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Bee Lin, Chua, and Chen Yen Leng. "Solid-Liquid Extraction Kinetics of Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) from Red Dates." MATEC Web of Conferences 152 (2018): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815201001.
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Red dates are one of the most famous herbal plants in making traditional Chinese medicine. They contain large amount of bioactive compounds. The objectives of this research were to optimise the crude extract yield and total phenolic compounds (TPC) yield from red dates using response surface methodology (RSM) and model the extraction kinetics of TPC yield from red dates. Date fruits were dried in an oven under temperatures 50°C, 60°C, 70°C and 80°C until a constant weight was obtained. The optimum drying temperature was 60°C as it gave the highest crude extract yield and TPC yield. Besides that, single factor experiments were used to determine the optimum range of four extraction parameters which were: liquid-solid ratio (10-30 ml/g); ultrasonic power (70-90%); extraction temperature (50-70°C); and extraction time (40-60min). The optimum range of the four parameters were further optimised using the Box-Behken Design (BBD) of RSM. The extraction conditions that gave the highest crude extract yield and TPC yield were chosen. The optimum value for liquid-solid ratio, ultrasonic power, extraction temperature and extraction time were 30ml/g, 70%, 60°C and 60 min respectively. The two equations generated from RSM were reliable and can be used to predict the crude extract yield and TPC yield. The higher the extraction temperature, liquid-solid ratio, and extraction time and lower ultrasonic power, the higher the crude extract and TPC yield. Finally, the results of TPC yield versus time based on the optimum extraction parameters from RSM optimisation were fitted into three extraction kinetic models (Peleg’s model, Page’s model and Ponomaryov’s model). It was found that the most suitable kinetic model to represent the extraction process of TPC from red dates was Page’s model due to its coefficient of determination (R2) was the closest to unity, 0.9663 while its root mean square error (RMSE) was the closest to zero, 0.001534.
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Ravikumar, Haripriya, Chua Bee Lin, Chen Yen Leng, Ameena Ali, and Choo Choong Oon. "PRE-TREATMENT TEMPERATURE AND MULTI-RESPONSE SURFACE OPTIMISATION OF ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF ANTIOXIDANTS FROM RED DATES." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 9, Spl-1- GCSGD_2020 (March 25, 2021): S148—S160. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2021.9(spl-1-gcsgd_2020).s148.s160.
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Ziziphus jujube known as red dates are natural flora, are a rich source of antioxidant bioactive compounds and are widely used in making Chinese traditional medicine. However, the optimization of extraction conditions and demonstration of extraction kinetics of red dates remains a gap. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to enhance the antioxidant activity via DPPH, crude extract yield, and TPC by response surface methodology (RSM). Also, mathematical modeling of the TPC extraction kinetics was performed. Single-factor experiments were adopted to identify the preliminary RSM ranges of four extraction parameters such as liquid-solid ratio (10, 20, and 30 ml/g), extraction temperature (50, 60 and 70°C), time (40, 50 and 60min), and ultrasonic power (70, 80 and 90%). The extraction kinetics based on RSM optimized conditions were modeled into six extraction kinetic models. As result, the highest crude extract yield (4.56 g), highest TPC (0.023 g GAE/g extract), and highest antioxidant activity (85.88%) were obtained at 60ºC. The optimum values were liquid-solid ratio 30ml/g, extraction temperature 60°C, time 60 min, and ultrasonic power 70%. The antioxidant activity of red dates after optimization (90.59%) was higher than that of synthetic antioxidants, Butylated Hydroxytoluene (84.71%), and Butylated Hydroxyanisole (77.73%). Furthermore, the best-fitted kinetic model was the second-order kinetic model due to its coefficient of determination (R2) at 0.9849, being the closest to 1 and its root mean square error (RMSE) was the lowest, 0.001028 among other models.
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Hormes, Anne, Christian Schlüchter, and Thomas F. Stocker. "Minimal Extension Phases of Unteraarglacier (Swiss Alps) During the Holocene Based on 14C Analysis of Wood." Radiocarbon 40, no. 2 (1997): 809–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200018762.
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Tree trunks and wood fragments in minerotrophic fen peat that accumulated as the result of a jökulhlaup in the outwash plain of Unteraarglacier were radiocarbon-dated using conventional ß-counting. Different pretreatment methods were tested on two wood samples to determine the reliability of our dates. We dated the wood compounds after extended acid-alkali-acid treatment, as well as extraction of cellulose and lignin. The results of the samples Picea (B-6687) and Pinus cent-bra (B-6699) show insignificant differences of < 1σ.The 14C dates represent retreat of Unteraarglacier due to warmer and/or drier phases in the Holocene compared to modern climate conditions. The glacier was at least several hundred meters smaller in extent than today ca. 8100–7670 bp, 6175–5780 bp, 4580–4300 bp, 4100–3600 bp and 3380–3200 bp. The 14C dates suggest a ca. 2000-yr cyclicity of tree growth in the area covered by the present Unteraarglacier. The most intense warm and dry period occurred between 4100 bp (probably extending back to 4580 bp) and 3600 bp, with growth of fen peat between 3800 and 3600 bp attributed to wetter conditions.
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Chen, James Lin, Chhaya Shadra, Cheryl D. Cho-Phan, Aradhana Ghosh, and Jonathan Hirsch. "Deriving real-world oral antineoplastic treatment endpoints: A comparison of automated data extraction versus manual chart abstraction." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): e18070-e18070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e18070.
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e18070 Background: Real world data (RWD) is increasingly being used to generate evidence that informs clinical care. Calculating outcomes measures using RWD, such as time-on-treatment (ToT), requires accurate medication start/end dates. Whereas intravenously administered medication dates are typically available, dates for oral antineoplastics (OANs) are challenging as they are filled by specialty pharmacies and documented separately. To determine the feasibility of automated ToT extraction, we used the Syapse Learning Health Network to compare the utility of automated chart extraction (ACE) and of manual chart abstraction (MCA) from the electronic health record (EHR) in providing high-quality OAN data. Methods: We selected cancer patients (pts) from two histologies for whom OANs were prescribed. For these pts, ACE was compared to MCA. ACE data were derived from EHR structured medication lists through existing interoperability pipelines. MCA was performed by 4 trained data abstractors who reviewed the corresponding progress notes per pt. Expected date of OAN start/end, and actual medication start/end, were recorded as available. Chi-square and descriptive statistics were used for analysis. Results: 61 cancer pts (31 lung, 30 breast; mean age 62y [27-90]; 20% male) who received OAN from 3 multi-hospital medical systems were evaluated. ACE detected a greater number of expected start/end dates as compared to MCA (Table, P < 0.001). In contrast, for actual start/end dates, the converse was true; ACE was inferior to MCA (P < 0.001). Noteworthy, only 26% of pts had actual start/end dates using manual chart abstraction only. There was no concordance between the actual ACE and MCA dates. We evaluated if ACE expected ToT dates could be used as a surrogate for actual MCA ToT dates. Of the 12 pts satisfying this criteria, mean discordance in ToT was 19 days (1-71 days). Conclusions: MCA only captured actual ToT in a small minority of pts. ACE expected dates were a poor surrogate for ToT and highly discordant to over 2 months. Neither MCA nor ACE from EHR data were adequate for the majority of pts. Alternative mechanisms such as integration with additional data sources like specialty pharmacy dispensing records are essential. [Table: see text]
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Brock, Fiona. "Radiocarbon Dating of Historical Parchments." Radiocarbon 55, no. 2 (2013): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200057477.
