançon, Clémence, Camille Chautard, Catherine Beaucaire, Sébastien Savoye, Paul Sardini, Martine Gérard, and Michael Descostes. "The Role of Barite in the Post-Mining Stabilization of Radium-226: A Modeling Contribution for Sequential Extractions." Minerals 10, no. 6 (May 29, 2020): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10060497.
Abstract:
Barite is ubiquitous and known to incorporate 226Ra through the formation of a solid-solution. In U mining mill tailings, barite is one of the dominant sulfate-binding minerals. In such environments, sequential extractions are generally used to identify the U- and 226Ra-binding phases and their associated reactivity. To better decipher the main processes governing the behavior of 226Ra during such sequential extractions, a geochemical model was developed with PHREEQC mimicking the sequential extraction of U and 226Ra from Bois-Noirs Limouzat U mine tailings, France. The model results were compared with a dataset produced by an experimental sequential extraction from the same mine tailings and including data on the solids and selective extraction results with the major elements, U and 226Ra. The simulations reproduced the results of the experimental chemical extractions accurately, with iron oxyhydroxides being the major U binding phase. However, the modeling indicated rather that barite would be the main 226Ra binding phase, instead of the iron oxyhydroxides identified by the experimental extractions. This is consistent with the 226Ra concentration measured in pore water, but in disagreement with the direct interpretation of the sequential extractions. The direct interpretation disregarded the role of barite in the geochemical behavior of 226Ra because barite was not specifically targeted by any of the extraction steps. However, the modeling showed that the dissolution of 226Ra-binding barite by reactants would lead to a 226Ra redistribution among the clay minerals, resulting in a skew in the experimental results. Similar results were achieved by referring simply to the bulk mineralogy of the tailings. This study highlights the importance of considering the mineralogy, mineral reactivity and retention capacity for more realistic interpretation of sequential extractions. Moreover, this paper provides new perspectives on the long-term consequences of these mill tailings in which barite controls the geochemical behavior of the 226Ra.
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Cuculovic, Ana, Mirjana Pavlovic, Dragan Veselinovic, and Scepan Miljanic. "Metal extraction from Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. lichen using low pH solutions." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 73, no. 4 (2008): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0804405c.
Abstract:
Extraction of metals (K, Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Ba, Zn, Mn and Sr) from dry Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. lichen was performed using solutions similar to acid rain (solution A H2SO4-HNO3-(NH4)2SO4 and solution B H2SO4- -HNO3-(NH4)2SO4-NH4NO3). The pH values of these solutions were 2.00, 2.58, 2.87, 3.28, and 3.75. Five consecutive extractions were performed with each solution. In all solutions, the extracted metal content, except Cu and Ca, was the highest in the first extract. The highest percentage of the metals desorbed in the first extraction was obtained using solutions with low pH values, 2.00, 2.58, and 2.87. The lowest percentage in the first extraction was obtained using solutions with pH 3.28 and pH 3.75, indicating influence of the H+ ion on the extraction. According to the results obtained, the investigated metals form two groups. The first group includes K, Al, Ca, Mg, and Fe. They were extracted in each of the five extractions at each of the pH values. The second group includes Ba, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Sr, which were not all extracted at each pH value. The first group yielded three types of extraction curves when the logarithms of extracted metal amounts were plotted as a function of the number of successive extractions. These effects indicate that three different positions (centers) of metal ion accumulation exist in the lichen (due to sorption, complex formation, or other processes present in the tissues).
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Yu, Ning, Jianyi Liu, and Yu Shi. "Span-Based Fine-Grained Entity-Relation Extraction via Sub-Prompts Combination." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13021159.
Abstract:
With the development of information extraction technology, a variety of entity-relation extraction paradigms have been formed. However, approaches guided by these existing paradigms suffer from insufficient information fusion and too coarse extraction granularity, leading to difficulties extracting all triples in a sentence. Moreover, the joint entity-relation extraction model cannot easily adapt to the relation extraction task. Therefore, we need to design more fine-grained and flexible extraction methods. In this paper, we propose a new extraction paradigm based on existing paradigms. Then, based on it, we propose SSPC, a method for Span-based Fine-Grained Entity-Relation Extraction via Sub-Prompts Combination. SSPC first decomposes the task into three sub-tasks, namely S,R Extraction, R,O Extraction and S,R,O Classification and then uses prompt tuning to fully integrate entity and relation information in each part. This fine-grained extraction framework makes the model easier to adapt to other similar tasks. We conduct experiments on joint entity-relation extraction and relation extraction, respectively. The experimental results show that our model outperforms previous methods and achieves state-of-the-art results on ADE, TACRED, and TACREV.