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A range of pretreatment methods was applied to 6 known-age historical parchments to investigate the most suitable methods for effectively removing contamination and ensuring accurate radiocarbon dates while minimizing unnecessary destruction of potentially valuable historical documents. The methods tested included an acid wash, different concentrations of acid-base-acid (ABA) pretreatments, the current routine ABA method applied at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU) that includes an additional bleach treatment, and extraction of collagen. The C:N atomic weight ratio of the untreated and pretreated parchment fractions was observed to be a useful indicator of the presence or successful removal of contaminants. The pretreatment methods that produced the most accurate 14C dates and acceptable C:N ratios were found to be ABA protocols (without bleach) and collagen extraction; solvent washes and acid pretreatments alone were not sufficient to remove all contaminants and produce reliable 14C dates. The inclusion of a base wash did not affect the 14C dates of the samples, but did favorably influence the C:N ratio of the final product.
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Saito, Katsuichi, Takahiro Noda, Shogo Tsuda, Motoyuki Mori, Yasuhiro Hasa, Hideki Kito, and Yuji Oda. "Effect of the dates of extraction on the quality of potato pulp." Bioresource Technology 97, no. 18 (December 2006): 2470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.10.022.
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Maggi, Roberto, and Mark Pearce. "Mid fourth-millennium copper mining in Liguria, north-west Italy: the earliest known copper mines in Western Europe." Antiquity 79, no. 303 (March 2005): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00113705.
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This paper presents twelve new radiocarbon dates from copper mines at Monte Loreto in Liguria, northwest Italy, which indicate that extraction began around 3500 cal BC, making these the earliest copper mines to be discovered in Western Europe so far. The dates are placed in their regional context, with a discussion of results from Libiola and other sites associated with early copper mining.
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Orlova, Lyobov A., Vasily N. Zenin, Anthony J. Stuart, Thomas F. G. Higham, Pieter M. Grootes, Sergei V. Leshchinsky, Yaroslav V. Kuzmin, Aleksander F. Pavlov, and Evgeny N. Maschenko. "Lugovskoe, Western Siberia: A Possible Extra-Arctic Mammoth Refugium at the End of the Late Glacial." Radiocarbon 46, no. 1 (2004): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200039667.
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Eleven woolly mammoth bone samples from Lugovskoe (central West Siberian Plain, Russia) were radiocarbon dated in 3 laboratories: Institute of Geology, Novosibirsk; Oxford University, Oxford; and Christian Albrechts University, Kiel. Each laboratory used its own protocol for collagen extraction. Parallel dating was carried out on 3 samples in Novosibirsk and Oxford. Two results are in good agreement. However, there is a major discrepancy between 2 dates obtained for the third sample. The dates obtained so far on the Lugovskoe mammoths range from about 18,250 BP to about 10,210 BP. The Lugovskoe results thus far confirm the possibility of woolly mammoth survival south of Arctic Siberia in the Late Glacial after about 12,000 BP, which has important implications for interpreting the process of mammoth extinction. The site has also produced the first reliable traces of human occupation from central Western Siberia at the Late Glacial, including unique direct evidence of mammoth hunting.
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Savin, I. Yu, and E. Yu Prudnikova. "ABOUT OPTIMAL DATES OF SATELLITE IMAGES ACQUISITION FOR ARABLE SOIL MAPPING." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 74 (December 30, 2014): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2014-74-66-77.
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The state of the exposed surface of arable soils strongly varies in time and depends on properties of the upper soil horizon, meteorological conditions, and specific character of its usage. A change of the arable soil surface has a significant effect on their image on remote sensing data. For the maximum extraction of information about the spatial heterogeneities of soil properties satellite survey must be carried out before the first treatment of the surface of arable soils in spring.
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Mourer, Charles R., Gregory L. Hall, William E. Whitehead, and Takayuki Shibamoto. "Gas Chromatographic Method for Determination of Chlorpyrifos and Its Metabolite 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-Pyridinol (TCP) in Dates." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 73, no. 2 (March 1, 1990): 294–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/73.2.294.
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Abstract A method is described for the determination of the Insecticide chlorpyrifos and its metabolite TCP in green, unprocessed, and processed dates with the seeds incorporated. After extraction, chloropyrifos is cleaned up using Florisil and analyzed using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a nitrogen/phosphorus detector. TCP is derivatized using bis- (trimethylsilyl)-acetamide (BSA) to form the TCP-derivative and analyzed by a gas chromatograph equipped with a Hall electrolytic conductivity detector. Recoveries of chlorpyrifos from all fortified dates (0.05 and 0.1 ppm) ranged from 86 to 110 % with an average of 94.5 %. Recoveries of TCP from all fortified dates (0.1 and 0.2 ppm) ranged from 79 to 99% with an average of 86%. Limits of detection for chlorpyrifos and TCP in green, unprocessed, and processed dates were 0.02 and 0.05 ppm, respectively.
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Devièse, Thibaut, Ivor Karavanić, Daniel Comeskey, Cara Kubiak, Petra Korlević, Mateja Hajdinjak, Siniša Radović, et al. "Direct dating of Neanderthal remains from the site of Vindija Cave and implications for the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 40 (September 5, 2017): 10606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1709235114.
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Previous dating of the Vi-207 and Vi-208 Neanderthal remains from Vindija Cave (Croatia) led to the suggestion that Neanderthals survived there as recently as 28,000–29,000 B.P. Subsequent dating yielded older dates, interpreted as ages of at least ∼32,500 B.P. We have redated these same specimens using an approach based on the extraction of the amino acid hydroxyproline, using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC). This method is more efficient in eliminating modern contamination in the bone collagen. The revised dates are older than 40,000 B.P., suggesting the Vindija Neanderthals did not live more recently than others across Europe, and probably predate the arrival of anatomically modern humans in Eastern Europe. We applied zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry (ZooMS) to find additional hominin remains. We identified one bone that is Neanderthal, based on its mitochondrial DNA, and dated it directly to 46,200 ± 1,500 B.P. We also attempted to date six early Upper Paleolithic bone points from stratigraphic units G1, Fd/d+G1 and Fd/d, Fd. One bone artifact gave a date of 29,500 ± 400 B.P., while the remainder yielded no collagen. We additionally dated animal bone samples from units G1 and G1–G3. These dates suggest a co-occurrence of early Upper Paleolithic osseous artifacts, particularly split-based points, alongside the remains of Neanderthals is a result of postdepositional mixing, rather than an association between the two groups, although more work is required to show this definitively.
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Boulanger, Matthew T., Gregory D. Lattanzi, David C. Parris, Michael J. O'Brien, and R. Lee Lyman. "AMS Radiocarbon Dates for Pleistocene Fauna from the American Northeast." Radiocarbon 57, no. 1 (2015): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_rc.57.18220.
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Northeastern North America has produced an incredible number of late Pleistocene faunal remains; however, many of these were discovered and excavated prior to the development of radiocarbon dating. Moreover, many of the 14C dates that do exist for such specimens were assayed prior to the development of purified collagen extraction methods, were performed on botanical remains of unspecified association with the faunal remains, or were accepted without concerns of young-carbon contamination from museum preservatives. Here, we present a set of high-precision accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates obtained on Pleistocene faunal specimens from Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Our data contain both newly discovered specimens and specimens that have resided in museum collections for over a century.
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Brown, T. A., G. W. Farwell, P. M. Grootes, and F. H. Schmidt. "Radiocarbon AMS Dating of Pollen Extracted from Peat Samples." Radiocarbon 34, no. 3 (1992): 550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200063815.
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We present 14C AMS measurements and discuss the extraction procedure used on pollen extracted from peat samples. Microscopic examination of the extracts shows that the procedure is sufficient to remove most non-pollen materials and results in an extract that is composed predominantly of pollen. The 14C dates that we obtained for pollen extracts from peat samples associated with the Mazama Ash layer are consistent with the range of bulk-sample dates obtained by others in previous studies. The limited measurement time and resulting precision (± 100 yr) of these initial measurements restrict our ability to draw firm conclusions from a comparison of the pollen extract dates with previous bulk-sample dates. We intend to adjust our procedure to improve the rejection of non-pollen materials and to increase the precision of our 14C measurements on pollen extracts from peat samples in future studies.