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Grishchenko, Alexey, Artem Semenov, and Boris Melnikov. "Modeling the processes of deformation and destruction of the rock sample during its extraction from great depths." Journal of Mining Institute 248 (May 25, 2021): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2021.2.8.
Abstract:
Article investigates the change in the geophysical properties of rocks in the process of extracting the rock sample from great depths. Evaluation of changes in effective elastic properties, porosity and permeability of rock samples during extraction was carried out by means of finite element modeling. Assessment of the critical dimensions and orientation of internal defects, leading to the destruction of the rock samples during extraction from great depths, has been made based on the methods of linear destruction mechanics. Approach that makes it possible to calculate the change in the mechanical properties, porosity and fracturing of reservoir rocks in the process of extracting the rock sample from depths to the surface is proposed. Use of refined data on the mechanical properties of recoverable rock samples makes it possible to increase the accuracy of digital geological models required for geological exploration, determination of reservoir properties and oil and gas saturation of a field, and development of oil and gas deposits. Application of such models is especially relevant at all stages of the fields development with hard-to-recover reserves.
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Lozano, L. J., F. J. Alguacil, M. Alonso, and C. Godínez. "Review of algorithms for modeling metal distribution equilibria in liquid-liquid extraction processes." Revista de Metalurgia 41, no. 5 (October 30, 2005): 374–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.2005.v41.i5.227.
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Burlini, Ilaria, and Gianni Sacchetti. "Secondary Bioactive Metabolites from Plant-Derived Food Byproducts through Ecopharmacognostic Approaches: A Bound Phenolic Case Study." Plants 9, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9091060.
Abstract:
The climate emergency and the risks to biodiversity that the planet is facing nowadays, have made the management of food resources increasingly complex but potentially interesting. According to FAO, one-third of the edible parts of food produced throughout the whole food supply chain gets lost or wasted globally every year. At the same time, demographic growth makes it necessary to change course toward sustainable economic development in order to satisfy market demands. The European Union supported the idea of a Circular Economy from 2015 and arranged annual Action Plans toward a greener, climate-neutral economy. Following the biorefinery concept, food waste becomes byproducts that can be recovered and exploited as high added-value materials for industrial applications. The use of sustainable extraction processes to manage food byproducts is a task that research has to support through the development of low environmental impact strategies. This review, therefore, aims to take stock of the possibilities of extracting molecules from food waste biomass following ecopharmacognostic approaches inspired by green chemistry guidelines. In particular, the use of innovative hybrid techniques to maximize yields and minimize the environmental impact of processes is reviewed, with a focus on bound phenolic extractions.
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Huynh, Khanh Duy, Van Thinh Pham, Van Khang Tran, Hoang Danh Pham, and Tri Nhut Pham. "Polyphenol, Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity of the Garlic (<i>Allium sativum </i>L.) Extract Obtained by Two Different Extraction Processes." Materials Science Forum 1048 (January 4, 2022): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1048.493.
Abstract:
Garlic is a globally used spice due to its pungent taste and a fishy deodorant and digestive stimulator. Owing to the widespread use of garlic in both Oriental and Western medicine, further investigations on garlic extracts might carry important implications in the industry. In this study, we conducted extraction of garlic extraction by two conventional methods and an ultrasonic assisted method. The processes were optimized with respect to various quality parameters including polyphenol, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that extracting garlic under the ultrasonic support will show higher efficiency than the non-ultrasonic extraction. The optimal extraction parameters are: 70% ethanol solvent, 10/1 solvent / material ratio, 40 °C temperature and 40 minutes time. Keywords: Allium Sativum L., Garic, Polyphenol, Flavonoid, Antioxidant