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Edinborough, Kevan, Stephen Shennan, Anne Teather, Jon Baczkowski, Andrew Bevan, Richard Bradley, Gordon Cook, et al. "New Radiocarbon Dates Show Early Neolithic Date of Flint-Mining and Stone Quarrying in Britain." Radiocarbon 62, no. 1 (August 7, 2019): 75–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.85.
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ABSTRACTNew radiocarbon (14C) dates suggest a simultaneous appearance of two technologically and geographically distinct axe production practices in Neolithic Britain; igneous open-air quarries in Great Langdale, Cumbria, and from flint mines in southern England at ~4000–3700 cal BC. In light of the recent evidence that farming was introduced at this time by large-scale immigration from northwest Europe, and that expansion within Britain was extremely rapid, we argue that this synchronicity supports this speed of colonization and reflects a knowledge of complex extraction processes and associated exchange networks already possessed by the immigrant groups; long-range connections developed as colonization rapidly expanded. Although we can model the start of these new extraction activities, it remains difficult to estimate how long significant production activity lasted at these key sites given the nature of the record from which samples could be obtained.
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Brock, F., V. Geoghegan, B. Thomas, K. Jurkschat, and T. F. G. Higham. "Analysis of Bone “Collagen” Extraction Products for Radiocarbon Dating." Radiocarbon 55, no. 2 (2013): 445–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200057581.
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Archaeological bones are now routinely dated in many radiocarbon laboratories through the extraction of “collagen.” Methods for “collagen” extraction vary, and several laboratories now apply an ultrafiltration step after gelatinization to extract the higher molecular weight (usually >10 or 30kDa) fraction for dating, thereby removing low molecular weight contaminants. Ultrafiltration has been demonstrated to result in products that are easier to handle and have more acceptable C:N ratios, and in some instances can result in significantly improved (generally older) 14C dates when compared to non-ultrafiltered products from the same bone. Although it has been suggested that ultrafiltration removes potential contaminants such as short-chain degraded collagen and other peptides and amino acids, fulvic acids, and salts, there remains little published evidence to support this. This paper presents data from a pilot study investigating the most suitable techniques with which to study the products of the routine “collagen” extraction procedures employed at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU) (modified Longin followed by ultrafiltration). The preliminary data demonstrates that the final product of “collagen” extraction at ORAU appears to be an aggregate consisting of a range of proteins of different molecular weights, including collagen, as well as some other organic matter and inorganic species. Ultrafiltration is removing some, but not all, of the <30kDa fraction from the samples. Further work to investigate the nature of this aggregate and how best to improve the efficiency of “collagen” extraction procedures is discussed.
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He, Kai, Lixia Yao, JiaWei Zhang, Yufei Li, and Chen Li. "Construction of Genealogical Knowledge Graphs From Obituaries: Multitask Neural Network Extraction System." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): e25670. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/25670.
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Background Genealogical information, such as that found in family trees, is imperative for biomedical research such as disease heritability and risk prediction. Researchers have used policyholder and their dependent information in medical claims data and emergency contacts in electronic health records (EHRs) to infer family relationships at a large scale. We have previously demonstrated that online obituaries can be a novel data source for building more complete and accurate family trees. Objective Aiming at supplementing EHR data with family relationships for biomedical research, we built an end-to-end information extraction system using a multitask-based artificial neural network model to construct genealogical knowledge graphs (GKGs) from online obituaries. GKGs are enriched family trees with detailed information including age, gender, death and birth dates, and residence. Methods Built on a predefined family relationship map consisting of 4 types of entities (eg, people’s name, residence, birth date, and death date) and 71 types of relationships, we curated a corpus containing 1700 online obituaries from the metropolitan area of Minneapolis and St Paul in Minnesota. We also adopted data augmentation technology to generate additional synthetic data to alleviate the issue of data scarcity for rare family relationships. A multitask-based artificial neural network model was then built to simultaneously detect names, extract relationships between them, and assign attributes (eg, birth dates and death dates, residence, age, and gender) to each individual. In the end, we assemble related GKGs into larger ones by identifying people appearing in multiple obituaries. Results Our system achieved satisfying precision (94.79%), recall (91.45%), and F-1 measures (93.09%) on 10-fold cross-validation. We also constructed 12,407 GKGs, with the largest one made up of 4 generations and 30 people. Conclusions In this work, we discussed the meaning of GKGs for biomedical research, presented a new version of a corpus with a predefined family relationship map and augmented training data, and proposed a multitask deep neural system to construct and assemble GKGs. The results show our system can extract and demonstrate the potential of enriching EHR data for more genetic research. We share the source codes and system with the entire scientific community on GitHub without the corpus for privacy protection.
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Underwood, William. "Grammar-Based Recognition of Documentary Forms and Extraction of Metadata." International Journal of Digital Curation 5, no. 1 (June 22, 2010): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v5i1.149.
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Metadata extraction is a critical aspect of ingestion of collections into digital archives and libraries. A method for automatically recognizing document types and extracting metadata from digital records has been developed. The method is based on a method for automatically annotating semantic categories such as person’s names, job titles, dates, and postal addresses that may occur in a record. It extends this method by using the semantic annotations to identify the intellectual elements of a document’s form, parsing these elements using context-free grammars that define documentary forms, and interpreting the elements of the form of the document to identify metadata such as the chronological date, author(s), addressee(s), and topic. Context-free grammars were developed for fourteen of the documentary forms occurring in Presidential records. In an experiment, the document type recognizer successfully recognized the documentary form and extracted the metadata of two-thirds of the records in a series of Presidential e-records containing twenty-one document types.
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Roche, Jane, Zephirin Mouloungui, Muriel Cerny, and Othmane Merah. "Effect of Sowing Dates on Fatty Acids and Phytosterols Patterns of Carthamus tinctorius L." Applied Sciences 9, no. 14 (July 16, 2019): 2839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9142839.
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Field experiments were carried out at the Regional Centre of Experimentation in Organic agriculture at Auch (near Toulouse, South west of France). Due to the high potential applications for its oil components such as fatty acids and phytosterols, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is considered as an emerging crop. Safflower plants, as many other oil crops, are submitted to environmental stresses that modify seed composition. Nevertheless, few reports are available about the effects of environmental conditions on fatty acid and phytosterol compositions in safflower. Different rainfall supplies can be managed by delaying the sowing dates. In this study, fatty acid and phytosterol contents have been evaluated in safflower seeds cultivated at two sowing dates (conventional and late) that led to a differential of rainfall during seed development. At harvest, seeds were used for oil extraction. Fatty acid composition was performed by using GC-FID. A set of seeds was dehulled to separate the almond (embryo) and hull to release the extraction and measurement of sterol contents in the two compartments by GC-FID. A delay of sowing increased the content of all sterol categories but induced a significant decrease in fatty acids. The ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids increased under a delaying sowing. The repartition of phytosterols was ¾ and ¼ of total sterols in the embryo and the hull, respectively. These results could make the use of hull (considered as waste) possible, help breeders to improve safflower oil composition and develop new industrial applications.
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Wynveldt, Federico, Bárbara Balesta, María Emilia Iucci, Celeste Valencia, and Gabriela Lorenzo. "Late Chronology in Hualfín Valley (Catamarca, Argentina): A Revision from 14C Dating." Radiocarbon 59, no. 1 (December 29, 2016): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2016.114.
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AbstractThis article addresses chronological problems about archaeological sites traditionally associated with the Belén culture from Hualfín Valley (Catamarca, Argentina), analyzing background research, radiocarbon dates obtained by A Rex González before 1970, and 14C dates made since 1996. First, we critically review the chronological sequence built by González for Belén sites, which include the Late period (AD 1100–1480) and Inca period (AD 1480–1536), subdivided into three phases. Methodological problems that could affect results of the first 14C dates are discussed. Based on this review, we present new 14C dating considering extraction contexts, types of samples, calibration curve data used, the laboratory where each date was obtained, and their methods of measuring, characteristics of sites of origin, and associated archaeological material. Finally, using calibrated ranges and Bayesian models, we suggest groups of events that would correspond to different times in the history of late occupations in the valley.
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Pandey, Radhika, Ila Patnaik, and Ajay Shah. "Dating business cycles in India." Indian Growth and Development Review 10, no. 1 (April 10, 2017): 32–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/igdr-02-2017-0013.
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Purpose This paper aims to present a chronology of Indian business cycles in the post-reform period. In India, earlier, macroeconomic shocks were about droughts and oil prices. Economic reforms have led to an interplay of a market economy, financial globalisation and decisions of private firms to undertake investment and hold inventory. This has changed the working of the business cycle and has raised concerns about business-cycle stabilisation. In the backdrop of these developments, the macroeconomics research agenda requires foundations of measurement about business-cycle phenomena. One element of this is the identification of dates of business-cycle turning points. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses the growth-cycle approach to present the chronology of business cycles. The paper uses the Christiano–Fitzgerald (CF) filter to extract the cyclical component and shows the robustness of the findings to the contemporary methods of cycle extraction. It then applies the Bry–Boschan algorithm to identify the dates of peaks and troughs. Findings The paper finds three periods of recession. The first recession was from 1999-Q4 to 2003-Q1; the second recession was from 2007-Q2 to 2009-Q3; and the third recession ran from 2011-Q2 till 2012-Q4. These results are robust to the choice of filter and to the choice of the business-cycle indicator. These dates suggest that, on average, expansions in India are 12 quarters in length and recessions run for 9 quarters. The paper offers evidence of change in the nature of cycles. Originality/value Dates of business-cycle turning points are a critical input for academic and policy work in macroeconomics. The paper offers robust estimation of the business-cycle turning points in the post-reform period using contemporary techniques of cycle extraction. This work helps lay the foundations for downstream macroeconomics research by academicians and policymakers.
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Giovanny, Lisa, Faliha Arinda Lestari, Nurul Marfira, Laksmi Ambarsari, and Siti Warnasih. "Potency of Ethanol Extracts Palm Seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L.) as Antidiabetic with Inhibition Kinetics Parameter." Current Biochemistry 6, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/cb.6.2.1.
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Dates seeds are one of the byproducts of the date palm juice industry which has the potential for further processing. Dates seeds contain active compounds that are known to have ability to inhibit αglucosidase. This study aims to measure the activity of 70% ethanol extract and the fraction of date palm seeds with a mechanism in inhibiting αglucosidase. The measurement of inhibitory activity was carried out by extracting date palm seeds using 70% water and ethanol. The extraction product is then fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. Then the total phenolic and flavonoid calculations were calculated for each extract and fraction. Measurement of α-glucosidase inhibition activity was measured based on reaction of substrate to enzyme by the addition of inhibitors. The results showed that the ethanolextract had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid, which were 76.86 mg GAE / g and 21.19 mg QE / g, respectively. n-hexane fraction have the best inhibitory activity seen from the IC50 value, which is 12.69 mg/L. The kinetics of inhibition of 70% ethanol extract of date palm seeds are mixed inhibition.
Keywords: α-glucosidase, date seeds, flavonoids, kinetic inhibition, phenolics
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Brock, Fiona, Joanna Ostapkowicz, Alex C. Wiedenhoeft, and Ian D. Bull. "Radiocarbon Dating Wooden Carvings and Skeletal Remains from Pitch Lake, Trinidad." Radiocarbon 59, no. 5 (October 2017): 1447–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2017.78.
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ABSTRACTSince the mid-19th century, rare prehistoric wooden carvings and human skeletal remains have been dredged from Pitch Lake, Trinidad, during commercial asphalt mining. Establishing a chronology for these objects is challenging, due to both a lack of stratigraphic and contextual information and the necessity to completely remove any pitch to ensure accurate radiocarbon (14C) dates. A range of solvent extraction protocols was tested to identify the most suitable one for pretreating the Pitch Lake artifacts, and then applied to ten wooden objects and a human cranium recovered from the lake. Several of these objects yielded earlier dates than expected, raising concerns that pitch had remained after pretreatment and had affected the dates. Pyrolysis-GC/MS and optical microscopy techniques were applied to material from the human cranium, a weaving tool, and a small bowl. These techniques, as well as routinely applied laboratory quality assurance procedures, indicated that there was no residual pitch within the cranium or the weaving tool after pretreatment, giving confidence to the dates. However, the small bowl was observed to still be contaminated with pitch after extensive pretreatment, indicating that the date is too old and can only be considered as a terminus post quem.
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Selvi, N. Josephine, G. Baskar, and Aruna Singh. "Cost Analysis of Solar Cabinet Dryer for Drying Dates." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 14, no. 3 (September 25, 2017): 1055–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2541.
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ABSTRACT: Solar cabinet dryer for drying of dates is one of the promising technology for obtaining good quality dried dates which is again energy and cost effective technology. From the cost analysis of the solar cabinet dryer installed at CCE, Oman there is a clear indication that the energy per unit cost was comparable to any other modern drying technology like freeze drying, where energy consumption is more. As per the annual life cycle costing (ALCC) carried out for solar cabinet dryer the cost per unit energy obtained was Rs.63.36/kWh, when 5 hours of potential sunshine hour was taken into account. Under the test condition, the specific moisture extraction rate was found to be 0.84 kg/kWh and it took only 24 hours to dry dates from moisture content of 49.01% to 35.21% in cabinet dryer compared to sun drying which took 48 hours which is double. In the presence of heat storage unit, the thermal efficiency of solar dryer for forced convection drying obtained for the period of study was 26%. Due to the presence of heat storage unit five plus two hours extended drying time was available. In that case the cost per unit energy was Rs. 45.28/kWh. If this solar dryer unit is produced in bulk surely the production cost or the capital cost will come down drastically. This would in turn reduce the cost/unit of energy. However the cost of raw material and the selling price of dried dates were not taken into account. If they were taken into account surely more cost reduction could be expected.
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Santos, G. M., M. I. Bird, B. Pillans, L. K. Fifield, B. V. Alloway, J. Chappell, P. A. Hausladen, and A. Arneth. "Radiocarbon Dating of Wood Using Different Pretreatment Procedures: Application to the Chronology of Rotoehu Ash, New Zealand." Radiocarbon 43, no. 2A (2001): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200038066.
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We compare radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) ages of wood samples subjected to a conventional acid-base-acid pretreatment with stepped combustion (ABA-SC) with results from the same samples subjected to an acid-base-wet oxidation pretreatment with stepped combustion (ABOX-SC) and cellulose extraction with stepped combustion (CE-SC). The ABOX-SC procedure has been shown previously to lead to lower backgrounds for old charcoal samples. Analyses of relatively uncontaminated “14C-dead” samples of wood suggest that backgrounds of 0.11 ± 0.04 pMC are obtainable for both the ABOX-SC and ABA-SC procedures. Where wood is significantly contaminated the ABOX-SC technique provides significantly better decontamination than either the ABA-SC technique or cellulose extraction alone, although CE-SC can produce comparably low backgrounds to the ABOX-SC procedure.We also report the application of the ABOX-SC, ABA-SC and CE-SC procedures to wood samples associated with the chronologically controversial Rotoehu Ash eruption, New Zealand. New 14C-AMS dates from wood sampled from below the Rotoehu Ash span an age range of 43–50 ka BP consistent with recently presented OSL dates of 42–44 ka obtained for palaeosols beneath the ash.
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Wysocki, Michael, Seren Griffiths, Robert Hedges, Alex Bayliss, Tom Higham, Yolanda Fernandez-Jalvo, and Alasdair Whittle. "Dates, Diet, and Dismemberment: Evidence from the Coldrum Megalithic Monument, Kent." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 79 (July 17, 2013): 61–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2013.10.
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We present radiocarbon dates, stable isotope data, and osteological analysis of the remains of a minimum of 17 individuals deposited in the western part of the burial chamber at Coldrum, Kent. This is one of the Medway group of megalithic monuments – sites with shared architectural motifs and no very close parallels elsewhere in Britain – whose location has been seen as important in terms of the origins of Neolithic material culture and practices in Britain. The osteological analysis identified the largest assemblage of cut-marked human bone yet reported from a British early Neolithic chambered tomb; these modifications were probably undertaken as part of burial practices. The stable isotope dataset shows very enrichedδ15N values, the causes of which are not entirely clear, but could include consumption of freshwater fish resources. Bayesian statistical modelling of the radiocarbon dates demonstrates that Coldrum is an early example of a British Neolithic burial monument, though the tomb was perhaps not part of the earliest Neolithic evidence in the Greater Thames Estuary. The site was probably initiated after the first appearance of other early Neolithic regional phenomena including an inhumation burial, early Neolithic pottery and a characteristic early Neolithic post-and-slot structure, and perhaps of Neolithic flint extraction in the Sussex mines. Coldrum is the only site in the Medway monument group to have samples which have been radiocarbon dated, and is important both for regional studies of the early Neolithic and wider narratives of the processes, timing, and tempo of Neolithisation across Britain
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Timberlake, Simon. "Prehistoric Copper Extraction in Britain: Ecton Hill, Staffordshire." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80 (December 23, 2013): 159–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2013.17.
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Major investigations were undertaken of the Ecton Copper Mines, Staffordshire, following the discovery of hammerstones and a red deer antler tool dating to the Early Bronze Age during surface and underground exploration in the 1990s. Ecton Hill was surveyed, the distribution of hammerstone tools examined, and two identified sites of potential prehistoric mining close to the summit of the hill excavated in 2008 & 2009. Excavations at Stone Quarry Mine revealed noin situprehistoric mining activity, but hammerstones and Early Bronze Age bone mining tools from upcast suggest that an historic mine shaft had intersected Bronze Age workings at around 10–25 m depth. On The Lumb one trench revealed evidence for medieval lead mining, while another examined the lowest of four primitive mines associated with cave-like mine entrances along the base of a small cliff. Evidence for prehistoric mining was recorded within a shallow opencut formed by during extraction of malachite from a layer of mineralised dolomite. Traces of the imprint of at least 18 bone and stone tools could be seen and seven different types of working were identified. Most prehistoric mining debris appears to have been cleared out during the course of later, medieval–post-medieval prospection; some bone and stone tools were recovered from this spoil. The tip of a worn and worked (cut) antler tine point was the only such mining tool foundin situat this site but nine tools were radiocarbon dated toc.1880–1640 calbc. Bayesian modelling of the dates from both sites probably indicates mining over a much briefer period (perhaps 20–50 years) at 1800–1700 calbc, with mining at Stone Quarry possibly beginning earlier and lasting longer than on The Lumb. A single date from The Lumb suggests possible renewed mining activity (or prospection?) during the Middle Bronze Age. The dating of this mining activity is consistent with the idea that mining and prospection moved eastwards from Ireland to Wales, then to central England, at the beginning of the 2nd millenniumbc. At Ecton the extraction of secondary ores may have produced only a very small tonnage of copper metal. The mine workers may have been Early Bronze Age farmers who occupied this part of the Peak District seasonally in a transhumant or sustained way
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Chniti et al., Sofien. "BY-PRODUCTS OF DATES: OPTIMIZATION OF THE EXTRACTION OF JUICE USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY AND ETHANOL PRODUCTION." Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2017): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.2017.7.2.204-208.
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Nunes, Darlan Miranda, Nilcilene das Graças Medeiros, and Afonso de Paula dos Santos. "SEMI-AUTOMATIC ROAD NETWORK EXTRACTION FROM DIGITAL IMAGES USING OBJECT-BASED CLASSIFICATION AND MORPHOLOGICAL OPERATORS." Boletim de Ciências Geodésicas 24, no. 4 (December 2018): 485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1982-21702018000400030.
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Abstract: The demand for geospatial data concerning road network is constant, due to the wide variety of application which needs this type of data. It stands out the importance of this data in cartography update cycles, that can be obtained using automated processes of feature extraction in digital images, which are more accurate, fast and less costly than the traditional methods. In this sense, this work aimed the road network extraction from RapidEye satellite imagery, by developing a hybrid methodology using techniques of object-based image classification and morphological operators. The methodology was tested in three different sites, with images acquired in distinct dates, and the extraction process was evaluated through metrics obtained from the linear matching procedure. By the proposed extraction process, were achieved in terms of correctness and completeness the values of 92.23% and 85.15% for test site 1, the values of 79.16% and 81.06% for test site 2, and the values of 82.05% and 92.22% for test site 3, respectively. The results shown that the proposed methodology presented a good performance for semi-automatic road network extraction from Rapideye images, representing an alternative to auxiliary road network database acquisition and updating.
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Siregar, Yusraini Dian Inayati, Tarso Rudiana, and Windi Riyadi. "Identifikasi Komposisi Kimia dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Biji Kurma (Phoenix dactylifera)." Jurnal Kimia VALENSI 4, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v4i2.8818.
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Dates are a component of dates that have 6.10-11.47% of all dates. In some countries, dates are a major problem in the processing industry because the seeds currently only become waste. This research was conducted to determine the solvent that produces the largest yield using the soxhletation method and determine its antioxidant activity. Dates are disoxletasion with a variety of solvents n-hexane, diethyl ether, and ethanol. Also carried out the variation of extraction time for 1.5; 2; and 2.5 hours. Based on the results of the study showed that the results of the largest date seed extract were obtained using ethanol of 4.93% for 2.5 hours. Antioxidant activity of date palm seed extract (IC50) using DPPH ethanol extract method has IC50 of 2.27 ppm; n-hexane extract 8396.56 ppm; and diethyl ether extract 9826.88 ppm. Inhibition of date palm seed extract using the TBA method derived from ethanol extract of 98.22% at a concentration of 250 ppm. The results of the analysis using LC-MS showed that ethanol extract was thought to contain 13-hydroxyabscisic acid compound, 1-ethylidene-4-methylidene-2oxo-7-(propan-2-il)-tocahydro-1H-indent-5-il- 3-methylpent-2-enoate, 12-hydroxy-acid (8,10,14) -eicosatrienoic and 1-hydroxy-3- (pentadecanoiloxy) propan-2-il (5,8,11,14) -icosa-5, 8,11,14-tetraenoate. The results of the analysis using GC-MS on n-hexane extract showed 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and 9-octadecenoic acid. Diethyl ether extract contains 9-octadecenoic acid and mono (2-ethylhexyl) benzocarboxylic acid.
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Torbenson, Michael, Arthur Aufderheide, and Elden Johnson. "Punctured Human Bones of the Laurel Culture from Smith Mound Four, Minnesota." American Antiquity 57, no. 3 (July 1992): 506–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280938.
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Punctured human long bones have been reported at numerous midwestern sites, but none have as large a concentration as Smith Mound Four (21KC3). This northern Minnesota mound was built by the people of the Laurel culture and dates to A.D. 565. Analysis of the bones suggests that they were perforated on the basis of inherited group affiliation for purposes that did not involve marrow extraction and may have related to ideas of spirit release.
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Pétrequin, Pierre, Michel Errera, Anne-Marie Pétrequin, and Pierre Allard. "The Neolithic quarries of Mont Viso, Piedmont, Italy: initial radiocarbon dates." European Journal of Archaeology 9, no. 1 (2006): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461957107077703.
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Two groups of quarries (Mont Viso and Mont Beigua, Italy) were the source of the Alpine axeheads that circulated throughout western Europe during the Neolithic. The quarries on Mont Viso (Oncino: Porco, Bulè and Milanese), discovered in 2003, have been radiocarbon-dated, and this has revealed that the exploitation of jadeites, omphacitites and eclogites at high altitude (2000–2400 m above sea level) seems to have reached its apogee in the centuries around 5000 BC. The products, in the form of small axe- and adze-heads, were distributed beyond the Alps from the beginning of the fifth millennium, a few being found as far away as the Paris Basin, 550 km from their source as the crow flies. However, it was not until the mid-fifth millennium BC that long axeheads from Mont Viso appeared in the hoards and monumental tombs of the Morbihan, 800 km from the quarries. Production continued until the beginning of the third millennium BC, but at this time the distribution of the products was less extensive, and the process of distribution operated in a different way: tools made from jadeite and eclogite are still found in the French Jura, but the extraction sites at the south-east foot of Mont Viso no longer seem to have been used. The variability in the geographical extent of the distribution at different times seems to be related to the social context of exploitation of the high-altitude quarries, which were only ever accessible for a few months each year.
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Harding, Anthony, and Attila Szemán. "Evidence for Prehistoric Salt Extraction Rediscovered in the Hungarian Central Mining Museum." Antiquaries Journal 91 (May 31, 2011): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581511000023.
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AbstractThis paper describes a group of wooden objects (a trough, ladder, mallet and other pieces) found in 1817 in a salt mine in north-eastern Austria-Hungary, now Ukraine, which have recently come to light in the Hungarian Central Mining Museum in Sopron. It presents new radiocarbon dates indicating that the objects date to the Bronze Age, except for one that belongs to the early medieval period. Their function is briefly considered in the context of recent excavation and survey work in Romania, and specifically the remarkable discoveries from Băile Figa near Beclean, northern Transylvania, where several similar troughs and other objects have been found. Taken together, the finds shed light on the scale of salt exploitation in central and eastern Europe in prehistoric times.
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Alrefai, Alla Mohammed, Raid Alrefai, Khaled Y. Benyounis, and Joseph Stokes. "Biogas Produced by Anaerobic Digestion Process and Biodiesel from Date Seeds." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 4851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164851.
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Dates are an important food source in many countries that produce different types of dates. Dates have a significant amount of waste, either from planting or eating them. A large amount of seeds are produced from eating it. This study is considered to explore the quantity and the quality of biogas produced from the Sagai date seeds through the anaerobic digestion process (AD) before and after oil extraction and exploitation of oil in biodiesel production. In addition, the study aims to tests the resulted digestate from the AD process. This test was performed to ensure that the digestate contains the three basics elements (N, P and K) to be used in agriculture. In its preparation, the date seeds were ground after washing via a grinding machine without exposure to any other treatment process. Design of Experiments (DOE) was applied in determining the effect of temperature, volatile solid and sludge quantity on the resulted biogas. The energy balance at the optimum results was calculated. The highest biogas volumes from the AD of date seed before and after oil extraction were 4140 cc and 3534 cc, respectively, at 37 °C, 4.2 g-VS and 50% sludge quantity. While the highest methane/g-VS were 1143.8 cc/g-VS and 949.6 cc/g-VS, respectively, at 37 °C, 1.1 g-VS and 50% sludge quantity. The oil obtained using the Soxhlet method at 70 °C, 1:4 ratio of date seeds to n-hexane solvent and 5 h reaction time was 16% of the date seed mass (79% biodiesel and 9% glycerine). Therefore, the resultant effect from the main findings indicated that the study supports the investigation of the possibility of exploiting date seeds in the production of biogas, biodiesel and bio-fertiliser.
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Lund Rasmussen, Kaare, Johannes van der Plicht, Gregory Doudna, Frederik Nielsen, Peter Højrup, Erling Halfdan Stenby, and Carl Th Pedersen. "The Effects of Possible Contamination on the Radiocarbon Dating of the Dead Sea Scrolls II: Empirical Methods to Remove Castor Oil and Suggestions for Redating." Radiocarbon 51, no. 3 (2009): 1005–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200034081.
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While kept at the Rockefeller Museum in East Jerusalem, many Dead Sea Scroll fragments were exposed to castor oil by the original team of editors in the course of cleaning the parchments. Castor oil must be regarded as a serious contaminant in relation to radiocarbon dating. If modern castor oil is present and is not removed prior to dating, the 14C dates will be skewed artificially towards modern values. In Rasmussen et al. (2001), it was shown that the standard AAA pretreatment procedure used in the 2 previous studies dating Dead Sea Scroll samples (Bonani et al. 1992; Jull et al. 1995) is not capable of removing castor oil from parchment samples. In the present work, we show that it is unlikely that castor oil reacts with the amino acids of the parchment proteins, a finding which leaves open the possibility of devising a cleaning method that can effectively remove castor oil. We then present 3 different pretreatment protocols designed to effectively remove castor oil from parchment samples. These involve 3 different cleaning techniques: extraction with supercritical CO2, ultrasound cleaning, and Soxhlet extraction—each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Our data show that the protocol involving Soxhlet extraction is the best suited for the purpose of decontaminating the Dead Sea Scrolls, and we recommend that this protocol be used in further attempts to 14C date the Dead Sea Scrolls. If such an attempt is decided on by the proper authorities, we propose a list of Scroll texts, which we suggest be redated in order to validate the 14C dates done earlier by Bonani et al. (1992) and Jull et al. (1995).
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Long, Yuannan, Shixiong Yan, Changbo Jiang, Changshan Wu, Rong Tang, and Shixiong Hu. "Inversion of Lake Bathymetry through Integrating Multi-Temporal Landsat and ICESat Imagery." Sensors 19, no. 13 (June 30, 2019): 2896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19132896.
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Lake bathymetry provides valuable information for lake basin planning and treatment, lake watershed erosion and siltation management, water resource planning, and environmental protection. Lake bathymetry has been surveyed with sounding techniques, including single-beam and multi-beam sonar sounding, and unmanned ship sounding. Although these techniques have high accuracy, most of them require long survey cycles and entail a high degree of difficulty. On the contrary, optical remote sensing inversion methods are easy to implement, but tend to provide less accurate bathymetry measures, especially when applied to turbid waters. The present study, therefore, aims to improve the accuracy of bathymetry measurements through integrating Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery, the Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite’s Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (ICESat/GLAS) data, and water level data measured at hydrological stations. First, the boundaries of a lake at multiple dates were derived using water extraction, initial boundary extraction, and Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper (TM/ETM+) strip removal processing techniques. Second, ICESat/GLAS data were introduced to obtain additional topographic information of a lake. The striped topography of a lake’s area was then obtained through eliminating and correcting erroneous points and interpolating the values of unknown points. Third, the entire bathymetry of the lake was obtained through interpolating water level values of lake boundary points in various dates. Experiments show that accurate bathymetry (±1 m) can be successfully derived.
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Rudolph, Tyler D., and Pierre Drapeau. "Using movement behaviour to define biological seasons for woodland caribou." Rangifer 32, no. 2 (March 8, 2012): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.32.2.2277.
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Terrestrial mammals are strongly influenced by seasonal changes in environmental conditions. Studies of animal space use behaviour are therefore inherently seasonal in nature. We propose an individual-based quantitative method for identifying seasonal shifts in caribou movement behaviour and we demonstrate its use in determining the onset of the winter, spring dispersal, and calving seasons. Using pooled data for the population we demonstrate an alternate approach using polynomial regression with mixed effects. We then compare individual onset dates with population-based estimates and those adopted by expert consensus for our study area. Distributions of individual-based onset dates were normally distributed with prominent modes; however, there was considerable variation in individual onset times. Population-based estimates were closer to the peaks of individual estimates than were expert-based estimates, which fell outside the onetailed 90% and 95% sample quantiles of individually-fitted distributions for spring and winter, respectively. Both expertand population-based estimates were later for winter and earlier for both spring and calving than were individual-based estimates. We discuss the potential consequences of neglecting to corroborate conventionally used dates with observed seasonal trends in movement behaviour. In closing, we recommend researchers adopt an individual-based quantitative approach and a variable temporal window for data set extraction.
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Vermeersch, P. M., E. Paulissen, P. Van Peer, S. Stokes, C. Charlier, C. Stringer, and W. Lindsay. "A Middle Palaeolithic burial of a modern human at Taramsa Hill, Egypt." Antiquity 72, no. 277 (September 1998): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00086919.
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Discussion about a possible African origin of modern humans is hampered by the lack of Late Pleistocene skeletal material from the Nile valley, the likely passage-way from East Africa to Asia and Europe. Here we report the discovery of a burial of an anatomically modern child from southern Egypt. Its clear relation with Middle Palaeolithic chert extraction activities and a series of OSL dates, from correlative aeolian sands, suggests an age between 49,800 and 80,400 years ago, with a mean age of 55,000.
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Djaoud, Kahina, Lynda Arkoub-Djermoune, Hocine Remini, Sabrina Sait, Myriam Tazarourte, Samir Hadjal, Alberto Romero, Khodir Madani, and Lila Boulekbache-Makhlouf. "Syrup from Common Date Variety (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Optimization of Sugars Extraction and their Quantification by High Performance Liquid Chromatography." Current Nutrition & Food Science 16, no. 4 (July 13, 2020): 530–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401315666190115160950.
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Background: In Algeria, important quantities of secondary date variety (Phoenix dactylifera L.) are generated in each campaign; their chemical composition is similar to that of commercial dates. The present work aims to valorize this common date variety (Degla-beida) which is often poorly exploited. Methods: In this context, we tried to prepare syrup from the secondary date variety and evaluate the effect of conventional extraction (CE) or water bath extraction (WBE) and alternative extraction (microwaves assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)) on its total sugar content (TSC), using response surface methodology (RSM). Then, the analysis of individual sugars was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Maximum predicted TSC recoveries under the optimized conditions for MAE, UAE and CE were 233.248 ± 3.594 g/l, 202.889 ± 5.797 g/l and 233.535 ± 5.412 g/l, respectively, which were close to the experimental values: 233.796 ± 1.898 g/l; 202.037 ± 3.401 g/l and 234.380 ± 2.425 g/l. HPLC analysis revealed high similarity in the sugar composition of date juices obtained by MAE (60.11% sucrose, 16.64% glucose and 23.25% fructose) and CE (50.78% sucrose, 20.67% glucose and 28.55% fructose), although a large difference was detected for that obtained by UAE (0.00% sucrose, 46.94% glucose and 53.06% fructose). Conclusion: Microwave-assisted extraction was the best method for the preparation of date syrup with an optimal recovery of total sugar content. However, ultrasound-assisted extraction was the best one for the preparation of date syrup with high content of reducing sugars.
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Ahsan, Rakhshan, Afsheen Masood, Rabiah Sherwani, and Hafiza Khushbakhat. "Extraction and Application of Natural Dyes on Natural Fibers: An Eco-Friendly Perspective." Review of Education, Administration & LAW 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/real.v3i1.22.
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Dyes derived from natural resources like plant leaves, roots, bark, fruits, stem, insect secretions, and minerals were the only dyes available in the history of mankind for dyeing textiles. The first discovery of the synthetic dyes dates back to 1856.Due to the industrialization and globalization, the use of the synthetic dyes has increased in past century. The variety in hue, shades and economic benefits of synthetic dyes have declined gradually and slowly. However, the environmental threats and health hazards to humans have pushed them to the old and natural dyeing resources. Textiles colored with natural dyes are preferred by eco-friendly buyers. Today there is a niche market for such textiles. This paper reviews the available floral, trees, leave, barks, herbs, etc resources, application and extraction of colorants from different natural dyes, and effect of different mordents.
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Djaoud, Kahina, Maria Daglia, Arold J. T. Sokeng, Ferriel Kermiche, Lynda Arkoub, and Lila Boulekbache Makhlouf. "RP-HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS screening of bioactive compounds from Degla-Beida dates: Conventional and green extraction technologies." Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati Fascicle VI – Food Technology 44, no. 1 (June 26, 2020): 58–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/foodtechnology.2020.1.04.
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Sedraoui, Sami, Ashraf Badr, María Gretel Michel Barba, Alain Doyen, Zouhair Tabka, and Yves Desjardins. "Optimization of the Ultrahigh-Pressure–Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity from Palm Dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.)." Food Analytical Methods 13, no. 8 (May 25, 2020): 1556–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12161-020-01764-w.
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Morsy, Mohamed Khairy. "Effect of Enzymatic Extraction Method on Quality Parameters and Sensory Acceptability of Date Dibs Produced from Second Grade Dates." Annals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor 60, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/assjm.2022.227246.
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PARISH, MICKEY E. "Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella Serovars Associated with a Citrus-Processing Facility Implicated in a Salmonellosis Outbreak†." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.3.280.
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A salmonellosis outbreak occurred during the summer of 1995 among individuals who consumed nonpasteurized orange juice from a Florida citrus-processing facility. Clinical isolates were identified by the Centers for Disease Control as Salmonella serovars Hartford, Gaminara, and Rubislaw. At the processing facility, 70 samples (equipment swabs, fruit surface swabs, juice, and miscellaneous environmental samples) were collected before, during, and after processing runs on two different dates. Bottled juice samples from eight previous extraction dates were also collected. Total plate counts, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli were enumerated for each sample. Analyses for Salmonella cells were conducted on all juice samples, fruit surface swabs, environmental samples, and selected equipment swabs using direct enrichment and pre-enrichment techniques. Salmonella serovars Hartford, Rubislaw, Saintpaul, and Newport were detected from either juice, unwashed fruit surfaces, or amphibians (Hyla cinerea and Bufo terrestris) captured outside the processing building. Salmonella cells in juice were associated with population levels of fecal coliforms and E. coli above the upper most probable number (MPN) limits of detection (>110/ml).
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Graven, H. D., X. Xu, T. P. Guilderson, R. F. Keeling, S. E. Trumbore, and S. Tyler. "Comparison of Independent Δ14CO2 Records at Point Barrow, Alaska." Radiocarbon 55, no. 3 (2013): 1541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200048463.
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Two independent programs have collected and analyzed atmospheric CO2 samples from Point Barrow, Alaska, for radiocarbon content (Δ14C) over the period 2003–2007. In one program, flask collection, stable isotope analysis, and CO2 extraction are performed by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography's CO2 Program and CO2 is graphitized and measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. In the other program, the University of California, Irvine, performs flask collection, sample preparation, and AMS. Over 22 common sample dates spanning 5 yr, differences in measured Δ14C are consistent with the reported uncertainties and there is no significant bias between the programs.
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Fedi, M. E., L. Caforio, L. Liccioli, P. A. Mandò, A. Salvini, and F. Taccetti. "A Simple and Effective Removal Procedure of Synthetic Resins to Obtain Accurate Radiocarbon Dates of Restored Artworks." Radiocarbon 56, no. 3 (2014): 969–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/56.16930.
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The issue of contamination in radiocarbon dating is well known and can affect not only archaeological findings but also artworks. In the latter case, a possible source of contamination is represented by the products used during the restoration, e.g. resins of synthetic origin like the well-known Paraloid, applied to wood artifacts as a strengthening and preserving agent. In the case of incomplete removal prior to dating, the resins produce an apparent aging of the samples. Mechanical cleaning using traditional tools and the standard pretreatment acid-base-acid (ABA) protocol are not sufficient to remove such contaminants, while the use of organic solvents, in particular petroleum solvents and chlorine-based products, can be effective. However, the most widely used protocol, based on the Soxhlet extraction system, is very time consuming. Here, in the presence of chloroform-soluble applied products, like the widespread Paraloid B-72, this study proposes the use of a new easily operated pretreatment procedure, developed at INFN-LABEC in Florence, based on the use of chloroform (CHCl3) as solvent and on a simple extraction. First, the effectiveness of this procedure was checked by applying it to remove the resin from wood samples of known age, which had been previously intentionally contaminated by applying large quantities of Paraloid. 14C AMS measurements performed on the test samples before and after contamination and application of the proposed procedure proved its effectiveness for removal, while this was not the case when applying standard ABA protocols. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses also were used to check the removal of contaminants. The new procedure was applied in two case studies: the wood frame of an altar piece from the Renaissance and a painting on canvas from the early 20th century. For both artworks, the use of synthetic resins was documented in restorations performed a relatively long time ago: the wood frame was restored using just Paraloid, the canvas using a thermoplastic polymer soluble in chloroform. Enough time elapsed for the resins to create cross-linking bonds with the original material. Despite this, the results obtained by 14C AMS dating confirm the reliability of the new chloroform-based pretreatment in removing the contaminations. Also in these cases, spectroscopic techniques were used to compare the effectiveness of the ABA and the new treatments in removing the contaminants.
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Abdul-Hamid, Nur Ashikin, Faridah Abas, Intan Safinar Ismail, Khozirah Shaari, and Nordin H. Lajis. "Influence of Different Drying Treatments and Extraction Solvents on the Metabolite Profile and Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Activity of Ajwa Dates." Journal of Food Science 80, no. 11 (October 12, 2015): H2603—H2611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13084.
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Han, Weixiao, Chunlin Huang, Hongtao Duan, Juan Gu, and Jinliang Hou. "Lake Phenology of Freeze-Thaw Cycles Using Random Forest: A Case Study of Qinghai Lake." Remote Sensing 12, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 4098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12244098.
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Lake phenology is essential for understanding the lake freeze-thaw cycle effects on terrestrial hydrological processes. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) has the most extensive ice reserve outside of the Arctic and Antarctic poles and is a sensitive indicator of global climate changes. Qinghai Lake, the largest lake in the QTP, plays a critical role in climate change. The freeze-thaw cycles of lakes were studied using daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data ranging from 2000–2018 in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Surface water/ice area, coverage, critical dates, surface water, and ice cover duration were extracted. Random forest (RF) was applied with a classifier accuracy of 0.9965 and a validation accuracy of 0.8072. Compared with six common water indexes (tasseled cap wetness (TCW), normalized difference water index (NDWI), modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI), automated water extraction index (AWEI), water index 2015 (WI2015) and multiband water index (MBWI)) and ice threshold value methods, the critical freeze-up start (FUS), freeze-up end (FUE), break-up start (BUS), and break-up end (BUE) dates were extracted by RF and validated by visual interpretation. The results showed an R2 of 0.99, RMSE of 3.81 days, FUS and BUS overestimations of 2.50 days, and FUE and BUE underestimations of 0.85 days. RF performed well for lake freeze-thaw cycles. From 2000 to 2018, the FUS and FUE dates were delayed by 11.21 and 8.21 days, respectively, and the BUS and BUE dates were 8.59 and 1.26 days early, respectively. Two novel key indicators, namely date of the first negative land surface temperature (DFNLST) and date of the first positive land surface temperature (DFPLST), were proposed to comprehensively delineate lake phenology: DFNLST was approximately 37 days before FUS, and DFPLST was approximately 20 days before BUS, revealing that the first negative and first positive land surface temperatures occur increasingly earlier.
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Hillebregt, Mariska, Elly de Lange-de Klerk, Dirk Knol, Frank de Wolf, and Colette Smit. "Measuring the Quality of Data Collection in a Large Observational Cohort of HIV and AIDS." Open AIDS Journal 4, no. 1 (May 5, 2010): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601004010096.
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The aim of this study was to examine the quality of data collection by studying the validity of collected data. Data were extracted from the clinic charts of two anonymous outpatients by 38 data collectors. A standard for the data to be collected was determined (168 items). The validity was measured by comparing the collected items with the standard; in this way, the percentages of the collected items that were ‘correct’ could be calculated. The percentage ‘correct’ was higher for clinic chart 1 (mean: 83% correct, SD 7%) than for clinic chart 2 (mean: 78% correct, SD 8%). All categories contained incorrectly collected data. These data were divided into missing data, incorrect start-stop dates, and surplus collected data. Almost all start-stop dates would change into ‘correct’ if ‘monthyear’ was considered correct (instead of the standard ‘daymonthyear’). Not all data collectors used specific protocols, and sources other than the written comments were not always checked. This study shows that a high proportion of data was correctly collected. However, the collection of start-stop dates was not optimal, and the collected data included surplus and missing data. Data collectors should be more knowledgeable about HIV disease and trained in the use of difficult protocols, so that they can better recognize what data to collect and how it should be collected. Among physicians, there should be more agreement about what information to record in the charts, to facilitate data extraction for data collectors.
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Yin, Gaofei, Aleixandre Verger, Adrià Descals, Iolanda Filella, and Josep Peñuelas. "A Broadband Green-Red Vegetation Index for Monitoring Gross Primary Production Phenology." Journal of Remote Sensing 2022 (March 19, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9764982.
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The chlorophyll/carotenoid index (CCI) is increasingly used for remotely tracking the phenology of photosynthesis. However, CCI is restricted to few satellites incorporating the 531 nm band. This study reveals that the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) broadband green reflectance (band 4) is significantly correlated with this xanthophyll-sensitive narrowband (band 11) (R2=0.98,p<0.001), and consequently, the broadband green-red vegetation index GRVI—computed with MODIS band 1 and band 4—is significantly correlated with CCI—computed with MODIS band 1 and band 11 (R2=0.97,p<0.001). GRVI and CCI performed similarly in extracting phenological metrics of the dates of the start and end of the season (EOS) when evaluated with gross primary production (GPP) measurements from eddy covariance towers. For EOS extraction of evergreen needleleaf forest, GRVI even overperformed solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence which is seen as a direct proxy of plant photosynthesis. This study opens the door for GPP and photosynthetic phenology monitoring from a wide set of sensors with broadbands in the green and red spectral regions.
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Ricci, Giulia, Michele Secco, Fabio Marzaioli, Filippo Terrasi, Isabella Passariello, Anna Addis, Paolo Lampugnani, and Gilberto Artioli. "The Cannero Castle (Italy): Development of Radiocarbon Dating Methodologies in the Framework of the Layered Double Hydroxide Mortars." Radiocarbon 62, no. 3 (May 13, 2020): 617–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.31.
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ABSTRACTThe mortar samples of the Castle of Cannero (Lake Maggiore, Italy) have been characterized and radiocarbon (14C) dated. The presence of LDH phases was identified. The hydraulic reaction was evaluated by a multi-analytical approach. Careful extraction, preparation and purification of the binder fraction have been performed. Contaminations due to LDH phases have been removed allowing reliable absolute dating of the structures.Non-hydraulic lime-based mortars represent only part of the binding materials found in archaeological and historical structures, and a new challenge is the application of 14C dating techniques on mortars that feature hydraulic reactions. This research work aims at 14C dating a series of Mg-rich hydraulic mortars from the Castle of Cannero (Lake Maggiore, Italy), from which both charcoals and mortar samples were collected. A multi-analytical approach employing X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), optical microscopy (OM), and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive microanalysis (SEM-EDS) was adopted in order to carefully characterize the samples. A wet gravimetric separation for the extraction of the fine fraction mainly composed by the mortar binder was carried out and the binder fraction was characterized by XRPD in order to investigate the presence of contaminants. The binding fractions are characterized by the widespread occurrence of hydrotalcite-type minerals, considered contaminants in 14C dating of mortars because of their capability to exchange carbonate anions even after the hardening process. A further purification treatment by thermal decomposition was performed before 14C dating by AMS. The obtained dates were consistent with archaeological expectations, confirming the potential of the developed purification methodology for hydraulic mortars dating.